RubyGems - wayfarer - Versions diffs - 0.4.7 → 0.4.9 - Mend

wayfarer 0.4.7 → 0.4.9

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-  <div class="three-column">
-    <div class='column-left'>
-      <ol class='book-toc'>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>1. <a href="ch00/ch01-getting-started.html">Getting Started</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          1.1
-          <a href="ch00/ch01-getting-started.html" >About Version Control </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          1.2
-          <a href="Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git.html" >A Short History of Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          1.3
-          <a href="ch00/what_is_git_section.html" >What is Git? </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          1.4
-          <a href="Getting-Started-The-Command-Line.html" >The Command Line </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          1.5
-          <a href="Getting-Started-Installing-Git.html" >Installing Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          1.6
-          <a href="ch00/_editor.html" >First-Time Git Setup </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          1.7
-          <a href="ch00/_git_help.html" >Getting Help </a>
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-        <li>
-          1.8
-          <a href="Getting-Started-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>2. <a href="ch00/_git_cloning.html">Git Basics</a></h2>
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-          2.1
-          <a href="ch00/_git_cloning.html" >Getting a Git Repository </a>
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-          2.3
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-        <li>
-          2.4
-          <a href="ch00/_unstaging.html" >Undoing Things </a>
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-          2.5
-          <a href="ch00/_remote_repos.html" >Working with Remotes </a>
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-        <li>
-          2.6
-          <a href="ch00/_annotated_tags.html" >Tagging </a>
-        </li>
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-          2.7
-          <a href="ch00/_git_aliases.html" >Git Aliases </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          2.8
-          <a href="Git-Basics-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>3. <a href="ch00/_switching_branches.html">Git Branching</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          3.1
-          <a href="ch00/_switching_branches.html" >Branches in a Nutshell </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          3.2
-          <a href="ch00/_basic_branching.html" >Basic Branching and Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          3.3
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-          3.4
-          <a href="ch00/_topic_branch.html" >Branching Workflows </a>
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-          3.5
-          <a href="ch00/_delete_branches.html" >Remote Branches </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          3.6
-          <a href="ch00/_rebase_rebase.html" >Rebasing </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          3.7
-          <a href="Git-Branching-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
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-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>4. <a href="Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols.html">Git on the Server</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          4.1
-          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-The-Protocols.html" >The Protocols </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.2
-          <a href="ch00/_bare_repo.html" >Getting Git on a Server </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.3
-          <a href="ch00/_generate_ssh_key.html" >Generating Your SSH Public Key </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.4
-          <a href="ch00/_setting_up_server.html" >Setting Up the Server </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.5
-          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-Git-Daemon.html" >Git Daemon </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.6
-          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-Smart-HTTP.html" >Smart HTTP </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.7
-          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-GitWeb.html" >GitWeb </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.8
-          <a href="ch00/_gitlab_groups_section.html" >GitLab </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          4.9
-          <a href="Git-on-the-Server-Third-Party-Hosted-Options.html" >Third Party Hosted Options </a>
-        </li>
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-          4.10
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-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>5. <a href="ch00/_integration_manager.html">Distributed Git</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          5.1
-          <a href="ch00/_integration_manager.html" >Distributed Workflows </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          5.2
-          <a href="ch00/_project_over_email.html" >Contributing to a Project </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          5.3
-          <a href="ch00/_git_am.html" >Maintaining a Project </a>
-        </li>
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-          5.4
-          <a href="Distributed-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-    <div class='column-middle'>
-      <ol class='book-toc'>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>6. <a href="ch00/_personal_avatar.html">GitHub</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          6.1
-          <a href="ch00/_personal_avatar.html" >Account Setup and Configuration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          6.2
-          <a href="ch00/_fetch_and_push_on_different_repositories.html" >Contributing to a Project </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          6.3
-          <a href="ch00/_email_notifications.html" >Maintaining a Project </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          6.4
-          <a href="ch00/_team_page.html" >Managing an organization </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          6.5
-          <a href="ch00/_commit_status.html" >Scripting GitHub </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          6.6
-          <a href="GitHub-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>7. <a href="ch00/_git_reflog.html">Git Tools</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          7.1
-          <a href="ch00/_git_reflog.html" >Revision Selection </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.2
-          <a href="ch00/_interactive_staging.html" >Interactive Staging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.3
-          <a href="ch00/_git_clean.html" >Stashing and Cleaning </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.4
-          <a href="ch00/_signing_commits.html" >Signing Your Work </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.5
-          <a href="ch00/_git_grep.html" >Searching </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.6
-          <a href="ch00/_removing_file_every_commit.html" >Rewriting History </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.7
-          <a href="ch00/_the_index.html" >Reset Demystified </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.8
-          <a href="ch00/_reverse_commit.html" >Advanced Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.9
-          <a href="ch00/ref_rerere.html" >Rerere </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.10
