RubyGems - wayfarer - Versions diffs - 0.4.7 → 0.4.9 - Mend

wayfarer 0.4.7 → 0.4.9

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-          <a href="ch00/_file_annotation.html" >Debugging with Git </a>
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-        <li>
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-          <a href="ch00/_bundling.html" >Bundling </a>
-        </li>
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-          7.14
-          <a href="ch00/_credential_caching.html" >Credential Storage </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          7.15
-          <a href="Git-Tools-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
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-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>8. <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html">Customizing Git</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          8.1
-          <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html" >Git Configuration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          8.2
-          <a href="ch00/_keyword_expansion.html" >Git Attributes </a>
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-          8.3
-          <a href="ch00/_email_hooks.html" >Git Hooks </a>
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-          <a href="ch00/_enforcing_commit_message_format.html" >An Example Git-Enforced Policy </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          8.5
-          <a href="Customizing-Git-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>9. <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          9.1
-          <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html" >Git as a Client </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          9.2
-          <a href="ch00/_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          9.3
-          <a href="Git-and-Other-Systems-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  <h2>10. <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          10.1
-          <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html" >Plumbing and Porcelain </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.2
-          <a href="ch00/_git_commit_objects.html" >Git Objects </a>
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-          10.3
-          <a href="ch00/ref_the_ref.html" class=active>Git References </a>
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-          10.4
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Packfiles.html" >Packfiles </a>
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-        <li>
-          10.5
-          <a href="ch00/_pushing_refspecs.html" >The Refspec </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.6
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" >Transfer Protocols </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.7
-          <a href="ch00/_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.8
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html" >Environment Variables </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          10.9
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-    <div class='column-right'>
-      <ol class='book-toc'>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A1. <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A1.1
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A1.2
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
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-          A1.3
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-%252F-PyCharm-%252F-WebStorm-%252F-PhpStorm-%252F-RubyMine.html" >Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine </a>
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Sublime-Text.html" >Git in Sublime Text </a>
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-          A1.6
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html" >Git in Bash </a>
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-          <a href="ch00/oh_my_zsh_git.html" >Git in Zsh </a>
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-          A1.8
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html" >Git in PowerShell </a>
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-        <li>
-          A1.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A2. <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A2.1
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.2
-          <a href="ch00/_libgit2_bindings.html" >Libgit2 </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html" >JGit </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A3. <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A3.1
-          <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.2
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.6
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.7
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.8
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.10
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.11
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.12
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-    <span class="light" id="edition">
-      2nd Edition
-    </span>
-</div>
-<div id='main' class="book edition2">
-    <h1>10.3 Git Internals - Git References</h1>
-  <div>
-<h2 id="_git_refs">Git References</h2>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you were interested in seeing the history of your repository reachable from commit, say, <code>1a410e</code>, you could run something like <code>git log 1a410e</code> to display that history, but you would still have to remember that <code>1a410e</code> is the commit you want to use as the starting point for that history.
-Instead, it would be easier if you had a file in which you could store that SHA-1 value under a simple name so you could use that simple name rather than the raw SHA-1 value.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>In Git, these simple names are called “references” or “refs”; you can find the files that contain those SHA-1 values in the <code>.git/refs</code> directory.
-In the current project, this directory contains no files, but it does contain a simple structure:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ find .git/refs
-.git/refs
-.git/refs/heads
-.git/refs/tags
-$ find .git/refs -type f</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>To create a new reference that will help you remember where your latest commit is, you can technically do something as simple as this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ echo 1a410efbd13591db07496601ebc7a059dd55cfe9 &gt; .git/refs/heads/master</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now, you can use the head reference you just created instead of the SHA-1 value in your Git commands:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log --pretty=oneline master
-1a410efbd13591db07496601ebc7a059dd55cfe9 Third commit
-cac0cab538b970a37ea1e769cbbde608743bc96d Second commit
-fdf4fc3344e67ab068f836878b6c4951e3b15f3d First commit</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You aren’t encouraged to directly edit the reference files; instead, Git provides the safer command <code>git update-ref</code> to do this if you want to update a reference:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git update-ref refs/heads/master 1a410efbd13591db07496601ebc7a059dd55cfe9</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>That’s basically what a branch in Git is: a simple pointer or reference to the head of a line of work.
-To create a branch back at the second commit, you can do this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git update-ref refs/heads/test cac0ca</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Your branch will contain only work from that commit down:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log --pretty=oneline test
-cac0cab538b970a37ea1e769cbbde608743bc96d Second commit
-fdf4fc3344e67ab068f836878b6c4951e3b15f3d First commit</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now, your Git database conceptually looks something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/data-model-4.png" alt="Git directory objects with branch head references included">
-</div>
-<div class="title">Figure 150. Git directory objects with branch head references included</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>When you run commands like <code>git branch &lt;branch&gt;</code>, Git basically runs that <code>update-ref</code> command to add the SHA-1 of the last commit of the branch you’re on into whatever new reference you want to create.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="ref_the_ref">The HEAD</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The question now is, when you run <code>git branch &lt;branch&gt;</code>, how does Git know the SHA-1 of the last commit?
