RubyGems - wayfarer - Versions diffs - 0.4.7 → 0.4.9 - Mend

wayfarer 0.4.7 → 0.4.9

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-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>1. <a href="ch00/ch01-getting-started.html">Getting Started</a></h2>
-    <ol>
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-          1.1
-          <a href="ch00/ch01-getting-started.html" >About Version Control </a>
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-        <li>
-          1.2
-          <a href="Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git.html" >A Short History of Git </a>
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-          <a href="ch00/what_is_git_section.html" >What is Git? </a>
-        </li>
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-          <a href="Getting-Started-The-Command-Line.html" >The Command Line </a>
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-          1.7
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-          1.8
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-  <h2>2. <a href="ch00/_git_cloning.html">Git Basics</a></h2>
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-          7.7
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-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.9
-          <a href="ch00/ref_rerere.html" >Rerere </a>
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-        <li>
-          7.10
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-        <li>
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-        </li>
-        <li>
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-          <a href="ch00/_bundling.html" >Bundling </a>
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-          <a href="ch00/_replace.html" >Replace </a>
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-        <li>
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-          <a href="ch00/_credential_caching.html" >Credential Storage </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.15
-          <a href="Git-Tools-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>8. <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html">Customizing Git</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          8.1
-          <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html" >Git Configuration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
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-          <a href="ch00/_keyword_expansion.html" >Git Attributes </a>
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-          <a href="ch00/_email_hooks.html" >Git Hooks </a>
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-        <li>
-          8.5
-          <a href="Customizing-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>9. <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          9.1
-          <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html" >Git as a Client </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          9.2
-          <a href="ch00/_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          9.3
-          <a href="Git-and-Other-Systems-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>10. <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          10.1
-          <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html" >Plumbing and Porcelain </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.2
-          <a href="ch00/_git_commit_objects.html" >Git Objects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.3
-          <a href="ch00/ref_the_ref.html" >Git References </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.4
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Packfiles.html" >Packfiles </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.5
-          <a href="ch00/_pushing_refspecs.html" >The Refspec </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.6
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" >Transfer Protocols </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.7
-          <a href="ch00/_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.8
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html" >Environment Variables </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.9
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-    <div class='column-right'>
-      <ol class='book-toc'>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A1. <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
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-          A1.1
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
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-          A1.2
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
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-          A1.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code.html" >Git in Visual Studio Code </a>
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-          A1.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-%252F-PyCharm-%252F-WebStorm-%252F-PhpStorm-%252F-RubyMine.html" >Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine </a>
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Sublime-Text.html" >Git in Sublime Text </a>
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-          A1.6
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html" >Git in Bash </a>
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-          A1.7
-          <a href="ch00/oh_my_zsh_git.html" >Git in Zsh </a>
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html" >Git in PowerShell </a>
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-          A1.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A2. <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A2.1
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.2
-          <a href="ch00/_libgit2_bindings.html" >Libgit2 </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html" >JGit </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A3. <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A3.1
-          <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.2
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.6
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.7
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.8
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.10
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.11
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.12
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-    <span class="light" id="edition">
-      2nd Edition
-    </span>
-</div>
-<div id='main' class="book edition2">
-    <h1>7.7 Git Tools - Reset Demystified</h1>
-  <div>
-<h2 id="_git_reset">Reset Demystified</h2>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Before moving on to more specialized tools, let’s talk about the Git <code>reset</code> and <code>checkout</code> commands.
-These commands are two of the most confusing parts of Git when you first encounter them.
-They do so many things that it seems hopeless to actually understand them and employ them properly.
-For this, we recommend a simple metaphor.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_the_three_trees">The Three Trees</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>An easier way to think about <code>reset</code> and <code>checkout</code> is through the mental frame of Git being a content manager of three different trees.
-By “tree” here, we really mean “collection of files”, not specifically the data structure.