-          <a href="ch00/_file_annotation.html" >Debugging with Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.11
-          <a href="ch00/_publishing_submodules.html" >Submodules </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.12
-          <a href="ch00/_bundling.html" >Bundling </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.13
-          <a href="ch00/_replace.html" >Replace </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.14
-          <a href="ch00/_credential_caching.html" >Credential Storage </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.15
-          <a href="Git-Tools-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>8. <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html">Customizing Git</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          8.1
-          <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html" >Git Configuration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          8.2
-          <a href="ch00/_keyword_expansion.html" >Git Attributes </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          8.3
-          <a href="ch00/_email_hooks.html" >Git Hooks </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          8.4
-          <a href="ch00/_enforcing_commit_message_format.html" >An Example Git-Enforced Policy </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          8.5
-          <a href="Customizing-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>9. <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          9.1
-          <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html" >Git as a Client </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          9.2
-          <a href="ch00/_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          9.3
-          <a href="Git-and-Other-Systems-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>10. <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          10.1
-          <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html" >Plumbing and Porcelain </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.2
-          <a href="ch00/_git_commit_objects.html" >Git Objects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.3
-          <a href="ch00/ref_the_ref.html" >Git References </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.4
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Packfiles.html" >Packfiles </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.5
-          <a href="ch00/_pushing_refspecs.html" >The Refspec </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.6
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" class=active>Transfer Protocols </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.7
-          <a href="ch00/_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.8
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html" >Environment Variables </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.9
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-    <div class='column-right'>
-      <ol class='book-toc'>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A1. <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A1.1
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.2
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code.html" >Git in Visual Studio Code </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-%252F-PyCharm-%252F-WebStorm-%252F-PhpStorm-%252F-RubyMine.html" >Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Sublime-Text.html" >Git in Sublime Text </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.6
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html" >Git in Bash </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.7
-          <a href="ch00/oh_my_zsh_git.html" >Git in Zsh </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.8
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html" >Git in PowerShell </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A2. <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A2.1
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.2
-          <a href="ch00/_libgit2_bindings.html" >Libgit2 </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html" >JGit </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A3. <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A3.1
-          <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.2
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.6
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.7
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.8
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.10
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.11
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.12
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-    <span class="light" id="edition">
-      2nd Edition
-    </span>
-</div>
-<div id='main' class="book edition2">
-    <h1>10.6 Git Internals - Transfer Protocols</h1>
-  <div>
-<h2 id="_transfer_protocols">Transfer Protocols</h2>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Git can transfer data between two repositories in two major ways: the “dumb” protocol and the “smart” protocol.
-This section will quickly cover how these two main protocols operate.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_the_dumb_protocol">The Dumb Protocol</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you’re setting up a repository to be served read-only over HTTP, the dumb protocol is likely what will be used.
-This protocol is called “dumb” because it requires no Git-specific code on the server side during the transport process; the fetch process is a series of HTTP <code>GET</code> requests, where the client can assume the layout of the Git repository on the server.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="admonitionblock note">
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td class="icon">
-<div class="title">Note</div>
-</td>
-<td class="content">
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The dumb protocol is fairly rarely used these days.
-It’s difficult to secure or make private, so most Git hosts (both cloud-based and on-premises) will refuse to use it.
-It’s generally advised to use the smart protocol, which we describe a bit further on.</p>
-</div>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s follow the <code>http-fetch</code> process for the simplegit library:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git clone http://server/simplegit-progit.git</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The first thing this command does is pull down the <code>info/refs</code> file.
-This file is written by the <code>update-server-info</code> command, which is why you need to enable that as a <code>post-receive</code> hook in order for the HTTP transport to work properly:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET info/refs
-ca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949     refs/heads/master</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now you have a list of the remote references and SHA-1s.
-Next, you look for what the HEAD reference is so you know what to check out when you’re finished:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET HEAD
-ref: refs/heads/master</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You need to check out the <code>master</code> branch when you’ve completed the process.
-At this point, you’re ready to start the walking process.
-Because your starting point is the <code>ca82a6</code> commit object you saw in the <code>info/refs</code> file, you start by fetching that:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET objects/ca/82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949
-(179 bytes of binary data)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You get an object back – that object is in loose format on the server, and you fetched it over a static HTTP GET request.