-The answer is the HEAD file.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Usually the HEAD file is a symbolic reference to the branch you’re currently on.
-By symbolic reference, we mean that unlike a normal reference, it contains a pointer to another reference.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>However in some rare cases the HEAD file may contain the SHA-1 value of a git object.
-This happens when you checkout a tag, commit, or remote branch, which puts your repository in <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs/git-checkout#_detached_head">"detached HEAD"</a> state.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you look at the file, you’ll normally see something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cat .git/HEAD
-ref: refs/heads/master</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you run <code>git checkout test</code>, Git updates the file to look like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cat .git/HEAD
-ref: refs/heads/test</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>When you run <code>git commit</code>, it creates the commit object, specifying the parent of that commit object to be whatever SHA-1 value the reference in HEAD points to.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can also manually edit this file, but again a safer command exists to do so: <code>git symbolic-ref</code>.
-You can read the value of your HEAD via this command:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git symbolic-ref HEAD
-refs/heads/master</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can also set the value of HEAD using the same command:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git symbolic-ref HEAD refs/heads/test
-$ cat .git/HEAD
-ref: refs/heads/test</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can’t set a symbolic reference outside of the refs style:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git symbolic-ref HEAD test
-fatal: Refusing to point HEAD outside of refs/</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_tags">Tags</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>We just finished discussing Git’s three main object types (<em>blobs</em>, <em>trees</em> and <em>commits</em>), but there is a fourth.
-The <em>tag</em> object is very much like a commit object — it contains a tagger, a date, a message, and a pointer.
-The main difference is that a tag object generally points to a commit rather than a tree.
-It’s like a branch reference, but it never moves — it always points to the same commit but gives it a friendlier name.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>As discussed in <a href="ch00/ch02-git-basics-chapter.html">Git Basics</a>, there are two types of tags: annotated and lightweight.
-You can make a lightweight tag by running something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git update-ref refs/tags/v1.0 cac0cab538b970a37ea1e769cbbde608743bc96d</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>That is all a lightweight tag is — a reference that never moves.
-An annotated tag is more complex, however.
-If you create an annotated tag, Git creates a tag object and then writes a reference to point to it rather than directly to the commit.
-You can see this by creating an annotated tag (using the <code>-a</code> option):</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git tag -a v1.1 1a410efbd13591db07496601ebc7a059dd55cfe9 -m 'Test tag'</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Here’s the object SHA-1 value it created:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cat .git/refs/tags/v1.1
-9585191f37f7b0fb9444f35a9bf50de191beadc2</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now, run <code>git cat-file -p</code> on that SHA-1 value:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git cat-file -p 9585191f37f7b0fb9444f35a9bf50de191beadc2
-object 1a410efbd13591db07496601ebc7a059dd55cfe9
-type commit
-tag v1.1
-tagger Scott Chacon &lt;schacon@gmail.com&gt; Sat May 23 16:48:58 2009 -0700
-Test tag</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Notice that the object entry points to the commit SHA-1 value that you tagged.
-Also notice that it doesn’t need to point to a commit; you can tag any Git object.
-In the Git source code, for example, the maintainer has added their GPG public key as a blob object and then tagged it.
-You can view the public key by running this in a clone of the Git repository:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git cat-file blob junio-gpg-pub</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The Linux kernel repository also has a non-commit-pointing tag object — the first tag created points to the initial tree of the import of the source code.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_remotes">Remotes</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The third type of reference that you’ll see is a remote reference.
-If you add a remote and push to it, Git stores the value you last pushed to that remote for each branch in the <code>refs/remotes</code> directory.
-For instance, you can add a remote called <code>origin</code> and push your <code>master</code> branch to it:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git remote add origin git@github.com:schacon/simplegit-progit.git
-$ git push origin master
-Counting objects: 11, done.
-Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done.
-Writing objects: 100% (7/7), 716 bytes, done.
-Total 7 (delta 2), reused 4 (delta 1)
-To git@github.com:schacon/simplegit-progit.git
-  a11bef0..ca82a6d  master -&gt; master</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Then, you can see what the <code>master</code> branch on the <code>origin</code> remote was the last time you communicated with the server, by checking the <code>refs/remotes/origin/master</code> file:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cat .git/refs/remotes/origin/master
-ca82a6dff817ec66f44342007202690a93763949</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Remote references differ from branches (<code>refs/heads</code> references) mainly in that they’re considered read-only.
-You can <code>git checkout</code> to one, but Git won’t symbolically reference HEAD to one, so you’ll never update it with a <code>commit</code> command.
-Git manages them as bookmarks to the last known state of where those branches were on those servers.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="nav"><a href="ch00/_git_commit_objects.html">prev</a> | <a href="Git-Internals-Packfiles.html">next</a></div></div>
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