@lightningjs/renderer 2.14.2 → 2.14.3

package/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlCoreRenderer.ts

@@ -1,821 +1,821 @@
-/*
- * If not stated otherwise in this file or this component's LICENSE file the
- * following copyright and licenses apply:
- *
- * Copyright 2023 Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License);
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import { assertTruthy, createWebGLContext, hasOwn } from '../../../utils.js';
-import {
-  CoreRenderer,
-  type BufferInfo,
-  type CoreRendererOptions,
-  type QuadOptions,
-} from '../CoreRenderer.js';
-import { WebGlCoreRenderOp } from './WebGlCoreRenderOp.js';
-import type { CoreContextTexture } from '../CoreContextTexture.js';
-import {
-  createIndexBuffer,
-  type CoreWebGlParameters,
-  type CoreWebGlExtensions,
-  getWebGlParameters,
-  getWebGlExtensions,
-  type WebGlColor,
-} from './internal/RendererUtils.js';
-import { WebGlCoreCtxTexture } from './WebGlCoreCtxTexture.js';
-import { Texture, TextureType } from '../../textures/Texture.js';
-import { SubTexture } from '../../textures/SubTexture.js';
-import { WebGlCoreCtxSubTexture } from './WebGlCoreCtxSubTexture.js';
-import { CoreShaderManager } from '../../CoreShaderManager.js';
-import { BufferCollection } from './internal/BufferCollection.js';
-import {
-  compareRect,
-  getNormalizedRgbaComponents,
-  type RectWithValid,
-} from '../../lib/utils.js';
-import type { Dimensions } from '../../../common/CommonTypes.js';
-import { WebGlCoreShader } from './WebGlCoreShader.js';
-import { WebGlContextWrapper } from '../../lib/WebGlContextWrapper.js';
-import { RenderTexture } from '../../textures/RenderTexture.js';
-import { CoreNodeRenderState, type CoreNode } from '../../CoreNode.js';
-import { WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture } from './WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture.js';
-import type { BaseShaderController } from '../../../main-api/ShaderController.js';
-
-const WORDS_PER_QUAD = 24;
-// const BYTES_PER_QUAD = WORDS_PER_QUAD * 4;
-
-export type WebGlCoreRendererOptions = CoreRendererOptions;
-
-interface CoreWebGlSystem {
-  parameters: CoreWebGlParameters;
-  extensions: CoreWebGlExtensions;
-}
-
-export class WebGlCoreRenderer extends CoreRenderer {
-  //// WebGL Native Context and Data
-  glw: WebGlContextWrapper;
-  system: CoreWebGlSystem;
-
-  //// Persistent data
-  quadBuffer: ArrayBuffer;
-  fQuadBuffer: Float32Array;
-  uiQuadBuffer: Uint32Array;
-  renderOps: WebGlCoreRenderOp[] = [];
-
-  //// Render Op / Buffer Filling State
-  curBufferIdx = 0;
-  curRenderOp: WebGlCoreRenderOp | null = null;
-  override rttNodes: CoreNode[] = [];
-  activeRttNode: CoreNode | null = null;
-
-  //// Default Shader
-  defShaderCtrl: BaseShaderController;
-  defaultShader: WebGlCoreShader;
-  quadBufferCollection: BufferCollection;
-
-  clearColor: WebGlColor = {
-    raw: 0x00000000,
-    normalized: [0, 0, 0, 0],
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * White pixel texture used by default when no texture is specified.
-   */
-
-  quadBufferUsage = 0;
-  numQuadsRendered = 0;
-  /**
-   * Whether the renderer is currently rendering to a texture.
-   */
-  public renderToTextureActive = false;
-
-  constructor(options: WebGlCoreRendererOptions) {
-    super(options);
-
-    this.quadBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(this.stage.options.quadBufferSize);
-    this.fQuadBuffer = new Float32Array(this.quadBuffer);
-    this.uiQuadBuffer = new Uint32Array(this.quadBuffer);
-
-    this.mode = 'webgl';
-
-    const { canvas, clearColor, bufferMemory } = options;
-
-    const gl = createWebGLContext(
-      canvas,
-      options.forceWebGL2,
-      options.contextSpy,
-    );
-    const glw = (this.glw = new WebGlContextWrapper(gl));
-    glw.viewport(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
-
-    this.updateClearColor(clearColor);
-
-    glw.setBlend(true);
-    glw.blendFunc(glw.ONE, glw.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
-
-    createIndexBuffer(glw, bufferMemory);
-
-    this.system = {
-      parameters: getWebGlParameters(this.glw),
-      extensions: getWebGlExtensions(this.glw),
-    };
-    this.shManager.renderer = this;
-    this.defShaderCtrl = this.shManager.loadShader('DefaultShader');
-    this.defaultShader = this.defShaderCtrl.shader as WebGlCoreShader;
-    const quadBuffer = glw.createBuffer();
-    assertTruthy(quadBuffer);
-    const stride = 6 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
-    this.quadBufferCollection = new BufferCollection([
-      {
-        buffer: quadBuffer,
-        attributes: {
-          a_position: {
-            name: 'a_position',
-            size: 2, // 2 components per iteration
-            type: glw.FLOAT, // the data is 32bit floats
-            normalized: false, // don't normalize the data
-            stride, // 0 = move forward size * sizeof(type) each iteration to get the next position
-            offset: 0, // start at the beginning of the buffer
-          },
-          a_textureCoordinate: {
-            name: 'a_textureCoordinate',
-            size: 2,
-            type: glw.FLOAT,
-            normalized: false,
-            stride,
-            offset: 2 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
-          },
-          a_color: {
-            name: 'a_color',
-            size: 4,
-            type: glw.UNSIGNED_BYTE,
-            normalized: true,
-            stride,
-            offset: 4 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
-          },
-          a_textureIndex: {
-            name: 'a_textureIndex',
-            size: 1,
-            type: glw.FLOAT,
-            normalized: false,
-            stride,
-            offset: 5 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
-          },
-        },
-      },
-    ]);
-  }
-
-  reset() {
-    const { glw } = this;
-    this.curBufferIdx = 0;
-    this.curRenderOp = null;
-    this.renderOps.length = 0;
-    glw.setScissorTest(false);
-    glw.clear();
-  }
-
-  override getShaderManager(): CoreShaderManager {
-    return this.shManager;
-  }
-
-  override createCtxTexture(textureSource: Texture): CoreContextTexture {
-    if (textureSource instanceof SubTexture) {
-      return new WebGlCoreCtxSubTexture(
-        this.glw,
-        this.txMemManager,
-        textureSource,
-      );
-    } else if (textureSource instanceof RenderTexture) {
-      return new WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture(
-        this.glw,
-        this.txMemManager,
-        textureSource,
-      );
-    }
-    return new WebGlCoreCtxTexture(this.glw, this.txMemManager, textureSource);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * This function adds a quad (a rectangle composed of two triangles) to the WebGL rendering pipeline.
