@forgeax/engine-render 0.1.27 → 0.1.29

package/src/__tests__/gpu-driven-pbr.dawn.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1417 @@
+import { World } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs';
+import { createRenderReadLease } from '@forgeax/engine-ecs/projection';
+import {
+  deriveVertexBufferLayoutFromProjection,
+  deriveVertexLayoutProjection,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-geometry';
+import { RenderGraphBuilder } from '@forgeax/engine-render-graph';
+import type { RhiDevice, ShaderModule } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { createShaderModule, rhi } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi-webgpu';
+import {
+  createStandardPbrArtifactReceipt,
+  type MaterialShaderArtifact,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-shader';
+import { ok } from '@forgeax/engine-types';
+import { buildEngineShaderManifest } from '@forgeax/engine-vite-plugin-shader';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { gpuDrivenDrawKey, gpuDrivenShadowDrawKey } from '../extract/gpu-driven';
+import { type GpuDrivenPbrProgram, standardPbrProgramKey } from '../gpu-driven/pbr-program';
+import { GpuDrivenProduction } from '../gpu-driven/production-raster';
+import { shadowViewRasterAccesses } from '../gpu-driven/shadow-views';
+import { GPU_DRIVEN_VIEW_WGSL } from '../gpu-driven/view-gpu';
+import { GpuBuffer } from '../gpu-resource';
+import {
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX,
+} from '../gpu-usage';
+import {
+  buildGpuDrivenPbrInstancesBindGroupLayout,
+  buildGpuDrivenPbrPipelineLayout,
+  buildPbrPipelineLayouts,
+} from '../pbr-pipeline';
+import { makeZeroCameraFallbackSnapshot, worldEntityKey } from '../record/frame-snapshot';
+import {
+  type GpuDrivenShadowBatch,
+  type GpuDrivenShadowSubmission,
+  recordGpuDrivenShadowIndirect,
+} from '../record/shadow-pass';
+import { writeViewUbo } from '../record/view-ubo';
+import type { RenderPipelineFrame } from '../render-pipeline';
+import type {
+  ExtractedFrame,
+  MaterialSnapshot,
+  RenderableSnapshot,
+} from '../render-system-extract';
+import { PersistentRenderScene } from '../scene/render-scene';
+
+const STANDARD_PBR_RECEIPT = createStandardPbrArtifactReceipt();
+const ENGINE_SHADER_MANIFEST = await buildEngineShaderManifest();
+const STANDARD_PBR_PRODUCER = ENGINE_SHADER_MANIFEST.materialShaders.find(
+  ({ identifier }) => identifier === 'forgeax::default-standard-pbr',
+);
+const STANDARD_PBR_GPU_VARIANT = STANDARD_PBR_PRODUCER?.variants.find(
+  ({ defines }) =>
+    defines.STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE === true &&
+    defines.GPU_DRIVEN_SCENE_INDEX_AVAILABLE === true &&
+    defines.CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.VERTEX_COLOR_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.PROBE_BLEND_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.EXTENDED_LIGHTING_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.TRANSMISSION_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.DIRECTIONAL_PCSS_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.PROJECTOR_AVAILABLE === false,
+);
+const STANDARD_PBR_COLORED_GPU_VARIANT = STANDARD_PBR_PRODUCER?.variants.find(
+  ({ defines }) =>
+    defines.STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE === true &&
+    defines.GPU_DRIVEN_SCENE_INDEX_AVAILABLE === true &&
+    defines.CLUSTER_FORWARD_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.VERTEX_COLOR_AVAILABLE === true &&
+    defines.PROBE_BLEND_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.EXTENDED_LIGHTING_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.TRANSMISSION_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.DIRECTIONAL_PCSS_AVAILABLE === false &&
+    defines.PROJECTOR_AVAILABLE === false,
+);
+const STANDARD_PBR_COLORED_RECEIPT = createStandardPbrArtifactReceipt(false, true);
+const SHADOW_CASTER_PRODUCER = ENGINE_SHADER_MANIFEST.materialShaders.find(
+  ({ identifier }) => identifier === 'forgeax::default-shadow-caster',
+);
+const SHADOW_CASTER_GPU_ALPHA_VARIANT = SHADOW_CASTER_PRODUCER?.variants.find(
+  ({ defines }) =>
+    defines.STORAGE_BUFFER_AVAILABLE === true &&
+    defines.SKINNING_DISABLED === true &&
+    defines.GPU_DRIVEN_SCENE_INDEX_AVAILABLE === true &&
+    defines.GPU_DRIVEN_SCENE_INDEX_EXPLICIT === false &&
+    defines.ALPHA_MASK === true,
+);
+
+// The local/native evidence window remains 300 frames. CI already sets the
+// Dawn lightweight profile for this roster; keep the same assertions while
+// bounding the repeated submit/readback loop so one fixture cannot dominate
+// the shared runner's critical path.
+const STABLE_FRAME_COUNT = process.env.FORGEAX_DAWN_LIGHTWEIGHT === '1' ? 12 : 300;
+
+function alphaMaskSnapshot(
+  coordinateSet: 1 | 7 | undefined,
+  vertexColorAvailable = false,
+): RenderableSnapshot {
+  const receipt = vertexColorAvailable ? STANDARD_PBR_COLORED_RECEIPT : STANDARD_PBR_RECEIPT;
+  const material = {
+    baseColor: new Float32Array([1, 1, 1]),
+    metallic: 0,
+    roughness: 1,
+    materialHandle: 7,
+    materialShaderId: 'forgeax::default-standard-pbr',
+    // The fixture binds one white texture view across the reserved texture
+    // region. Keep the normal lane explicitly flat so the alpha-mask pixel
+    // assertion isolates scene-row material selection instead of sampling a
+    // white (1,1,1) normal map.
