@museumwnf/explore-data 1.0.1

package/translations/countries.el.json

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+{"grc":{"name":"Ελλάδα"}}

package/translations/countries.en.json

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+{"alb":{"name":"Albania"},"are":{"name":"United Arab Emirates (Sharjah)"},"arg":{"name":"Argentina"},"aus":{"name":"Australia"},"aut":{"name":"Austria"},"aze":{"name":"Azerbaijan"},"bel":{"name":"Belgium"},"bgd":{"name":"Bangladesh"},"bgr":{"name":"Bulgaria"},"bhr":{"name":"Bahrain"},"bih":{"name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina"},"blr":{"name":"Belarus"},"bra":{"name":"Brazil"},"can":{"name":"Canada"},"che":{"name":"Switzerland"},"chn":{"name":"China"},"com":{"name":"Comoros"},"cyp":{"name":"Cyprus"},"cze":{"name":"Czech Republic"},"deu":{"name":"Germany"},"dji":{"name":"Djibouti"},"dnk":{"name":"Denmark"},"dza":{"name":"Algeria"},"egy":{"name":"Egypt"},"esp":{"name":"Spain"},"est":{"name":"Estonia"},"fin":{"name":"Finland"},"fra":{"name":"France"},"gbr":{"name":"United Kingdom"},"geo":{"name":"Georgia"},"grc":{"name":"Greece"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"ind":{"name":"India"},"irl":{"name":"Ireland"},"irn":{"name":"Iran"},"irq":{"name":"Iraq"},"isr":{"name":"Israel"},"ita":{"name":"Italy"},"jor":{"name":"Jordan"},"jpn":{"name":"Japan"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"lbn":{"name":"Lebanon"},"lby":{"name":"Libya"},"ltu":{"name":"Lithuania"},"lux":{"name":"Luxembourg"},"lva":{"name":"Latvia"},"mar":{"name":"Morocco"},"mda":{"name":"Moldova"},"mkd":{"name":"North Macedonia"},"mlt":{"name":"Malta"},"mne":{"name":"Montenegro"},"mrt":{"name":"Mauritania"},"mys":{"name":"Malaysia"},"nld":{"name":"Netherlands"},"nor":{"name":"Norway"},"omn":{"name":"Oman"},"pol":{"name":"Poland"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestine"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"rou":{"name":"Romania"},"rus":{"name":"Russia"},"sau":{"name":"Saudi Arabia"},"sdn":{"name":"Sudan"},"som":{"name":"Somalia"},"srb":{"name":"Serbia"},"svk":{"name":"Slovak Republic"},"svn":{"name":"Slovenia"},"swe":{"name":"Sweden"},"syr":{"name":"Syria"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisia"},"tur":{"name":"Türkiye"},"ukr":{"name":"Ukraine"},"usa":{"name":"United States of America"},"vat":{"name":"Vatican city"},"xxx":{"name":"Public domain"},"yem":{"name":"Yemen"},"zaf":{"name":"South Africa"},"zzz":{"name":"other"}}

package/translations/countries.es.json

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+{"are":{"name":"Emiratos Árabes Unidos"},"aut":{"name":"Austria"},"aze":{"name":"Azerbaiyán"},"bel":{"name":"Bélgica"},"che":{"name":"Suiza"},"cze":{"name":"República Checa"},"deu":{"name":"Alemania"},"dnk":{"name":"Dinamarca"},"dza":{"name":"Argelia"},"egy":{"name":"Egipto"},"esp":{"name":"España"},"fra":{"name":"Francia"},"gbr":{"name":"Reino Unido"},"grc":{"name":"Grecia"},"hrv":{"name":"Croacia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungría"},"irl":{"name":"Irlanda"},"ita":{"name":"Italia"},"jor":{"name":"Jordania"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"mar":{"name":"Marruecos"},"mkd":{"name":"República de Macedonia (ARYM)"},"mys":{"name":"Malasia"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"rou":{"name":"Rumania"},"sau":{"name":"Reino de Arabia Saudí"},"svn":{"name":"Slovenia"},"swe":{"name":"Suecia"},"syr":{"name":"Siria"},"tun":{"name":"Túnez"},"tur":{"name":"Turquía"},"usa":{"name":"Estados Unidos de América"},"xxx":{"name":"Dominio public"}}

package/translations/countries.fr.json

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+{"are":{"name":"Emirats Arabes Unis (Sharjah)"},"aut":{"name":"Autriche"},"aze":{"name":"Azerbaïdjan"},"bel":{"name":"Belgique"},"che":{"name":"Suisse"},"cze":{"name":"République Tchèque"},"deu":{"name":"Allemagne"},"dnk":{"name":"Danemark"},"dza":{"name":"Algérie"},"egy":{"name":"Egypte"},"esp":{"name":"Espagne"},"fra":{"name":"France"},"gbr":{"name":"Royaume Uni"},"grc":{"name":"Grèce"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatie"},"hun":{"name":"Hongrie"},"irl":{"name":"Irlande"},"ita":{"name":"Italie"},"jor":{"name":"Jordanie"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuweit"},"mar":{"name":"Maroc"},"mys":{"name":"Malaysie"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestine"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"rou":{"name":"Roumanie"},"svn":{"name":"Slovénie"},"swe":{"name":"Suède"},"syr":{"name":"Syrie"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisie"},"tur":{"name":"Turquie"},"usa":{"name":"Etats-Unis d'Amerique"},"xxx":{"name":"Domaine public"}}

package/translations/countries.hr.json

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+{"pse":{"name":"Palestine"}}

package/translations/countries.hu.json

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+{"pse":{"name":"Palestine"}}

package/translations/countries.it.json

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+{"are":{"name":"Emirati Arabi Uniti"},"aut":{"name":"Austria"},"aze":{"name":"Azerbaigian"},"bel":{"name":"Belgio"},"che":{"name":"Svizzera"},"cze":{"name":"Repubblica Ceca"},"deu":{"name":"Germania"},"dnk":{"name":"Danimarca"},"dza":{"name":"Algeria"},"egy":{"name":"Egitto"},"esp":{"name":"Spagna"},"fra":{"name":"Francia"},"gbr":{"name":"Regno Unito"},"grc":{"name":"Grecia"},"hrv":{"name":"Croazia"},"hun":{"name":"Ungheria"},"ita":{"name":"Italia"},"jor":{"name":"Giordania"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"mar":{"name":"Marocco"},"mys":{"name":"Malesia"},"prt":{"name":"Portogallo"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"qat":{"name":"Qatar"},"sau":{"name":"Regno dell’Arabia Saudita"},"svn":{"name":"Slovenia"},"swe":{"name":"Svezia"},"syr":{"name":"Siria"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisia"},"tur":{"name":"Turchia"},"usa":{"name":"Stati Uniti d’America"},"xxx":{"name":"Dominio pubblico (nessun paese specifico)"}}

package/translations/countries.pt.json

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+{"aut":{"name":"Áustria"},"bel":{"name":"Bélgica"},"cze":{"name":"Czech Republic"},"deu":{"name":"Alemanha"},"dnk":{"name":"Dinamarca"},"dza":{"name":"Argélia"},"egy":{"name":"Egipto"},"esp":{"name":"Espanha"},"fra":{"name":"França"},"gbr":{"name":"Reino Unido"},"grc":{"name":"Grécia"},"hrv":{"name":"Croatia"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"ita":{"name":"Itália"},"jor":{"name":"Jordânia"},"kwt":{"name":"Kuwait"},"mar":{"name":"Marrocos"},"mys":{"name":"Malásia"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"svn":{"name":"Slovenia"},"swe":{"name":"Suécia"},"syr":{"name":"Síria"},"tun":{"name":"Tunísia"},"tur":{"name":"Turquia"},"xxx":{"name":"Public domain (no country)"}}

package/translations/countries.se.json

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+{"deu":{"name":"Tyskland"},"dza":{"name":"Algeriet"},"egy":{"name":"Egypten"},"esp":{"name":"Spanien"},"gbr":{"name":"Storbritannien"},"ita":{"name":"Italien"},"jor":{"name":"Jordanien"},"mar":{"name":"Marocko"},"mys":{"name":"Malaysia"},"prt":{"name":"Portugal"},"pse":{"name":"Palestina"},"swe":{"name":"Sverige"},"syr":{"name":"Syrien"},"tun":{"name":"Tunisien"},"tur":{"name":"Turkiet"}}

package/translations/countries.si.json

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+{"pse":{"name":"Palestine"}}

package/translations/countries.tr.json

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+{"aut":{"name":"Avusturya"},"aze":{"name":"Azerbaycan"},"bel":{"name":"Belçika"},"che":{"name":"Switzerland"},"cze":{"name":"Çek Cumhuriyeti"},"deu":{"name":"Almanya"},"dza":{"name":"Cezayir"},"egy":{"name":"Mısır"},"esp":{"name":"İspanya"},"fra":{"name":"Fransa"},"gbr":{"name":"Birleşik Krallık"},"hrv":{"name":"Hırvatistan"},"hun":{"name":"Hungary"},"ita":{"name":"İtalya"},"jor":{"name":"Ürdün"},"mar":{"name":"Fas"},"mys":{"name":"Malaýziýa"},"prt":{"name":"Portekiz"},"pse":{"name":"Filistin"},"svn":{"name":"Slovenia"},"swe":{"name":"İsveç"},"syr":{"name":"Suriye"},"tun":{"name":"Tunus"},"tur":{"name":"Türkiye"}}