-   *
-   * It takes a set of options that define the quad's properties, such as its dimensions, colors, texture, shader, and transformation matrix.
-   * The function first updates the shader properties with the current dimensions if necessary, then sets the default texture if none is provided.
-   * It then checks if a new render operation is needed, based on the current shader and clipping rectangle.
-   * If a new render operation is needed, it creates one and updates the current render operation.
-   * The function then adjusts the texture coordinates based on the texture options and adds the texture to the texture manager.
-   *
-   * Finally, it calculates the vertices for the quad, taking into account any transformations, and adds them to the quad buffer.
-   * The function updates the length and number of quads in the current render operation, and updates the current buffer index.
-   */
-  addQuad(params: QuadOptions) {
-    const { fQuadBuffer, uiQuadBuffer } = this;
-    let texture = params.texture;
-
-    assertTruthy(texture !== null, 'Texture is required');
-
-    /**
-     * If the shader props contain any automatic properties, update it with the
-     * current dimensions and or alpha that will be used to render the quad.
-     */
-    if (params.shaderProps !== null) {
-      if (hasOwn(params.shaderProps, '$dimensions') == true) {
-        const dimensions = params.shaderProps.$dimensions as Dimensions;
-        dimensions.width = params.width;
-        dimensions.height = params.height;
-      }
-
-      if (hasOwn(params.shaderProps, '$alpha') === true) {
-        params.shaderProps.$alpha = params.alpha;
-      }
-    }
-
-    let { curBufferIdx: bufferIdx, curRenderOp } = this;
-    const targetDims = { width: -1, height: -1 };
-    targetDims.width = params.width;
-    targetDims.height = params.height;
-
-    const targetShader =
-      (params.shader as WebGlCoreShader) || this.defaultShader;
-    assertTruthy(
-      targetShader.getUniformLocation !== undefined,
-      'Invalid WebGL shader',
-    );
-
-    if (this.reuseRenderOp(params) === false) {
-      this.newRenderOp(
-        targetShader,
-        params.shaderProps as Record<string, unknown>,
-        params.alpha,
-        targetDims,
-        params.clippingRect,
-        bufferIdx,
-        params.rtt,
-        params.parentHasRenderTexture,
-        params.framebufferDimensions,
-      );
-      curRenderOp = this.curRenderOp;
-      assertTruthy(curRenderOp);
-    }
-
-    let texCoordX1 = 0;
-    let texCoordY1 = 0;
-    let texCoordX2 = 1;
-    let texCoordY2 = 1;
-
-    if (texture.type === TextureType.subTexture) {
-      const {
-        x: tx,
-        y: ty,
-        width: tw,
-        height: th,
-      } = (texture as SubTexture).props;
-      const { width: parentW = 0, height: parentH = 0 } = (
-        texture as SubTexture
-      ).parentTexture.dimensions || { width: 0, height: 0 };
-      texCoordX1 = tx / parentW;
-      texCoordX2 = texCoordX1 + tw / parentW;
-      texCoordY1 = ty / parentH;
-      texCoordY2 = texCoordY1 + th / parentH;
-      texture = (texture as SubTexture).parentTexture;
-    }
-
-    if (
-      texture.type === TextureType.image &&
-      params.textureOptions !== null &&
-      params.textureOptions.resizeMode !== undefined &&
-      texture.dimensions !== null
-    ) {
-      const resizeMode = params.textureOptions.resizeMode;
-      const { width: tw, height: th } = texture.dimensions;
-      if (resizeMode.type === 'cover') {
-        const scaleX = params.width / tw;
-        const scaleY = params.height / th;
-        const scale = Math.max(scaleX, scaleY);
-        const precision = 1 / scale;
-        // Determine based on width
-        if (scale && scaleX && scaleX < scale) {
-          const desiredSize = precision * params.width;
-          texCoordX1 = (1 - desiredSize / tw) * (resizeMode.clipX ?? 0.5);
-          texCoordX2 = texCoordX1 + desiredSize / tw;
-        }
-        // Determine based on height
-        if (scale && scaleY && scaleY < scale) {
-          const desiredSize = precision * params.height;
-          texCoordY1 = (1 - desiredSize / th) * (resizeMode.clipY ?? 0.5);
-          texCoordY2 = texCoordY1 + desiredSize / th;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Flip texture coordinates if dictated by texture options
-    let flipY = 0;
-    if (params.textureOptions !== null) {
-      if (params.textureOptions.flipX === true) {
-        [texCoordX1, texCoordX2] = [texCoordX2, texCoordX1];
-      }
-
-      // convert to integer for bitwise operation below
-      flipY = +(params.textureOptions.flipY || false);
-    }
-
-    // Eitherone should be true
-    if (flipY ^ +(texture.type === TextureType.renderToTexture)) {
-      [texCoordY1, texCoordY2] = [texCoordY2, texCoordY1];
-    }
-
-    let ctxTexture = texture.ctxTexture as WebGlCoreCtxTexture;
-    if (ctxTexture === undefined) {
-      ctxTexture = this.stage.defaultTexture?.ctxTexture as WebGlCoreCtxTexture;
-      console.warn(
-        'WebGL Renderer: Texture does not have a ctxTexture, using default texture instead',
-      );
-    }
-
-    const textureIdx = this.addTexture(ctxTexture, bufferIdx);
-
-    assertTruthy(this.curRenderOp !== null);
-    if (params.renderCoords) {
-      // Upper-Left
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x1; // vertexX
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y1; // vertexY
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1; // texCoordX
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1; // texCoordY
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTl; // color
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx; // texIndex
-
-      // Upper-Right
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTr;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-
-      // Lower-Left
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x4;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y4;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBl;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-
-      // Lower-Right
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x3;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y3;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBr;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-    } else if (params.tb !== 0 || params.tc !== 0) {
-      // Upper-Left
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx; // vertexX
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty; // vertexY
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1; // texCoordX
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1; // texCoordY
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTl; // color
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx; // texIndex
-
-      // Upper-Right
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx + params.width * params.ta;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty + params.width * params.tc;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTr;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-
-      // Lower-Left
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx + params.height * params.tb;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty + params.height * params.td;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBl;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-
-      // Lower-Right
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] =
-        params.tx + params.width * params.ta + params.height * params.tb;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] =
-        params.ty + params.width * params.tc + params.height * params.td;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBr;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-    } else {
-      // Calculate the right corner of the quad
-      // multiplied by the scale
-      const rightCornerX = params.tx + params.width * params.ta;
-      const rightCornerY = params.ty + params.height * params.td;
-
-      // Upper-Left
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx; // vertexX
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty; // vertexY
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1; // texCoordX
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1; // texCoordY
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTl; // color
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx; // texIndex
-
-      // Upper-Right
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerX;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTr;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-
-      // Lower-Left
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerY;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBl;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-
-      // Lower-Right
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerX;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerY;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
-      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBr;
-      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
-    }
-    // Update the length of the current render op
-    this.curRenderOp.length += WORDS_PER_QUAD;
-    this.curRenderOp.numQuads++;
-    this.curBufferIdx = bufferIdx;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Replace the existing RenderOp with a new one that uses the specified Shader
-   * and starts at the specified buffer index.