+    paramSnapshot: { alphaCutoff: 0.5, normalScale: 0 },
+    textureHandles: new Map([['baseColorTexture', 1]]) as never,
+    samplerHandles: new Map([['baseColorTexture', 2]]) as never,
+    ...(coordinateSet !== undefined
+      ? {
+          textureCoordinates: new Map([
+            [
+              'baseColorTexture',
+              {
+                set: coordinateSet,
+                transform: { offset: [0.8, 0.1], scale: [0.5, 0.5], rotation: Math.PI / 2 },
+              },
+            ],
+          ]),
+        }
+      : {}),
+  } as unknown as MaterialSnapshot;
+  const world = new Float32Array(16);
+  world[0] = 1;
+  world[5] = 1;
+  world[10] = 1;
+  world[15] = 1;
+  return {
+    assetHandle: 3,
+    transform: { world },
+    localAabb: new Float32Array([-1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1]),
+    material,
+    materials: [material],
+    materialBindingSources: ['engine-default'],
+    worldId: 0,
+    entityKey: 1,
+    gpuDrivenDraws: [
+      {
+        kind: 'indexed',
+        first: 0,
+        count: 3,
+        baseVertex: 0,
+        materialSlot: 0,
+        topology: 'triangle-list',
+        pipelineClass: 'forgeax::default-standard-pbr|triangle-list|rigid',
+        materialResourceClass: 'standard-pbr-resources',
+        prepared: {
+          identity: {
+            material: 'forgeax::default-standard-pbr',
+            geometry: 'triangle',
+            deformation: 'rigid',
+          },
+          receiptGeneration: receipt.generation,
+          directEntry: receipt.directEntry,
+          sceneIndexEntry: receipt.sceneIndexEntry,
+          materialRow: receipt.materialRow,
+          resourceSlots: receipt.resourceSlots,
+          uvSets: receipt.uvSets,
+          vertexInputs: receipt.vertexInputs,
+          alphaMask: receipt.alphaMask,
+          skinPaletteAddress: receipt.skinPaletteAddress,
+          topology: 'triangle-list',
+          indexed: true,
+          first: 0,
+          count: 3,
+          baseVertex: 0,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+}
+
+function mesh(device: RhiDevice, coordinateSet: 1 | 7 | undefined, vertexColorAvailable = false) {
+  const secondaryUv = coordinateSet === 7 ? 0.1 : 0.8;
+  const vertexStride = vertexColorAvailable ? 80 : 64;
+  const vertex = device
+    .createBuffer({
+      size: vertexStride * 3,
+      usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+  const index = device
+    .createBuffer({
+      size: 8,
+      usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+  device.queue
+    .writeBuffer(
+      vertex,
+      0,
+      new Float32Array([
+        -0.8,
+        -0.8,
+        -2,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+        0.1,
+        0.1,
+        1,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+        secondaryUv,
+        secondaryUv,
+        0.8,
+        0.8,
+        ...(vertexColorAvailable ? [1, 0, 0, 1] : []),
+        0.8,
+        -0.8,
+        -2,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+        0.1,
+        0.1,
+        1,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+        secondaryUv,
+        secondaryUv,
+        0.8,
+        0.8,
+        ...(vertexColorAvailable ? [1, 0, 0, 1] : []),
+        0,
+        0.8,
+        -2,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+        0.1,
+        0.1,
+        1,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+        secondaryUv,
+        secondaryUv,
+        0.8,
+        0.8,
+        ...(vertexColorAvailable ? [1, 0, 0, 1] : []),
+      ]),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+  // Dawn requires queue.writeBuffer payloads to be four-byte aligned; the
+  // fourth index is padding because the indirect draw consumes only three.
+  device.queue.writeBuffer(index, 0, new Uint16Array([0, 1, 2, 0])).unwrap();
+  return {
+    vertexBuffer: new GpuBuffer(device, vertex),
+    indexBuffer: new GpuBuffer(device, index),
+    vboBytes: vertexStride * 3,
+    iboBytes: 8,
+    indexCount: 3,
+    indexFormat: 'uint16' as const,
+    layout: '12F' as const,
+    layoutProjection: deriveVertexLayoutProjection({
+      position: new Float32Array(9),
+      normal: new Float32Array(9),
+      uv: new Float32Array(6),
+      tangent: new Float32Array(12),
+      uv1: new Float32Array(6),
+      uv7: new Float32Array(6),
+      ...(vertexColorAvailable ? { color: new Float32Array(12) } : {}),
+    }),
+    uvSetCount: 8,
+    vertexCount: 3,
+    indexed: true,
+    topology: 'triangle-list' as const,
+    submeshes: [
+      {
+        indexOffset: 0,
+        indexCount: 3,
+        vertexCount: 3,
+        materialSlot: 0,
+        topology: 'triangle-list' as const,
+      },
+    ],
+  };
+}
+
+describe('GPU-driven production PBR Dawn regression', () => {
+  it.each([
+    { coordinateSet: undefined, vertexColorAvailable: false },
+    { coordinateSet: 1, vertexColorAvailable: false },
+    { coordinateSet: 7, vertexColorAvailable: true },
+  ] as const)('admits Alpha Mask into main and shadow production plans (transformed UV set=$coordinateSet, vertex color=$vertexColorAvailable)', async ({
+    coordinateSet,
+    vertexColorAvailable,
+  }) => {
+    const transformed = coordinateSet !== undefined;
+    const standardPbrGpuVariant = vertexColorAvailable
+      ? STANDARD_PBR_COLORED_GPU_VARIANT
+      : STANDARD_PBR_GPU_VARIANT;
+    const defaultGpuVariant = STANDARD_PBR_GPU_VARIANT;
+    const adapter = (await rhi.requestAdapter()).unwrap();
+    const device = (await adapter.requestDevice()).unwrap();
+    expect(STANDARD_PBR_PRODUCER).toBeDefined();
+    if (STANDARD_PBR_PRODUCER === undefined) return;
+    expect(standardPbrGpuVariant).toBeDefined();
+    if (standardPbrGpuVariant === undefined) return;
+    expect(standardPbrGpuVariant.defines.GPU_DRIVEN_SCENE_INDEX_AVAILABLE).toBe(true);
+    if (vertexColorAvailable) {
+      expect(defaultGpuVariant).toBeDefined();
+      if (defaultGpuVariant === undefined) return;
+    }
+    // Compile the exact cooked Standard PBR scene-index producer variant on
+    // native Dawn. This is the same manifest branch selected by the renderer
+    // for the storage-backed GPU-driven lane, including its production material
+    // ABI and Alpha Mask discard path.