-There are a few cases where the index doesn’t exactly act like a tree, but for our purposes it is easier to think about it this way for now.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Git as a system manages and manipulates three trees in its normal operation:</p>
-</div>
-<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
-<colgroup>
-<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
-<col style="width: 66.6667%;">
-</colgroup>
-<thead>
-<tr>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Tree</th>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Role</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">HEAD</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Last commit snapshot, next parent</p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Index</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Proposed next commit snapshot</p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Working Directory</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Sandbox</p></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_the_head">The HEAD</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>HEAD is the pointer to the current branch reference, which is in turn a pointer to the last commit made on that branch.
-That means HEAD will be the parent of the next commit that is created.
-It’s generally simplest to think of HEAD as the snapshot of <strong>your last commit on that branch</strong>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>In fact, it’s pretty easy to see what that snapshot looks like.
-Here is an example of getting the actual directory listing and SHA-1 checksums for each file in the HEAD snapshot:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git cat-file -p HEAD
-tree cfda3bf379e4f8dba8717dee55aab78aef7f4daf
-author Scott Chacon  1301511835 -0700
-committer Scott Chacon  1301511835 -0700
-initial commit
-$ git ls-tree -r HEAD
-100644 blob a906cb2a4a904a152...   README
-100644 blob 8f94139338f9404f2...   Rakefile
-040000 tree 99f1a6d12cb4b6f19...   lib</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The Git <code>cat-file</code> and <code>ls-tree</code> commands are “plumbing” commands that are used for lower level things and not really used in day-to-day work, but they help us see what’s going on here.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_the_index">The Index</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The <em>index</em> is your <strong>proposed next commit</strong>.
-We’ve also been referring to this concept as Git’s “Staging Area” as this is what Git looks at when you run <code>git commit</code>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Git populates this index with a list of all the file contents that were last checked out into your working directory and what they looked like when they were originally checked out.
-You then replace some of those files with new versions of them, and <code>git commit</code> converts that into the tree for a new commit.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git ls-files -s
-100644 a906cb2a4a904a152e80877d4088654daad0c859 0	README
-100644 8f94139338f9404f26296befa88755fc2598c289 0	Rakefile
-100644 47c6340d6459e05787f644c2447d2595f5d3a54b 0	lib/simplegit.rb</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Again, here we’re using <code>git ls-files</code>, which is more of a behind the scenes command that shows you what your index currently looks like.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The index is not technically a tree structure — it’s actually implemented as a flattened manifest — but for our purposes it’s close enough.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_the_working_directory">The Working Directory</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Finally, you have your <em>working directory</em> (also commonly referred to as the “working tree”).
-The other two trees store their content in an efficient but inconvenient manner, inside the <code>.git</code> folder.
-The working directory unpacks them into actual files, which makes it much easier for you to edit them.
-Think of the working directory as a <strong>sandbox</strong>, where you can try changes out before committing them to your staging area (index) and then to history.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ tree
-.
-├── README
-├── Rakefile
-└── lib
-    └── simplegit.rb
-1 directory, 3 files</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_the_workflow">The Workflow</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Git’s typical workflow is to record snapshots of your project in successively better states, by manipulating these three trees.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-workflow.png" alt="reset workflow">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s visualize this process: say you go into a new directory with a single file in it.
-We’ll call this <strong>v1</strong> of the file, and we’ll indicate it in blue.
-Now we run <code>git init</code>, which will create a Git repository with a HEAD reference which points to the unborn <code>master</code> branch.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-ex1.png" alt="reset ex1">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>At this point, only the working directory tree has any content.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now we want to commit this file, so we use <code>git add</code> to take content in the working directory and copy it to the index.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-ex2.png" alt="reset ex2">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Then we run <code>git commit</code>, which takes the contents of the index and saves it as a permanent snapshot, creates a commit object which points to that snapshot, and updates <code>master</code> to point to that commit.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-ex3.png" alt="reset ex3">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If we run <code>git status</code>, we’ll see no changes, because all three trees are the same.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now we want to make a change to that file and commit it.