-You can zlib-uncompress it, strip off the header, and look at the commit content:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git cat-file -p ca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949
-tree cfda3bf379e4f8dba8717dee55aab78aef7f4daf
-parent 085bb3bcb608e1e8451d4b2432f8ecbe6306e7e7
-author Scott Chacon &lt;schacon@gmail.com&gt; 1205815931 -0700
-committer Scott Chacon &lt;schacon@gmail.com&gt; 1240030591 -0700
-Change version number</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Next, you have two more objects to retrieve – <code>cfda3b</code>, which is the tree of content that the commit we just retrieved points to; and <code>085bb3</code>, which is the parent commit:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET objects/08/5bb3bcb608e1e8451d4b2432f8ecbe6306e7e7
-(179 bytes of data)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>That gives you your next commit object.
-Grab the tree object:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET objects/cf/da3bf379e4f8dba8717dee55aab78aef7f4daf
-(404 - Not Found)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Oops – it looks like that tree object isn’t in loose format on the server, so you get a 404 response back.
-There are a couple of reasons for this – the object could be in an alternate repository, or it could be in a packfile in this repository.
-Git checks for any listed alternates first:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET objects/info/http-alternates
-(empty file)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If this comes back with a list of alternate URLs, Git checks for loose files and packfiles there – this is a nice mechanism for projects that are forks of one another to share objects on disk.
-However, because no alternates are listed in this case, your object must be in a packfile.
-To see what packfiles are available on this server, you need to get the <code>objects/info/packs</code> file, which contains a listing of them (also generated by <code>update-server-info</code>):</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET objects/info/packs
-P pack-816a9b2334da9953e530f27bcac22082a9f5b835.pack</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>There is only one packfile on the server, so your object is obviously in there, but you’ll check the index file to make sure.
-This is also useful if you have multiple packfiles on the server, so you can see which packfile contains the object you need:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET objects/pack/pack-816a9b2334da9953e530f27bcac22082a9f5b835.idx
-(4k of binary data)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now that you have the packfile index, you can see if your object is in it – because the index lists the SHA-1s of the objects contained in the packfile and the offsets to those objects.
-Your object is there, so go ahead and get the whole packfile:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET objects/pack/pack-816a9b2334da9953e530f27bcac22082a9f5b835.pack
-(13k of binary data)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You have your tree object, so you continue walking your commits.
-They’re all also within the packfile you just downloaded, so you don’t have to do any more requests to your server.
-Git checks out a working copy of the <code>master</code> branch that was pointed to by the HEAD reference you downloaded at the beginning.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_the_smart_protocol">The Smart Protocol</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The dumb protocol is simple but a bit inefficient, and it can’t handle writing of data from the client to the server.
-The smart protocol is a more common method of transferring data, but it requires a process on the remote end that is intelligent about Git – it can read local data, figure out what the client has and needs, and generate a custom packfile for it.
-There are two sets of processes for transferring data: a pair for uploading data and a pair for downloading data.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_uploading_data">Uploading Data</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-To upload data to a remote process, Git uses the <code>send-pack</code> and <code>receive-pack</code> processes.
-The <code>send-pack</code> process runs on the client and connects to a <code>receive-pack</code> process on the remote side.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect5">
-<h6 id="_ssh">SSH</h6>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>For example, say you run <code>git push origin master</code> in your project, and <code>origin</code> is defined as a URL that uses the SSH protocol.
-Git fires up the <code>send-pack</code> process, which initiates a connection over SSH to your server.
-It tries to run a command on the remote server via an SSH call that looks something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ ssh -x git@server "git-receive-pack 'simplegit-progit.git'"
-00a5ca82a6dff817ec66f4437202690a93763949 refs/heads/master□report-status \
-	delete-refs side-band-64k quiet ofs-delta \
-	agent=git/2:2.1.1+github-607-gfba4028 delete-refs
-0000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The <code>git-receive-pack</code> command immediately responds with one line for each reference it currently has – in this case, just the <code>master</code> branch and its SHA-1.
-The first line also has a list of the server’s capabilities (here, <code>report-status</code>, <code>delete-refs</code>, and some others, including the client identifier).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The data is transmitted in chunks.
-Each chunk starts with a 4-character hex value specifying how long the chunk is (including the 4 bytes of the length itself).
-Chunks usually contain a single line of data and a trailing linefeed.
-Your first chunk starts with 00a5, which is hexadecimal for 165, meaning the chunk is 165 bytes long.
-The next chunk is 0000, meaning the server is done with its references listing.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now that it knows the server’s state, your <code>send-pack</code> process determines what commits it has that the server doesn’t.
-For each reference that this push will update, the <code>send-pack</code> process tells the <code>receive-pack</code> process that information.
-For instance, if you’re updating the <code>master</code> branch and adding an <code>experiment</code> branch, the <code>send-pack</code> response may look something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>0076ca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949 15027957951b64cf874c3557a0f3547bd83b3ff6 \
-	refs/heads/master report-status
-006c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cdfdb42577e2506715f8cfeacdbabc092bf63e8d \
-	refs/heads/experiment
-0000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Git sends a line for each reference you’re updating with the line’s length, the old SHA-1, the new SHA-1, and the reference that is being updated.