+    const producerShader = await createShaderModule(device, {
+      code: standardPbrGpuVariant.composedWgsl,
+      label: `standard-pbr-gpu-driven-producer-alpha-mask${vertexColorAvailable ? '-vertex-color' : ''}`,
+    });
+    expect(producerShader.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!producerShader.ok) return;
+    const defaultProducerShader = vertexColorAvailable
+      ? await createShaderModule(device, {
+          code: defaultGpuVariant?.composedWgsl ?? '',
+          label: 'standard-pbr-gpu-driven-producer-alpha-mask-default',
+        })
+      : producerShader;
+    expect(defaultProducerShader.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!defaultProducerShader.ok) return;
+    expect(SHADOW_CASTER_PRODUCER).toBeDefined();
+    expect(SHADOW_CASTER_GPU_ALPHA_VARIANT).toBeDefined();
+    if (SHADOW_CASTER_GPU_ALPHA_VARIANT === undefined) return;
+    const shadowCasterShader = (
+      await createShaderModule(device, {
+        code: SHADOW_CASTER_GPU_ALPHA_VARIANT.composedWgsl,
+        label: 'shadow-caster-gpu-driven-producer-alpha-mask',
+      })
+    ).unwrap();
+    expect(STANDARD_PBR_RECEIPT.alphaMask).toEqual({
+      cutoff: 'alphaCutoff',
+      source: 'baseColor.a',
+    });
+    const viewShader = (
+      await createShaderModule(device, { code: GPU_DRIVEN_VIEW_WGSL, label: 'gpu-driven-view' })
+    ).unwrap();
+    const pbrLayouts = buildPbrPipelineLayouts(device, {
+      storageBuffer: true,
+      extendedLighting: false,
+      projectorAvailable: false,
+    });
+    const instancesLayout = buildGpuDrivenPbrInstancesBindGroupLayout(device, {
+      storageBuffer: true,
+    });
+    const pipelineLayout = buildGpuDrivenPbrPipelineLayout(device, pbrLayouts, instancesLayout);
+    const viewLayout = pbrLayouts.viewBgl;
+    const materialLayout = pbrLayouts.materialBgl;
+    const meshLayout = pbrLayouts.meshArrayBgl;
+    const viewUniform = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 4096,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const shadowViewUniform = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 4096,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const directionalCascadeUniform = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const pointCascadeUniform = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const spotCascadeUniform = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const viewDepthTexture = device
+      .createTexture({
+        label: 'gpu-driven-alpha-mask.view-depth',
+        format: 'depth32float',
+        size: { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+        usage: 0x14,
+        dimension: '2d',
+        textureBindingViewDimension: undefined,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const pointShadowTexture = device
+      .createTexture({
+        label: 'gpu-driven-alpha-mask.point-shadow-depth',
+        format: 'depth32float',
+        size: { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 6 },
+        usage: 0x14,
+        dimension: '2d',
+        textureBindingViewDimension: 'cube-array',
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const viewDepth = device.createTextureView(viewDepthTexture, { dimension: '2d' }).unwrap();
+    const pointShadowDepth = device
+      .createTextureView(pointShadowTexture, { dimension: 'cube-array' })
+      .unwrap();
+    const comparisonSampler = device.createSampler({ compare: 'less' }).unwrap();
+    const viewBindGroup = device
+      .createBindGroup({
+        layout: viewLayout,
+        entries: [
+          { binding: 0, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: viewUniform } } },
+          { binding: 3, resource: { kind: 'textureView', value: viewDepth } },
+          { binding: 4, resource: { kind: 'sampler', value: comparisonSampler } },
+          { binding: 5, resource: { kind: 'textureView', value: pointShadowDepth } },
+          { binding: 6, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: viewUniform } } },
+          { binding: 7, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: viewUniform } } },
+          { binding: 8, resource: { kind: 'textureView', value: viewDepth } },
+          { binding: 10, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: viewUniform } } },
+        ],
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const createShadowViewBindGroup = (cascadeBuffer: typeof directionalCascadeUniform) =>
+      device
+        .createBindGroup({
+          layout: viewLayout,
+          entries: [
+            { binding: 0, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: shadowViewUniform } } },
+            { binding: 3, resource: { kind: 'textureView', value: viewDepth } },
+            { binding: 4, resource: { kind: 'sampler', value: comparisonSampler } },
+            { binding: 5, resource: { kind: 'textureView', value: pointShadowDepth } },
+            { binding: 6, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: shadowViewUniform } } },
+            { binding: 7, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: cascadeBuffer } } },
+            { binding: 8, resource: { kind: 'textureView', value: viewDepth } },
+            { binding: 10, resource: { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer: shadowViewUniform } } },
+          ],
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    const directionalShadowViewBindGroup = createShadowViewBindGroup(directionalCascadeUniform);
+    const pointShadowViewBindGroup = createShadowViewBindGroup(pointCascadeUniform);
+    const spotShadowViewBindGroup = createShadowViewBindGroup(spotCascadeUniform);
+    const camera = makeZeroCameraFallbackSnapshot();
+    const identityLightMatrix = new Float32Array(16);
+    identityLightMatrix[0] = 1;
+    identityLightMatrix[5] = 1;
+    identityLightMatrix[10] = 1;
+    identityLightMatrix[15] = 1;
+    writeViewUbo(
+      device.queue,
+      viewUniform,
+      camera,
+      {
+        kind: 'directional',
+        // The triangle faces +Z; choose a light direction whose incoming
+        // vector (`-view.lightDir`) illuminates that normal so the opaque
+        // readback proves the fragment path rather than a black fixture.
+        direction: new Float32Array([0, 0, -1]) as never,
+        color: new Float32Array([1, 1, 1]) as never,
+        intensity: 1,
+      },
+      { lightViewProj: [identityLightMatrix] } as never,
+      [],
+    );
+    const shadowLightMatrix = new Float32Array(identityLightMatrix);
+    shadowLightMatrix[14] = 2;
+    writeViewUbo(
+      device.queue,
+      shadowViewUniform,
+      camera,
+      {
+        kind: 'directional',
+        direction: new Float32Array([0, 0, -1]) as never,
+        color: new Float32Array([1, 1, 1]) as never,
+        intensity: 1,
+      },
+      { lightViewProj: [shadowLightMatrix] } as never,
+      [],
+    );
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(directionalCascadeUniform, 0, new Uint32Array([0, 0, 0, 0])).unwrap();
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(pointCascadeUniform, 0, new Uint32Array([0, 0, 0, 0])).unwrap();
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(spotCascadeUniform, 0, new Uint32Array([0, 1, 0, 0])).unwrap();
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(spotCascadeUniform, 16, shadowLightMatrix).unwrap();
+    const opaqueMaterialBuffer = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 512,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const discardedMaterialBuffer = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 512,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const opaqueBaseColorTexture = device
+      .createTexture({
+        label: 'gpu-driven-alpha-mask.opaque-base-color',
+        format: 'rgba8unorm',
+        size: { width: transformed ? 4 : 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+        usage: 0x06,
+        dimension: '2d',
+        textureBindingViewDimension: undefined,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const discardedBaseColorTexture = device
+      .createTexture({
+        label: 'gpu-driven-alpha-mask.discarded-base-color',
+        format: 'rgba8unorm',
+        size: { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+        usage: 0x06,
+        dimension: '2d',
+        textureBindingViewDimension: undefined,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const opaqueBaseColorView = device
+      .createTextureView(opaqueBaseColorTexture, {
+        dimension: '2d',
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const discardedBaseColorView = device
+      .createTextureView(discardedBaseColorTexture, {
+        dimension: '2d',
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const materialCubeTexture = device
+      .createTexture({
+        label: 'gpu-driven-alpha-mask.material-fallback-cube',
+        format: 'rgba8unorm',
+        size: { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 6 },
+        usage: 0x06,
+        dimension: '2d',
+        textureBindingViewDimension: 'cube',
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const materialCubeView = device
+      .createTextureView(materialCubeTexture, { dimension: 'cube' })
+      .unwrap();
+    const baseColorSampler = device
+      .createSampler({ magFilter: 'nearest', minFilter: 'nearest' })
+      .unwrap();
+    expect(
+      device.queue.writeTexture(
+        { texture: opaqueBaseColorTexture },
+        // Only transformed UV1 reaches the opaque texel. UV0, ignoring
+        // rotation, or ignoring the offset each reaches a transparent texel.