-We’ll go through the same process; first, we change the file in our working directory.
-Let’s call this <strong>v2</strong> of the file, and indicate it in red.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-ex4.png" alt="reset ex4">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If we run <code>git status</code> right now, we’ll see the file in red as “Changes not staged for commit”, because that entry differs between the index and the working directory.
-Next we run <code>git add</code> on it to stage it into our index.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-ex5.png" alt="reset ex5">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>At this point, if we run <code>git status</code>, we will see the file in green under “Changes to be committed” because the index and HEAD differ — that is, our proposed next commit is now different from our last commit.
-Finally, we run <code>git commit</code> to finalize the commit.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-ex6.png" alt="reset ex6">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now <code>git status</code> will give us no output, because all three trees are the same again.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Switching branches or cloning goes through a similar process.
-When you checkout a branch, it changes <strong>HEAD</strong> to point to the new branch ref, populates your <strong>index</strong> with the snapshot of that commit, then copies the contents of the <strong>index</strong> into your <strong>working directory</strong>.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_the_role_of_reset">The Role of Reset</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The <code>reset</code> command makes more sense when viewed in this context.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>For the purposes of these examples, let’s say that we’ve modified <code>file.txt</code> again and committed it a third time.
-So now our history looks like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-start.png" alt="reset start">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s now walk through exactly what <code>reset</code> does when you call it.
-It directly manipulates these three trees in a simple and predictable way.
-It does up to three basic operations.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_step_1_move_head">Step 1: Move HEAD</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The first thing <code>reset</code> will do is move what HEAD points to.
-This isn’t the same as changing HEAD itself (which is what <code>checkout</code> does); <code>reset</code> moves the branch that HEAD is pointing to.
-This means if HEAD is set to the <code>master</code> branch (i.e. you’re currently on the <code>master</code> branch), running <code>git reset 9e5e6a4</code> will start by making <code>master</code> point to <code>9e5e6a4</code>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-soft.png" alt="reset soft">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>No matter what form of <code>reset</code> with a commit you invoke, this is the first thing it will always try to do.
-With <code>reset --soft</code>, it will simply stop there.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now take a second to look at that diagram and realize what happened: it essentially undid the last <code>git commit</code> command.
-When you run <code>git commit</code>, Git creates a new commit and moves the branch that HEAD points to up to it.
-When you <code>reset</code> back to <code>HEAD~</code> (the parent of HEAD), you are moving the branch back to where it was, without changing the index or working directory.
-You could now update the index and run <code>git commit</code> again to accomplish what <code>git commit --amend</code> would have done (see <a href="ch00/_git_amend.html">Changing the Last Commit</a>).</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_step_2_updating_the_index_mixed">Step 2: Updating the Index (--mixed)</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Note that if you run <code>git status</code> now you’ll see in green the difference between the index and what the new HEAD is.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The next thing <code>reset</code> will do is to update the index with the contents of whatever snapshot HEAD now points to.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-mixed.png" alt="reset mixed">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you specify the <code>--mixed</code> option, <code>reset</code> will stop at this point.
-This is also the default, so if you specify no option at all (just <code>git reset HEAD~</code> in this case), this is where the command will stop.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now take another second to look at that diagram and realize what happened: it still undid your last <code>commit</code>, but also <em>unstaged</em> everything.
-You rolled back to before you ran all your <code>git add</code> and <code>git commit</code> commands.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_step_3_updating_the_working_directory_hard">Step 3: Updating the Working Directory (--hard)</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The third thing that <code>reset</code> will do is to make the working directory look like the index.
-If you use the <code>--hard</code> option, it will continue to this stage.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-hard.png" alt="reset hard">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>So let’s think about what just happened.
-You undid your last commit, the <code>git add</code> and <code>git commit</code> commands, <strong>and</strong> all the work you did in your working directory.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>It’s important to note that this flag (<code>--hard</code>) is the only way to make the <code>reset</code> command dangerous, and one of the very few cases where Git will actually destroy data.