package/translations/glossary.ar.json

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+{"e2af48f9-49cb-51b7-84fd-bbcca177f07b":{"definition":"من الكلمة التركية \"إبليك\"، \"حبل\" أو \"خيط\". وهي تقنية بنائية تتميز بتناوب صفوف من الأحجار تتكون من لونين مختلفين.","spellings":["أبلق","أبلك"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"الوضوء الواجب على كل مسلم قبل الصلاة.","spellings":["الوضوء"]},"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"الاسم الذي كان يُطلق على شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية، عندما كانت تحت السيطرة الإسلامية، التي استمرت قرابة ثمانية قرون، فيما بين عامي 29–798 هـ/117–2941 م. وشبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية تضم حالياً كلاً من إسبانيا والبرتغال","spellings":["الأندلس"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"وهي تسمية من المسجد الأقصى، في القدس، وهو عند المسلمين أولى القبلتين، ولقد تحوَّل عنه المسلمون في صلواتهم نحو الكعبة، في مكة، بعد رحلة الإسراء والمعراج"},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"علم أو راية أو لواء؛ وكانت ترفع بحضور قائد خلال حملة عسكرية ما، أو تستعمل في المواكب الدينية. كان من الممكن أن تأخذ هذه الألوية أو الأعلام أو الرايات أشكالا مختلفة، وتحمل أشكالا هندسية، وفي بعض الأحيان تزين بنقائش. كما يمكن أن يرفع \"علم\" من المعدن فوق قمة سارية.","spellings":["العالم","العالمات","العالمان","العالمة","العالمتان","عالم","عالمات","عالمان","عالمة","عالمتان"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"من العربية \"فرش\". سقف مسطح ذو تلبيس من الخشب المنقوش أو الخشب المزين بتشبيكات متقنة. ويمكن أيضا أن يعني سقفا.","spellings":["أفرشة","الأفرشة","الفراشان","الفراشين","الفرش","فراشان","فراشين","فرش"]},"22b53494-49b4-56ac-8f6f-9b4231d55ce1":{"definition":"(جمعها \"ألفيسيس\" من العربية \"حيز\". إطار مستطيل يحيط بالعقد العربي حول الدلايات، والذي ينطلق من الطبليات أو من القاعدة.","spellings":["ألفيز","ألفيزات","الألفيز","الألفيزات"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"الأرابيسك أو الرقش العربي كثيرة الاستعمال في الفن الإسلامي؛ وهي شكل تزييني مكون من بعدين، ويرتكز على تشبيكات سيقان والتفاف أوراق مما يخلق شكلا مستمرا، يتشارك أحيانا مع زخارف حلزونية أو مع عناصر هندسية.","spellings":["أرابيسك","الرقش العربي","رقش عربي"]},"13b13347-73d9-5e9b-896e-e43453a70910":{"spellings":["أربطة"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"آلة علمية وسيطية استعملت من أجل الحساب الفلكي والإبحار.","spellings":["إسطرلاب","إسطرلابات","إسطرلابان","اسطرلاب","الإسطرلاب","الإسطرلابات","الإسطرلابان"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"القائد الأعلى للجيش. كان الأتابكة يعينون أولياء على الأمراء السلجوقيين الشباب الذين يعملون كولاة على مدن كبرى، لكنهم قووا نفوذهم، وعززوا مع الوقت استقلاليتهم.","spellings":["أتابك","أتابكة","أتابكي","أتابكيان","أتابكية","الأتابكة","الأتابكي","الأتابكيان","الأتابكية"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"من العربية \"الطيفور\". قصعة أو طبق مقعر مميز للإنتاج الخزفي في الأندلس.","spellings":["الطيافير","الطيفور","الطيفوران","الطيفورين"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"من العربية \"توريق\". استوحي هذا الزخرف من ورقة الأقنثة الكلاسيكية، وأصبح يقدم أشكالا من النباتات المنمنمة، واستعمل استعمالا وافرا في الفن الإسلامي الإسباني.","spellings":["التوريق","توريق"]},"b5ff90ab-5823-5d04-95e0-dc19f7472200":{"definition":"مصطلح أسباني وبرتغالي كثير التداول في كل بلاد المغارب، يدل على بلاطات الخزف المبرنقة التي يتم تجميعها من أجل خلق أشكال كبيرة، وبالأخص من أجل كسوة جدران صحون المساجد والقصور. انظر أيضا \"زليج\".","spellings":["الزليج","الزليجة","زليج","زليجة"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"بمعنى أولاد تستخدم لتشير إلى مجموعة من الناس تنتمي إلى عشيرة أو قبيلة معينة، وصيغة المفرد منها ابن","spellings":["بني أو بنو"]},"dd3cf38a-f162-5d5c-ab24-2d36d3b5de1c":{"definition":"حركة فنية أوروبية برزت في القرن الحادي عشر الهجري/السابع عشر الميلادي، أثَّرت في الفن الإسلامي خلال العهد العثماني","spellings":["باروك"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"عبارة \"بسم الله الرحمان الرحيم\".","spellings":["البسملة","بسملة"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"جمعها \"بيوت\"، قاعة أو غرفة وفي بعض الحالات منزل. بيت الحكمة: المحكمة. بيت الديوان: قاعة الاستقبال. بيت النار: المرجل. انظر أيضا دار ؛ قصر.","spellings":["البيت","البيتان","البيتين","البيوت","بيت","بيتان","بيتين","بيوت"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"سوق عمومي أو ساحة مخصصة للتجارة؛ سوق مغطى مجهز بأبواب (فارس), انظر أيضا أراستا وبيديستان وقيصرية وسوق.","spellings":["البازار","البازارات","البازاران","البازارين","بازار","بازارات","بازاران","بازارين"]},"d262760a-d7c7-5583-b3d6-98f5a67ea709":{"definition":"بناية تجارية مكونة على الأقل من جناحين (ثلاثة أو أربعة في إسطنبول) ومغطاة بقبب متساوية الأحجام. كانت السلع الثمينة تخزن في البيديستانات التي تشتغل وفق طريقة بنوك اليوم. اشتق المصطلح من \"بيزازيستاني\" حيث تعني \"بيزاز\" بائع القماش. انظر أيضا أراستا وبازار وقيصرية وسوق.","spellings":["الباديستان","الباديستانات","باديستان","باديستانات"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"قائد إمارة مستقلة؛ لقب احترام منح لشخص من الطبقات العليا؛ لقب حمله الملوك المنافسون للسلطان.  \nبيلرباي: باي البايات، أكبر رتبة في الحكومة الإقليمية للإمبراطورية العثمانية. بيلكية، بيلك: سيادة أو مجال ترابي تحت سيطرة باي. انظر أيضا آغا، وداي","spellings":["الباي","البايات","البايان","باي","بايات","بايان"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"تُسمى أيضاً «المشرق العربي»، أو «سورية الكبرى»، وتضم حالياً كلاً من سورية، والأردن، ولبنان، وفلسطي","spellings":["بلاد الشام"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"مستشفى، مشفى ملجأ. التركية: داروصحة (دار الصحة)، سيفاحان.","spellings":["البيمارستان","البيمارستانات","البيمارستانان","البيماريستنين","بيمارستان","بيمارستانات","بيمارستانان","بيمارستانين"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"برج أو حصن محاط في بعض الأحيان بسور خارجي. دخل المصطلح إلى الأسماء البرتغالية الوسيطية تحت \"alvorge\" أو \"الكنة\". وفي تونس، يدل المصطلح أيضا على إقامة ثانوية محاطة بالحدائق؛ إقامة للاصطياف؛ برج في المغرب وبرچ في مصر.","spellings":["أبراج","الأبراج","البرج","البرجان","برج","برجان"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"القائد الأعلى في الدولة الإسلامية. والخليفة هو من كان يخلف الرسول في قيادة المسلمين","spellings":["الخليفة","خليفة"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"يشكل \"فن الكتابة الجميلة\" (اليوناني) أحد أبرز تعبيرات الثقافة الإسلامية. وبما أن اللغة العربية مرتبطة بالوحي في الإسلام، فإن الكتابة كانت لها دلالات روحية عميقة، واعتبرت كرمز للجمال والغموض. يوجد العديد من الخطوط الكتابية التي تتميز باختلافات بحسب الفترة والمكان والسياق؛ ولازال العديد من فناني العالم الإسلامي يزاولون فن الخط لحد الآن. انظر أيضا كوفي وديواني وفارسي ومغربي – أندلسي وريحاني ورقعة وتعليق وثلث.","spellings":["الكتابات","الكتابة","كتابات","كتابة"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"كلمة من أصل فارسي. نزل أو فندق يتواجد على حافة الطرق الرئيسية موفرا المسكن للمسافرين، والمخزن الآمن لسلعهم. انظر أيضا فندق وخان ووكالة.","spellings":["الخان","الخانات","الخانان","الخانين","خان","خانات","خانان","خانين"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"قلعة، حصن، عادة  مايمثل وسط مدينة ما. قصيبة: قصبة صغيرة، اسم حي بمدينة بيزرت في تونس. انظر أيضا حصن، قلعة.","spellings":["القصبات","القصبة","القصبتان","القصبتين","قصبات","قصبة","قصبتان","قصبتين"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"المسيحيون المصريون، الذين سكنوا مصر قبل الإسلام. كان لهم ثقافتهم، ولغتهم القبطية، وتقويمهم الخاص","spellings":["قبط"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"الكتاب المقدس لدى المسلمين،  نزل وحياً عبر الملاك جبريل إلى الرسول محمد، باللغة العربي","spellings":["القرآن","قرآن"]},"dd4f9d3e-4cd5-5757-894f-705aa22157f4":{"definition":"التسمية التي أطلقها العرب على الصليبيي","spellings":["فرنجة"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(ج. دور) منزل. دار الإمارة: منزل الوالي. دار الإسلام: مجال الإسلام؛ بلدان تحت السيطرة الإسلامية؛ بينما كانت البلدان التي لاتخضع للسيطرة 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السادس عشر الميلادي. انتقل إلى العالم الإسلامي عبر الفرنجة","spellings":["قوطي"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"هبة على شكل أراضي توهب إلى الأبد، وتخضع لبعض الشروط، لفائدة مسجد أو أي مؤسسة دينية مثل مدرسة أو خانقاه أو مؤسسة مدنية مثل سبيل أو حتى منزل. انظر أيضا وقف.","spellings":["أحباس","الأحباس","التحبيس","الحبوس","تحبيس","حبوس"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"حرفيا \"أقوال\". مجموع السنن المرتبطة بأقوال وأفعال الرسول محمد وأصحابه. دار الحديث: انظر دار.","spellings":["Hadis","أحاديث","الأحاديث","الحديث","الحديثان","الحديثين","حديث","حديثان","حديثين"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"موظف حكومي سامي. كان المصطلح يدل في الأصل على \"المكلف بتقديم الزوار إلى الخليفة\"، وأصبح الحاجب خلال فترة أمويي الأندلس يلعب دور وزير رئيسي، يتمتع بنفس المكانة التي كانت للوزير عند الخلفاء الشرقيين.","spellings":["الحاجب","الحاجبان","الحاجبين","الحجاب","حاجب","حاجبان","حاجبين","حجاب"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"الحج هو إحدى الركائز الخمس للإسلام التي يجب على كل المؤمنين القيام بها إلى مكة والأماكن المقدسة ولو مرة واحدة في عمرهم إذا ما توفرت لهم السبل إلى ذلك. تؤدى هذه الأخيرة شهرين بعد رمضان، وتنتهي بعيد الأضحى. أما العمرة فتشمل تقريبا على نفس الشعائر الدينية إلا أنها لاتقام في نفس الفترة؛ وهي تعرف أهمية متصاعدة بسبب الصعوبات المرتبطة باستقبال العدد المتكاثر من الحجاج (أزيد من ثلاث ملايين) الذين يريدون أداء فريضة الحج.","spellings":["الحاج","الحاجان","الحج","الحجاج","الحجيج","حاج","حاجان","حج","حجاج","حجيج"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"حمامات عمومية أو خاصة. قاعة خلع الملابس؛ تركية: سويونمالك. القاعة الساخنة. نظام تسخين الأرضية والجدران والتي تعتمد على البخار في المساكن والحمامات الرومانية. القاعة الدافئة التي يستريح فيها المستحم بعد الاغتسال؛ تركية: إليكليك. كما يوجد في الحمامات التركية ممر يسمى \"أراليك\" بين 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فقه.","spellings":["الحنفي","الحنفيان","الحنفية","الحنفيون","الحنفيين","حنفي","حنفيان","حنفيون","حنفيين"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"حرفيا في اللغة العربية \"مقدس\"، \"محرم\". مكان مقدس. عمل محرم من وجهة نظر الشريعة. الحرم الشريف: المكان المقدس بمدينة القدس الذي يضم كلا من المسجد الأقصى وقبة الصخرة.","spellings":["الحرامان","الحرم","الحرمين","الحريم","حرامان","حرم","حرمين","حريم"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"فضاء الحياة العامة في البيت التركي. كذلك الصوفة.","spellings":["الحياة","حياة"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"حرفيا \"اغتراب\"؛ نفي، مغادرة محمد لمكة في اتجاه المدينة عام 622 ميلادي. بداية التقويم الإسلامي الهجري الذي يرتكز على الدورة القمرية.","spellings":["الهجرات","الهجرة","هجرات","هجرة"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"وصف نثري للنبي محمد. \"حلية الشريف\": مدح وصفي\" للرسول، عمل فني يبرز \"هذا الوصف 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التي قام بها الرسول من مكة إلى المسجد الأقصى في القدس","spellings":["الإسراء  والمعراج"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"كوة كبيرة معقودة أو ذات قبة مغلقة من ثلاث جهات بواسطة عقد انفتاح كبير.","spellings":["إيوان","إيوانات","إيوانان","إيوانين","الإيوان","الإيوانات","الإيوانان","الإيوانين"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"المسجد الرئيسي الذي تقام فيه الصلوات اليومية وصلاة الجمعة. تركية: سامع؛ انظر أيضا مسجد.","spellings":["الجامع","الجامعان","الجامعين","الجوامع","جامع","جامعان","جامعين","جوامع"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"جندي في انكشارية حامية السلطان العثماني يتم اختياره من الرعايا غير المسلمين تحت نظام أهل الذمة ويعوض من مالية بيت المال, تركية: ينصري أساجي.","spellings":["إنكشاري","إنكشارية","الإنكشاري","الإنكشارية"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"حرفيا \"الحديقة الجميلة\". جنة. تركية: سنت.","spellings":["الجنان","الجنة","الجنتان","الجنتين","جنة","جنتان","جنتين"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"من أجل نشر الدين، وإعلاء كلمة الله، خاض المسلمون مسيرة كفاح طويلة، ضد المشركين. كما قاتلوا ضد المنشقين على السلطة المركزي","spellings":["جهاد"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"أجناد (ج) إقليم عسكري وإداري.","spellings":["أجناد","الأجناد","الجند","جند"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"يمكن تقسيم القرءان إلى 30 جزءا متساويا، وبالتالي فإن 1/30 يسمى جزءا (م. أجزاء)؛ وعندما كانت المصاحف تكتب في 30 مجلدا مثل ماوقع في مصر تحت المماليك، كان المجلد يسمى جزءاً.","spellings":["أجزاء","الأجزاء","الجزء","الجزءان","الجزأين","جزء","جزءان","جزأين"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"حرفيا \"مكعب\". معبد بمكة، مركز الديانة الإسلامية.","spellings":["الكعبة","كعبة"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"ديباج (نسيج مقصب بخيوط الحرير والذهب)، ثوب عثماني متعدد الألوان ذو حياكة مركبة تستعمل الحرير المتعدد الألوان وخيوط الذهب والفضة المذهبة والفضة من أجل إنجاز أشكال ملونة.","spellings":["الكمخة","كمخة"]},"04f42d3e-3607-5497-ac48-4aa51fe765d3":{"definition":"غرفة صغيرة (وفي بعض الأحيان بناية مستقلة) خالية من النوافذ أو مفتوحة ببعض الفتحات القليلة ينعزل فيها الصوفيون؛ وتماثل خلوة حمام تركي. انظر حمام.","spellings":["الخلوات","الخلوة","الخلوتان","الخلوتين","خلوات","خلوة","خلوتان","خلوتين"]},"5805ea4d-515f-570c-944e-b39504e35c2a":{"definition":"تشير كلمة \"خمسة\" إلى خماسية القصائد التي ألفها الشاعر الفارسي نظامي الكنجوي في القرن الثاني عشر المبلادي. هذه المجموعة المعروفة باسم \"الخمسة\" والتي تعني العدد خمسة بالفارسية والعربية، أو \"الخماسية\"، وهو المصطلح المستخدم في أوروبا، تضم خمس قصائد ملحمية، \"مخزن الأسرار\"، \" خسرو وشيرين\"، و\"الجميلات السبع\"، و\"اسكندر نامه\" (كتاب الإسكندر)، و\"ليلى والمجنون\".  نظمت \"الخمسة\" في مجموعة من القصائد بالاسلوب المثنوي، تستخدم الأبيات المقافية، وهي شكل محدد من الشعر الفارسي مناسبة للأعمال السردية الطويلة. تحظى خمسة نظامي بالتقدير لجمالها الشعري، وعمقها الأخلاقي، والتشابك الماهر بين العناصر التاريخية والأسطورية. وقد تركت هذه التحفة الأدبية تأثيرًا قويًا على الأدب الفارسي، حيث تمت دراستها وتقديرها لأهميتها الأدبية والثقافية.","spellings":["همزة"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"مصطلح عربي يدل على نزل يضم مجموعة من المساكن يتواجد على الطرق الرئيسية للقوافل من أجل المسافرين (الحجاج والتجار) وحيث يمكن تخزين السلع, انظر أيضا كارافنسيراي، فندق، وكالة. تركية خان.","spellings":["الخان","الخانات","الخانان","الخانين","خان","خانات","خانان","خانين"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"صومعة أو نزل للصوفيين أو الدراويش المتجولين. تركية: خانِقة، خانْقاة. انظر أيضا زاوية.","spellings":["الخاناقاه","الخانقاه","الخنقاوات","الخنقهاوات","خاناقاه","خانقاه","خنقاهاوات","خنقاوات"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"الموعظة الأسبوعية التي يلقيها الإمام أو الخطيب، قبيل صلاة الظهر من كل يوم جمعة","spellings":["خطبة"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"قماش مكون من العديد من القطع من أجل كسوة الكعبة بمكة؛ وهي قطع مطرزة بالحرير والذهب مع آيات من القرءان. تغير الكسوة كل سنة؛ ويتم التغيير خلال موسم الحج عندما تقطع الكسوة القديمة وتوزع على الحجيج. كما تسمى الأثواب المزينة بأشكال كتابية على شكل تعرجات والتي تغطي قبور الأضرحة كسوة (على سبيل المثال في فلسطين).","spellings":["الكسوات","الكسوة","كسوات","كسوة"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"كتابة عربية ذات أحرف زاوية مجردة، استعملت في مصاحف الأزمنة الأولى للإسلام. يتم إرجاعها إلى مدينة الكوفة في العراق؛ وابتداءا من القرن 4 الهجري (10 الميلادي) أصبح الخط الكوفي قليل الاستعمال بسبب صعوبة قراءته. الكوفي المورق: كتابة تجمع بين الأسلوب الزاوي للأحرف والأشكال الزهرية والنباتية مثل الزهيرات، الشائعة خلال الفترة الفاطمية والأتابكية. انظر أيضا فن الكتابة.","spellings":["الكوفي","الكوفية","كوفي"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"مجموع البنايات الموزعة حول  المسجد؛ بينما كانت البنايات الأخرى تتكون من دار الشفا (المستشفى)، والحمام والخان (المساكن) والعمارات (الحساء الشعبي) والمدرسة.","spellings":["الكليات","الكلية","كليات","كلية"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"حد أنواع الخزف المزجَّج. يتمُّ الحصول عليه بطريقة معقدة، حيث يتم تعريض أواني الخزف للشيِّ مع بعض أوكسيدات المعادن، مما يمنح أواني الخزف بريقاً مميزاً. ولقد تمَّ تطوير هذه التقنية منذ العصور الإسلامية المبكرة","spellings":["خزف ذو بريق معدني"]},"f2c933f6-93e1-5c11-a123-36ceacc8076f":{"spellings":["مضافة"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"مدرسة إسلامية متخصصة في العلوم الدينية (أصول الدين والقانون والقرءان إلخ.) ونزل للطلبة. يدل المصطلح اليوم على مدرسة. تركية: مِدرِيسي.","spellings":["المدارس","المدرسة","المدرستان","المدرستين","مدارس","مدرسة","مدرستان","مدرستين"]},"a9dba7ef-b3dc-5e16-b084-69f0f9f4e817":{"definition":"أسلوب