+        new Uint8Array(
+          transformed
+            ? [255, 255, 255, 0, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 0, 255, 255, 255, 0]
+            : [255, 255, 255, 255],
+        ),
+        { bytesPerRow: transformed ? 16 : 4, rowsPerImage: 1 },
+        { width: transformed ? 4 : 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+      ).ok,
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(
+      device.queue.writeTexture(
+        { texture: discardedBaseColorTexture },
+        new Uint8Array([255, 255, 255, 64]),
+        { bytesPerRow: 4, rowsPerImage: 1 },
+        { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+      ).ok,
+    ).toBe(true);
+    device.queue.writeBuffer(opaqueMaterialBuffer, 0, new Float32Array([1, 1, 1, 1, 0.5])).unwrap();
+    device.queue
+      .writeBuffer(discardedMaterialBuffer, 0, new Float32Array([1, 1, 1, 0.25, 0.5]))
+      .unwrap();
+    const source = alphaMaskSnapshot(coordinateSet, vertexColorAvailable);
+    const persistentWorld = new World();
+    const persistentLease = createRenderReadLease(persistentWorld);
+    const persistentScene = new PersistentRenderScene({ getDevice: () => device });
+    const persistentFrame = {
+      cameras: [makeZeroCameraFallbackSnapshot()],
+      auxiliaryCameras: [],
+      cubeCameras: [],
+      lights: { directional: undefined, directionalCount: 0, point: [], spot: [] },
+      environment: undefined,
+      environmentReady: true,
+      renderables: [source],
+      dispatch: [],
+      shadowCasterEntityKeys: new Set<number>(),
+      shadowCasterDrawKeys: new Set<string>(),
+      skylight: undefined,
+      skylightCount: 0,
+      skybox: undefined,
+      skyboxCount: 0,
+      fog: undefined,
+      frustumStats: { culled: 0, total: 1 },
+      visibilityStats: { explicitlyHidden: 0 },
+      postProcessParams: new Map(),
+      visibilitySnapshots: [],
+      featureVisibilitySnapshots: [],
+      hiddenEntityReports: [],
+    } as unknown as ExtractedFrame;
+    persistentScene.extractComposition(
+      [persistentWorld],
+      { cameraOwner: 0, resourceOwner: 0 },
+      0,
+      () => persistentFrame,
+      [persistentLease],
+    );
+    const initialGpuState = persistentScene.compositionGpuDrivenState();
+    expect(initialGpuState).toBeDefined();
+    if (initialGpuState === undefined) return;
+    const projection = persistentScene.compositionSlots();
+    const scene = initialGpuState.scene;
+    const structureMetrics = initialGpuState.structureMetrics;
+    if (structureMetrics === undefined) return;
+    expect(structureMetrics).toEqual({
+      worldEntitiesScanned: 1,
+      sceneTableUploadBytes: expect.any(Number),
+      paletteUploadBytes: 0,
+    });
+    const createMaterialEntries = (
+      materialBuffer: typeof opaqueMaterialBuffer,
+      baseColorView: typeof opaqueBaseColorView,
+    ) => [
+      { binding: 0, resource: { kind: 'buffer' as const, value: { buffer: materialBuffer } } },
+      ...Array.from({ length: 7 }, (_, index) => [
+        {
+          binding: index * 2 + 1,
+          resource: { kind: 'sampler' as const, value: baseColorSampler },
+        },
+        {
+          binding: index * 2 + 2,
+          resource: { kind: 'textureView' as const, value: baseColorView },
+        },
+      ]).flat(),
+      { binding: 15, resource: { kind: 'textureView' as const, value: materialCubeView } },
+      { binding: 16, resource: { kind: 'sampler' as const, value: baseColorSampler } },
+      { binding: 17, resource: { kind: 'textureView' as const, value: materialCubeView } },
+      { binding: 18, resource: { kind: 'sampler' as const, value: baseColorSampler } },
+      { binding: 19, resource: { kind: 'textureView' as const, value: baseColorView } },
+      { binding: 20, resource: { kind: 'sampler' as const, value: baseColorSampler } },
+      { binding: 21, resource: { kind: 'buffer' as const, value: { buffer: viewUniform } } },
+      { binding: 22, resource: { kind: 'sampler' as const, value: baseColorSampler } },
+      { binding: 23, resource: { kind: 'textureView' as const, value: baseColorView } },
+      {
+        binding: 46,
+        resource: {
+          kind: 'buffer' as const,
+          value: { buffer: scene.materialBuffer },
+        },
+      },
+    ];
+    const opaqueMaterialBindGroup = device
+      .createBindGroup({
+        layout: materialLayout,
+        entries: createMaterialEntries(opaqueMaterialBuffer, opaqueBaseColorView),
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const discardedMaterialBindGroup = device
+      .createBindGroup({
+        layout: materialLayout,
+        entries: createMaterialEntries(discardedMaterialBuffer, discardedBaseColorView),
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    expect(initialGpuState.plan).toMatchObject({
+      candidateCount: 1,
+      batches: [{ key: { admission: 'alpha-mask' } }],
+    });
+    const worldEntity = worldEntityKey(source.worldId, source.entityKey);
+    const shadowKey = gpuDrivenShadowDrawKey(worldEntity, 7, 0, 0);
+    const shadowIdentities = [
+      { kind: 'directional' as const, index: 0 },
+      { kind: 'point' as const, index: 0, face: 0 },
+      { kind: 'spot' as const, index: 0 },
+    ] as const;
+    const shadowViews = shadowIdentities.map((identity) => ({
+      identity,
+      planes: new Float32Array(24),
+      cacheToken: 'alpha-mask-dawn',
+    }));
+    const production = new GpuDrivenProduction(device, {
+      createShaderModule: () => ok(viewShader as ShaderModule),
+    });
+    const gpuMesh = mesh(device, coordinateSet, vertexColorAvailable);
+    const receipt = vertexColorAvailable ? STANDARD_PBR_COLORED_RECEIPT : STANDARD_PBR_RECEIPT;
+    const artifact = {
+      material: 'forgeax::default-standard-pbr',
+      pass: 'forward',
+      wgsl: standardPbrGpuVariant.composedWgsl,
+      layoutIdentity: receipt.reflection.layoutIdentity,
+      bindings: [],
+      deps: [],
+      vertexInputs: receipt.vertexInputs as unknown as readonly Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>[],
+      receipt,
+    } satisfies MaterialShaderArtifact;
+    const programKey = standardPbrProgramKey(artifact.material, vertexColorAvailable);
+    expect(programKey).toBeDefined();
+    if (programKey === undefined) return;
+    const defaultProgramKey = standardPbrProgramKey(artifact.material);
+    expect(defaultProgramKey).toBeDefined();
+    if (defaultProgramKey === undefined) return;
+    const defaultArtifact: MaterialShaderArtifact = vertexColorAvailable
+      ? {
+          ...artifact,
+          wgsl: defaultGpuVariant?.composedWgsl ?? '',
+          layoutIdentity: STANDARD_PBR_RECEIPT.reflection.layoutIdentity,
+          vertexInputs: STANDARD_PBR_RECEIPT.vertexInputs as unknown as readonly Readonly<
+            Record<string, unknown>
+          >[],
+          receipt: STANDARD_PBR_RECEIPT,
+        }
+      : artifact;
+    const gpuDrivenPbrPrograms = new Map<string, GpuDrivenPbrProgram>([
+      [programKey, { module: producerShader.value, artifact }],
+    ]);
+    if (defaultProgramKey !== programKey) {
+      gpuDrivenPbrPrograms.set(defaultProgramKey, {
+        module: defaultProducerShader.value,
+        artifact: defaultArtifact,
+      });
+    }
+    const prepareInput = {
+      scene: {
+        scene,
+        plan: initialGpuState.plan,
+        slots: projection,
+      },
+      camera: makeZeroCameraFallbackSnapshot(),
+      meshBySlot: new Map(projection.map((slot) => [slot.slot, gpuMesh])),
+      viewBindGroupLayout: viewLayout,
+      meshResidencyEpoch: 1,
+      hdrp: false,
+      standardPbrArtifact: artifact,
+      standardPbrPipelineState: {
+        pbrPipelineLayout: pipelineLayout,
+        gpuDrivenPbrPipelineLayout: pipelineLayout,
+        meshBindGroupLayout: meshLayout,
+        instancesBindGroupLayout: instancesLayout,
+        gpuDrivenInstancesBindGroupLayout: instancesLayout,
+        standardPbrShaderModule: producerShader.value,
+        gpuDrivenPbrPrograms,
+        // The composed producer keeps the canonical uv0..uv7 input ABI even
+        // when this material only authored uv0. The geometry owner aliases the
+        // missing sets to uv0 when the producer advertises the full ABI.