-   *
-   * @param shader
-   * @param bufferIdx
-   */
-  private newRenderOp(
-    shader: WebGlCoreShader,
-    shaderProps: Record<string, unknown>,
-    alpha: number,
-    dimensions: Dimensions,
-    clippingRect: RectWithValid,
-    bufferIdx: number,
-    renderToTexture?: boolean,
-    parentHasRenderTexture?: boolean,
-    framebufferDimensions?: Dimensions,
-  ) {
-    const curRenderOp = new WebGlCoreRenderOp(
-      this.glw,
-      this.options,
-      this.quadBufferCollection,
-      shader,
-      shaderProps,
-      alpha,
-      clippingRect,
-      dimensions,
-      bufferIdx,
-      0, // Z-Index is only used for explictly added Render Ops
-      renderToTexture,
-      parentHasRenderTexture,
-      framebufferDimensions,
-    );
-    this.curRenderOp = curRenderOp;
-    this.renderOps.push(curRenderOp);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Add a texture to the current RenderOp. If the texture cannot be added to the
-   * current RenderOp, a new RenderOp will be created and the texture will be added
-   * to that one.
-   *
-   * If the texture cannot be added to the new RenderOp, an error will be thrown.
-   *
-   * @param texture
-   * @param bufferIdx
-   * @param recursive
-   * @returns Assigned Texture Index of the texture in the render op
-   */
-  private addTexture(
-    texture: WebGlCoreCtxTexture,
-    bufferIdx: number,
-    recursive?: boolean,
-  ): number {
-    const { curRenderOp } = this;
-    assertTruthy(curRenderOp);
-    const textureIdx = curRenderOp.addTexture(texture);
-    // TODO: Refactor to be more DRY
-    if (textureIdx === 0xffffffff) {
-      if (recursive) {
-        throw new Error('Unable to add texture to render op');
-      }
-
-      this.newRenderOp(
-        curRenderOp.shader,
-        curRenderOp.shaderProps,
-        curRenderOp.alpha,
-        curRenderOp.dimensions,
-        curRenderOp.clippingRect,
-        bufferIdx,
-      );
-      return this.addTexture(texture, bufferIdx, true);
-    }
-    return textureIdx;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Test if the current Render operation can be reused for the specified parameters.
-   * @param params
-   * @returns
-   */
-  reuseRenderOp(params: QuadOptions): boolean {
-    const { shader, shaderProps, parentHasRenderTexture, rtt, clippingRect } =
-      params;
-
-    const targetShader = shader || this.defaultShader;
-
-    // Switching shader program will require a new render operation
-    if (this.curRenderOp?.shader !== targetShader) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Switching clipping rect will require a new render operation
-    if (compareRect(this.curRenderOp.clippingRect, clippingRect) === false) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Force new render operation if rendering to texture
-    // @todo: This needs to be improved, render operations could also be reused
-    // for rendering to texture
-    if (parentHasRenderTexture !== undefined || rtt !== undefined) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Check if the shader can batch the shader properties
-    if (
-      this.curRenderOp.shader !== this.defaultShader &&
-      (shaderProps === null ||
-        this.curRenderOp.shader.canBatchShaderProps(
-          this.curRenderOp.shaderProps,
-          shaderProps,
-        ) === false)
-    ) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // Render operation can be reused
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * add RenderOp to the render pipeline
-   */
-  addRenderOp(renderable: WebGlCoreRenderOp) {
-    this.renderOps.push(renderable);
-    this.curRenderOp = null;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Render the current set of RenderOps to render to the specified surface.
-   *
-   * TODO: 'screen' is the only supported surface at the moment.
-   *
-   * @param surface
-   */
-  render(surface: 'screen' | CoreContextTexture = 'screen'): void {
-    const { glw, quadBuffer } = this;
-
-    const arr = new Float32Array(quadBuffer, 0, this.curBufferIdx);
-
-    const buffer = this.quadBufferCollection.getBuffer('a_position') || null;
-    glw.arrayBufferData(buffer, arr, glw.STATIC_DRAW);
-
-    for (let i = 0, length = this.renderOps.length; i < length; i++) {
-      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
-      this.renderOps[i]!.draw();
-    }
-    this.quadBufferUsage = this.curBufferIdx * arr.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
-
-    // Calculate the size of each quad in bytes (4 vertices per quad) times the size of each vertex in bytes
-    const QUAD_SIZE_IN_BYTES = 4 * (6 * arr.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT); // 6 attributes per vertex
-    this.numQuadsRendered = this.quadBufferUsage / QUAD_SIZE_IN_BYTES;
-  }
-
-  getQuadCount(): number {
-    return this.numQuadsRendered;
-  }
-
-  renderToTexture(node: CoreNode) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rttNodes.length; i++) {
-      if (this.rttNodes[i] === node) {
-        return;
-      }
-    }
-
-    this.insertRTTNodeInOrder(node);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Inserts an RTT node into `this.rttNodes` while maintaining the correct rendering order based on hierarchy.