خطي نسخي شائع جدا في أسبانيا وفي أفريقيا الشمالية؛ وازدهر بفضل انصهار الأذواق الفنية المحلية مع الكتابة الكوفية. ترجع أحسن الأمثلة إلى القرنين 6 و 7 الهجريين (12 و 13 الميلاديين) تحت حكم أمويي الأندلس. انظر أيضا فن الكتابة.","spellings":["المغربي-الأندلسي","مغربي-أندلسي"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"قائد ديني شديد التقوى، يرقى إلى مستوى المرشد، أو المخلِّص"},"4d0ea53b-609e-5e3d-817e-8067fab67fc3":{"spellings":["مَجْلِس‬"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"صاحب الشرعية المطلقة في الحكم والإدارة","spellings":["ملك"]},"1e97c7b6-80de-5294-bd26-e7192b4e6889":{"definition":"قطعة قماش رقيقة مطرزة تربط حواف الثوب ببعضها البعض.","spellings":["مناجل"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"ضوء، فانوس، مصباح، منارة، انظر أيضا فنار.","spellings":["المنار","المنارات","المناران","المنارة","المنارين","منار","منارات","مناران","منارة","منارين"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"بناية مكونة من وحدة أو العديد من الوحدات المعمارية تضم بشكل عام قبة تحتضن قبر شخصية دينية هامة. موضع للعبادة والحج. انظر أيضا ضريح، قبة، تربة.","spellings":["المقام","المقامات","المقامان","المقامين","مقام","مقامات","مقامان","مقامين"]},"5f70c6f4-762e-5438-bf74-53c9daaa431c":{"definition":"فضاء مخصص في المساجد الجامعة للخليفة أو الإمام خلال أوقات الصلاة العامة. أيضا مكان مخصص لاستعمال خاص في البنايات العمومية (في الحمام مثلا).","spellings":["المقصورات","المقصورة","المقصورتان","المقصورتين","مقصورات","مقصورة","مقصورتان","مقصورتين"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"موضع للتعبد. انظر أيضا ضريح، مقام، قبة، تربة.","spellings":["المشاهد","المشهد","المشهدان","المشهدين","مشاهد","مشهد","مشهدان","مشهدين"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"ستار مكون من تشابيك خشبية مكونة من قطع الخشب المخروط والمجمع من أجل تكوين شبكة نافذة. تركية: مِشرِبية.","spellings":["المشربيات","المشربية","المشربيتان","المشربيتين","مشربيات","مشربية","مشربيتان","مشربيتين"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"ثنية من الحجر بارزة طويلة أو مقعد حجري يستند إلى حائط خارجي، على كل جانب من مدخل البناية.","spellings":["المسطبات","المسطبة","المسطبتان","المسطبتين","مسطبات","مسطبة","مسطبتان","مسطبتين"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"مدينة، حي قديم، وسط مدينة مستقل. أيضا اسم إحدى مدن العربية السعودية حيث هاجر المسلمون في سنة 622 ميلادية، والتي دفن بها الرسول محمد.","spellings":["المدن","المدينة","المدينتان","المدينتين","مدن","مدينة","مدينتان","مدينتين"]},"8d2b9746-8e9b-5ac7-8c70-6fd0cd7e3667":{"definition":"القاعة المجاورة للمسجد والتي يقوم فيها المؤمن بالوضوء قبل الصلاة.","spellings":["الميضآت","الميضأة","الميضأتان","الميضأتين","ميضآت","ميضأة","ميضأتان","ميضأتين"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"تجويف في جدار القبلة في المسجد، يدل المصلِّين على اتجاه الكعبة في مكة. وأحياناً يدلّ على مكان المحراب قوس، أو زخارف مميزة، في قاعة الصلاة","spellings":["محراب"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"مكان مرتفع في قاعة الصلاة، من خشب أو رخام، يرتقي إليه الإمام أو الخطيب لإلقاء خطبة يوم الجمعة","spellings":["منبر"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"اسم أعطي في الممالك المسيحية بشبه الجزيرة الأيبيرية للمسلمين الذين اعتنقوا رسميا المسيحية بعد \"الاسترجاع\".","spellings":["المورسكي","المورسكيان","المورسكيون","المورسكيين","مورسكي","مورسكيان","مورسكيون","مورسكيين"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"من العربية مستعرب، فرد من الأقليات المسيحية التي سمح لها الحكام المسلمون بالعيش كأهل الذمة الذين كانوا يعيشون في الأندلس والذين حافظوا على ديانتهم وتنظيمهم الكنسي والقضائي.","spellings":["المستعرب","المستعربان","المستعربة","المستعربون","مستعرب","مستعربان","مستعربة","مستعربِون"]},"432a631d-9c77-5598-9224-35e8479385c8":{"definition":"(ج. مرابطون) مسلم تقي جدا ومقدس لزهده يشكل قبره موضعا للحج؛  ناسك محارب يعيش في رباط. اسم سلالة معروفة تحت تسمية \"المرابطين\" حكمت الأندلس في عام 454-541 هجري/1062-1147 ميلادي.","spellings":["المرابط","المرابطان","المرابطون","مرابط","مرابطان","مرابطون"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"من العربية مدجن، مسلم سُمح له بالبقاء ضمن الغزاة المسيحيين دون تغيير ديانته، مقابل ضريبة. ويستعمل كذلك النعت \"مدجن\" للدلالة على صناعة تقليدية بدأت تحت السيطرة الإسلامية واستمرت لفائدة العملاء المسيحيين بعد الغزو المسيحي.","spellings":["المدجن","المدجنان","المدجنة","المدجنون","المدجنين","مدجن","مدجنان","مدجنة","مدجنون","مدجنين"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"كتابة نسخية عريضة شبيهة بالنسخي استعملت في العصر الوسيط؛ وهي تشكل أحد الأساليب الستة الأساسية في الخط العربي.","spellings":["المحقق","المحققة","محقق","محققة"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"من العربية مولد، مسيحي اعتنق الإسلام وكان يعيش مثل المسلمين خلال سيطرة العرب في الجزيرة الأيبيرية.","spellings":["المولد","المولدان","المولدة","المولدتان","المولدون","مولد","مولدان","مولدة","مولدتان","مولدون"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"صيغة الإسم بمعني المُلك و المملكة، وعادة ما ينقش على الزخارف و المخطوطات لتزين المواد الفاخرة التي تعود إلى الملوك و السلاطين","spellings":["مُلك"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"زخرف معماري على شكل هوابط أو عش النحل يزين العديد من السطوح بما فيها القبب والكوابيل. في بلاد المغارب، مقربص.","spellings":["المقرنص","المقرنصات","مقرنص","مقرنصات"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"spellings":["مرة"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"مصطلح يعني حرفيا \"منقول\". أحد أساليب فن الكتابة الإسلامية الأكثر انتشارا والمستعمل في المصاحف والكتب الأخرى. يجمع هذا الأسلوب بين لويونة الأسلوب الفارسي وانسجام الكتابة الكوفية. تركية: نسيخ.","spellings":["النسخي","النسخية","نسخي","نسخية"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"لقب شرفي تركي معرب تحت شكل باشا.","spellings":["الباشا","الباشوات","باشا","باشوات"]},"a2005bd2-bdc7-54c7-b3c5-a7cd040e82bc":{"spellings":["‫قاعة‬"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"من رأس الكتف الأيمن إلى نهاية الكتف الأيسر.","spellings":["قبة"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"بناء حصين، يستخدم لأغراض دفاعية، يتمتع بالأسوار العالية المنيعة، والأبراج، وكوات رمي السهام","spellings":["قلعة"]},"45352774-81cc-54ab-9a7a-84db32433743":{"definition":"قلعة، حصن، عادة  مايمثل وسط مدينة ما. قصيبة: قصبة صغيرة، اسم حي بمدينة بيزرت في تونس. انظر أيضا حصن، قلعة."},"59b4beee-e4d9-52ef-99f1-2a66945a3694":{"definition":"مصطلح يدل على لوحات البلاطات المبرنقة القادمة من مدينة قاشان الإيرانية حيث كانت البلاطات المخصصة لزخرفة المعالم تنتج خلال الفترة السلجوقية. استعمل المصطلح من طرف الرحالة المغربي، ابن بطوطة، أثناء زيارته لإيران للدلالة على لوحات التبليط التي ذكرته بالزليج في بلاد المغارب.","spellings":["القاشاني","قاشاني"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"من اللاتينية كاستروم. قصر، حصن. قُصير: تصغير لقصر. تركية: كصر. انظر أيضا بيت، دار.","spellings":["القصر","القصران","القصرين","القصور","قصر","قصران","قصرين","قصور"]},"f37cbff8-b219-59af-940c-6d009539e2a7":{"definition":"سوق مغطى مخصص للسلع الثمينة (ذهب، حرير إلخ.) أنظر أيضا أرسطة، بازار، باديستان، سوق.","spellings":["القيساريات","القيسارية","قيساريات","قيسارية"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"اتجاه الكعبة، حيث يتوجَّه المسلمون في صلواتهم","spellings":["قبلة"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"قبة، تجاوزا ، صرح أو غرفة مبنية فوق قبر ولي صالح أو شخصية هامة، متميزة في أغلب الأحيان بقبة. تركية: كبة (قبة فقط).","spellings":["القبب","القبة","القبتان","القبتين","قبب","قبة","قبتان","قبتين"]},"9c6aeb81-7bc2-5ea4-9209-1c4a1345ac29":{"definition":"تقسيم القرءان إلى 4 أجزاء؛ وكان كل جزء (ربع أو ربعة) يُجلدُ في كتاب واحد، وكانت الأجزاء الأربعة تحفظ بشكل عام في علبة منمنمة.","spellings":["الربعة","ربعة"]},"1f1c56a0-2af0-51fc-9adb-3b2cb1118d0b":{"definition":"من العربية: ربض. حي خارج الأسوار.","spellings":["أرباض","الأرباض","الربض","ربض"]},"87260489-dd79-59f8-a295-dd2d8f65524a":{"definition":"مصطلح مستعمل بشكل واسع، وفي بعض الأحيان بشكل عام، للدلالة على فخار مدينة الرقة السورية الذي يتضمن خزفيات مختلفة مثل **الفخار المبرنق** الأسمر الداكن والفخار المسمى **عجين الحجر** ذي الزخرف المدهون تحت طلاء أحادي اللون أو متعدد الألوان."},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"تبقى الأحرف،بالرغم من أن هذه الكتابة تقدم تشابها قويا مع المحقق، أصغر. كان هذا الخط يستخدم في كتابة المصاحف الكبرى المنجزة خلال القرنين 7 و 8 الهجريين (13 و 14 الميلاديين). انظر أيضا فن الكتابة.","spellings":["الريحاني","الريحانية","ريحاني","ريحانية"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"سياج حائطي محصن من أجل الجنود-النساك (أفريقيا الشمالية)؛ نزل من أجل الحجاج (مصر المملوكية وفلسطين وسورية). اسم مدينة الرباط مشتق من رباط الفتح، وهي التسمية التي كانت تحملها المدينة عند تأسيسها في نهاية القرن 6 الهجري/12 الميلادي.","spellings":["الرباط","الرباطات","الربط","رباط","رباطات","ربط"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"جمع روضة: حديقة. مصطلح يستعمل دائما في المغرب على شكل الجمع، رياض، للدلالة على حديقة داخل بيت سكني.","spellings":["الرياض","رياض"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"طراز فني أوروبي، ظهر بعد الباروك، في القرن الثاني عشر الهجري/الثامن عشر الميلادي، ويتميز بضخامة الزخارف، والمبالغة في التزيينات. كان له تأثير واضح في العمارة العثمانية","spellings":["روكوكو"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"عنصر زخرفي على شكل نصف سعيفة. أحد الأشكال الأكثر شعبية وبساطة في الفنون الزخرفية الإسلامية، المستعمل على كل السطوح، بدءا من الخشب المنقوش إلى بلاطات الفخار. ظهر بشكل خاص في الرقش العربي (الأرابيسك)؛ ويشتق اسمه من الاسم القديم للأناضول.","spellings":["الروم","الرومي","رومي"]},"85c2ecc8-51b1-5e22-90ca-051cf297fa08":{"definition":"من بداية كف اليد إلى منتصف الكوع.","spellings":["ساعد"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(جمعه سبل أو أسبلة) بناية مصممة من أجل توفير الماء الشروب؛ سقاية عمومية. تركية: سيبيل: غرفة يقدم فيها أحد الخدم مشروبات للعموم.","spellings":["أسبلة","الأسبلة","السبل","السبيل","سبل","سبيل"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"مصطلح عام للدلالة على مختلف أساليب الجصيات المتواجدة يسامراء في العراق، العاصمة العباسية لمدة وجيزة. يستخدم أسلوب \"أ\" أشكالا طبيعية؛ ويستخدم الأسلوب \"ب\" أشكالا مماثلة متشابكة مع أشكال مجردة، ويستخدم أسلوب \"ج\" شكلا نباتيا منمنما مائلا.","spellings":["أسلوب سامراء"]},"7b0b0e45-2f2a-5fd0-be86-16fa0e895a59":{"definition":"في بلاد المغارب، مدخل منزل، وغالبا مايكون مكوعا.","spellings":["السقيفة","سقيفة"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(جمعه سادة) سليل الرسول محمد. انظر أيضا شريف.","spellings":["السادة","السيد","السيدان","السيدين","سادة","سيد","سيدان","سيدين"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"حرفيا \"الطريق\". التعاليم الإسلامية التي يجب على المسلم إتباعها من أجل السير على السبيل المؤدي إلى الله. تقيد الشريعة تصرف المؤمنين في المجالات الروحية والقضائية والاجتماعية والسياسية، وفي الجوانب العملية للحياة اليومية أيضا.","spellings":["الشرائع","الشريعة","شرائع","شريعة"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"مسن محترم لتجربته وعمره، عارف، علامة في مجال العلوم الدينية، عضو في طريقة دينية، مولى صوفي. شيخ الإسلام: على رأس تراتبية علماء الفقه والحديث وأصول الدين الإسلامية.","spellings":["الشيخ","الشيخان","الشيخين","الشيوخ","شيخ","شيخان","شيخين","شيوخ"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"قب يطلق على كل من ينحدر من سلالة الرسول محمد، عبر ابنته فاطمة. تمتع الأشراف (السادة) بمكانة دينية مميزة، دائماً، وسياسية أحيان","spellings":["شريف"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"تعني في شكلها الصحيح \"شيعة علي\" \"حزب علي\". رفض الشيعة شرعية كل الخلفاء الذين تولوا الحكم بعد اغتيال علي (40 هجري/661 ميلادي)، ابن عم الرسول وصهره. انظر أيضا السنة.","spellings":["الشيعة","شيعة"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"طريقة زهد أو نسك إسلامية. مشتق من الصوف، تيلة غزل تستعمل من طرف الأتباع (الصوفيين)من أجل حياكة ألبستهم.","spellings":["الصوفية","صوفية"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"القائد الأعلى والمطلق في ولاية أو مقاطعة إسلامية، وغالباً ما كان يحكم دون أن يؤثِّر على المكانة الاعتبارية للخليفة","spellings":["سلطان"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"حرفيا \"تقليد\". بالنسبة للإسلام السني، مجموع أحاديث الرسول التي يرتكز عليها علماء الفتوى وعلماء أصول الدين من أجل وضع القانون الإسلامي انطلاقا من القرءان. السني:تابع السنة. ينقسم السنة إلى أربع مذاهب هي المذهب الحنفي والمذهب الحنبلي والمذهب المالكي والمذهب الشافعي. السنة: نظام سياسي وديني معارض للشيعة. انظر أيضا فقه، شيعة.","spellings":["السنة","السنن","سنة","سنن"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"مركز المدينة المسلمة، مركز الحياة الحضرية","spellings":["سوق"]},"e492236b-2179-5d42-b894-3fc913a09686":{"definition":"بناء يتم اعتمادا على التراب المدكوك داخل تابوت. طورت التقنية مرة أخرى في المشيدات العسكرية بإدماج جرن الجير في بنية المادة.","spellings":["الطابية","طابية"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"جماعة، أو فرقة، أو حزب. ولقد ظهرت ممالك الطوائف في القرن الخامس الهجري/الحادي عشر الميلادي، بسبب انقسام الدولة الاسلامية في الأندلس إلى جماعات وفرق وأحزاب","spellings":["طائفة"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"من التكة التركية، حرفيا \"الموضع الذي يقدم فيه الأكل\". مكان يلتقي ويصلي ويعيش فيه الدراويش. صنف من العمارة أدخله العثمانيون. انظر أيضا عمارة، خانقاه، زاوية.","spellings":["التكيات","التكية","تكيات","تكية"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"واحد من الخطوط الرئيسية في فن الكتابة العربية الذي تم تطويره في بلاد فارس في القرن 9 الهجري (15 الميلادي). يتميز هذا الخط المستعمل أساسا في المراسلات الرسمية بخطوط رقيقة دون حروف المد. تركية: تعليق. انظر أيضا نصتعليق، فن الكتابة.","spellings":["التعليق","تعليق"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"ثلث. أسلوب خطي يشتق اسمه من حجم ريشة الكتابة المستعملة. تمكن إطالة أحرفه من الحصول على تشكلات زخرفية معقدة جدا. كان يستعمل في فن الكتابة، وفي الكتب والعمارة المدنية والدينية. وابتداءا من القرن 12 الهجري (18 الميلادي)، أضحى متداولا تداولا كبيرا على لوحات خاصة في الفن العثماني. تركية: سُلُس.","spellings":["الثلث","ثلث"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"استعمل هذا المصطلح في الأول للدلالة على الكتابات المطرزة على النسيج، ثم دل على الألبسة النسيجية التي تحمل كتابات تعطي اسم الحاكم والورشة التي صنع فيها النسيج. كانت هذه العباءات تقدم من طرف الخليفة إلى الشعب الذي يريد تكريمه. دار الطراز: ورشات ملكية للنسيج تسير من طرف القصر.","spellings":["الطراز","الطرازات","طراز","طرازات"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"تغرة. مصطلح تركي يقصد به التوقيع الكتابي لسلطان عثماني على الوثائق الرسمية؛ وكان لكل سلطان تغرته الخاصة.","spellings":["التغرة","تغرة"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"ضريح، قبر، لحد خاص، وفي بعض الأحيان قبو تحت أرضي – عادة معمارية طورت من طرف الأتراك. تركية: كومبت، قبر معماري غالبا مايكون مغطى بقبة محجوبة تحت سهم. انظر أيضا ضريح، مقام، قبة.","spellings":["الترب","التربات","التربة","ترب","تربات","تربة"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"وزير، تركية: فيزير. كان الوزير الأكثر بروزا في التراتبية الإدارية يعرف بالوزير الأعظم، الوزير الأول. تركية: صدرأعزم (الصدر الأعظم).","spellings":["الوزراء","الوزير","الوزيران","الوزيرين","وزراء","وزير","وزيران","وزيرين"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"هبة أبدية، تكون بوجه عام عبارة عن أراضي أو ملكية كانت تخصص مداخيلها لصيانة المؤسسات الدينية. وقفية: عقد هبة وقف ما. تركية: فقيف، فقفيي انظر أيضا حبوس.","spellings":["أوقاف","الأوقاف","الوقف","وقف"]},"9d0320cb-1068-5d1a-bb89-97a0628cb0f4":{"definition":"مؤسسة تجارية تضم منازل للتجار. انظر أيضا كارافنسيراي، فندق، خان.","spellings":["الوكالات","الوكالة","وكالات","وكالة"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"رتبة قائد في الجيش التركي. آغا في اللغة التركية. انظر أيضا باي وداي.","spellings":["آغا","آغاوات","آغاوان","آغاوين","الآغا","الآغاوات","الآغاوان","الآغاوين"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"نزل للتجار وراحلتهم، متجر للسلع، مركز للتجارة. انظر أيضا كارافانسيراي، خان، وكالة.","spellings":["الفناديق","الفندق","الفندقان","الفندقين","فناديق","فندق","فندقان","فندقين"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"مؤسسة للتعليم الديني مخصصة لتكوين الشيوخ؛ موضع حج مرتبط بولي صالح مبني في المكان الذي ازداد أو عاش فيه. يدل المصطلح أيضا في تركيا على تكة صغيرة، منزل للدراويش والمسافرين. انظر أيضا خانقاه، تكة، تكية.","spellings":["الزاوية","الزوايا","زاوايا","زاوية"]},"9aa57c3b-8983-5efb-9663-8813a2e47d5c":{"definition":"بلاطات صغيرة من الفخار المبرنق أو كسر من البلاطات الموضوعة على شكل فسيفساء من أجل تكوين شكل هندسي معقد داخل أو خارج البنايات.","spellings":["الزليج","الزليجة","زليج","زليجة"]}}