+        standardPbrShaderUvSetCount: 8,
+      } as never,
+      shadowCasterDrawKeys: new Set([shadowKey]),
+      structureMetrics: {
+        ...structureMetrics,
+      },
+    } as const;
+    const prepared = production.prepare(prepareInput);
+    expect(prepared.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!prepared.ok || prepared.value === undefined) return;
+    expect(prepared.value.ownsAllDrawItems).toBe(true);
+    expect(prepared.value.shadowDrawKeys).toEqual(new Set([shadowKey]));
+    expect(prepared.value.standardPbrFrameResources.instancesBindGroup).toBeDefined();
+    expect(prepared.value.standardPbrFrameResources.sceneMaterialBuffer).toBe(scene.materialBuffer);
+    expect(prepared.value.standardPbrFrameResources.materialStride).toBe(512);
+    expect(artifact.receipt.alphaMask).toEqual({ cutoff: 'alphaCutoff', source: 'baseColor.a' });
+
+    const shadowVertexLayout = deriveVertexBufferLayoutFromProjection(gpuMesh.layoutProjection, {
+      shaderUvSetCount: 8,
+    })[0];
+    expect(shadowVertexLayout).toBeDefined();
+    if (shadowVertexLayout === undefined) return;
+    const shadowPipeline = device
+      .createRenderPipeline({
+        label: 'gpu-driven-alpha-mask-production-shadow-caster',
+        layout: pipelineLayout,
+        vertex: {
+          module: shadowCasterShader,
+          entryPoint: 'vs_scene_index',
+          buffers: [
+            {
+              arrayStride: shadowVertexLayout.arrayStride,
+              stepMode: 'vertex',
+              attributes: shadowVertexLayout.attributes.map(
+                ({ shaderLocation, offset, format }) => ({
+                  shaderLocation,
+                  offset,
+                  format: format as GPUVertexFormat,
+                }),
+              ),
+            },
+          ],
+        },
+        fragment: {
+          module: shadowCasterShader,
+          entryPoint: 'fs_main',
+          targets: [],
+        },
+        primitive: { topology: 'triangle-list', cullMode: 'back', frontFace: 'ccw' },
+        depthStencil: {
+          format: 'depth32float',
+          depthWriteEnabled: true,
+          depthCompare: 'less',
+        },
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+
+    const shadowUpdated = prepared.value.updateShadowViews?.(shadowViews);
+    expect(shadowUpdated?.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(prepared.value.shadowBatchProjections?.get('directional:0:')).toBeDefined();
+    expect(prepared.value.shadowBatchProjections?.get('point:0:0')).toBeDefined();
+    expect(prepared.value.shadowBatchProjections?.get('spot:0:')).toBeDefined();
+
+    const graph = new RenderGraphBuilder<RenderPipelineFrame>();
+    const main = prepared.value.project(graph, 'rgba8unorm', 1);
+    expect(main.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (!main.ok) return;
+    const shadow = prepared.value.projectShadow?.(graph, shadowIdentities[0]);
+    expect(shadow?.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (shadow === undefined || !shadow.ok || shadow.value === undefined) return;
+    if (shadow.value.graphResources === undefined) return;
+    const shadowProjection = shadow.value;
+    const shadowGraphResources = shadowProjection.graphResources;
+    if (shadowGraphResources === undefined) return;
+    const pointShadow = prepared.value.projectShadow?.(graph, shadowIdentities[1]);
+    const spotShadow = prepared.value.projectShadow?.(graph, shadowIdentities[2]);
+    expect(pointShadow?.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(spotShadow?.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (
+      pointShadow === undefined ||
+      !pointShadow.ok ||
+      pointShadow.value === undefined ||
+      pointShadow.value.graphResources === undefined ||
+      spotShadow === undefined ||
+      !spotShadow.ok ||
+      spotShadow.value === undefined ||
+      spotShadow.value.graphResources === undefined
+    )
+      return;
+    const pointShadowGraphResources = pointShadow.value.graphResources;
+    const spotShadowGraphResources = spotShadow.value.graphResources;
+    const frameResources = prepared.value.standardPbrFrameResources;
+
+    const shadowDepthTargets = shadowIdentities.map((identity) => {
+      const texture = graph
+        .createTexture(`gpu-driven-alpha-mask.${identity.kind}-shadow-depth`, {
+          format: 'depth32float',
+          size: { width: 1, height: 1 },
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+      return { identity, texture, view: graph.view(texture).unwrap() };
+    });
+    const shadowDepthReadbackBuffers = shadowIdentities.map((identity) => ({
+      identity,
+      buffer: device
+        .createBuffer({
+          label: `gpu-driven-alpha-mask.${identity.kind}-shadow-depth-readback`,
+          size: 256,
+          usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+        })
+        .unwrap(),
+    }));
+    const shadowDepthReadbackResources = shadowDepthReadbackBuffers.map(({ identity, buffer }) => ({
+      identity,
+      buffer,
+      resource: graph
+        .importBuffer(
+          `gpu-driven-alpha-mask.${identity.kind}-shadow-depth-readback`,
+          { size: 256, usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST },
+          () => buffer,
+        )
+        .unwrap(),
+    }));
+    const makeShadowSubmission = (
+      identity: (typeof shadowIdentities)[number],
+    ): GpuDrivenShadowSubmission | undefined => {
+      const preparedFrame = prepared.value;
+      if (preparedFrame === undefined) return undefined;
+      const submission = preparedFrame.shadowViewPool?.submission(identity);
+      const projections = preparedFrame.shadowBatchProjections?.get(
+        `${identity.kind}:${identity.index}:${identity.kind === 'point' ? identity.face : ''}`,
+      );
+      if (submission === undefined || projections === undefined) return undefined;
+      const batches = new Map<number, GpuDrivenShadowBatch>();
+      for (const batch of submission.plan.batches) {
+        const projection = projections.get(batch.batchId);
+        if (projection === undefined) return undefined;
+        const indexBuffer = projection.mesh.indexBuffer;
+        batches.set(batch.batchId, {
+          pipeline: shadowPipeline,
+          meshBindGroup: projection.meshBindGroup,
+          visibleBindGroup: projection.visibleBindGroup,
+          deformation: projection.deformation,
+          alphaMaskMaterialGroup: opaqueMaterialBindGroup,
+          vertexBuffer: projection.mesh.vertexBuffer.handle,
+          ...(indexBuffer === null
+            ? {}
+            : {
+                indexBuffer: indexBuffer.handle,
+                indexFormat: projection.mesh.indexFormat,
+              }),
+        });
+      }
+      return { view: submission.view, plan: submission.plan, batches };
+    };
+
+    const opaqueOutput = graph
+      .createTexture('gpu-driven-alpha-mask-opaque', {
+        format: 'rgba8unorm',
+        size: { width: 1, height: 1 },
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const discardedOutput = graph
+      .createTexture('gpu-driven-alpha-mask-discarded', {
+        format: 'rgba8unorm',
+        size: { width: 1, height: 1 },