-The first line also has the client’s capabilities.
-The SHA-1 value of all '0’s means that nothing was there before – because you’re adding the experiment reference.
-If you were deleting a reference, you would see the opposite: all '0’s on the right side.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Next, the client sends a packfile of all the objects the server doesn’t have yet.
-Finally, the server responds with a success (or failure) indication:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>000eunpack ok</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect5">
-<h6 id="_https">HTTP(S)</h6>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This process is mostly the same over HTTP, though the handshaking is a bit different.
-The connection is initiated with this request:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET http://server/simplegit-progit.git/info/refs?service=git-receive-pack
-001f# service=git-receive-pack
-00ab6c5f0e45abd7832bf23074a333f739977c9e8188 refs/heads/master□report-status \
-	delete-refs side-band-64k quiet ofs-delta \
-	agent=git/2:2.1.1~vmg-bitmaps-bugaloo-608-g116744e
-0000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>That’s the end of the first client-server exchange.
-The client then makes another request, this time a <code>POST</code>, with the data that <code>send-pack</code> provides.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; POST http://server/simplegit-progit.git/git-receive-pack</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The <code>POST</code> request includes the <code>send-pack</code> output and the packfile as its payload.
-The server then indicates success or failure with its HTTP response.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Keep in mind the HTTP protocol may further wrap this data inside a chunked transfer encoding.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_downloading_data">Downloading Data</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-When you download data, the <code>fetch-pack</code> and <code>upload-pack</code> processes are involved.
-The client initiates a <code>fetch-pack</code> process that connects to an <code>upload-pack</code> process on the remote side to negotiate what data will be transferred down.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect5">
-<h6 id="_ssh_2">SSH</h6>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you’re doing the fetch over SSH, <code>fetch-pack</code> runs something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ ssh -x git@server "git-upload-pack 'simplegit-progit.git'"</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>After <code>fetch-pack</code> connects, <code>upload-pack</code> sends back something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>00dfca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949 HEAD□multi_ack thin-pack \
-	side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag \
-	multi_ack_detailed symref=HEAD:refs/heads/master \
-	agent=git/2:2.1.1+github-607-gfba4028
-003fe2409a098dc3e53539a9028a94b6224db9d6a6b6 refs/heads/master
-0000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This is very similar to what <code>receive-pack</code> responds with, but the capabilities are different.
-In addition, it sends back what HEAD points to (<code>symref=HEAD:refs/heads/master</code>) so the client knows what to check out if this is a clone.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>At this point, the <code>fetch-pack</code> process looks at what objects it has and responds with the objects that it needs by sending “want” and then the SHA-1 it wants.
-It sends all the objects it already has with “have” and then the SHA-1.
-At the end of this list, it writes “done” to initiate the <code>upload-pack</code> process to begin sending the packfile of the data it needs:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>003cwant ca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949 ofs-delta
-0032have 085bb3bcb608e1e8451d4b2432f8ecbe6306e7e7
-0009done
-0000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect5">
-<h6 id="_https_2">HTTP(S)</h6>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The handshake for a fetch operation takes two HTTP requests.
-The first is a <code>GET</code> to the same endpoint used in the dumb protocol:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; GET $GIT_URL/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack
-001e# service=git-upload-pack
-00e7ca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949 HEAD□multi_ack thin-pack \
-	side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag \
-	multi_ack_detailed no-done symref=HEAD:refs/heads/master \
-	agent=git/2:2.1.1+github-607-gfba4028
-003fca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949 refs/heads/master
-0000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This is very similar to invoking <code>git-upload-pack</code> over an SSH connection, but the second exchange is performed as a separate request:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code>=&gt; POST $GIT_URL/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.0
-0032want 0a53e9ddeaddad63ad106860237bbf53411d11a7
-0032have 441b40d833fdfa93eb2908e52742248faf0ee993
-0000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Again, this is the same format as above.
-The response to this request indicates success or failure, and includes the packfile.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_protocols_summary">Protocols Summary</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This section contains a very basic overview of the transfer protocols.
-The protocol includes many other features, such as <code>multi_ack</code> or <code>side-band</code> capabilities, but covering them is outside the scope of this book.
-We’ve tried to give you a sense of the general back-and-forth between client and server; if you need more knowledge than this, you’ll probably want to take a look at the Git source code.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="nav"><a href="ch00/_pushing_refspecs.html">prev</a> | <a href="ch00/_git_gc.html">next</a></div></div>
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