-   *
-   * Rendering order for RTT nodes is critical when nested RTT nodes exist in a parent-child relationship.
-   * Specifically:
-   *  - Child RTT nodes must be rendered before their RTT-enabled parents to ensure proper texture composition.
-   *  - If an RTT node is added and it has existing RTT children, it should be rendered after those children.
-   *
-   * This function addresses both cases by:
-   * 1. **Checking Upwards**: It traverses the node's hierarchy upwards to identify any RTT parent
-   *    already in `rttNodes`. If an RTT parent is found, the new node is placed before this parent.
-   * 2. **Checking Downwards**: It traverses the node’s children recursively to find any RTT-enabled
-   *    children that are already in `rttNodes`. If such children are found, the new node is inserted
-   *    after the last (highest index) RTT child node.
-   *
-   * The final calculated insertion index ensures the new node is positioned in `rttNodes` to respect
-   * both parent-before-child and child-before-parent rendering rules, preserving the correct order
-   * for the WebGL renderer.
-   *
-   * @param node - The RTT-enabled CoreNode to be added to `rttNodes` in the appropriate hierarchical position.
-   */
-  private insertRTTNodeInOrder(node: CoreNode) {
-    let insertIndex = this.rttNodes.length; // Default to the end of the array
-
-    // 1. Traverse upwards to ensure the node is placed before its RTT parent (if any).
-    let currentNode: CoreNode = node;
-    while (currentNode) {
-      if (!currentNode.parent) {
-        break;
-      }
-
-      const parentIndex = this.rttNodes.indexOf(currentNode.parent);
-      if (parentIndex !== -1) {
-        // Found an RTT parent in the list; set insertIndex to place node before the parent
-        insertIndex = parentIndex;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      currentNode = currentNode.parent;
-    }
-
-    // 2. Traverse downwards to ensure the node is placed after any RTT children.
-    // Look through each child recursively to see if any are already in rttNodes.
-    const maxChildIndex = this.findMaxChildRTTIndex(node);
-    if (maxChildIndex !== -1) {
-      // Adjust insertIndex to be after the last child RTT node
-      insertIndex = Math.max(insertIndex, maxChildIndex + 1);
-    }
-
-    // 3. Insert the node at the calculated position
-    this.rttNodes.splice(insertIndex, 0, node);
-  }
-
-  // Helper function to find the highest index of any RTT children of a node within rttNodes
-  private findMaxChildRTTIndex(node: CoreNode): number {
-    let maxIndex = -1;
-
-    const traverseChildren = (currentNode: CoreNode) => {
-      const currentIndex = this.rttNodes.indexOf(currentNode);
-      if (currentIndex !== -1) {
-        maxIndex = Math.max(maxIndex, currentIndex);
-      }
-
-      // Recursively check all children of the current node
-      for (const child of currentNode.children) {
-        traverseChildren(child);
-      }
-    };
-
-    // Start traversal directly with the provided node
-    traverseChildren(node);
-
-    return maxIndex;
-  }
-
-  renderRTTNodes() {
-    const { glw } = this;
-    const { txManager } = this.stage;
-
-    // Render all associated RTT nodes to their textures
-    for (let i = 0; i < this.rttNodes.length; i++) {
-      const node = this.rttNodes[i];
-
-      // Skip nodes that don't have RTT updates
-      if (node === undefined || node.hasRTTupdates === false) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // Skip nodes that are not visible
-      if (
-        node.worldAlpha === 0 ||
-        (node.strictBounds === true &&
-          node.renderState === CoreNodeRenderState.OutOfBounds)
-      ) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // Skip nodes that do not have a loaded texture
-      if (node.texture === null || node.texture.state !== 'loaded') {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      // Set the active RTT node to the current node
-      // So we can prevent rendering children of nested RTT nodes
-      this.activeRttNode = node;
-
-      assertTruthy(node.texture, 'RTT node missing texture');
-      const ctxTexture = node.texture.ctxTexture;
-      assertTruthy(ctxTexture instanceof WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture);
-      this.renderToTextureActive = true;
-
-      // Bind the the texture's framebuffer
-      glw.bindFramebuffer(ctxTexture.framebuffer);
-
-      glw.viewport(0, 0, ctxTexture.w, ctxTexture.h);
-      // Set the clear color to transparent
-      glw.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
-      glw.clear();
-
-      // Render all associated quads to the texture
-      for (let i = 0; i < node.children.length; i++) {
-        const child = node.children[i];
-
-        if (child === undefined) {
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        this.stage.addQuads(child);
-        child.hasRTTupdates = false;
-      }
-
-      // Render all associated quads to the texture
-      this.render();
-
-      // Reset render operations
-      this.renderOps.length = 0;
-      node.hasRTTupdates = false;
-    }
-
-    const clearColor = this.clearColor.normalized;
-    // Restore the default clear color
-    glw.clearColor(clearColor[0], clearColor[1], clearColor[2], clearColor[3]);
-
-    // Bind the default framebuffer
-    glw.bindFramebuffer(null);
-
-    glw.viewport(0, 0, this.glw.canvas.width, this.glw.canvas.height);
-    this.renderToTextureActive = false;
-  }
-
-  removeRTTNode(node: CoreNode) {
-    const index = this.rttNodes.indexOf(node);
-    if (index === -1) {
-      return;
-    }
-    this.rttNodes.splice(index, 1);
-  }
-
-  getBufferInfo(): BufferInfo | null {
-    const bufferInfo: BufferInfo = {
-      totalAvailable: this.stage.options.quadBufferSize,
-      totalUsed: this.quadBufferUsage,
-    };
-    return bufferInfo;
-  }
-
-  override getDefShaderCtr(): BaseShaderController {
-    return this.defShaderCtrl;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Updates the WebGL context's clear color and clears the color buffer.
-   *
-   * @param color - The color to set as the clear color, represented as a 32-bit integer.