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const opaqueOutputView = graph.view(opaqueOutput).unwrap();
+    const discardedOutputView = graph.view(discardedOutput).unwrap();
+    const depth = graph
+      .createTexture('gpu-driven-alpha-mask-depth', {
+        format: 'depth24plus-stencil8',
+        size: { width: 1, height: 1 },
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const depthView = graph.view(depth).unwrap();
+    const opaqueReadbackBuffer = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const discardedReadbackBuffer = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const shadowIndirectReadbackBuffer = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const pointShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const spotShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer = device
+      .createBuffer({
+        size: 256,
+        usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const opaqueReadback = graph
+      .importBuffer(
+        'gpu-driven-alpha-mask-opaque-readback',
+        { size: 256, usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST },
+        () => opaqueReadbackBuffer,
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+    const discardedReadback = graph
+      .importBuffer(
+        'gpu-driven-alpha-mask-discarded-readback',
+        { size: 256, usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST },
+        () => discardedReadbackBuffer,
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+    const shadowIndirectReadback = graph
+      .importBuffer(
+        'gpu-driven-alpha-mask-shadow-indirect-readback',
+        { size: 256, usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST },
+        () => shadowIndirectReadbackBuffer,
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+    const pointShadowIndirectReadback = graph
+      .importBuffer(
+        'gpu-driven-alpha-mask-point-shadow-indirect-readback',
+        { size: 256, usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST },
+        () => pointShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer,
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+    const spotShadowIndirectReadback = graph
+      .importBuffer(
+        'gpu-driven-alpha-mask-spot-shadow-indirect-readback',
+        { size: 256, usage: GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST },
+        () => spotShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer,
+      )
+      .unwrap();
+    const addAlphaMaskRaster = (
+      name: string,
+      outputView: typeof opaqueOutputView,
+      materialBindGroup: typeof opaqueMaterialBindGroup,
+    ) =>
+      graph
+        .addRasterPass(name, {
+          accesses: [
+            ...main.value.accesses,
+            { resource: outputView, usage: 'color-attachment' },
+            { resource: depthView, usage: 'depth-stencil-write' },
+          ],
+          colorAttachments: [
+            {
+              view: outputView,
+              loadOp: 'clear',
+              storeOp: 'store',
+              clearValue: { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 },
+            },
+          ],
+          depthStencilAttachment: {
+            view: depthView,
+            depthClearValue: 1,
+            depthLoadOp: 'clear',
+            depthStoreOp: 'discard',
+            stencilLoadOp: 'clear',
+            stencilStoreOp: 'discard',
+          },
+          encode: ({ pass, resources }) =>
+            main.value.encode(viewBindGroup, pass, resources, {
+              ...frameResources,
+              materialBindGroups: [materialBindGroup],
+            }),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    addAlphaMaskRaster('gpu-driven.alpha-mask.opaque', opaqueOutputView, opaqueMaterialBindGroup);
+    addAlphaMaskRaster(
+      'gpu-driven.alpha-mask.discarded',
+      discardedOutputView,
+      discardedMaterialBindGroup,
+    );
+    const shadowViewBindGroups = new Map([
+      ['directional', directionalShadowViewBindGroup],
+      ['point', pointShadowViewBindGroup],
+      ['spot', spotShadowViewBindGroup],
+    ] as const);
+    const shadowGraphResourcesByKind = new Map([
+      ['directional', shadowGraphResources],
+      ['point', pointShadowGraphResources],
+      ['spot', spotShadowGraphResources],
+    ] as const);
+    for (const target of shadowDepthTargets) {
+      const submission = makeShadowSubmission(target.identity);
+      const resources = shadowGraphResourcesByKind.get(target.identity.kind);
+      const shadowViewGroup = shadowViewBindGroups.get(target.identity.kind);
+      const readback = shadowDepthReadbackResources.find(
+        ({ identity }) => identity.kind === target.identity.kind,
+      );
+      expect(submission).toBeDefined();
+      expect(resources).toBeDefined();
+      expect(shadowViewGroup).toBeDefined();
+      expect(readback).toBeDefined();
+      if (
+        submission === undefined ||
+        resources === undefined ||
+        shadowViewGroup === undefined ||
+        readback === undefined
+      )
+        return;
+      graph
+        .addRasterPass(`gpu-driven.alpha-mask.${target.identity.kind}-shadow-depth-raster`, {
+          accesses: [
+            ...shadowViewRasterAccesses(resources),
+            { resource: target.view, usage: 'depth-stencil-write' },
+          ],
+          colorAttachments: [],
+          depthStencilAttachment: {
+            view: target.view,
+            depthClearValue: 1,
+            depthLoadOp: 'clear',
+            depthStoreOp: 'store',
+          },
+          encode: ({ pass }) => {
+            pass.setBindGroup(0, shadowViewGroup, [0, 0]);
+            recordGpuDrivenShadowIndirect(pass, submission);
+          },
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+      graph
+        .addCopyPass(`gpu-driven.alpha-mask.${target.identity.kind}-shadow-depth-readback`, {
+          accesses: [
+            { resource: target.view, usage: 'copy-src' },
+            { resource: readback.resource, usage: 'copy-dst' },
+          ],
+          encode: ({ encoder, resources: graphResources }) =>
+            encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
+              { texture: graphResources.texture(target.texture).unwrap() as unknown as GPUTexture },
+              {
+                buffer: graphResources.buffer(readback.resource).unwrap() as unknown as GPUBuffer,
+                bytesPerRow: 256,
+                rowsPerImage: 1,
+              },
+              { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+            ),
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+    graph
+      .addCopyPass('gpu-driven.alpha-mask.opaque-readback', {
+        accesses: [
+          { resource: opaqueOutputView, usage: 'copy-src' },
+          { resource: opaqueReadback, usage: 'copy-dst' },
+        ],
+        encode: ({ encoder, resources }) =>
+          encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
+            { texture: resources.texture(opaqueOutput).unwrap() as unknown as GPUTexture },
+            {
+              buffer: resources.buffer(opaqueReadback).unwrap() as unknown as GPUBuffer,
+              bytesPerRow: 256,
+              rowsPerImage: 1,
+            },
+            { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+          ),