-Any other invocation of <code>reset</code> can be pretty easily undone, but the <code>--hard</code> option cannot, since it forcibly overwrites files in the working directory.
-In this particular case, we still have the <strong>v3</strong> version of our file in a commit in our Git DB, and we could get it back by looking at our <code>reflog</code>, but if we had not committed it, Git still would have overwritten the file and it would be unrecoverable.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_recap">Recap</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The <code>reset</code> command overwrites these three trees in a specific order, stopping when you tell it to:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="olist arabic">
-<ol class="arabic">
-<li>
-<p>Move the branch HEAD points to <em>(stop here if <code>--soft</code>)</em>.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Make the index look like HEAD <em>(stop here unless <code>--hard</code>)</em>.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Make the working directory look like the index.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_reset_with_a_path">Reset With a Path</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>That covers the behavior of <code>reset</code> in its basic form, but you can also provide it with a path to act upon.
-If you specify a path, <code>reset</code> will skip step 1, and limit the remainder of its actions to a specific file or set of files.
-This actually sort of makes sense — HEAD is just a pointer, and you can’t point to part of one commit and part of another.
-But the index and working directory <em>can</em> be partially updated, so reset proceeds with steps 2 and 3.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>So, assume we run <code>git reset file.txt</code>.
-This form (since you did not specify a commit SHA-1 or branch, and you didn’t specify <code>--soft</code> or <code>--hard</code>) is shorthand for <code>git reset --mixed HEAD file.txt</code>, which will:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="olist arabic">
-<ol class="arabic">
-<li>
-<p>Move the branch HEAD points to <em>(skipped)</em>.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Make the index look like HEAD <em>(stop here)</em>.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>So it essentially just copies <code>file.txt</code> from HEAD to the index.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-path1.png" alt="reset path1">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This has the practical effect of <em>unstaging</em> the file.
-If we look at the diagram for that command and think about what <code>git add</code> does, they are exact opposites.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-path2.png" alt="reset path2">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This is why the output of the <code>git status</code> command suggests that you run this to unstage a file (see <a href="ch00/_unstaging.html">Unstaging a Staged File</a> for more on this).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>We could just as easily not let Git assume we meant “pull the data from HEAD” by specifying a specific commit to pull that file version from.
-We would just run something like <code>git reset eb43bf file.txt</code>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-path3.png" alt="reset path3">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This effectively does the same thing as if we had reverted the content of the file to <strong>v1</strong> in the working directory, ran <code>git add</code> on it, then reverted it back to <strong>v3</strong> again (without actually going through all those steps).
-If we run <code>git commit</code> now, it will record a change that reverts that file back to <strong>v1</strong>, even though we never actually had it in our working directory again.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>It’s also interesting to note that like <code>git add</code>, the <code>reset</code> command will accept a <code>--patch</code> option to unstage content on a hunk-by-hunk basis.
-So you can selectively unstage or revert content.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_squashing_2">Squashing</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s look at how to do something interesting with this newfound power — squashing commits.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Say you have a series of commits with messages like “oops.”, “WIP” and “forgot this file”.
-You can use <code>reset</code> to quickly and easily squash them into a single commit that makes you look really smart.
-<a href="ch00/_squashing.html">Squashing Commits</a> shows another way to do this, but in this example it’s simpler to use <code>reset</code>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s say you have a project where the first commit has one file, the second commit added a new file and changed the first, and the third commit changed the first file again.
-The second commit was a work in progress and you want to squash it down.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-squash-r1.png" alt="reset squash r1">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can run <code>git reset --soft HEAD~2</code> to move the HEAD branch back to an older commit (the most recent commit you want to keep):</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-squash-r2.png" alt="reset squash r2">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>And then simply run <code>git commit</code> again:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-squash-r3.png" alt="reset squash r3">
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now you can see that your reachable history, the history you would push, now looks like you had one commit with <code>file-a.txt</code> v1, then a second that both modified <code>file-a.txt</code> to v3 and added <code>file-b.txt</code>.