-   */
-  updateClearColor(color: number) {
-    if (this.clearColor.raw === color) {
-      return;
-    }
-    const glw = this.glw;
-    const normalizedColor = getNormalizedRgbaComponents(color);
-    glw.clearColor(
-      normalizedColor[0],
-      normalizedColor[1],
-      normalizedColor[2],
-      normalizedColor[3],
-    );
-    this.clearColor = {
-      raw: color,
-      normalized: normalizedColor,
-    };
-    glw.clear();
-  }
-}
+/*
+ * If not stated otherwise in this file or this component's LICENSE file the
+ * following copyright and licenses apply:
+ *
+ * Copyright 2023 Comcast Cable Communications Management, LLC.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License);
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { assertTruthy, createWebGLContext, hasOwn } from '../../../utils.js';
+import {
+  CoreRenderer,
+  type BufferInfo,
+  type CoreRendererOptions,
+  type QuadOptions,
+} from '../CoreRenderer.js';
+import { WebGlCoreRenderOp } from './WebGlCoreRenderOp.js';
+import type { CoreContextTexture } from '../CoreContextTexture.js';
+import {
+  createIndexBuffer,
+  type CoreWebGlParameters,
+  type CoreWebGlExtensions,
+  getWebGlParameters,
+  getWebGlExtensions,
+  type WebGlColor,
+} from './internal/RendererUtils.js';
+import { WebGlCoreCtxTexture } from './WebGlCoreCtxTexture.js';
+import { Texture, TextureType } from '../../textures/Texture.js';
+import { SubTexture } from '../../textures/SubTexture.js';
+import { WebGlCoreCtxSubTexture } from './WebGlCoreCtxSubTexture.js';
+import { CoreShaderManager } from '../../CoreShaderManager.js';
+import { BufferCollection } from './internal/BufferCollection.js';
+import {
+  compareRect,
+  getNormalizedRgbaComponents,
+  type RectWithValid,
+} from '../../lib/utils.js';
+import type { Dimensions } from '../../../common/CommonTypes.js';
+import { WebGlCoreShader } from './WebGlCoreShader.js';
+import { WebGlContextWrapper } from '../../lib/WebGlContextWrapper.js';
+import { RenderTexture } from '../../textures/RenderTexture.js';
+import { CoreNodeRenderState, type CoreNode } from '../../CoreNode.js';
+import { WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture } from './WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture.js';
+import type { BaseShaderController } from '../../../main-api/ShaderController.js';
+
+const WORDS_PER_QUAD = 24;
+// const BYTES_PER_QUAD = WORDS_PER_QUAD * 4;
+
+export type WebGlCoreRendererOptions = CoreRendererOptions;
+
+interface CoreWebGlSystem {
+  parameters: CoreWebGlParameters;
+  extensions: CoreWebGlExtensions;
+}
+
+export class WebGlCoreRenderer extends CoreRenderer {
+  //// WebGL Native Context and Data
+  glw: WebGlContextWrapper;
+  system: CoreWebGlSystem;
+
+  //// Persistent data
+  quadBuffer: ArrayBuffer;
+  fQuadBuffer: Float32Array;
+  uiQuadBuffer: Uint32Array;
+  renderOps: WebGlCoreRenderOp[] = [];
+
+  //// Render Op / Buffer Filling State
+  curBufferIdx = 0;
+  curRenderOp: WebGlCoreRenderOp | null = null;
+  override rttNodes: CoreNode[] = [];
+  activeRttNode: CoreNode | null = null;
+
+  //// Default Shader
+  defShaderCtrl: BaseShaderController;
+  defaultShader: WebGlCoreShader;
+  quadBufferCollection: BufferCollection;
+
+  clearColor: WebGlColor = {
+    raw: 0x00000000,
+    normalized: [0, 0, 0, 0],
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * White pixel texture used by default when no texture is specified.
+   */
+
+  quadBufferUsage = 0;
+  numQuadsRendered = 0;
+  /**
+   * Whether the renderer is currently rendering to a texture.
+   */
+  public renderToTextureActive = false;
+
+  constructor(options: WebGlCoreRendererOptions) {
+    super(options);
+
+    this.quadBuffer = new ArrayBuffer(this.stage.options.quadBufferSize);
+    this.fQuadBuffer = new Float32Array(this.quadBuffer);
+    this.uiQuadBuffer = new Uint32Array(this.quadBuffer);
+
+    this.mode = 'webgl';
+
+    const { canvas, clearColor, bufferMemory } = options;
+
+    const gl = createWebGLContext(
+      canvas,
+      options.forceWebGL2,
+      options.contextSpy,
+    );
+    const glw = (this.glw = new WebGlContextWrapper(gl));
+    glw.viewport(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
+
+    this.updateClearColor(clearColor);
+
+    glw.setBlend(true);
+    glw.blendFunc(glw.ONE, glw.ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+
+    createIndexBuffer(glw, bufferMemory);
+
+    this.system = {
+      parameters: getWebGlParameters(this.glw),
+      extensions: getWebGlExtensions(this.glw),
+    };
+    this.shManager.renderer = this;
+    this.defShaderCtrl = this.shManager.loadShader('DefaultShader');
+    this.defaultShader = this.defShaderCtrl.shader as WebGlCoreShader;
+    const quadBuffer = glw.createBuffer();
+    assertTruthy(quadBuffer);
+    const stride = 6 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
+    this.quadBufferCollection = new BufferCollection([
+      {
+        buffer: quadBuffer,
+        attributes: {
+          a_position: {
+            name: 'a_position',
+            size: 2, // 2 components per iteration
+            type: glw.FLOAT, // the data is 32bit floats
+            normalized: false, // don't normalize the data
+            stride, // 0 = move forward size * sizeof(type) each iteration to get the next position
+            offset: 0, // start at the beginning of the buffer
+          },
+          a_textureCoordinate: {
+            name: 'a_textureCoordinate',
+            size: 2,
+            type: glw.FLOAT,
+            normalized: false,
+            stride,
+            offset: 2 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
+          },
+          a_color: {
+            name: 'a_color',
+            size: 4,
+            type: glw.UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+            normalized: true,
+            stride,
+            offset: 4 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
+          },
+          a_textureIndex: {
+            name: 'a_textureIndex',
+            size: 1,
+            type: glw.FLOAT,
+            normalized: false,
+            stride,
+            offset: 5 * Float32Array.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ]);
+  }
+
+  reset() {
+    const { glw } = this;
+    this.curBufferIdx = 0;
+    this.curRenderOp = null;
+    this.renderOps.length = 0;
+    glw.setScissorTest(false);
+    glw.clear();
+  }
+
+  override getShaderManager(): CoreShaderManager {
+    return this.shManager;
+  }
+
+  override createCtxTexture(textureSource: Texture): CoreContextTexture {
+    if (textureSource instanceof SubTexture) {
+      return new WebGlCoreCtxSubTexture(
+        this.glw,
+        this.txMemManager,
+        textureSource,
+      );
+    } else if (textureSource instanceof RenderTexture) {
+      return new WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture(
+        this.glw,
+        this.txMemManager,
+        textureSource,
+      );
+    }
+    return new WebGlCoreCtxTexture(this.glw, this.txMemManager, textureSource);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function adds a quad (a rectangle composed of two triangles) to the WebGL rendering pipeline.