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    graph
+      .addCopyPass('gpu-driven.alpha-mask.discarded-readback', {
+        accesses: [
+          { resource: discardedOutputView, usage: 'copy-src' },
+          { resource: discardedReadback, usage: 'copy-dst' },
+        ],
+        encode: ({ encoder, resources }) =>
+          encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
+            { texture: resources.texture(discardedOutput).unwrap() as unknown as GPUTexture },
+            {
+              buffer: resources.buffer(discardedReadback).unwrap() as unknown as GPUBuffer,
+              bytesPerRow: 256,
+              rowsPerImage: 1,
+            },
+            { width: 1, height: 1, depthOrArrayLayers: 1 },
+          ),
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    graph
+      .addCopyPass('gpu-driven.alpha-mask.shadow-indirect-readback', {
+        accesses: [
+          { resource: shadowGraphResources.indirect, usage: 'copy-src' },
+          { resource: shadowIndirectReadback, usage: 'copy-dst' },
+        ],
+        encode: ({ encoder, resources }) =>
+          encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
+            resources.buffer(shadowGraphResources.indirect).unwrap(),
+            0,
+            resources.buffer(shadowIndirectReadback).unwrap(),
+            0,
+            20,
+          ),
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    graph
+      .addCopyPass('gpu-driven.alpha-mask.point-shadow-indirect-readback', {
+        accesses: [
+          { resource: pointShadowGraphResources.indirect, usage: 'copy-src' },
+          { resource: pointShadowIndirectReadback, usage: 'copy-dst' },
+        ],
+        encode: ({ encoder, resources }) =>
+          encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
+            resources.buffer(pointShadowGraphResources.indirect).unwrap(),
+            0,
+            resources.buffer(pointShadowIndirectReadback).unwrap(),
+            0,
+            20,
+          ),
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    graph
+      .addCopyPass('gpu-driven.alpha-mask.spot-shadow-indirect-readback', {
+        accesses: [
+          { resource: spotShadowGraphResources.indirect, usage: 'copy-src' },
+          { resource: spotShadowIndirectReadback, usage: 'copy-dst' },
+        ],
+        encode: ({ encoder, resources }) =>
+          encoder.copyBufferToBuffer(
+            resources.buffer(spotShadowGraphResources.indirect).unwrap(),
+            0,
+            resources.buffer(spotShadowIndirectReadback).unwrap(),
+            0,
+            20,
+          ),
+      })
+      .unwrap();
+    const compiled = graph.compile({ device, surfaceSize: { width: 1, height: 1 } });
+    expect(compiled.ok).toBe(true);
+    if (compiled.ok) {
+      const names = compiled.value.inspect().passes.map((pass) => pass.name);
+      expect(names).toEqual(
+        expect.arrayContaining([
+          'gpu-driven.view-reset',
+          'gpu-driven.frustum-compact',
+          'gpu-driven.finalize-indirect',
+          'gpu-driven.shadow.directional-cascade-0.view-reset',
+          'gpu-driven.shadow.directional-cascade-0.finalize-indirect',
+          'gpu-driven.shadow.point-cube-face-0-0.view-reset',
+          'gpu-driven.shadow.point-cube-face-0-0.finalize-indirect',
+          'gpu-driven.shadow.spot-atlas-0.view-reset',
+          'gpu-driven.shadow.spot-atlas-0.finalize-indirect',
+          'gpu-driven.alpha-mask.opaque',
+          'gpu-driven.alpha-mask.discarded',
+        ]),
+      );
+      const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder({ label: 'gpu-driven-alpha-mask-dawn' }).unwrap();
+      expect(compiled.value.execute({ encoder } as unknown as RenderPipelineFrame).ok).toBe(true);
+      device.queue.submit([encoder.finish().unwrap()]).unwrap();
+      await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+      prepared.value._commitResourceReplacement();
+      expect(production.inspect().worldEntitiesScanned).toBe(1);
+      expect(production.inspect().sceneTableUploadBytes).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      expect(production.inspect().paletteUploadBytes).toBe(0);
+      persistentScene.extractComposition(
+        [persistentWorld],
+        { cameraOwner: 0, resourceOwner: 0 },
+        0,
+        () => persistentFrame,
+        [persistentLease],
+      );
+      const stableGpuState = persistentScene.compositionGpuDrivenState();
+      expect(stableGpuState).toBeDefined();
+      if (stableGpuState === undefined) return;
+      const stableMetrics = stableGpuState.structureMetrics;
+      if (stableMetrics === undefined) return;
+      expect(stableMetrics).toEqual({
+        worldEntitiesScanned: 0,
+        sceneTableUploadBytes: 0,
+        paletteUploadBytes: 0,
+      });
+      const stablePrepared = production.prepare({
+        ...prepareInput,
+        scene: stableGpuState,
+        structureMetrics: stableMetrics,
+      });
+      expect(stablePrepared.ok).toBe(true);
+      if (!stablePrepared.ok || stablePrepared.value === undefined) return;
+      const stableShadowUpdated = stablePrepared.value.updateShadowViews?.(shadowViews);
+      expect(stableShadowUpdated?.ok).toBe(true);
+      stablePrepared.value._commitResourceReplacement();
+      const stableValidationRows = [{ source }] as const;
+      const stableGpuOwnedDrawKeys = new Set([gpuDrivenDrawKey(worldEntity, 7, 0)]);
+      const stableValidationCacheKey = 'alpha-mask-dawn-stable';
+      production.recordCpuValidation(
+        stableValidationRows,
+        stableGpuOwnedDrawKeys,
+        stableValidationCacheKey,
+      );
+      const stableBaseline = production.inspect();
+      const stableFrameInspections: Array<{
+        readonly gpuOwnedSnapshotsMaterialized: number;
+        readonly filteredPlanBuilds: number;
+        readonly candidateUploadBytes: number;
+        readonly batchUploadBytes: number;
+        readonly batchBindGroupCreates: number;
+        readonly validatedGpuOwnedRows: number;
+        readonly cpuFallbackDrawItems: number;
+        readonly cpuValidationScans: number;
+        readonly cpuValidationCacheHits: number;
+        readonly worldEntitiesScanned: number;
+        readonly sceneTableUploadBytes: number;
+        readonly paletteUploadBytes: number;
+        readonly overflow: boolean;
+      }> = [];
+      const stableFrameMetrics: Array<NonNullable<typeof stableGpuState.structureMetrics>> = [];
+      for (let frame = 0; frame < STABLE_FRAME_COUNT; frame += 1) {
+        persistentScene.extractComposition(
+          [persistentWorld],
+          { cameraOwner: 0, resourceOwner: 0 },
+          0,
+          () => persistentFrame,
+          [persistentLease],
+        );
+        const frameGpuState = persistentScene.compositionGpuDrivenState();
+        expect(frameGpuState).toBeDefined();
+        if (frameGpuState === undefined || frameGpuState.structureMetrics === undefined) return;
+        stableFrameMetrics.push(frameGpuState.structureMetrics);
+        // Exercise preparation on every submitted frame. Replaying an already
+        // compiled graph alone cannot detect a per-frame topology/upload leak.