package/translations/glossary.de.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Name der Iberischen Halbinsel (Spanien und Portugal) zur Zeit der muslimischen Herrschaft von 711 bis 1492","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"(wörtlich „der/die/das Weiteste“ bzw. „Fernste\") Der Begriff bezieht sich auf die Aqsa-Moschee in Jerusalem, die Muslime als erste Referenz der *qibla* (Ausrichtung des Gebets) und als wichtigsten heiligen Ort verehren. Von der Aqsa-Moschee aus soll die Himmelfahrt des Propheten stattgefunden haben.","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Dekoratives Muster aus islamischer Zeit, bestehend aus verschlungenen Blattmotiven und geometrischen Formen","spellings":["Arabeske"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"Instrument zur Messung der Entfernungen zwischen den Sternen und der Erde","spellings":["Astrolabium"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Oberbefehlshaber der Armeen. Das Wort stammt aus dem Türkischen und ist eine Zusammenziehung von *ata* („Vater“) und *beg* („Führer“). Ein Atabeg hatte die Aufgabe, seinem Fürsten die Kunst der Kriegsführung beizubringen.","spellings":["Atabeg"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"(Mehrzahl von Ibn)  „die Söhne von“ in der Bezeichnung von Mitgliedern eines bestimmten Familienclans","spellings":["Banu"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"häufig auch mit den Begriffen „Levante“ oder „Groß-Syrien“ bezeichnete Region, die das heutige Syrien, Jordanien, Libanon und Palästina umfasst","spellings":["Bilad al-Scham"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Krankenhaus, das außerdem mit einer medizinischen Bibliothek ausgestattet war und als wissenschaftliche Bildungsstätte diente. Medizinische Behandlungen wurden unentgeltlich vorgenommen. Kräuter, Musik und Entspannungstechniken wurden als Heilmethoden eingesetzt.","spellings":["Bimaristan"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(nach dem arabischen „Khalifa“) das Oberhaupt der Muslime in der Nachfolge des Propheten","spellings":["Kalif"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"einfache Unterkunft entlang der wichtigen Handels- und Pilgerwege. Hier konnten Reisende (meist Pilger und Kaufleute) übernachten und ihre Güter sicher verwahren.","spellings":["Karawanserei"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Zitadelle und Residenz des örtlichen Herrschers, die zumeist auch das Zentrum einer Stadt bildete. Der Begriff Kasbah wird am häufigsten in den westlichen Ländern des Islam verwendet, d. h. in Tunesien, Algerien und Marokko.","spellings":["Kasbah"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"mehrheitlich ägyptische Christen und Anhänger einer der ältesten Glaubensrichtungen innerhalb des Christentums mit Ablegern in Äthiopien und dem übrigen Ostafrika. Die Kopten haben ihre eigene Sprache und eine eigene Zeitrechnung.","spellings":["Kopten"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Militärführer, Fürst oder hoher Beamter","spellings":["Emir"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Auswanderung“) der Exodus des Propheten Muhammad von Mekka nach Medina im Jahr 622; bezeichnet auch den Beginn der islamischen Zeitrechnung","spellings":["Hedschra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"wörtlich „Sohn des“, oft Teil eines Namens. Bei der Bezeichnung eines Familienclans ist der Plural Banu/Beni gebräuchlich.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"ee2f26d8-e2ea-53a3-b764-2204e426e058":{"definition":"alter islamischer Name für eine Region, die in etwa dem heutigen Tunesien entspricht","spellings":["Ifriqiya"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"islamischer Vorbeter, Führer, Kleriker oder anderes geistliches Vorbild. Imame zeichnen sich durch Reinheit und Weisheit aus. Zum Teil sind sie auch politische Führer.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"in der islamischen Architektur häufig anzutreffende, dreiseitig geschlossene Gewölbehalle, an deren offene vierte Seite meist ein Innenhof mit Brunnen anschließt","spellings":["Iwan"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"das Streben nach moralischer und religiöser Vollkommenheit durch Bildung oder durch das Spenden von Geld oder Reichtümern. Zum Dschihad gehört unter Umständen auch der Kampf „auf dem Pfad Gottes“ gegen Abweichler oder Heiden.","spellings":["Dschihad"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"wörtlich „der Würfel“) kleiner Tempel in Mekka, der nach seinem Umbau zum Mittelpunkt des Islam wurde. Er soll ursprünglich vom Propheten Abraham und seinem Sohn Ismail erbaut worden sein.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"einfache Unterkunft entlang der wichtigen Handels- und Pilgerwege. Hier konnten Reisende (meist Pilger und Kaufleute) übernachten und ihre Güter sicher verwahren.","spellings":["Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Kloster oder Wohnhaus für Muslime, die einen mystischen bzw. sufischen Lebenswandel pflegen","spellings":["Khanqah"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"Predigt beim Freitagsgebet","spellings":["Khutba"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"nach der Stadt Kufa in Irak benannte, charakteristisch eckige Schrift, die zu den frühesten Formen der arabischen Kalligrafie gehört","spellings":["Kufisch"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"glasierte Töpferei, die in einem komplizierten Brennverfahren mit Metalloxiden bearbeitet wird, um ihr einen luxuriösen metallischen Glanz zu verleihen. Die Technik wurde in frühislamischer Zeit in Mesopotamien entwickelt und verbreitete sich im gesamten islamischen Kulturraum.","spellings":["Lüsterware"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"islamische Schule für die religiöse Lehre (z. B. Theologie, Recht, Koran) und Unterkunft für Gelehrte","spellings":["Medrese"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"religiöser Anführer","spellings":["Mahdi"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Titel mit der Bedeutung „Fürst“ oder „König“","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"meist konkave, manchmal auch flache Nische mit Spitzbogen in einer Moschee oder in einem Gebetsraum, die für das Gebet die Himmelsrichtung Mekkas anzeigt. Sie ist meistens der am aufwändigsten dekorierte Teil des Gebäudes.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"erhöhte Kanzel für die Predigt während des Freitagsgebetes","spellings":["Minbar"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"„Königtum“ oder „Hoheit“ – ein Titel, der in kalligrafischen Verzierungen oft zur Schmückung luxuriöser, für den höfischen Gebrauch bestimmter Gegenstände benutzt wird","spellings":["Mulk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"stalaktitisches oder honigwabenartiges architektonisches Ornament. Es ist ein charakteristisches Element islamischer Architektur und kommt auf vielen Oberflächen zur Anwendung, etwa an Kuppeln und in die Wand eingelassenen Tordurchgängen.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"einer der weit verbreiteten Stile der arabischen Kalligrafie, zu dem auch eine leicht fließende Kursivschrift gehört. In seiner wörtlichen Bedeutung verweist der Begriff auf das „Kopieren“ und die Herstellung von Handschriften.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Zitadelle oder Festung mit deutlich sichtbaren Verteidigungsanlagen wie unüberwindbar hohen Mauern, Türmen, Schießscharten und Glacis","spellings":["Qalat"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(abgeleitet vom lateinischen *castrum*) Burg oder imposante Residenz","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Lage der Kaaba, nach der die Gläubigen überall ihr Gebet ausrichten","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Kuppel“) Grabmal über der Ruhestätte eines Heiligen, zu der üblicherweise eine Kuppel gehört","spellings":["Kubba"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Wiedereroberung der Iberischen Halbinsel durch die Christen, die acht Jahrhunderte arabischer Herrschaft beendete und eine Massenauswanderung von Muslimen zur Folge hatte","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"befestigte Anlage für Religionskrieger in Nordafrika; ein Hospiz für Pilger im mamlukischen Ägypten, Palästina und Syrien","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"öffentlicher Brunnen oder Gebäude, aus dem unentgeltlich Trinkwasser verteilt wurde","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(wörtlich „der Ehrbare“) Nachkomme des Propheten Muhammad. Die Mitglieder von Familien, die ihren Stammbaum auf den Propheten zurückführen, bekleideten oft hohe religiöse oder politische Ämter.","spellings":["Scherif"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titel, der „Herrscher“ bedeutet und normalerweise ein politisches Oberhaupt bezeichnet, dessen Autorität die nominelle Vorherrschaft des Kalifen nicht in Frage stellt","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Traditionen“) Der Begriff bezieht sich auf traditionelle Überlieferungen, die von Rechtsberatern und Theologen benutzt wurden, um unter Berufung auf den Propheten das im Koran niedergeschriebene islamische Recht mit der nötigen Autorität auszustatten.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunniten"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"der Markt als Mittelpunkt der islamischen Stadt und des urbanen Lebens","spellings":["Suq"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"Abspaltung oder Gruppe. Der Begriff beschreibt üblicherweise den Zerfall des muslimischen Spanien in mehrere kleinere Königtümer während des 11. Jahrhunderts.","spellings":["Taifa"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ehrentitel für hohe Verwaltungsbeamte oder Minister","spellings":["Wesir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"von Steuern befreite Stiftung mit Land- oder Immobilienbesitz, deren Erträge für den Unterhalt religiöser Einrichtungen verwendet werden","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.en.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"e2af48f9-49cb-51b7-84fd-bbcca177f07b":{"definition":"Masonry technique used in facades of historical buildings and characterised by alternating rows of light (yellow or white) and dark (red or black) stones or bricks.  \n  \nThe first fortress built in this style in northern Arabia during the 5th century AD was the fortress of Samawal. The style spread from al-Andalus, specifically from the Great Mosque of Cordoba (AH 170 / AD 776) into Islamic architecture. It became popular in the Levant due to the availability of white limestone and black basalt. A notable example is the Azem (or Ablaq) Palace in Damascus. Examples in Cairo include Khanqah Baybars al-Jashankir and the mosque built by Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun.","spellings":["Ablaq","Iplik"]},"8e22eece-aa71-5c15-9776-799a90bed70e":{"definition":"A practice of ritual cleansing with water to be performed before prayer.","spellings":["Ablution"]},"ee146c66-d28a-545e-ba9f-fbf2e523c6a5":{"definition":"An ancient city in Algeria, first capital of the Muslim dynasty of the Zirids.","spellings":["Achir"]},"870f1783-fcfb-57f0-806e-5a4684d21fb7":{"definition":"Call to prayer. Tr. *ezan*. See also *muezzin*.","spellings":["Adhan","Adhane","Adzan","Athan","Azan","Ezan"]},"199be476-a6fb-5584-8c39-6af25455b9be":{"definition":"A paper-treating process. Paper that was to be used for calligraphy had to be treated to prevent the ink from spreading. The paper was sized (*ahar*) with a special solution to obtain a very smooth surface.","spellings":["Ahar","Aharli"]},"84e97899-231d-5674-b71e-5b985f91973b":{"definition":"A decorative historical interior design technique and remains one of Syria’s best known handcrafts. The word itself describes different elements of the craft: from the act of applying relief paste to a plain surface, to the resulting ornamentation. Ajami also describes the type of room cladded with these artfully painted wooden panels. It is often complemented by the so called opus sectile works and complex carvings.","spellings":["Ajami"]},"34f3c711-7719-5478-a311-2b54051f81d0":{"definition":"One of the 99 names of God, meaning The Just, fair.","spellings":["Adil","Adili","Al Adl","Al-Adili"]},"b80f901c-a916-59e9-aef8-0417192fcbbe":{"definition":"One of the 99 names of God, meaning The Sublime, ever exalted, supreme, The Exalted.","spellings":["Al-Ali"]},"b167cfe8-dff2-5e19-ba87-f3396f0af125":{"definition":"The 6th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cattle\". It is composed of 165 verses.","spellings":["Al-An'am"]},"c44302b7-5b2a-5247-b1b7-8c1a06993aa4":{"definition":"The 2nd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cow\". It is composed of 286 verses.","spellings":["Al-Baqara","Al-Baqarah"]},"747e800c-2146-5632-889b-02f277a7ec61":{"definition":"From the Arabic word *Dawla*, meaning to turn, alternate, or come around in a cyclical fashion. The sense of alternating periods of fortune or misfortune led Arab writers to use the word when speaking of dynastic succession. In the 19th century, as Western distinctions between the state and the government began to filter into Muslim countries, Dawla became increasingly disentangled from its more personalistic connotations and began to be used almost exclusively in the sense of \"state\".","spellings":["Ad-Dawla","Al-Dawla"]},"201d853b-4474-51af-9e70-8502823535b6":{"definition":"The 48th Chapter/Surah of the Quran, meaning \"The Victory\". It is composed of 29 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fath"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"The 1st Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Opening\". It is composed of 7 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fatiha","Al-Fātiḥah","Fatiha"]},"9c2e2004-3d90-5af9-823b-a7e2d698d965":{"definition":"The 3rd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Family of Irman\". It is composed of 200 verses.","spellings":["Al-Imran"]},"40da1488-6b0c-5407-91ab-fe344505219c":{"definition":"The 18th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cave\". It is composed of 110 verses.","spellings":["Al-Kahf"]},"55aae703-bcda-5ede-aedc-b02a0583cc19":{"definition":"The 67th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Sovereignty\". It is composed of 30 verses.","spellings":["Al-Mulk"]},"3d741e10-844b-53b3-bd76-b7ab36e8c586":{"definition":"The 4th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Women\". It is composed of 176 verses.","spellings":["Al-Nisa","An-Nisa"]},"1dd45db8-f741-5e90-9598-aa5bed784e70":{"definition":"The 54th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Moon\". It is composed of 55 verses.","spellings":["Al-Qamar"]},"b6bf9297-6c19-524c-aaab-018a4692c5ad":{"definition":"The 32nd Chapter/ Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Prostration\". It is composed of 3- verses.","spellings":["Al-Sajda","As-Sajdah"]},"1732d847-9072-5d1d-8fac-f261ec1dcf98":{"definition":"An Arab Muslim theologian, writer, and scholar, who was one of the first contributors of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence.","spellings":["Al-Shafi","Al-Shafi'i"]},"782abace-0002-5e80-8b1f-a5cb1d7a353a":{"definition":"The 9th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Repentance\". It is composed of 129 verses.","spellings":["Al-Tawba","At-Tawbah","Taubah"]},"081c777a-a6b8-599a-b2cc-1ea7f2513031":{"definition":"Pottery jar for apothecaries’ ointments and dry drugs made in the Near East and in Spain and produced in Italy from the 15th through the 18th century. Since the jar had to be easy to hold, use, and shelve, its basic form was cylindrical but incurved for grasping and wide-mouthed for access.","spellings":["Albarello"]},"dceda078-7d62-5c3e-8496-f4337836cba0":{"definition":"From Arabic *qaryah*. Hamlet, village.","spellings":["Alcaria","Qaryah"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"0e59a881-b976-53f8-b105-4ec6f1ec35b6":{"definition":"Alfardones (sg. alfardón) are elongated-hexagon tiles, usually decorated with text or floral and vegetative motifs.","spellings":["Alfardon"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"From Ar. *farsh*. A flat ceiling of carved or artistically interlaced wood. It can also be a floor.","spellings":["Alfarje","Farsh"]},"22b53494-49b4-56ac-8f6f-9b4231d55ce1":{"definition":"(Pl. *alfices* (Es), *alfizes* (Pt)) From Ar. *hayyiz*. Rectangular surround to the Arabic arch, which frames the spandrels and starts from either the imposts or the base.","spellings":["Alfices","Alfiz","Alfizes","Alhayyiz","Alhiz"]},"b4b7cd95-2eef-5482-9f26-076ce3f742d8":{"definition":"First letter of the Arabic alphabet.","spellings":["Aleph","Alif"]},"d622d348-fe31-5163-9440-a84a07e7456c":{"definition":"(Pl. *‘ulama’*) Scholar, doctor of law and Islamic theological science. Fr: ouléma or uléma. Tr: alim, pl. ulema.","spellings":["‘Alim","Alim","Ulama","Ulema"]},"aac9c393-bcc9-5f99-b897-4114d6818298":{"definition":"Renegade.","spellings":["Alj"]},"e201e09c-f4b8-5f58-9289-a2b07a586749":{"definition":"Angular polygonal decorative elements, formed in the shape of an almond. Along with other polygonal decorative elements, they are used in combination to make more elaborate and complex geometric decorative schemes.","spellings":["Almendrillas"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"A designation for a two-dimensional ornamental pattern in Islamic art. Arabesques are constructed designs based on intertwined leaf stems and tendrils that create a continuous pattern sometimes in connection with scrolls or geometrical elements.","spellings":["Arabesque"]},"983e0813-bc71-581c-82c8-e8186f09992d":{"definition":"A row of shops aligned along a street, which may be covered or open. See also *bazaar*, *bedesten*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Arasta"]},"13b13347-73d9-5e9b-896e-e43453a70910":{"definition":"(pl. of *rabat*). In Sufi tradition, an *arbita *refers to a hospice combined with an educational establishment.**","spellings":["Arbita"]},"4b276222-ccaa-52f9-9e53-a26c705c0197":{"definition":"On the 10th day of Muharram, in Türkiye, both Sunni and Alevi-Bektashi Muslims prepare and share Ashura (also known as Noah’s pudding), a ritual dish believed to symbolise prosperity.","spellings":["Ashura"]},"f80f3b72-49a9-5057-bd6f-021ba24a6071":{"definition":"A medieval scientific instrument used for astronomical calculations and navigation.","spellings":["Astrolabe"]},"1967d28e-68f6-5e68-b680-9a66e81477fb":{"definition":"Commander-in-chief of the armies. Atabegs were appointed as tutors for young Seljuq princes acting as governors of important towns but they gained power and in time their independence.","spellings":["Atabeg","Atabek"]},"7b9c0eb4-b88c-5f12-a29c-fb04001f136d":{"definition":"From Ar. *tayfur*. Bowl or deep plate characteristic of al-Andalus ceramic production.","spellings":["Ataifor","Tayfur"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"From Ar. *tawriq*. Stylised plant motif ornamentation inspired by the classical acanthus, much used in Hispano-Muslim art.