+   *
+   * It takes a set of options that define the quad's properties, such as its dimensions, colors, texture, shader, and transformation matrix.
+   * The function first updates the shader properties with the current dimensions if necessary, then sets the default texture if none is provided.
+   * It then checks if a new render operation is needed, based on the current shader and clipping rectangle.
+   * If a new render operation is needed, it creates one and updates the current render operation.
+   * The function then adjusts the texture coordinates based on the texture options and adds the texture to the texture manager.
+   *
+   * Finally, it calculates the vertices for the quad, taking into account any transformations, and adds them to the quad buffer.
+   * The function updates the length and number of quads in the current render operation, and updates the current buffer index.
+   */
+  addQuad(params: QuadOptions) {
+    const { fQuadBuffer, uiQuadBuffer } = this;
+    let texture = params.texture;
+
+    assertTruthy(texture !== null, 'Texture is required');
+
+    /**
+     * If the shader props contain any automatic properties, update it with the
+     * current dimensions and or alpha that will be used to render the quad.
+     */
+    if (params.shaderProps !== null) {
+      if (hasOwn(params.shaderProps, '$dimensions') == true) {
+        const dimensions = params.shaderProps.$dimensions as Dimensions;
+        dimensions.width = params.width;
+        dimensions.height = params.height;
+      }
+
+      if (hasOwn(params.shaderProps, '$alpha') === true) {
+        params.shaderProps.$alpha = params.alpha;
+      }
+    }
+
+    let { curBufferIdx: bufferIdx, curRenderOp } = this;
+    const targetDims = { width: -1, height: -1 };
+    targetDims.width = params.width;
+    targetDims.height = params.height;
+
+    const targetShader =
+      (params.shader as WebGlCoreShader) || this.defaultShader;
+    assertTruthy(
+      targetShader.getUniformLocation !== undefined,
+      'Invalid WebGL shader',
+    );
+
+    if (this.reuseRenderOp(params) === false) {
+      this.newRenderOp(
+        targetShader,
+        params.shaderProps as Record<string, unknown>,
+        params.alpha,
+        targetDims,
+        params.clippingRect,
+        bufferIdx,
+        params.rtt,
+        params.parentHasRenderTexture,
+        params.framebufferDimensions,
+      );
+      curRenderOp = this.curRenderOp;
+      assertTruthy(curRenderOp);
+    }
+
+    let texCoordX1 = 0;
+    let texCoordY1 = 0;
+    let texCoordX2 = 1;
+    let texCoordY2 = 1;
+
+    if (texture.type === TextureType.subTexture) {
+      const {
+        x: tx,
+        y: ty,
+        width: tw,
+        height: th,
+      } = (texture as SubTexture).props;
+      const { width: parentW = 0, height: parentH = 0 } = (
+        texture as SubTexture
+      ).parentTexture.dimensions || { width: 0, height: 0 };
+      texCoordX1 = tx / parentW;
+      texCoordX2 = texCoordX1 + tw / parentW;
+      texCoordY1 = ty / parentH;
+      texCoordY2 = texCoordY1 + th / parentH;
+      texture = (texture as SubTexture).parentTexture;
+    }
+
+    if (
+      texture.type === TextureType.image &&
+      params.textureOptions !== null &&
+      params.textureOptions.resizeMode !== undefined &&
+      texture.dimensions !== null
+    ) {
+      const resizeMode = params.textureOptions.resizeMode;
+      const { width: tw, height: th } = texture.dimensions;
+      if (resizeMode.type === 'cover') {
+        const scaleX = params.width / tw;
+        const scaleY = params.height / th;
+        const scale = Math.max(scaleX, scaleY);
+        const precision = 1 / scale;
+        // Determine based on width
+        if (scale && scaleX && scaleX < scale) {
+          const desiredSize = precision * params.width;
+          texCoordX1 = (1 - desiredSize / tw) * (resizeMode.clipX ?? 0.5);
+          texCoordX2 = texCoordX1 + desiredSize / tw;
+        }
+        // Determine based on height
+        if (scale && scaleY && scaleY < scale) {
+          const desiredSize = precision * params.height;
+          texCoordY1 = (1 - desiredSize / th) * (resizeMode.clipY ?? 0.5);
+          texCoordY2 = texCoordY1 + desiredSize / th;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Flip texture coordinates if dictated by texture options
+    let flipY = 0;
+    if (params.textureOptions !== null) {
+      if (params.textureOptions.flipX === true) {
+        [texCoordX1, texCoordX2] = [texCoordX2, texCoordX1];
+      }
+
+      // convert to integer for bitwise operation below
+      flipY = +(params.textureOptions.flipY || false);
+    }
+
+    // Eitherone should be true
+    if (flipY ^ +(texture.type === TextureType.renderToTexture)) {
+      [texCoordY1, texCoordY2] = [texCoordY2, texCoordY1];
+    }
+
+    let ctxTexture = texture.ctxTexture as WebGlCoreCtxTexture;
+    if (ctxTexture === undefined) {
+      ctxTexture = this.stage.defaultTexture?.ctxTexture as WebGlCoreCtxTexture;
+      console.warn(
+        'WebGL Renderer: Texture does not have a ctxTexture, using default texture instead',
+      );
+    }
+
+    const textureIdx = this.addTexture(ctxTexture, bufferIdx);
+
+    assertTruthy(this.curRenderOp !== null);
+    if (params.renderCoords) {
+      // Upper-Left
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x1; // vertexX
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y1; // vertexY
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1; // texCoordX
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1; // texCoordY
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTl; // color
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx; // texIndex
+
+      // Upper-Right
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTr;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+
+      // Lower-Left
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x4;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y4;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBl;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+
+      // Lower-Right
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.x3;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.renderCoords.y3;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBr;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+    } else if (params.tb !== 0 || params.tc !== 0) {
+      // Upper-Left
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx; // vertexX
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty; // vertexY
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1; // texCoordX
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1; // texCoordY
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTl; // color
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx; // texIndex
+
+      // Upper-Right
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx + params.width * params.ta;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty + params.width * params.tc;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTr;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+
+      // Lower-Left
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx + params.height * params.tb;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty + params.height * params.td;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBl;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+
+      // Lower-Right
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] =
+        params.tx + params.width * params.ta + params.height * params.tb;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] =
+        params.ty + params.width * params.tc + params.height * params.td;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBr;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+    } else {
+      // Calculate the right corner of the quad
+      // multiplied by the scale
+      const rightCornerX = params.tx + params.width * params.ta;
+      const rightCornerY = params.ty + params.height * params.td;
+
+      // Upper-Left
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx; // vertexX
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty; // vertexY
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1; // texCoordX
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1; // texCoordY
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTl; // color
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx; // texIndex
+
+      // Upper-Right
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerX;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.ty;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY1;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorTr;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+
+      // Lower-Left
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.tx;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerY;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX1;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBl;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+
+      // Lower-Right
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerX;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = rightCornerY;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordX2;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = texCoordY2;
+      uiQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = params.colorBr;
+      fQuadBuffer[bufferIdx++] = textureIdx;
+    }
+    // Update the length of the current render op
+    this.curRenderOp.length += WORDS_PER_QUAD;
+    this.curRenderOp.numQuads++;
+    this.curBufferIdx = bufferIdx;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replace the existing RenderOp with a new one that uses the specified Shader
+   * and starts at the specified buffer index.