+        const framePrepared = production.prepare({
+          ...prepareInput,
+          scene: frameGpuState,
+          structureMetrics: frameGpuState.structureMetrics,
+        });
+        expect(framePrepared.ok).toBe(true);
+        if (!framePrepared.ok || framePrepared.value === undefined) return;
+        expect(framePrepared.value.updateShadowViews?.(shadowViews)?.ok).toBe(true);
+        framePrepared.value._commitResourceReplacement();
+        production.recordCpuValidation(
+          stableValidationRows,
+          stableGpuOwnedDrawKeys,
+          stableValidationCacheKey,
+        );
+        const stableEncoder = device
+          .createCommandEncoder({ label: `gpu-driven-alpha-mask-stable-${frame}` })
+          .unwrap();
+        expect(
+          compiled.value.execute({ encoder: stableEncoder } as unknown as RenderPipelineFrame).ok,
+        ).toBe(true);
+        device.queue.submit([stableEncoder.finish().unwrap()]).unwrap();
+        await device.queue.onSubmittedWorkDone();
+        const inspection = production.inspect();
+        stableFrameInspections.push({
+          gpuOwnedSnapshotsMaterialized: inspection.gpuOwnedSnapshotsMaterialized,
+          filteredPlanBuilds: inspection.filteredPlanBuilds,
+          candidateUploadBytes: inspection.candidateUploadBytes,
+          batchUploadBytes: inspection.batchUploadBytes,
+          batchBindGroupCreates: inspection.batchBindGroupCreates,
+          validatedGpuOwnedRows: inspection.validatedGpuOwnedRows,
+          cpuFallbackDrawItems: inspection.cpuFallbackDrawItems,
+          cpuValidationScans: inspection.cpuValidationScans,
+          cpuValidationCacheHits: inspection.cpuValidationCacheHits,
+          worldEntitiesScanned: inspection.worldEntitiesScanned,
+          sceneTableUploadBytes: inspection.sceneTableUploadBytes,
+          paletteUploadBytes: inspection.paletteUploadBytes,
+          overflow: inspection.overflow,
+        });
+      }
+      expect(stableFrameInspections).toHaveLength(STABLE_FRAME_COUNT);
+      expect(stableFrameMetrics).toHaveLength(STABLE_FRAME_COUNT);
+      for (const metrics of stableFrameMetrics) {
+        expect(metrics).toEqual({
+          worldEntitiesScanned: 0,
+          sceneTableUploadBytes: 0,
+          paletteUploadBytes: 0,
+        });
+      }
+      for (const inspection of stableFrameInspections) {
+        expect(inspection).toEqual({
+          gpuOwnedSnapshotsMaterialized: 0,
+          filteredPlanBuilds: 0,
+          candidateUploadBytes: 0,
+          batchUploadBytes: 0,
+          batchBindGroupCreates: 0,
+          validatedGpuOwnedRows: 0,
+          cpuFallbackDrawItems: 0,
+          cpuValidationScans: stableBaseline.cpuValidationScans,
+          cpuValidationCacheHits: expect.any(Number),
+          worldEntitiesScanned: 0,
+          sceneTableUploadBytes: 0,
+          paletteUploadBytes: 0,
+          overflow: false,
+        });
+      }
+      expect(production.inspect().cpuValidationScans).toBe(stableBaseline.cpuValidationScans);
+      expect(production.inspect().cpuValidationCacheHits).toBe(
+        stableBaseline.cpuValidationCacheHits + STABLE_FRAME_COUNT,
+      );
+      const opaqueMapped = (
+        await opaqueReadbackBuffer.mapAsync(GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ)
+      ).unwrap();
+      const opaquePixel = [...new Uint8Array(opaqueMapped.getMappedRange().unwrap().slice(0, 4))];
+      opaqueMapped.unmap();
+      const discardedMapped = (
+        await discardedReadbackBuffer.mapAsync(GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ)
+      ).unwrap();
+      const discardedPixel = [
+        ...new Uint8Array(discardedMapped.getMappedRange().unwrap().slice(0, 4)),
+      ];
+      discardedMapped.unmap();
+      const shadowIndirectMapped = (
+        await shadowIndirectReadbackBuffer.mapAsync(GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ)
+      ).unwrap();
+      const shadowIndirect = new Uint32Array(
+        shadowIndirectMapped.getMappedRange().unwrap().slice(0, 20),
+      );
+      shadowIndirectMapped.unmap();
+      const pointShadowIndirectMapped = (
+        await pointShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer.mapAsync(GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ)
+      ).unwrap();
+      const pointShadowIndirect = new Uint32Array(
+        pointShadowIndirectMapped.getMappedRange().unwrap().slice(0, 20),
+      );
+      pointShadowIndirectMapped.unmap();
+      const spotShadowIndirectMapped = (
+        await spotShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer.mapAsync(GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ)
+      ).unwrap();
+      const spotShadowIndirect = new Uint32Array(
+        spotShadowIndirectMapped.getMappedRange().unwrap().slice(0, 20),
+      );
+      spotShadowIndirectMapped.unmap();
+      expect(opaquePixel[0]).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      if (vertexColorAvailable) {
+        expect(opaquePixel[0]).toBeGreaterThan(opaquePixel[1] ?? Number.NaN);
+      } else {
+        expect(opaquePixel[1]).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+      }
+      expect(discardedPixel).toEqual([0, 0, 0, 0]);
+      expect(Array.from(shadowIndirect.slice(0, 2))).toEqual([3, 1]);
+      expect(Array.from(pointShadowIndirect.slice(0, 2))).toEqual([3, 1]);
+      expect(Array.from(spotShadowIndirect.slice(0, 2))).toEqual([3, 1]);
+      for (const { identity, buffer } of shadowDepthReadbackBuffers) {
+        const mapped = (await buffer.mapAsync(GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_MAP_READ)).unwrap();
+        const depth = new Float32Array(mapped.getMappedRange().unwrap().slice(0, 4))[0] ?? 1;
+        mapped.unmap();
+        expect(depth, `${identity.kind} shadow depth raster readback`).toBeLessThan(1);
+      }
+      (await compiled.value.retire()).unwrap();
+    }
+    for (const buffer of [
+      viewUniform,
+      opaqueMaterialBuffer,
+      discardedMaterialBuffer,
+      opaqueReadbackBuffer,
+      discardedReadbackBuffer,
+      shadowIndirectReadbackBuffer,
+      pointShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer,
+      spotShadowIndirectReadbackBuffer,
+      ...shadowDepthReadbackBuffers.map(({ buffer }) => buffer),
+    ]) {
+      device.destroyBuffer(buffer);
+    }
+    device.destroyTexture(opaqueBaseColorTexture);
+    device.destroyTexture(discardedBaseColorTexture);
+    device.destroyTexture(viewDepthTexture);
+    device.destroyTexture(pointShadowTexture);
+    device.destroyTexture(materialCubeTexture);
+    device.destroyBuffer(shadowViewUniform);
+    device.destroyBuffer(directionalCascadeUniform);
+    device.destroyBuffer(pointCascadeUniform);
+    device.destroyBuffer(spotCascadeUniform);
+    production.dispose();
+    persistentScene.dispose();
+    persistentLease.dispose();
+  });
+});