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"6fd1696a-b5d7-52af-9ddf-69cb25fba143":{"definition":"(Pl. *‘attarin*) Merchant of perfume, incense and medicinal plants.","spellings":["‘Attar","Attarin","Ittar"]},"6aa4c10c-2dae-5c27-8ba4-156ce70454d5":{"definition":"Historic region of India (also called Oudh), since 1947 part of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh","spellings":["Awadh","Oudh"]},"f8abb38d-e51e-5fc5-9493-dc1508482dcf":{"definition":"Plural of Wakf, meaning religious endowments. Also meaning endowments.","spellings":["Awkaf","Awqaf"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"A spring.","spellings":["‘Ayn","Ayn"]},"9802ab8a-e9c6-50b6-b1ee-f80871954f07":{"definition":"Location in Jerusalem.","spellings":["Ayzariyya"]},"e6913e4d-77b8-54e6-8aff-ae3476396952":{"definition":"Hexagonal decorative element. Along with other polygonal decorative elements, it is used to create more elaborate and complex decorative schemes.","spellings":["Azafates"]},"b5ff90ab-5823-5d04-95e0-dc19f7472200":{"definition":"A Spanish and Portuguese term for glazed tiles which have been set into a larger pattern to cover walls in courtyards of mosques and palaces. It is a term common all over the Maghreb. See also *zellij*.","spellings":["Azulejo"]},"4c2bb21c-6364-5e2c-ad76-cc117a2e1056":{"definition":"Gate, door.","spellings":["Bab"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Literally “sons of”, used to refer to members of a clan. Plural of *ibn / bin*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Blessings or bounty. Tr. *Bereket*.","spellings":["Baraka","Barakah","Barakat","Barkati","Bereket"]},"ac8a2874-8a19-55b3-9857-60843740d359":{"definition":"Dignitary. See also pasha.","spellings":["Basha"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"A formula, *bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, which is commonly translated as “In the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful”. Fr. *besmala*; Tr. *besmele*.","spellings":["Basmala","Basmalah","Besmala","Besmele","Bi-smi llāh"]},"4191f5bc-9dab-51a1-8306-964a410fec3b":{"definition":"A type of jug.","spellings":["Batta"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"9f0f473b-d1c4-579a-830e-8c67cf9124bc":{"definition":"Public market or designated place for commerce; covered market with doors (Persia). Fr. bazar. See also *arasta*, *bedesten*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Bazaar","Bazar"]},"d262760a-d7c7-5583-b3d6-98f5a67ea709":{"definition":"A commercial building with at least two aisles (in Istanbul three or four) and covered with domes of equal size. The most precious merchandise was kept in *bedesten*s, which functioned like banks do today. The word was derived from *bezzazistan* where bezzaz means a seller of fabrics. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *qaysariyya*, *suq*.","spellings":["Bedesten"]},"7aec7586-75a7-5362-b7c6-f62646540331":{"definition":"A decorative technique developed in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century in Samarra for stucco panels, marble and woodwork, which shows vegetal ornaments in an abstract way and has slanted or bevelled contours.","spellings":["Bevelled style"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"The ruler of an independent emirate; a title of respect for a man of the upper classes; title held by the sovereign vassals of the sultan. *Beylerbeyi*: The bey of beys: the highest rank in the provincial government of the Ottoman Empire. *Beylicat*, *beylik*: soverignty of or territory ruled by a bey. See also *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey","Beylicat","Beylik"]},"5f7e8640-1f2b-52a9-a589-f51ed84f4b50":{"definition":"Hospital, infirmary or asylum.  \n  \nTr. *darüşşifa*, *şifahane*.","spellings":["Bimarestan","Bimaristan","Darüşşifa","Maristan","Şifahane"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"In the Islamic world blue-and-white ceramics appeared in Mesopotamia in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century. Blue-and-white porcelain in China produced from the 8th / 14th century onwards had great influence in the Islamic world where it was collected at court and was imitated in the workshops of Ottoman Iznik and Safawid Iran.","spellings":["Blue-and-white"]},"73a9a2a0-a42b-53fb-aea6-1b24711d35fc":{"definition":"A usually glass collar on a candle socket to catch drippings or on a candlestick or chandelier to hold suspended glass prisms.","spellings":["Bobeche"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tower, sometimes surrounded by an outer wall. The term passed into mediaeval Portuguese toponymy as *alvorge* or porches. In Tunisia it also means a secondary residence surrounded by gardens; a pleasure palace. Maghreb *borj*. Egypt *burg*. Tr. *burç*.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burç","Burg","Burj"]},"5a9bc858-c027-5f9a-91c2-3756c4d27816":{"definition":"A universal oriental rug design element. Boteh is Persian for \"bush\" and buta is Hindi for \"flower\".","spellings":["Boteh","Buta"]},"9c5b0b5e-062a-5b06-ace2-d6a40e4d5cb9":{"definition":"The term \"Bustaan\" or \"Bustan\" directly translates to \"Garden\" or \"Orchard.\" It is also the title of a poetry book penned by the Persian poet Saadi in AH 655/ AD 1257. The book is rich with valuable spiritual guidance and practical wisdom.","spellings":["Boostaan","Boostan","Bostan","Boustan","Bustaan","Bustan"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nas*ta’liq**, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"014b74c8-3720-578e-b437-bd761597b51c":{"definition":"Star shaped decorative element with five arms. Combined with other polygonal decorative elements, candilejos are used to make more elaborate and complex geometric decorative schemes.","spellings":["Candilejos"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"From Persian. Hostel along main travelling routes to accommodate travellers and safeguard their goods. See also *funduq*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"90c8aeb0-fee7-5ad8-b2e8-525f87d18e3a":{"definition":"Fortress, citadel, usually equated with the city centre. Ar. *qasba*. *Ksiba*: small kasbah, the name of a neighbourhood in Bizerte, Tunisia. See also *hisn*, *qal’a*.","spellings":["Casbah","Kasbah","Ksiba","Ksibah","Qasaba","Qasba","Qasbah"]},"66c3c71a-cd8d-535b-aa60-f42837728e24":{"definition":"A Latin term (pl. castra) meaning legionary camp, castle, fortified town.","spellings":["Castra","Castrum"]},"ecd12214-7b80-5d96-a6e4-054647695519":{"definition":"Curved concave sweep.","spellings":["Cavetto"]},"a27048f2-e463-56af-bb14-17e5dd57b741":{"definition":"A title of respect, given to men of the upper classes; the epithet of Sultan Mehmed I. Tr. *Çelebi*.","spellings":["Çelebi","Chalabi"]},"8013dd99-b044-5c32-9cd2-44d308c0c03d":{"definition":"A term used in enamelled metalworking. Enamel glass powder is fired and fixed within depressions incised in the surface of the metal. In pottery this term is used for vessels with decoration standing out in relief obtained by taking away a slip and receiving an additional covering with a lead glaze.","spellings":["Champlevé"]},"988f73c6-aa80-5184-979f-cc026b118caf":{"definition":"A frieze of geometric motifs, also meaning reminiscent of crenelations.","spellings":["Charafa"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Artistic motifs originally from China that were used in Islamic art reflecting the strong Chinese influence since the Mongol periods. Typical designs are cloudbands, lotus-flowers and fabulous creatures such as the qilin. See also blue-and-white, *hatayi*, Ming-style, wave-and-rock motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie","Ming-style"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"The first Muslim societies continued to use Byzantine solidus gold coins and Sassanian silver dirhams. In time, Qur'anic phrases, place of minting, names of caliph and sultan and Hijri date were added. With the Umayyad coinage revolution in AH 696–7 / AD 1296–7, pure epigraphic coins came into use. Akche: silver coin, basic unit of Ottoman money system; dinar: gold coin, equal to 10 dirhams; fils: copper coin.","spellings":["Coinage"]},"ecb796d7-8a47-5b6b-b1de-735827242cfc":{"definition":"\"Corals, like pearls, are an organic material which have earned their place within the world of precious stones. They are valued not only for their physical properties and beauty, but also because of their symbolic and spiritual properties. Corals are miniature sea organisms called polyps, which live in warm and clear waters. Their skeletons consist mainly of calcium carbonate, which hardens after a coral dies. Coral colonies are made up of individual coral “trees” which, while growing, intertwine. Corals come in many colors, but the most common is red in a variety of shades.  \nCorals are widely used for jewelry and other decorative arts. Many traits, positive and negative, have been attributed to corals, and they are mentioned in the histories of all cultures that had the opportunity to encounter them. The Quran briefly mentions corals, as well as rubies, as the stones that symbolize celestial women in paradise. In Hindu culture, it is believed that the tender young leaves of the Kalpa tree, a symbolical offering to the gods, were made of corals. In general, corals symbolize loyalty and sacrifice, and have also been associated with cures for the plague and other diseases. Belief in the healing powers of the stone has affiliated it with the protection of children.\"","spellings":["Coral","Corals"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"61dd2431-5d5a-563f-98ea-305257d3eed8":{"definition":"Literally “dry cord”, a way of separating different coloured glazes on a tile during firing with greased cords. The term is also used for the technique of delineating the contours of a design with a mixture of wax or vegetable fat and manganese oxide. It is also known as “coloured glaze technique” in Turkish art and is seen in Turkey in the AH 9th–10th / AD 15th–16th centuries.","spellings":["Cuerda seca"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. **darüşşifa**. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"Alleyway, route. In Morocco and Tunisia derb: alley or by extension a neighbourhood. *Darb al-Hajj*: route taken to Mecca by pilgrims from every corner of the Islamic world. Usually all necessary services, especially security, were provided by the administration. Caravans would meet at specified times in designated places, e.g. the Turkish caravan would meet the caravan from al-Sham and they would travel together to join the Jordanian and Palestinian caravans.","spellings":["Darb","Darb al-Hajj","Derb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausoleum. See also *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Member of a Muslim religious order noted for its devotional practices. Fr. *derviche*.","spellings":["Darvesh","Darwish","Derviche","Dervish"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Term used in Libya, Tunisia and Algeria for a high-ranking officer in the Turkish militia elected by a local council of janissaries. Below the Ottoman *Beylerbeyi* in rank deys nevertheless represented absolute power in the region. When they came into conflict with the Ottoman court, they were punished heavily. Tr. *dayı*. See also *agha*, *bey*.","spellings":["Daya","Dayi","Dey"]},"31591fdd-18fb-5898-b2ac-33ccb03797c8":{"definition":"A place with a very small population in the state and region of Amman Governorate in Jordan.","spellings":["Dhab'a","Dhaba"]},"eb4ec166-81db-5b55-9f7c-de12b453b102":{"definition":"The term dhikr comes from the triliteral root that means \"to remember\". In the context of the Islamic tradition, dhikr means the remembrance of God. This remembrance of God can take many forms. The word dhikr is also used to mean litanies and specific phrases in remembrance of God. This term could mean the Quran.","spellings":["Dhikr","Thikr","Zekr","Zikar","Zikr"]},"30a317f8-dd77-54b9-ba2d-fe25e643cf98":{"definition":"A crown or headband, sometimes adorned with jewels. The word derives from the Greek *διάδημα* diádēma, \"band\" or \"fillet\",from *διαδέω* diadéō, \"I bind round\", or \"I fasten\".","spellings":["Diadem","Diadema"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"f68bb09f-0323-528e-a7bc-c97eec5531d8":{"definition":"Monetary unit used in several countries. It was first introduced as an Islamic coinage in the late 7th century CE by Abd al-Malik of the Umayyad dynasty. The dinar dates from the Roman times, when it was known as denarius. Made of gold.","spellings":["Dinar","Dinara"]},"dc07b2ea-551e-5012-a166-43402ac5534c":{"definition":"Silver coins, also used as a weight standard (2.97g).","spellings":["Dirham","Dirhem","Dirhm"]},"5117e6c8-5cec-5590-83a7-081569b2f889":{"definition":"(demon, monster, fiend), often confused with *ḡūl *(orge, ghoul) and jinn in both folk and literary traditions, expresses not only the idea of \"demon\", but also that of \"ogre\", \"giant\", and even \"Satan\". They are often black, with long teeth, black lips, blue eyes, claws on their hands, and large bodies covered with thick hair.**","spellings":["Dev","Div"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"An office of government; audience hall, reception chamber; a collection of poems. Tr. divan; divan-ı Hümayun: the Imperial Council, chaired by the Grand Vizier, forming the central organ of the Ottoman government.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani","Diwaniya"]},"68be9f26-eb6e-5276-b60c-690997493d6e":{"definition":"In military architecture the inner tower or stronghold of a castle, the keep.","spellings":["Donjon"]},"1716f8d4-fa82-5204-b71c-843312201e82":{"definition":"Central area in mosques and *madrasas*, giving access to other rooms. Usually surrounded by two or four *iwans*, and covered by a wooden ceiling with openings for light and ventilation.","spellings":["Durqa‘a","Durqaa"]},"476a1ad7-f594-57bd-8ef5-ddfe4dba9e8b":{"definition":"A lacquer technique first seen in Iran in the AH 9th / AD 15th century during the Timurid period. It was named after Edirne in Turkey from where the best examples came. It was used on different media such as bindings, drawers and bows.","spellings":["Edirnekari"]},"16e5e640-a860-5917-bc5f-7e13a3825ded":{"definition":"\"Emeralds are gemstones from the beryl mineral group which develop in a hexagonal shape. The gemstone got its name because of its color (from the Greek *Smaragdos*, meaning green stone), and it is said to symbolize the force of cosmic life, strength and inner peace.  \nEmeralds are considered to be the gemstones of alchemists, who believe the emerald of wisdom gives life to nature. In Central America, they are related to fertility. In ancient Egypt, emeralds decorated funerary jewelry of noblemen and other high-ranking individuals. Because the gems were extremely rare, green colored glass or pottery were sometimes used instead.\"","spellings":["Emerald","Emeralds"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"5d77d3cf-d7dc-59de-8fe9-16b4846e152d":{"definition":"Another name for slip, now largely obsolete.","spellings":["Engobe"]},"cd62ef51-dfea-5e66-a924-b9ac8fd72a21":{"definition":"A French term for maiolica, tin-glazed earthenware of post-Medieval Europe. Also a ceramic composed of a body of crushed quartz and an overlying glaze, common in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Capable of being moulded into small objects which were initially confused with earthenware with a white tin glaze and the term faience, incorrectly applied, has remained in use.","spellings":["Faience"]},"72193f41-0197-51af-a704-1102b4a3cf85":{"definition":"Lamp, beacon. See also *manar*.","spellings":["Fanar","Fener","Fnar"]},"6f9e5b1d-8c35-59ba-9052-011f4c240ecf":{"definition":"The evaluation of the goodness or badness of deeds according to the Islamic point of view was called *fiqh* (understanding), and the person holding the qualities of knowledge and competence to produce opinions in this respect was called faqih (the knowledgeable who understands well). The consideration of human actions within an Islamic religious context was encouraged by sayings of the Prophet, such as \"He whom God favours with good, God makes him the one who understands in religion (*faqih*)\".","spellings":["Faqih"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"38f9b696-41fe-5bb6-aea9-f97476afeed6":{"definition":"This term has different meanings:  \n  \nFez  \nCity in northern Morocco  \n  \nFez  \nA brimless cylindrical or somewhat cone-shaped hat with a flat top that usually has a tassel, is typically made of red felt, and is worn especially by men in eastern Mediterranean countries","spellings":["Fes","Fez"]},"83ff6b98-4005-5eb0-8acb-322d72def706":{"definition":"Bronze coin.","spellings":["Fals","Fils"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha’*) Muslim canonical jurisprudence. *Fqih*: jurisconsult versed in the code of Islam, the person specialising in *fiqh’*. There are four schools of Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. See also Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i.","spellings":["Fiqh","Fuqaha'"]},"30b4ea5c-4774-5bfc-bea3-025184b06e0f":{"definition":"A designation for a ceramic body consisting mainly of quartz and some glaze mixture. In the firing process the quartz and the glaze fuse to a white body, sometimes also called stonepaste.","spellings":["Fritware"]},"a28b8897-e81c-58ac-8bd9-29b1a5ac80c3":{"definition":"Horizontal bands in Ottoman textiles.","spellings":["Frogging"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"A leaf with illustration preceding the title-page of a book.","spellings":["Frontispiece"]},"ac65deea-d395-59f6-bb9f-0cdc678424a3":{"definition":"\"The term garnet includes a large group of silicate minerals which have the same basic structure and a consistent chemical formation which occasionally vaires when other elements are present. The name of this gemstone derives from the Latin term *granum*, meaning grain. Garnets come in all colors, among which the most common is red and the rarest is blue. Garnets can be divided into a series of subtypes: pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular, uvarovite and andradite.  \nThe most popular and widely used of these is the pyrope subtype. For a long time, pyropes and almandines were grouped under the same name, which was carbuncle. In ancient Judeo-Christian legend, it is believed that Noah used a carbuncle to light up his arc. The name pyrope comes from the Greek word *pyropos*, meaning fire-like, since pyropes are of a recognizable red palette. The stone was particularly popular around the globe in the 18th and 19th centuries. The main sources of this subtype of garnet can be found in the Czech Republic, which is why it was commonly called the “Czech Ruby”. Because of their abundance, garnets are omnipresent in European decorative arts. Garnet mines can also be found across Europe, Southeast Asia, and Africa.