+   *
+   * @param shader
+   * @param bufferIdx
+   */
+  private newRenderOp(
+    shader: WebGlCoreShader,
+    shaderProps: Record<string, unknown>,
+    alpha: number,
+    dimensions: Dimensions,
+    clippingRect: RectWithValid,
+    bufferIdx: number,
+    renderToTexture?: boolean,
+    parentHasRenderTexture?: boolean,
+    framebufferDimensions?: Dimensions,
+  ) {
+    const curRenderOp = new WebGlCoreRenderOp(
+      this.glw,
+      this.options,
+      this.quadBufferCollection,
+      shader,
+      shaderProps,
+      alpha,
+      clippingRect,
+      dimensions,
+      bufferIdx,
+      0, // Z-Index is only used for explictly added Render Ops
+      renderToTexture,
+      parentHasRenderTexture,
+      framebufferDimensions,
+    );
+    this.curRenderOp = curRenderOp;
+    this.renderOps.push(curRenderOp);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a texture to the current RenderOp. If the texture cannot be added to the
+   * current RenderOp, a new RenderOp will be created and the texture will be added
+   * to that one.
+   *
+   * If the texture cannot be added to the new RenderOp, an error will be thrown.
+   *
+   * @param texture
+   * @param bufferIdx
+   * @param recursive
+   * @returns Assigned Texture Index of the texture in the render op
+   */
+  private addTexture(
+    texture: WebGlCoreCtxTexture,
+    bufferIdx: number,
+    recursive?: boolean,
+  ): number {
+    const { curRenderOp } = this;
+    assertTruthy(curRenderOp);
+    const textureIdx = curRenderOp.addTexture(texture);
+    // TODO: Refactor to be more DRY
+    if (textureIdx === 0xffffffff) {
+      if (recursive) {
+        throw new Error('Unable to add texture to render op');
+      }
+
+      this.newRenderOp(
+        curRenderOp.shader,
+        curRenderOp.shaderProps,
+        curRenderOp.alpha,
+        curRenderOp.dimensions,
+        curRenderOp.clippingRect,
+        bufferIdx,
+      );
+      return this.addTexture(texture, bufferIdx, true);
+    }
+    return textureIdx;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test if the current Render operation can be reused for the specified parameters.
+   * @param params
+   * @returns
+   */
+  reuseRenderOp(params: QuadOptions): boolean {
+    const { shader, shaderProps, parentHasRenderTexture, rtt, clippingRect } =
+      params;
+
+    const targetShader = shader || this.defaultShader;
+
+    // Switching shader program will require a new render operation
+    if (this.curRenderOp?.shader !== targetShader) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Switching clipping rect will require a new render operation
+    if (compareRect(this.curRenderOp.clippingRect, clippingRect) === false) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Force new render operation if rendering to texture
+    // @todo: This needs to be improved, render operations could also be reused
+    // for rendering to texture
+    if (parentHasRenderTexture !== undefined || rtt !== undefined) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Check if the shader can batch the shader properties
+    if (
+      this.curRenderOp.shader !== this.defaultShader &&
+      (shaderProps === null ||
+        this.curRenderOp.shader.canBatchShaderProps(
+          this.curRenderOp.shaderProps,
+          shaderProps,
+        ) === false)
+    ) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Render operation can be reused
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * add RenderOp to the render pipeline
+   */
+  addRenderOp(renderable: WebGlCoreRenderOp) {
+    this.renderOps.push(renderable);
+    this.curRenderOp = null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Render the current set of RenderOps to render to the specified surface.
+   *
+   * TODO: 'screen' is the only supported surface at the moment.
+   *
+   * @param surface
+   */
+  render(surface: 'screen' | CoreContextTexture = 'screen'): void {
+    const { glw, quadBuffer } = this;
+
+    const arr = new Float32Array(quadBuffer, 0, this.curBufferIdx);
+
+    const buffer = this.quadBufferCollection.getBuffer('a_position') || null;
+    glw.arrayBufferData(buffer, arr, glw.STATIC_DRAW);
+
+    for (let i = 0, length = this.renderOps.length; i < length; i++) {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      this.renderOps[i]!.draw();
+    }
+    this.quadBufferUsage = this.curBufferIdx * arr.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;
+
+    // Calculate the size of each quad in bytes (4 vertices per quad) times the size of each vertex in bytes
+    const QUAD_SIZE_IN_BYTES = 4 * (6 * arr.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT); // 6 attributes per vertex
+    this.numQuadsRendered = this.quadBufferUsage / QUAD_SIZE_IN_BYTES;
+  }
+
+  getQuadCount(): number {
+    return this.numQuadsRendered;
+  }
+
+  renderToTexture(node: CoreNode) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rttNodes.length; i++) {
+      if (this.rttNodes[i] === node) {
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.insertRTTNodeInOrder(node);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Inserts an RTT node into `this.rttNodes` while maintaining the correct rendering order based on hierarchy.