-The commit with the v2 version of the file is no longer in the history.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_check_it_out">Check It Out</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Finally, you may wonder what the difference between <code>checkout</code> and <code>reset</code> is.
-Like <code>reset</code>, <code>checkout</code> manipulates the three trees, and it is a bit different depending on whether you give the command a file path or not.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_without_paths">Without Paths</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Running <code>git checkout [branch]</code> is pretty similar to running <code>git reset --hard [branch]</code> in that it updates all three trees for you to look like <code>[branch]</code>, but there are two important differences.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>First, unlike <code>reset --hard</code>, <code>checkout</code> is working-directory safe; it will check to make sure it’s not blowing away files that have changes to them.
-Actually, it’s a bit smarter than that — it tries to do a trivial merge in the working directory, so all of the files you <em>haven’t</em> changed will be updated.
-<code>reset --hard</code>, on the other hand, will simply replace everything across the board without checking.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The second important difference is how <code>checkout</code> updates HEAD.
-Whereas <code>reset</code> will move the branch that HEAD points to, <code>checkout</code> will move HEAD itself to point to another branch.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>For instance, say we have <code>master</code> and <code>develop</code> branches which point at different commits, and we’re currently on <code>develop</code> (so HEAD points to it).
-If we run <code>git reset master</code>, <code>develop</code> itself will now point to the same commit that <code>master</code> does.
-If we instead run <code>git checkout master</code>, <code>develop</code> does not move, HEAD itself does.
-HEAD will now point to <code>master</code>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>So, in both cases we’re moving HEAD to point to commit A, but <em>how</em> we do so is very different.
-<code>reset</code> will move the branch HEAD points to, <code>checkout</code> moves HEAD itself.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/reset-checkout.png" alt="reset checkout">
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_with_paths">With Paths</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The other way to run <code>checkout</code> is with a file path, which, like <code>reset</code>, does not move HEAD.
-It is just like <code>git reset [branch] file</code> in that it updates the index with that file at that commit, but it also overwrites the file in the working directory.
-It would be exactly like <code>git reset --hard [branch] file</code> (if <code>reset</code> would let you run that) — it’s not working-directory safe, and it does not move HEAD.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Also, like <code>git reset</code> and <code>git add</code>, <code>checkout</code> will accept a <code>--patch</code> option to allow you to selectively revert file contents on a hunk-by-hunk basis.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_summary_8">Summary</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Hopefully now you understand and feel more comfortable with the <code>reset</code> command, but are probably still a little confused about how exactly it differs from <code>checkout</code> and could not possibly remember all the rules of the different invocations.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Here’s a cheat-sheet for which commands affect which trees.
-The “HEAD” column reads “REF” if that command moves the reference (branch) that HEAD points to, and “HEAD” if it moves HEAD itself.
-Pay especial attention to the 'WD Safe?' column — if it says <strong>NO</strong>, take a second to think before running that command.</p>
-</div>
-<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
-<colgroup>
-<col style="width: 42.8571%;">
-<col style="width: 14.2857%;">
-<col style="width: 14.2857%;">
-<col style="width: 14.2857%;">
-<col style="width: 14.2858%;">
-</colgroup>
-<thead>
-<tr>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></th>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">HEAD</th>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Index</th>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Workdir</th>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">WD Safe?</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Commit Level</strong></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset --soft [commit]</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">REF</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset [commit]</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">REF</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset --hard [commit]</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">REF</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>NO</strong></p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>checkout &lt;commit&gt;</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">HEAD</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>File Level</strong></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>reset [commit] &lt;paths&gt;</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>checkout [commit] &lt;paths&gt;</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">NO</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">YES</p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>NO</strong></p></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div id="nav"><a href="ch00/_removing_file_every_commit.html">prev</a> | <a href="ch00/_reverse_commit.html">next</a></div></div>
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