\"","spellings":["Garnet","Garnets"]},"1123d155-1d0c-59e5-8ecc-ca1e2b7a31e9":{"definition":"From ghazwa (military raid), referring to a noble title for those who participated in battles for Islam. It became a military rank during the Mamluk period and was notably applied to Mahmud of Ghazni, as inscribed on Mahmud’s Tower in Ghazni in AH 421 / AD 1030. Tr. *gazi*.","spellings":["Gazi","Ghazi"]},"09e9e553-3757-50e9-a411-6aaea263cdac":{"definition":"The so-called Turkish knot in a pile rug or carpet. Another term is symmetrical knot or double knot. The asymmetrical knot exists in Persian carpets, called a Senneh knot.","spellings":["Ghiordes (Gördes) knot"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"f2b2bdf4-e6b8-5c67-94e3-3fdbc00d8e88":{"definition":"A thin layer of glass is applied to the surface of a ceramic before firing. In the kiln firing the glaze fuses, protecting the ceramic and making it waterproof and suitable for different purposes. Lead glaze is transparent and soft but vulnerable to cracking and chemical deformation. Tin glaze: an opaque white glaze containing tin, developed in Baghdad in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century to rival Chinese porcelain and transmitted from there to Moorish Spain and then the rest of Europe. Faience, maiolica and Delft wares have tin glazing.","spellings":["Glaze"]},"04723e93-e903-5ff8-abd0-54ec24fd67cf":{"definition":"Italian, literally, “scratched”. The pottery vessels made in this technique have received a slip and a decoration that is incised through the slip showing the contrasting colour of the body. The decoration is then covered with an additional lead glaze.","spellings":["Graffiato","Sgraffito"]},"bf45b8ed-e1ac-5ab7-a72d-85c57ebcf786":{"definition":"A decorative ceramic glazing technique where the only colours used are the green of copper oxide and almost black manganese. At the end of the process, the whole composition is covered with a transparent layer of lead glaze.","spellings":["Green and manganese"]},"2fb79a2a-639b-5703-9b25-ab627b16aef8":{"definition":"A gift of real estate bequeathed in perpetuity under certain conditions in favour of a mosque or other religious institution, such as a *madrasa* or *khanqah*, or a civil institution such as a *sabil*, or even a house. See also *waqf*.","spellings":["Habus"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literally, “sayings”. Body of traditions related to the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. *Dar al-Hadith*: see *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"2321357b-4aa3-502a-a078-82ed79384c60":{"definition":"Female garment worn in Algeria particularly in central Algeria. Also describes the word for embroider.","spellings":["Haik"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Public or private bathhouse. Apodyterium: changing room; Tr. *soyunmalık*. Caldarium: hot room. Hypocaust: floor and wall heating system by steam in Roman baths and villas. Tepidarium: warm room where bathers would rest after bathing; Tr. *ılıklık*. Also in Turkish bathhouse: *aralık*: passageway between the *soyunmalık* and *ılıklık*; *halvet*: private chambers in a public bath; *traşlık*: small room used for the removal of body hair. Also in Syrian bathhouse: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): the cold room of a bathhouse because it is usually located furthest from the furnace; *juwwani*: most interior part, closest to furnace – steam room; *wustani*: middle chambers designated as the “warm water chambers”. See also *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hamam","Hammam","Hammams"]},"cc92b83e-cb72-55df-b6de-8ddaf5a44e3f":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Tr. Hanbeli. See also *fiqh’*.","spellings":["Hanbali"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Abu Hanifa al-Nu‘man, it became the chosen school of the Ottomans. Tr. Hanefi. See also *fiqh’*.","spellings":["Hanafi"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Ar. literally “sacred”, “forbidden”. Sanctuary. An illicit act from the religious point of view. Haram al-Sharif: the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem including al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock.","spellings":["Haram","Haramsarā","Harem","Harīm"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"3d299572-ee10-5a78-93a1-b50bfe645ec5":{"definition":"Castle. See also *qal’a*, *kasbah*.","spellings":["Hisn"]},"c8f1dda2-4eb6-56a9-ab2a-90bd17c5301c":{"definition":"The 11th sura of the Quran, it has 123 verses (ayat). It relates in part to the prophet Hud.","spellings":["Hud"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"1cde97a5-238a-57b7-ae98-c6e06d4dd4a2":{"definition":"A small metal pot, usually of copper, with a long metal handle, used for preparing Turkish, Arabic, or Greek style coffee. Could also refer to a spouted jug made of metal or clay, usually used for ablution.","spellings":["Ibrik"]},"73a0a800-b933-53ac-9f7a-3030985394ef":{"definition":"Meaning fortune.","spellings":["Eqbal","Igbal","Ikbal","Iqbal"]},"78382734-788f-5068-b99e-3cc129b1f007":{"definition":"Political entity officially known as Iranzamin. It was established and ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.","spellings":["Ilkhanate","Ilkhanid"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"8f367dab-0120-518e-b2ab-f888fb65bc16":{"definition":"Office or region and country ruled by an Imam (spiritual leader).","spellings":["Imamah","Imamate"]},"7fb96b21-abb1-5f60-883e-2d6e33ce522d":{"definition":"This is a term in Swahili meaning flourishing, strong.","spellings":["Imara"]},"d92f6fd0-31e4-5a3e-a04f-1708743e899b":{"definition":"From Ar. *imara*. A complex of buildings and institutions supported by a *waqf*. After the AH 10th / AD 16th century a public soup-kitchen for the poor.","spellings":["imaret"]},"e6385177-2664-5111-8f62-1320456abb8d":{"definition":"Rectangular basin in the centre of an atrium in the open air for the collection of rainwater.","spellings":["Impluvium"]},"a23158c9-7afc-5a3c-ad75-9ecc73727c13":{"definition":"A technique in which cut ivory, mother-of-pearl, tortoiseshell or the like are arranged in a geometrical pattern, often within a wooden framework.","spellings":["Inlaying"]},"96a108d1-019f-555a-b601-5b20e5a11257":{"definition":"Land given to army officers in exchange for military and administrative duties.","spellings":["Iqta","Iqta'"]},"1bcff5a5-1586-5d9e-a84e-b16a4a88bdae":{"definition":"The Prophet Muhammad’s midnight journey from Mecca to Jerusalem.","spellings":["Isra"]},"ed1392a3-c2e4-5dca-8b74-eaef4f0f9c94":{"definition":"A vaulted hall or domed hall, walled on three sides with a large opening arch. Tr. eyvan.","spellings":["Eyvan","Ivan","Iwan"]},"eb5afced-0046-5fd2-aa51-8192d7a0f140":{"definition":"Fragment of lintel, a textile outfit.","spellings":["Izar"]},"0c7c1002-ee4f-5507-9e43-3d8636035b0a":{"definition":"A type of architectural decoration, usually in the form of a window grill, constructed of ornaments, geometric motifs and other shapes.","spellings":["Jaali","Jali"]},"a25816af-9610-5a9b-a762-50fcfbbe7fee":{"definition":"Mountain, mountainous terrain. *Jabaliya*: mountain dwellers.","spellings":["Djebel","Jabal","Jabliya","Jebel"]},"273dff1e-b908-5770-9385-d987f829c77f":{"definition":"\"The term jade refers to two types of minerals: jadeite, which is a silicate of sodium and aluminium; and nephrite, a silicate of magnesium, potassium and iron. The two types are quite difficult to distinguish from one another, and therefore are both commonly called jade. These minerals both measure at six point five to seven on the Mohs scale. When cut, jade has a matte appearance, but possesses extraordinary shininess when polished. It comes in a variety of colors, among which the most prized are green, pink and yellow.  \nThe presence of jade in human history dates back over seven thousand years, and in myths it is one of the most mystical and mysterious gemstones. Cultures from many regions, such as South America, Asia and the Pacific Islands, all have their own versions of the story of how jade got its name. Jade is a very important gem in Chinese culture, appearing in many shapes and forms, and is affiliated with numerous beliefs of both protective and romantic natures. It is also believed that when struck, jade can produce the sound of a loved one’s voice. Talismans made from this precious stone are also popular in the Islamic world, especially among ethnic Turks, who pass them through generations as heirlooms.\"","spellings":["Jade","Jades"]},"931ee012-2711-5a21-b4b7-d99c793abaf6":{"definition":"New. Tr. *cedid* or *cedit*.","spellings":["Jadid"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"b1ec8e21-3e6a-5dda-9949-a516128c3408":{"definition":"An officer in the army of India, or any of several police or other officials of the government of India.","spellings":["Jamadar","Jamdar","Jemadar"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"The Ottoman sultan’s standing infantry corps, recruited from non-Muslims under the devşirme system and paid from the Treasury. Tr. *Yeniçeri Ocağı*.","spellings":["Janissary","Yeniçeri Ocağı"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literally \"beautiful garden\". Heaven/Paradise. Tr. *cennet*.","spellings":["Cennet","Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"90bd1da2-abb0-5d9c-b340-7fc034249c2e":{"definition":"Striving towards moral and religious perfection, the motivation for which may lead to fighting “on the path to God” against dissidents or pagans.","spellings":["Jehad","Jihad"]},"9b746350-d82d-5ab5-9676-62bdb3be99b1":{"definition":"View of the World', a geographical work written by Kâtip Çelebi (Turkish historian, geographer, and bibliographer) that makes the first use, in Turkey, of European atlases and other sources.","spellings":["Cihannüma","Jihannuma"]},"f3e0634c-24ec-55cb-977b-33628dad645e":{"definition":"A type of sword. The jineta sword is most well-known like hispanoarabe, used by the Muslims in the peninsula from 13th century, later the jineta sword was made and used by the Christians from the 15th century.","spellings":["Jineta"]},"b3d75c6a-1878-50e5-88da-5dc169dc75c0":{"definition":"A spirit inhabiting the earth but unseen by humans, capable of assuming various forms and exercising extraordinary powers. Belief in jinn was common in pre-Islamic Arabia, where they were thought to inspire poets and soothsayers. Their existence was affirmed in the Qurʾān, and they are conceptualized in Islam as creatures parallel to human beings who are capable of choosing between good and evil and must thus face eventual salvation or damnation. They are beings of smokeless flame by nature, in the same manner in which humans are said to be made of earth, and they cannot be seen by human beings.","spellings":["Djinn","Genie","Jinn"]},"e6edb4f1-d8d8-54aa-8bf3-e3a0e739c95b":{"definition":"(Pl. *ajnad*) Military and administrative province.","spellings":["Ajnad","Jund"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Literally “cube”. Temple in Mecca, the centre of the Islamic religion.","spellings":["Ka'bah","Ka‘ba","Kaaba","Kabah"]},"c4bd090a-f131-5065-9dbe-2761690061ca":{"definition":"Limestone used in paving and in the frames of doors and windows.","spellings":["Kadhal"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"A usually cotton or silk ankle-length garment with long sleeves that is common throughout the Islamic world.","spellings":["Caftan","Kaftan","Khaftan"]},"a440e09c-19a4-5c75-a54b-ddacd997f4c6":{"definition":"Colourful decoration done with a k*alem* (brush) on a plastered surface.","spellings":["K'alem","Kalemişi"]},"792175b1-51f7-5367-a036-65b029ee9c82":{"definition":"Hand -palm amulet.","spellings":["Kef","Keff"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocade, a multi-coloured Ottoman compound-woven fabric using polychrome silk with gold, gilded silver and silver metallic threads to achieve colourful designs.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"04f42d3e-3607-5497-ac48-4aa51fe765d3":{"definition":"A small room or cell (sometimes an independent building) with few or no windows to which Sufis retreat. It corresponds to the *halvet* of a Turkish bath – see *hammam*.","spellings":["Halvet","Khalwa"]},"5805ea4d-515f-570c-944e-b39504e35c2a":{"definition":"This term has two meanings:  \n  \nHAND OF FATIMA  \nThe “Hand of Fatima” or “Khamsa”, which can be found in souks all around Morocco, be it metallic, ceramic, coloured or made from camel bone, is a very widespread talisman. Khamsa means “five” and refers to the five fingers of the hand. Khamsa is an amulet which is typical of both the Islamic and Jewish religion.  \n  \nQUINTET OF POEMS  \n\"Khamsa\" typically refers to the quintet of poems composed by the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi in the 12th century. This collection, recognized as the \"Khamsa,\" which means five in Persian and Arabic, or \"Quintet,\" the term used in Europe, comprises five epic poems),\" “Makhzan al-Asrar” ( The Treasury of Mysteries), \"Khosrow and Shirin,\" \"The Seven Beauties,\" \"Eskandar-Nameh\" (The Book of Alexander), and \"Layla and Majnun.\" \"Khamsa\" is a compilation of Mathnawi poems, employing rhyming couplets, a specific form of Persian poetry well-suited for longer narrative works. Nezami's \"Khamsa\" is esteemed for its poetic beauty, moral depth, and the adept interweaving of historical and mythical elements. This masterpiece has left an enduring impact on Persian literature, being actively studied and appreciated for its literary and cultural significance.","spellings":["Hamsa","Hamza","Khamsa","Khamse","Khamseh"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Ar. Inn, lodgings on the main caravan routes for travellers (pilgrims and merchants) and where merchandise could be stored. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr. *han*.","spellings":["Han","Khan"]},"1863aa1c-4cad-53d2-a497-ecb16318e81f":{"definition":"Monastery or hostel for itinerant Sufis or dervishes. Tr. *hanikah*, *hankah*. See also *zawiya*.","spellings":["Hanikah","Hankah","Khankah","Khanqa","Khanqah"]},"069e3a86-9304-50ec-85c5-b13302126d14":{"definition":"An Arabised version of the Turkish *Hatun*, a title of respect for women of the upper classes.","spellings":["Hatun","Khatun"]},"6dc0bc86-bae7-595d-afd4-5801f58f6005":{"definition":"Treasurer, responsible for State coffers (khaza’in) where the money and gold of the sultan or *amir* was kept.","spellings":["Khaznadar"]},"b8b82127-2aac-57e8-ba1a-3104f9b6f7a3":{"definition":"Word used to describe a library, but could also mean closet, depending on the dialect and context.","spellings":["Khizana"]},"2a3c0ddd-2061-5547-b807-78d7dfc8a700":{"definition":"A vast historical region in north-eastern Iran, known for its diverse culture and history. It encompasses several major urban centres, including Mashhad, the holiest city in Iran due to it being home to the Imam Reza Shrine. Khurasan has been a centre of trade, scholarship, and civilization for centuries, with influences from various dynasties and empires.","spellings":["Khorasan","Khurasan"]},"aace2213-b96e-55dc-90b1-8852a726d654":{"definition":"The weekly sermon of the Friday prayer. Tr. *hutbe*.","spellings":["Hutbe","Khutba"]},"c7a6e5ba-2a85-5491-b7e4-4bdb152f4a22":{"definition":"A historically significant city and province located in south-eastern Iran. Kerman is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, including traditional crafts like carpet weaving, as well as its architectural marvels such as the Ganjali Khan Complex and the Jameh Mosque. The region is known for its desert landscapes, particularly the Lut Desert, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kerman is also celebrated for its unique cuisine, blending Persian and Baluchi flavours, and its pivotal role as a hub on the historic Silk Road, fostering trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West.","spellings":["Kerman","Kirman"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"A cloth composed of different parts to cover the Ka’ba in Mecca. It is embroidered in silk and gold with Qur’anic verses. A new one is made each year. The change takes places during the Hajj, when the old *kiswa* is cut up and distributed among the people. Cloths with zigzag patterns of calligraphy that cover mausolea cenotaphs are also called *kiswa* (e.g. in Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa","Kiswah","Kiswat"]},"64d6c154-9408-5c99-93c4-4d53ffce9b15":{"definition":"Book. Kitabat: inscriptions.","spellings":["Kitaab","Kitab","Kitabat","Kuttab"]},"5680e113-6b9f-5043-82ac-d9da92afcd18":{"definition":"Leather case, could also refer to a grave.","spellings":["Kubur","Qubur"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"An Ottoman Turkish term that refers to religious and charitable complexes comprising several buildings with the mosque is at the centre. The other buildings were the hospital, bathhouse, soup-kitchen *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (bathhouse), *han* (lodgings), *imaret* (soup-kitchen), *madrasa* (school).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"a931a38f-be76-52dd-a8c8-ba68d6149d1c":{"definition":"A technique used in Turkish-Islamic woodwork using specially designed pieces of wood that can be interlocked with adjoining pieces without using glue or nails to make a complete pattern. The technique is used for different woodworks, such as doors or shutters. In fake *kündekari* the parts are glued or nailed onto a surface.","spellings":["Kündekari"]},"6d80067a-11d1-5a05-8e27-1c1e30ff12b0":{"definition":"Word used for chair or throne, depending on the context.","spellings":["Kursi"]},"767908ab-0b28-53cf-9774-1e73c7a6b4d0":{"definition":"A type of Turkish robe.","spellings":["Lampas"]},"961fe836-4b40-5496-978f-d23cca1475bd":{"definition":"A ceramic technique in which raised or incised lines separate the different colours of a painted vessel in order to keep them from fusing. This type of pottery was made in Syria and Iran in the AH 6th / AD 12th century.","spellings":["Laqabi","Laqabi ware"]},"5caf2c52-a5b1-520d-aa0a-f9f2d56b13ec":{"definition":"Term used to describe a necklace.","spellings":["Lebba"]},"220ac6c9-5bbb-5494-a7d7-a1992e0113c3":{"definition":"A ceramic technique in which a thin coating of metal oxide resulted in an iridescent and golden shining surface on glazed ceramics. The lustre technique was introduced to many different regions by travelling potters.","spellings":["lustre","lustre-painted ware","Lustreware"]},"771802a5-edca-59b2-932c-9952378c6dae":{"definition":"A natural region of the northern Sahara Desert in Ghardaïa Province, Algeria.","spellings":["M'zab","Mzab"]},"ff94889d-f66f-5e04-bc88-5fba2822cea4":{"definition":"Location in southern Jordan, located 218 km from the capital Amman.","spellings":["Ma'an","Maan"]},"5673b322-36c7-5999-b728-0eab4e189123":{"definition":"Large basin, could also mean patissier.","spellings":["Ma'jna"]},"415db5be-62a9-520e-bda8-dfb721ac0595":{"definition":"Arabic word for Congratulations.","spellings":["Mabrouk","Mabruk"]},"de7865d2-5988-5b78-b69f-32fb1986c355":{"definition":"A defensive architectural feature found on the exterior of towers and gates used to pour hot oil onto enemies below. Ar. saqqata from the root *s q t*, “to drop”.","spellings":["Machicolations"]},"f2c933f6-93e1-5c11-a123-36ceacc8076f":{"definition":"Comes from ضيف (*dayf*guest). A *madafa* is a building or specific room within a home designated for receiving guests.","spellings":["Madafa"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Theological institution that provided instruction on Islamic law (*shari’a*), jurisprudence (*fiqh*), Quran, Hadith, and Arabic, as well as accomodations for students.  \n  \nToday, a school. Fr. *medersa*, Tr. *medrese*.","spellings":["Madrasa","Madrasah","Madrasas","Madrasat","Madrassa","Madraza","Medrese","Medresse"]},"40398059-a02d-5383-970f-ba570e4894c7":{"definition":"A 'mafrash' is one of the emblamatic woven handicrafts of the nomadic peoples of Iran. The weaving and use of mafrash is particularly prevalent among the nomads of the Ardabil region, as well as the Qashqai tribes. This handwoven item takes the form of a rectangular cube with a lid, resembling a box or suitcase. Nomads use it to transport quilts, mattresses, or essential items during their travels or migrations. Its transportation on the backs of pack animals is also very convenient.  \nAfter weaving the mafrash, leather strips are sewn along the edges, and leather handles are attached to it. Nowadays, its weaving incorporates the techniques of kilim or Soumak, and its decorative patterns are often both prominent and supplementary.","spellings":["Mafrash"]},"a9dba7ef-b3dc-5e16-b084-69f0f9f4e817":{"definition":"A cursive calligraphic style that was widespread in Muslim Spain and North Africa. It developed through the infusion of local artistic taste with *kufic* script. The best examples were produced during the AH 6th–7th / AD 12th–13th centuries under Umayyads of al-Andalus. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Maghribi-Andalusi"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"Religious leader","spellings":["Mahdi"]},"2c82480a-44bd-565c-9d5c-7b38307ae24e":{"definition":"Tin-glazed earthenware with painting on unfired glaze, typical of Spain and Italy, and believed to have been influenced by Islamic pottery techniques.","spellings":["Maiolica","Majolica"]},"4d0ea53b-609e-5e3d-817e-8067fab67fc3":{"definition":"(pl. majalis). Meeting hosted by the ruler or a high official. Designate also the audience hall in which the assembly was held.","spellings":["Majles","Majlis"]},"9e4b2650-05be-581f-8706-c2064eac74ce":{"definition":"A traditional elementary school that historically taught Quran, reading, writing, and basic Islamic studies. See also *kuttab*.  \n  \nTr. *mektep*, *sıbyan mektebi*.","spellings":["Maktab","Mektep","Sıbyan mektebi"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"1e97c7b6-80de-5294-bd26-e7192b4e6889":{"definition":"\"Braid-Work  \nA thin embroidered piece ties the edges of the dress together.\"","spellings":["Manajel"]},"82f05a30-a07c-5d4f-83a3-2156afc3ed35":{"definition":"Light, lamp, beacon. See also *fanar*.","spellings":["Manar","Manara","Me'zana","Minar","Minaret"]},"0fa6da1f-1658-5a20-b43f-b3fdad30d66d":{"definition":"Style of Portuguese architecture developed during the reign of Manuel I (1495–1521) and characterised by ornate elaborations of Gothic and renaissance styles.","spellings":["Manueline"]},"52b16b80-e428-5bfa-a548-51e9d574cee0":{"definition":"Open rooms without doors, situated on the sides of a patio. Egypt: Reception hall.","spellings":["Maq'ad","Maqad"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"5f70c6f4-762e-5438-bf74-53c9daaa431c":{"definition":"Area of sanctuary in congregational mosques reserved for the caliph or the *imam* during public prayer times. Also, a place in a public building that is set aside for private use (as found in a *hammam*). Fr. *maqsoura*.","spellings":["Macsura","Maksura","Maqsoura","Maqsura","Maxura"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"3bcfdeb5-5c8a-58e9-8dfd-9ad2a9f98fdb":{"definition":"Wooden lattice screens made of turned pieces of wood assembled to form a window grille. Fr: *machrabiyya*. Tr. *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mashrabiya","Mashrabiyya","Meşrebiye"]},"f176a992-6546-55ba-a3e5-6877adc61b76":{"definition":"Literally, “place of prostration”. A mosque where daily prayers are held, usually with the exception of the Friday prayers, which cannot take place in a *meşrebiye* owing to the absence of a *minbar*. Tr. *mescit*. See also *jami’*.","spellings":["Masjid","Mescit"]},"a04d4101-e499-5fb8-ad85-ae402c6b673f":{"definition":"A long stone protruding ledge or bench against an outer wall on either side of entrance to a building.","spellings":["Mastaba"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"28865fe0-58a5-5999-9b3f-6e5cf3787e6a":{"definition":"Simple decoration of wooden triangles in the corners, creating hexagons.","spellings":["Menado"]},"32178605-4854-58d8-b7b4-f35cf3cf68f4":{"definition":"Ascension of the Great Prophet Muhammad to Heaven to the throne of Allah, where he received the divine instruction for the five daily prayers (*salat*) for Muslims. Along with Muhammad’s night journey *Isrāʾ *from the “sacred place of worship” (Mecca) to the “further place of worship” (Jerusalem), the Mi’raj creates the two parts of the night journey of Muhammad.**","spellings":["Mi'raj"]},"8d2b9746-8e9b-5ac7-8c70-6fd0cd7e3667":{"definition":"The hall next to a mosque where ritual ablutions take place.","spellings":["Mayda’a","Mida","Midha"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Arched niche, usually concave but sometimes flat, in religious Islamic buildings indicating the direction of Mecca, which worshippers face when praying.","spellings":["Maharib","Mihrab"]},"1eec6d02-be45-5c34-aad1-32d6dd772a28":{"definition":"A designation for fritware pottery made at Kashan/Iran which uses enamel colours on a differently coloured ground (white, turquoise etc.) for ornamental and figural painting and inscriptions.  \n  \nMinakari, also known as Minai, is a traditional Persian enamelworking technique, distinguished by intricate designs and vibrant colours. This art form involves applying colourful enamel paints onto metal surfaces, such as copper, and then firing them in a kiln to achieve a glossy and durable finish. Minakari often features intricate patterns, floral motifs, and other details, creating visually captivating pieces of art. It has been used to embellish various objects, including pottery, vases, plates, and jewellery, and holds cultural significance as a celebrated art form in Iran.","spellings":["Mina'i","Minai","Minai ware","Minakari"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"A stepped pulpit for delivering the sermon during the Friday prayers and the first morning prayers during the two big Muslim feasts. It is placed to the right of the *mihrab* in a mosque. *minbar*s first appeared in the Umayyad period.","spellings":["Mimber","Minbar"]},"0c051692-aaa6-5bc3-9767-1917d3208074":{"definition":"Weight standard for gold dinars (4,25 g), established during the reign of Abd’ al-Malik of the Umayyad dynasty.","spellings":["Miskal","Misqal","mithkal","Mithqal","mitqal"]},"b2f40fe6-7d9e-55fe-91fd-b02fa7f5b5a2":{"definition":"In the Christian kingdoms of the Peninsula the name given to Muslims who formally converted to Christianity after the Reconquista.","spellings":["Morisco"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"d9555abf-9d44-5fae-95f4-b894702cfcd9":{"definition":"From Ar. *must‘arab*. A member of the Christian minorities, tolerated by Muslim rulers as tributaries, who lived in al-Andalus holding on to their religion and ecclesiastic and judicial organisation.","spellings":["Mozarab"]},"a26fcbf5-43f5-53e6-8d77-b2efc78c5302":{"definition":"Funerary stele which is usually made out of marble. Mqabriya is an equivalent of a tomb stone.","spellings":["Mashrabiyya","Mqabriya"]},"bac9d185-bb86-5b2d-b50d-fd876fb0fe78":{"definition":"Location in Algeria. It is the capital of the province of the same name.","spellings":["M'sila","Msila"]},"432a631d-9c77-5598-9224-35e8479385c8":{"definition":"(Pl. *murabitun*) A religious Muslim, sanctified by asceticism, whose tomb is a place of pilgrimage; a warrior-monk living in a *ribat*. The name of a dynasty known in English as Almoravid that ruled al-Andalus AH 454–541 / AD 1062–1147. Fr. *mourabit*, *mourabitoun*.","spellings":["Mourabit","Mourabitoun","Murabit"]},"b01a26b1-9ff1-5e29-aedd-bb4316a59907":{"definition":"A volume measuring instrument that has been widely used as a reference measure in the Islamic region for the payment of *zakat*, *fidya* and *kaffara*. Many well-known literatures have their own definition of the mudd, but never being discussed technically in term of volume calibration. It equals to 628 ml (KSA).","spellings":["Mudd"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"b9deabe4-38f9-5144-9eed-f59423fe7ddc":{"definition":"Muslim religious official charged with announcing from the mosque minaret the five prayers of the day. *Müezzin mahfili*: Tr., special platform for the *muezzin*s. See also *adhan*.","spellings":["Mu'azzin","Mu’addin","Mu’adhdhin","Muezzin"]},"95cd8cc7-61c1-518d-a3d1-397850242e35":{"definition":"A Muslim legal expert who is empowered to give rulings on religious matters.","spellings":["Mufti"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Muhaqqaq is an Islamic calligraphic style that emerged in the 10th century and was employed widely in the Islamic world for creating elaborate, large Qur'ans and architectural inscriptions. Its defining characteristics include a precise, angular script with upright letters, meticulously balanced ascenders and horizontal elements, a distinct horizontal emphasis (wider than it is tall), descending strokes terminating in straight, sharp points rather than curving upwards, and the frequent use of descending round strokes that encircle the following letter. Muhaqqaq is typically employed in combination with \"Rayhani,\" a smaller rendition of the same script.  \n  \nA large cursive script related to the *naskhi* script used in the Middle Ages. It is one of the six basic styles of writing. Tr. *muhaqqaq*. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"From Ar. *muwallad*. Christians who were converted to Islamism and lived as Muslims during the domination of the Arabs in the Iberian Peninsula.","spellings":["Muladi","Mullawad"]},"4c8c2130-e69d-5ae6-b03b-7dc72bf78f7a":{"definition":"Kingdom or sovereignty. The word is often applied in calligraphic ornamentation to decorate courtly items.","spellings":["Mulk"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Stalactite- or honeycomb-like architectural ornamentation which adorns many surfaces including domes and corbels. In the Maghreb *muqarbas*. Fr. *mouqarnas*.","spellings":["Mouqarnas","Muqarbas","Muqarnas"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"3a840421-ce84-5045-8ad3-f9355dd51baf":{"definition":"Woodwind instrument, similar to a pan flute.","spellings":["Nai"]},"5fe19010-9046-582a-a119-66c4870348e7":{"definition":"Tr. Muslim ritual prayers exercised five times a day. *Namazgah*: an open-air place on inter-city roads or recreation areas for performing the *namaz*.","spellings":["Namaz","Namazgah"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literally “copied”. One of the most widespread styles of Islamic calligraphy used in Qur’ans and other books. It combines the flexibility of the *farsi* style with the harmony of the *kufic* script. Tr. *nesih*.","spellings":["Naskhi","Nesih"]},"42975467-0b5c-5878-a6b2-a7814d8b803b":{"definition":"A nobleman, someone of high status, a governor who ruled a principality during the Mughal era.","spellings":["Nawab","Nawabi"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"A technique used in metalwork, where engraved areas are filled with a mixture of different materials such as lead, copper and silver. Fr. *niel*.","spellings":["Niel","Niello"]},"78098713-2d8f-5314-b786-0c0cdd7710a0":{"definition":"Waterwheel","spellings":["Na'ura","Nawa'ir","Norias"]},"459f8079-3081-520c-95f1-def76fceb958":{"definition":"Stringed musical instrument prominent in medieval and modern Islamic music. It is the parent of the European lute. The oud has a deep pear-shaped body, a fretless fingerboard.","spellings":["Oud","Ūd"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"A Turkish honorific title, arabicised as *Basha*.","spellings":["Pacha","Pasha"]},"60068ca4-be84-58d0-a590-341306ae5e41":{"definition":"Pearls, the only organic material considered to be precious gemstones, can be widely divided into two categories: natural and cultivated. The formation of the pearl occurs when a foreign body such as a grain of sand or a parasite enters the shell of an oyster or mussel. Due to their very specific origin, pearls have come to be focal points of many legends and myths. Because of their circular shape, they are frequently associated with the moon. They can also symbolize life in general, as well as birth. Some old beliefs state that morning dew, when hardened, turns into pearls. Civilizations from areas with pearl fishing cultures, such as the Middle East and Asia, have for centuries viewed pearls as symbols of supremacy, innocence and female charm.","spellings":["Pearl","Pearls"]},"ba7ec4e5-ec62-5bf2-bd27-6b932bb32ca1":{"definition":"A small box or lidded container used for holding a variety of objects such as medicine, writing instruments, etc.","spellings":["Pyxis"]},"a2005bd2-bdc7-54c7-b3c5-a7cd040e82bc":{"definition":"Reception hall where guests are received.","spellings":["Qa'a"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"\"Chest Panel  \nFrom the head of the right shoulder to the end of the left shoulder.\"","spellings":["Qabbe"]},"4563e43f-260b-5043-9a49-06e5af5a99e0":{"definition":"Muslim judge. Tr. *kadı*.","spellings":["Cadi","Kadi","Kazi","Qadi","Qazi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"3569da80-2a51-50bb-afca-141112480550":{"definition":"A term used only in Tunisia for Ottoman-inspired polychrome pottery for architectural decoration produced in an area in the city of Tunis called Qallalin.","spellings":["Qallalin ware"]},"f50821ce-06bd-5219-a51f-0f341431411e":{"definition":"Skylight.","spellings":["Qamariyya","Qamariyyah"]},"7978d46e-780e-5ff3-b397-3e8bfd533787":{"definition":"(Pl. *qanawat*) Subterranean conduit of water; part of a distributory network.","spellings":["Qanat","Qanawat"]},"59b4beee-e4d9-52ef-99f1-2a66945a3694":{"definition":"A term for glazed tile panels derived from the Iranian city of Kashan, where tiles to decorate buildings had been produced since the Seljuq period. The term was used by the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battutah in Iran for the tile panels that reminded him of the *zellij* tiles of the Maghreb.","spellings":["Qashani"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"f37cbff8-b219-59af-940c-6d009539e2a7":{"definition":"Covered market for precious merchandise (gold, silk, etc.). See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*, *suq*.","spellings":["Qaysariyya","Qaysria"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direction of the Ka‘ba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. The qibla wall of the mosque is where the *mihrab* is situated.","spellings":["Kibla","Qibla","Qiblah","Quibla"]},"ea03a56c-d809-5ee0-9bf3-d2601be89fe3":{"definition":"A portable astronomical instrument whose name literally means \"showing the direction to the Ka'ba\". The alternative name for it is astrolabe.","spellings":["Qiblanuma"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"9c6aeb81-7bc2-5ea4-9209-1c4a1345ac29":{"definition":"The division of the Qur’an into 30 parts. Each part (*juz’*) was bound as a separate volume and usually the 30 volumes were housed in an illuminated box.","spellings":["Rab'a","Rab’a","Raba"]},"1f1c56a0-2af0-51fc-9adb-3b2cb1118d0b":{"definition":"From Ar. *rabad*. Quarter outside the walls.","spellings":["Rabad"]},"389ffbb1-3a7e-5ec3-a9fc-efdd3e0f54ca":{"definition":"The fourth month of the Islamic calendar. Its name means  the 'second spring'.","spellings":["Rabi al-Awwal","Rabi ath-Thani","Rabi‘","Rabi’a"]},"79ad5742-3251-5a48-afdc-3eadbe4bc902":{"definition":"The ninth month of the Hijri / lunar calendar when Muslims fast. It is the last of the three consecutive holy months. Tr. Ramazan.","spellings":["Ramadan","Ramadhan","Ramathan","Ramazan"]},"87260489-dd79-59f8-a295-dd2d8f65524a":{"definition":"A term used widely and sometimes very generally for pottery from the Syrian town of Raqqa. Raqqa ware includes different pottery such as dark brown lustreware and, fritware with monochrome or polychrome underglaze painting.","spellings":["Raqqa ware"]},"2f088e48-669e-5b0f-b7ef-a94fb24641eb":{"definition":"Rayhani is a calligraphic style that was used for copying Qur’ans. It is characterised by its smaller rendition of muhaqqaq, featuring letter forms with sharper, more pointed shapes compared to naskh, and often distinguished by a prominent spike on the initial alif-lam letter shape.  \n  \nAlthough this script shows close resemblance to *muhaqqaq*, it is written on a smaller scale. It was used in large Qur’ans produced in AH 7th–8th / AD 13th–14th centuries. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Rayhan","Rayhani","Reyhan","Rihani"]},"30f08fe7-8bb1-504a-aa55-685d583ff5ba":{"definition":"Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) by the Christians from the Muslims, which ended in AH 897 / AD 1492 with the fall of Granada.","spellings":["Reconquista"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"A metalworking technique. To make a design appear in relief on the front of a metal work of art, it has to be worked in repoussé (hammered) from the back.","spellings":["Repoussé"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"40f27447-6ac4-5d17-9557-f1bd3868060b":{"definition":"Arcade or portico. Tr. *revak*.","spellings":["Revak","Riwaq"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. of *rawda* “garden”. Always used in plural form, in Morocco *riyad* means a garden within residential housing.","spellings":["Rawda","Riad","Riyad","Riyadh"]},"9b3eb14d-ccb9-5bdf-b3a6-ae4fd27367cf":{"definition":"Rosewater is a fragrant liquid crafted by immersing rose petals in water. Prior to the advancement of the distillation method for producing rosewater, Persian cuisine already employed rose petals to enhance the aroma and taste of dishes. Rose water likely had its beginnings in Persia, where it was identified as \"gulab\". The technique of steam distillation to create rosewater was perfected by Persian chemist, Ibn Sina/ Avicenna, within the medieval Islamic world.","spellings":["Gulab","Rose Water","Rosewater"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Split-palmette motif. One of the most popular and basic motifs in Islamic decorative arts, applied to every medium from woodcarving to tiles. It is mostly seen in arabesques. It was named after an earlier name for Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"e6f3286c-05d3-51b8-bc2f-6985190c9563":{"definition":"Large tray.","spellings":["S'ni","Sni"]},"85c2ecc8-51b1-5e22-90ca-051cf297fa08":{"definition":"\"Sleeve  \nFrom the beginning of the palm to the middle of the elbow.\"","spellings":["Sa’ed"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* or *asbila*) Small structures that were designed to dispense and provide free and clean drinking water to the public. *Sabil*s can be freestanding buildings or parts of small or large charitable complexes.  \n  \nTr. sebil – a chamber where an attendant serves free drink to the public.","spellings":["Asbila","Sabil","Sebil","Subul"]},"8f59f848-6089-5df5-ac39-251f4a455901":{"definition":"Often a two-story structure where the ground level is reserved for the *sabil* (public water source) and the upper level is the elementary school or *kuttab*.","spellings":["Sabil-Kuttab"]},"ab5197e2-ba37-5f84-9a8c-1bc168852cbc":{"definition":"Meaning blessings, pl. of the word Salam. Could also refer to safety.","spellings":["Salama","Salamah"]},"63187e27-a423-515a-905c-73fa1d04ccf8":{"definition":"This general term is used for the different styles in stucco common in the temporary Abbasid capital of Samarra in Iraq. Style A uses naturalistic designs, Style B uses naturalistic designs interwoven with abstract designs and Style C uses barely discernible plant design with bevelled edges in an abstract way.","spellings":["Samarra style"]},"8089a1c5-8454-567a-8c69-3ee03dc28782":{"definition":"Sanja is a monetary weight. Researchers differ as to its exact use. Some interpret them to be standards of monetary weights and measures, while others believe that these pieces of pâte de verre substituted for copper coins or even commercial weights.","spellings":["Sanja"]},"7b0b0e45-2f2a-5fd0-be86-16fa0e895a59":{"definition":"In the Maghreb an entrance to a house, often twisting and turning.","spellings":["Saqifa","Skifa","Sqifa"]},"0f26046e-3b67-5601-baf6-72d291d77ad0":{"definition":"Straight, double-edged sword. The sayf varied in appearance throughout Islamic history.","spellings":["Saif","Sayf","Seif"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"9ba68a24-0e40-52cc-9957-968da7055d9a":{"definition":"Arabic title of respect, meaning Heir to the grandson of the prophet Muhammad.