+   *
+   * Rendering order for RTT nodes is critical when nested RTT nodes exist in a parent-child relationship.
+   * Specifically:
+   *  - Child RTT nodes must be rendered before their RTT-enabled parents to ensure proper texture composition.
+   *  - If an RTT node is added and it has existing RTT children, it should be rendered after those children.
+   *
+   * This function addresses both cases by:
+   * 1. **Checking Upwards**: It traverses the node's hierarchy upwards to identify any RTT parent
+   *    already in `rttNodes`. If an RTT parent is found, the new node is placed before this parent.
+   * 2. **Checking Downwards**: It traverses the node’s children recursively to find any RTT-enabled
+   *    children that are already in `rttNodes`. If such children are found, the new node is inserted
+   *    after the last (highest index) RTT child node.
+   *
+   * The final calculated insertion index ensures the new node is positioned in `rttNodes` to respect
+   * both parent-before-child and child-before-parent rendering rules, preserving the correct order
+   * for the WebGL renderer.
+   *
+   * @param node - The RTT-enabled CoreNode to be added to `rttNodes` in the appropriate hierarchical position.
+   */
+  private insertRTTNodeInOrder(node: CoreNode) {
+    let insertIndex = this.rttNodes.length; // Default to the end of the array
+
+    // 1. Traverse upwards to ensure the node is placed before its RTT parent (if any).
+    let currentNode: CoreNode = node;
+    while (currentNode) {
+      if (!currentNode.parent) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      const parentIndex = this.rttNodes.indexOf(currentNode.parent);
+      if (parentIndex !== -1) {
+        // Found an RTT parent in the list; set insertIndex to place node before the parent
+        insertIndex = parentIndex;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      currentNode = currentNode.parent;
+    }
+
+    // 2. Traverse downwards to ensure the node is placed after any RTT children.
+    // Look through each child recursively to see if any are already in rttNodes.
+    const maxChildIndex = this.findMaxChildRTTIndex(node);
+    if (maxChildIndex !== -1) {
+      // Adjust insertIndex to be after the last child RTT node
+      insertIndex = Math.max(insertIndex, maxChildIndex + 1);
+    }
+
+    // 3. Insert the node at the calculated position
+    this.rttNodes.splice(insertIndex, 0, node);
+  }
+
+  // Helper function to find the highest index of any RTT children of a node within rttNodes
+  private findMaxChildRTTIndex(node: CoreNode): number {
+    let maxIndex = -1;
+
+    const traverseChildren = (currentNode: CoreNode) => {
+      const currentIndex = this.rttNodes.indexOf(currentNode);
+      if (currentIndex !== -1) {
+        maxIndex = Math.max(maxIndex, currentIndex);
+      }
+
+      // Recursively check all children of the current node
+      for (const child of currentNode.children) {
+        traverseChildren(child);
+      }
+    };
+
+    // Start traversal directly with the provided node
+    traverseChildren(node);
+
+    return maxIndex;
+  }
+
+  renderRTTNodes() {
+    const { glw } = this;
+    const { txManager } = this.stage;
+
+    // Render all associated RTT nodes to their textures
+    for (let i = 0; i < this.rttNodes.length; i++) {
+      const node = this.rttNodes[i];
+
+      // Skip nodes that don't have RTT updates
+      if (node === undefined || node.hasRTTupdates === false) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Skip nodes that are not visible
+      if (
+        node.worldAlpha === 0 ||
+        (node.strictBounds === true &&
+          node.renderState === CoreNodeRenderState.OutOfBounds)
+      ) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Skip nodes that do not have a loaded texture
+      if (node.texture === null || node.texture.state !== 'loaded') {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Set the active RTT node to the current node
+      // So we can prevent rendering children of nested RTT nodes
+      this.activeRttNode = node;
+
+      assertTruthy(node.texture, 'RTT node missing texture');
+      const ctxTexture = node.texture.ctxTexture;
+      assertTruthy(ctxTexture instanceof WebGlCoreCtxRenderTexture);
+      this.renderToTextureActive = true;
+
+      // Bind the the texture's framebuffer
+      glw.bindFramebuffer(ctxTexture.framebuffer);
+
+      glw.viewport(0, 0, ctxTexture.w, ctxTexture.h);
+      // Set the clear color to transparent
+      glw.clearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
+      glw.clear();
+
+      // Render all associated quads to the texture
+      for (let i = 0; i < node.children.length; i++) {
+        const child = node.children[i];
+
+        if (child === undefined) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        this.stage.addQuads(child);
+        child.hasRTTupdates = false;
+      }
+
+      // Render all associated quads to the texture
+      this.render();
+
+      // Reset render operations
+      this.renderOps.length = 0;
+      node.hasRTTupdates = false;
+    }
+
+    const clearColor = this.clearColor.normalized;
+    // Restore the default clear color
+    glw.clearColor(clearColor[0], clearColor[1], clearColor[2], clearColor[3]);
+
+    // Bind the default framebuffer
+    glw.bindFramebuffer(null);
+
+    glw.viewport(0, 0, this.glw.canvas.width, this.glw.canvas.height);
+    this.renderToTextureActive = false;
+  }
+
+  removeRTTNode(node: CoreNode) {
+    const index = this.rttNodes.indexOf(node);
+    if (index === -1) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this.rttNodes.splice(index, 1);
+  }
+
+  getBufferInfo(): BufferInfo | null {
+    const bufferInfo: BufferInfo = {
+      totalAvailable: this.stage.options.quadBufferSize,
+      totalUsed: this.quadBufferUsage,
+    };
+    return bufferInfo;
+  }
+
+  override getDefShaderCtr(): BaseShaderController {
+    return this.defShaderCtrl;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Updates the WebGL context's clear color and clears the color buffer.
+   *
+   * @param color - The color to set as the clear color, represented as a 32-bit integer.
+   */
+  updateClearColor(color: number) {
+    if (this.clearColor.raw === color) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const glw = this.glw;
+    const normalizedColor = getNormalizedRgbaComponents(color);
+    glw.clearColor(
+      normalizedColor[0],
+      normalizedColor[1],
+      normalizedColor[2],
+      normalizedColor[3],
+    );
+    this.clearColor = {
+      raw: color,
+      normalized: normalizedColor,
+    };
+    glw.clear();
+  }
+}