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"11864cd8-7574-5b81-8dbd-f0180dc203cf":{"definition":"The writer of *Şehname*, equivalent to a court historian.","spellings":["Şehnameci"]},"1e2bc98b-db88-5155-9556-2e6e52c00a36":{"definition":"Mobile openwork plaque or rete, could also mean net.","spellings":["Shabaka"]},"1c72befa-b751-593e-8d75-c600c4e562d3":{"definition":"A wall fountain attached to a wall. Tr. *Şadırvan*, a şadırvan is a fountain, especially for ablutions in a mosque courtyard. It can be part of a wall or free-standing.","spellings":["Şadırvan","Shadirwan"]},"03eaf2d5-1988-549b-919f-2aaad8416221":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Tr. *Şafi*.","spellings":["Shafi’i"]},"970967ba-4fb4-5316-b273-742dafe6d401":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni schools of religious law.","spellings":["Al-shafi","Al-shafi'i","Shafiʽi"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Title of the kings of Iran, or Persia. The title shah was also used in Afghanistan until the overturn of the monarchy in 1973 and has been used by rulers and princelings in other countries of central and southern Asia.","spellings":["Šâh","Shah"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession of Muslim faith. Tr. *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Sahadet","Shahada","Shahadah"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi, the Shahnama or Shahnameh is a long epic poem which dwells on the mythical and historical past of the Persian Empire.","spellings":["Šāhnāme","Shahnama","Shahnameh"]},"72c54743-5b69-565e-b54d-8fe9dfa0e746":{"definition":"Window, also could refer to an umbrella.","spellings":["Shamsiya","Shamsiyya"]},"bd727956-74e1-5614-9f39-07003f768b6a":{"definition":"Literally, “road”. Islamic precepts that the believer must follow in order to be on the right road that leads to God. The *Shari‘a* rules the behaviour of the faithful in the spiritual, legal, social and political spheres, and also in the concrete aspects of daily life.","spellings":["Shari‘a","Sharia"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"An elder, respected for his knowledge and age, learned man instructed in the religious sciences, member of a religious brotherhood, sufi master. Tr. *Şeyh*. Shaykh al-Islam: The head of the hierarchy of the doctors of Muslim canon law, tradition and theology. Tr. Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Şeyh","Shaykh","Sheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(Pl. *shurafa*) Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. See also *sayyed*.","spellings":["Sharif","Shurafa"]},"3f35b372-188c-5440-a3a1-24902734c0d8":{"definition":"Member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, the Shiʿa, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.","spellings":["Shi'i","Shi'ite","Shii","Shīʿī"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Correctly, Shi‘at ‘Ali, meaning “the party of ‘Ali”. Shi‘ites rejected the legitimacy of all caliphs who succeed after the assassination of Ali (AH 40 / AD 661), the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. See also Sunna.","spellings":["Shi‘a","Shia"]},"947c308d-bc24-5bbc-91e5-bb461cbe7cfa":{"definition":"Bearer of arms, an official of the court who was in charge of the preservation and maintenance of arms.","spellings":["Silahdar","Silahtar","Silihtar"]},"717dbbdd-a73f-5072-9370-1b0902785426":{"definition":"A huge ancient bird of Persian legend credited with possessing great wisdom.","spellings":["Senmurv","Simorg","Simorgh","Simorq","Simourv","Simurg","Simurgh"]},"88ea725b-ca76-5d06-9ede-29e288e0ff44":{"definition":"Knotwork based on a twelve-star pattern, and could also be used in architecture as a decorative pattern.","spellings":["Sinos"]},"288b2150-8838-5cdf-8779-d98b7d476915":{"definition":"The Sira are the prophetic biographies.  In addition to what is written in the Quran and Hadith, the sira also provide information on Muhammed's life and the early period of Islam.","spellings":["Seera","Sira","Sirah","Sirat"]},"60d18096-8ef8-5848-9e25-fc081e078906":{"definition":"A wash of diluted clay applied to a ceramic vessel to cover the clay body before applying decoration.","spellings":["Slip"]},"1296cfdc-d33f-5cb5-8260-c31331325ee5":{"definition":"The term socarrat (\"scorched\") refers to large fired-earth tiles manufactured using the biscuit technique: the slab, once dried in air, is rubbed with white clay on its smooth side, then blue, red ochre and iron is painted onto this base. It is then fired, and the tile comes out coloured blue, vermilion and black on a white base. They were intended to decorate eaves and cornices, to which they afforded a colourful intensity, usually in mineral earthy black tones and iron or ochre reds dissolved in a lime milk that, once set, gave them consistency.","spellings":["Socarrat"]},"8d51b0ae-13b3-5a75-acf3-79e63e2bd891":{"definition":"An arch placed diagonally at each corner of a square and filled decoratively with a variety of methods, providing the transition from the cubical walls to the sphere of the dome.","spellings":["Squinch"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"A Muslim acetic and mystic who represents the mystical aspect of Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"An Islamic mystical or ascetic order. Derived from *suf*, wool, which is the fabric in which devotees (*sufi*) clothe themselves. Fr. *soufisme*.","spellings":["Soufisme","Sufism"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"ab99a408-a9e3-547f-9a94-45b205e6a57b":{"definition":"Sultan Muḥammad, who lived during the 16th century in Safavid Iran, is regarded as one of the most exceptional Persian painters and stands out as the most prominent artist of the Safavid school based in Tabriz, Iran. Between AH 900- 928 / AD 1495 and 1522, Sultan Muḥammad likely held a preeminent position within the Turkmen school of painting, which was prevalent in western Iran during the reign of the Ak Koyunlu (\"White Sheep\") and Kara Koyunlu (\"Black Sheep\") Turkmens.","spellings":["Sultan Muhammad"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"State or territories that are ruled by a sultan. Sultan is a title given to the ruler of such a place.","spellings":["Sultanate"]},"aa9eeba9-8ad8-555a-8988-13c068bdac81":{"definition":"Turkish word for box or chest.","spellings":["Sanadiq","Sanduq","Senduq","Sunduq"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marketplace. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Esouk","Sooq","Souk","Souq","Suk","Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"78fd8be3-f58d-5f6b-b249-3f3c97b9ef97":{"definition":"Tabby Weave has all the character of a hand-woven silk but with a high-performance level.","spellings":["Tabby"]},"665383f5-4a15-5f32-8010-a19d807b45a5":{"definition":"Guestroom at a mosque for itinerant dervishes and other travellers. From the AH 10th / AD 16th century *tabhanes* became part of the mosque’s prayer hall.","spellings":["Tabhane"]},"83f6772d-09b7-5ad2-a480-9c2c0c7c4320":{"definition":"Small board or a tablet with which a gap is covered, such as a socarrena or the front of a wooden step.","spellings":["Tabica"]},"e492236b-2179-5d42-b894-3fc913a09686":{"definition":"From Ar. *tabiya*. A wall made from mud, which is compressed between caissons. The technique was perfected further in military constructions by introducing lime mortar into the framework. Tr. *tabya*.","spellings":["Tabiyya","Tabya"]},"1a96ac8d-419a-5515-b21c-9a95109e369b":{"definition":"Arabic term for dish or plate, probably deriving from the Turkish word *tepsi*.","spellings":["Tabsil"]},"b9925565-dd1a-5d2a-b600-c734be2f3586":{"definition":"Factions or groups. The term usually refers to the disintegration of Muslim Spain into several smaller kingdoms during the 5th/11th century.","spellings":["Ta'ifa","Taïfa"]},"1ad49aeb-c4a6-56fa-a5db-9635fe80d767":{"definition":"From Tr. *tekke*, literally “place where food is served free of charge”. Centre where dervishes meet, worship and live. Architectural type introduced by the Ottomans. See also *imaret*, *khan*qah, *zawiya*.","spellings":["Takiyya","Tekke"]},"a032a946-6a59-5dc8-99e3-7006cd02ff68":{"definition":"Arabic word used to describe a water system.","spellings":["Tali","Tali'"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nas*ta’liq**, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"78053761-99e7-5b79-85ba-68c278e8c447":{"definition":"Reforms that were propagated under the rule of Ottoman emperors Abdulmecid I and Abdulaziz between 1839 and 1876.","spellings":["Tanzimat"]},"da8b7101-f569-5ca6-b136-b50cc01aa5c9":{"definition":"Cylindrical container, taller than it is wide, usually made out of glass, ceramic, or earthware, with a lid. It is used specifically for packing food, perfumery, or cosmetic products.","spellings":["Tarro"]},"b2155481-cc7f-58d7-9a13-f7b8d291e362":{"definition":"The invocation of God's blessing upon the Prophet Muhammad. Could also mean entertainment.","spellings":["Taslim","Tasliya"]},"5826611f-c015-58cb-b5aa-7aa9b979d8aa":{"definition":"Flat wooden ceiling completely covered with strapwork decoration, which conceals the beams; cf. *alfarje*, where the beams are exposed. From Arabic *tawshih*.","spellings":["Taujel","Tawshih"]},"df95e636-1ccf-5f43-af09-acfeaa8bdd39":{"definition":"Circle, collar, also could be used to refer to a necklace.","spellings":["Tawq"]},"0cb5ca4c-b4bd-55d8-8d21-7fe594c06fcf":{"definition":"Tawqi is a calligraphic script, and the term is etymologically derived from the Arabic verb \"waqa’a,\" which means \"to sign.\" It gained this name because it was commonly employed to inscribe the signature on decrees issued by rulers. Primarily used for scrolls, diplomas, royal documents, and impressive calligraphic works, Tawqi is frequently written alongside riqa, a smaller version of the same script. Developed in the 10th century, Tawqi is characterised by its more compressed and rounded letters, the practice of unauthorised ligatures to connect non-connecting letters on the left for faster writing, and notably shorter ascending and deeply curved horizontal strokes.","spellings":["Tawqi"]},"950b9741-65c7-56dc-84fa-f599f1697a4f":{"definition":"Sacred formula of entreaty to God, could also refer to a talisman.","spellings":["Ta'wida","Tawida","Taʿwidha"]},"09f713d8-279f-5781-b4b0-b3e3ec8c7848":{"definition":"Mirror trim usually used as a mirror dressing or could be used as a scarf.","spellings":["Tenchifa"]},"0286f96a-fc62-506d-a042-ab44ef3b40b1":{"definition":"A type of geometric decoration used for tiles.","spellings":["Testir"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Arabic: “one-third”. A style of calligraphy named after the size of the pen used. The prolongation of its letters allow for very complex decorative compositions. It was used in calligraphy, books and civil and religious architecture. From the AH 12th / AD 18th century it was widely used in panels particular to Ottoman art. Fr. *toulouth*. Tr. *sülüs*.  \n  \nThe thuluth script, a medieval Islamic calligraphic style, features an alphabet written in a distinctive manner. The name \"thuluth\" (Arabic for \"one-third\") refers to the principle that each letter's form encompasses a slope of about one-third of its size. This script is both spacious and refined, characterized by its cursive nature. During the medieval period, thuluth script found its place on mosque embellishments.  \nFunctionally, thuluth script assumed some of the roles initially held by the early Kufic script. It was employed for crafting headings for suras (chapters) of the Qurʾan, religious inscriptions, princely titles, and inscriptions of importance. Additionally, from the 13th century AD (597-700 AH) onwards, it was favoured for producing large copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Sülüs","Thoulouth","Thuluth"]},"59087726-c8e5-5434-aecc-5dd7d3e42d51":{"definition":"A hard, quick-drying plaster processed from river silt used in Saharan building for making building blocks, as mortar, and for rendering.","spellings":["Timchent","Timchet"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"9c8dfd7c-96f7-590d-8c3e-dacf904f0e4a":{"definition":"A brass alloy usually referred to as red bronze. It is also mentioned as gilded copper and as a technique which uses copper and zinc alloy and gilt. Could also refer to tobacco.","spellings":["Tombac","Tombak"]},"1ad5b477-1036-5c86-ba62-687284025702":{"definition":"Modern day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan.","spellings":["Transoxiana"]},"744d1b33-89fe-5377-a4fb-132f67bbf758":{"definition":"Meaning \"blessedness\", a tree which grows in Jannah, also considered as the three of paradise.","spellings":["Tuba"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"A calligraphic signature of an Ottoman sultan that was affixed to official documents. Each sultan had his own *tughra*. Tr. *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"Mausoleum, tomb, private burial place, sometimes with a crypt below, an architectural practice introduced by the Turks. Tr. *kümbet*, a monumental tomb, usually covered with a dome hidden under a spire. See also *darih*, *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*.","spellings":["Kümbet","Turba","Turbat","Türbe","Turbet"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"A headdress consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or a smaller, underlying hat. Turbans vary in shape, colour, and size.","spellings":["Turban","Turbant"]},"b6fc69ea-ced1-5b11-8e24-2ac2f4c53e76":{"definition":"An architectural technique using triangles and chevrons to make the transition from square walls to a curved dome.","spellings":["Turkish triangles"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Turkish people located in the region east of the Caspian Sea and South of the Aral Sea. This area now comprises of Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmen","Türkmenler","Turkoman"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"\"Turquoise is a blue-green gemstone made from hydrated copper aluminium phosphate. It between five and six on the Mohs scale, and is mainly cut in the cabochon style since it is not transparent. This gemstone comes in a variety of shades of blue and green. Turquoise was known in Egypt from a very early time and was later described by Pliny the Elder under the name *callias*. For him and those who studied his works, the blueish-green stone was attributed only virtues shared by other green or blue gems. However, in the 13th century, the term turquoise was introduced in Western Europe, and the gemstone started to be affiliated with new powers. These included the ability to prevent injuries from falling, especially from horseback, and the power to protect horses from sickness. For this reason Turks were said to attach turquoise stones to the bridles and stirrups of their horses.  \nTurquoise has traditionally been sold in Turkey, since it mostly originates in Iran. It still passes through Turkey on the way to Europe. Ancient Persians fully appreciated the beauty and power of this gemstone, and it was the national stone of the vast empire. There is a saying that good fortune can be obtained by seeing the reflection of the new moon either on a friend’s face, on a copy of the Quran, or on a turquoise. Turquoise is also popular for religious use in Hindu mystic circles, as well as among Indigenous people of North and Central America.\"","spellings":["Turquoise"]},"04e377c7-df9e-578d-a9cd-de2fa4b2cef9":{"definition":"Wooden cabinet of mixed Spanish and Oriental origin that first appeared in Europe in the late Middle Ages and became a common article of furniture in the Spanish colonial empire from the late 16th century onward. Its major component is a chest with a drop front. The interior is divided into an intricate arrangement of drawers and recesses for holding jewels, documents, and other valuables. The drawers and recesses are often inlaid with ivory, silver, or gold and are occasionally stained in bright colours. The exterior is elaborately mounted at the corners and elsewhere in iron or silver, and the front is secured by a heavy padlock or conventional lock.","spellings":["Bargueño","Vargueno"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"fbb75391-7625-52c9-8a1c-5ab26a82c52c":{"definition":"A deputy, delegate or agent who acts on behalf of a principal. It can refer to an attorney, a diplomat or the custodian of a mosque or religious order. Also, could mean prime minister.","spellings":["Vakeel","Vakel","Vakil","Wakil"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Endowment in perpetuity, usually of land or property, from which the revenue was reserved for the upkeep of religious foundations. *waqfiyya*: the deed of endowment of a *waqf*. Tr. *vakıf*, *vakfiye*. See also *habus*.","spellings":["Vakif","Vakifiye","Wakf","Waqf"]},"9d0320cb-1068-5d1a-bb89-97a0628cb0f4":{"definition":"Trading establishment with lodgings for merchants. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *khan*.","spellings":["Wakala","Wakalat","wikala","Wikalat"]},"cc1e247a-53d7-5c70-9399-89357963e5cf":{"definition":"A style in Ottoman art which uses Chinoiserie decorations. The designs incorporate stylised lotus blossoms, buds and leaves in decorative scrolls. Hatayi is derived from Chatay in China. See also Chinoiserie.","spellings":["Hatayi"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"An officer’s rank in the Turkish army. Tr. Ağa. See also *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","agha"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Hostel for merchants and their pack animals, a store for merchandise, a commercial centre. See also *caravanserai*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Funduq"]},"3e7d0321-a9c7-56d8-9638-45619daff312":{"definition":"Frankish fortress located in Jordan.","spellings":["Wu'ayra","Wuarya"]},"676dd2c8-ade4-5066-9242-2d2dc6e9b274":{"definition":"Daily ablutions before prayers","spellings":["Al-wudu","Udu","Wudu","Wudu'"]},"00cb9155-a05e-57be-b845-f2828bcd7de6":{"definition":"Another of the five pillars of Islam, Zakat is a tithe that is to be paid each year by all Muslim adults in the amount of 2.5 percent of their income and wealth.","spellings":["Zakah","Zakat","Zakat al-mal"]},"c820b0fc-daf0-5f36-aed6-5dcb2aab4aa8":{"definition":"Sharp plane, also is considered a technique used to separate the lines of text within the panel.","spellings":["Zamla"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]},"9aa57c3b-8983-5efb-9663-8813a2e47d5c":{"definition":"Small glazed ceramic tiles or cut-out parts of tiles set like mosaics to form a complex geometric design in interiors and exteriors of buildings. Fr. *zellige*.","spellings":["Zellige","Zellij","Zillij"]},"b2664e35-a30a-5283-80bf-77beed25e898":{"definition":"The empty space between the walls of a building (for example, a mosque) and an outer wall.","spellings":["Ziyada"]}}