RubyGems - wayfarer - Versions diffs - 0.4.7 → 0.4.9 - Mend

wayfarer 0.4.7 → 0.4.9

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-          7.15
-          <a href="Git-Tools-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
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-  <h2>8. <a href="ch00/_external_merge_tools.html">Customizing Git</a></h2>
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-  <h2>9. <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
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-          <a href="ch00/_git_svn.html" >Git as a Client </a>
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-          <a href="ch00/_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
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-  <h2>10. <a href="ch00/_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
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-          <a href="ch00/ref_the_ref.html" >Git References </a>
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-          <a href="Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" >Transfer Protocols </a>
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-          <a href="ch00/_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
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-          <a href="Git-Internals-Environment-Variables.html" >Environment Variables </a>
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-          10.9
-          <a href="Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
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-  <h2>A1. <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash.html" >Git in Bash </a>
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-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell.html" >Git in PowerShell </a>
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-          A1.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A2. <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A2.1
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.2
-          <a href="ch00/_libgit2_bindings.html" >Libgit2 </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html" >JGit </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A3. <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A3.1
-          <a href="ch00/ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.2
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.3
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.4
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.5
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.6
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.7
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.8
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.9
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.10
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.11
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.12
-          <a href="./Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-    <span class="light" id="edition">
-      2nd Edition
-    </span>
-</div>
-<div id='main' class="book edition2">
-    <h1>2.2 Git Basics - Recording Changes to the Repository</h1>
-  <div>
-<h2 id="_recording_changes_to_the_repository">Recording Changes to the Repository</h2>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>At this point, you should have a <em>bona fide</em> Git repository on your local machine, and a checkout or <em>working copy</em> of all of its files in front of you.
-Typically, you’ll want to start making changes and committing snapshots of those changes into your repository each time the project reaches a state you want to record.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Remember that each file in your working directory can be in one of two states: <em>tracked</em> or <em>untracked</em>.
-Tracked files are files that were in the last snapshot, as well as any newly staged files; they can be unmodified, modified, or staged.
-In short, tracked files are files that Git knows about.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Untracked files are everything else — any files in your working directory that were not in your last snapshot and are not in your staging area.
-When you first clone a repository, all of your files will be tracked and unmodified because Git just checked them out and you haven’t edited anything.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>As you edit files, Git sees them as modified, because you’ve changed them since your last commit.
-As you work, you selectively stage these modified files and then commit all those staged changes, and the cycle repeats.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="imageblock">
-<div class="content">
-<img src="images/lifecycle.png" alt="The lifecycle of the status of your files">
-</div>
-<div class="title">Figure 8. The lifecycle of the status of your files</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_checking_status">Checking the Status of Your Files</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The main tool you use to determine which files are in which state is the <code>git status</code> command.
-If you run this command directly after a clone, you should see something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-nothing to commit, working tree clean</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This means you have a clean working directory; in other words, none of your tracked files are modified.
-Git also doesn’t see any untracked files, or they would be listed here.
-Finally, the command tells you which branch you’re on and informs you that it has not diverged from the same branch on the server.
-For now, that branch is always <code>master</code>, which is the default; you won’t worry about it here.
-<a href="ch00/ch03-git-branching.html">Git Branching</a> will go over branches and references in detail.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s say you add a new file to your project, a simple <code>README</code> file.
-If the file didn’t exist before, and you run <code>git status</code>, you see your untracked file like so:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ echo 'My Project' &gt; README
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Untracked files:
-  (use "git add &lt;file&gt;..." to include in what will be committed)
-    README
-nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can see that your new <code>README</code> file is untracked, because it’s under the “Untracked files” heading in your status output.
-Untracked basically means that Git sees a file you didn’t have in the previous snapshot (commit), and which hasn’t yet been staged; Git won’t start including it in your commit snapshots until you explicitly tell it to do so.
-It does this so you don’t accidentally begin including generated binary files or other files that you did not mean to include.
-You do want to start including <code>README</code>, so let’s start tracking the file.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_tracking_files">Tracking New Files</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>In order to begin tracking a new file, you use the command <code>git add</code>.
-To begin tracking the <code>README</code> file, you can run this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git add README</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you run your status command again, you can see that your <code>README</code> file is now tracked and staged to be committed:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git restore --staged &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    new file:   README</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can tell that it’s staged because it’s under the “Changes to be committed” heading.
-If you commit at this point, the version of the file at the time you ran <code>git add</code> is what will be in the subsequent historical snapshot.
-You may recall that when you ran <code>git init</code> earlier, you then ran <code>git add &lt;files&gt;</code> — that was to begin tracking files in your directory.
-The <code>git add</code> command takes a path name for either a file or a directory; if it’s a directory, the command adds all the files in that directory recursively.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_staging_modified_files">Staging Modified Files</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s change a file that was already tracked.
-If you change a previously tracked file called <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> and then run your <code>git status</code> command again, you get something that looks like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    new file:   README
-Changes not staged for commit:
-  (use "git add &lt;file&gt;..." to update what will be committed)
-  (use "git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;..." to discard changes in working directory)
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> file appears under a section named “Changes not staged for commit” — which means that a file that is tracked has been modified in the working directory but not yet staged.
-To stage it, you run the <code>git add</code> command.
-<code>git add</code> is a multipurpose command — you use it to begin tracking new files, to stage files, and to do other things like marking merge-conflicted files as resolved.
-It may be helpful to think of it more as “add precisely this content to the next commit” rather than “add this file to the project”.
-Let’s run <code>git add</code> now to stage the <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> file, and then run <code>git status</code> again:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git add CONTRIBUTING.md
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    new file:   README
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Both files are staged and will go into your next commit.
-At this point, suppose you remember one little change that you want to make in <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> before you commit it.
-You open it again and make that change, and you’re ready to commit.
-However, let’s run <code>git status</code> one more time:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ vim CONTRIBUTING.md
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    new file:   README
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md
-Changes not staged for commit:
-  (use "git add &lt;file&gt;..." to update what will be committed)
-  (use "git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;..." to discard changes in working directory)
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>What the heck?
-Now <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> is listed as both staged <em>and</em> unstaged.
-How is that possible?
-It turns out that Git stages a file exactly as it is when you run the <code>git add</code> command.
-If you commit now, the version of <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> as it was when you last ran the <code>git add</code> command is how it will go into the commit, not the version of the file as it looks in your working directory when you run <code>git commit</code>.
-If you modify a file after you run <code>git add</code>, you have to run <code>git add</code> again to stage the latest version of the file:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git add CONTRIBUTING.md
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    new file:   README
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_short_status">Short Status</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>While the <code>git status</code> output is pretty comprehensive, it’s also quite wordy.
-Git also has a short status flag so you can see your changes in a more compact way.
-If you run <code>git status -s</code> or <code>git status --short</code> you get a far more simplified output from the command:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git status -s
- M README
-MM Rakefile
-A  lib/git.rb
-M  lib/simplegit.rb
-?? LICENSE.txt</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>New files that aren’t tracked have a <code>??</code> next to them, new files that have been added to the staging area have an <code>A</code>, modified files have an <code>M</code> and so on.
-There are two columns to the output — the left-hand column indicates the status of the staging area and the right-hand column indicates the status of the working tree.
-So for example in that output, the <code>README</code> file is modified in the working directory but not yet staged, while the <code>lib/simplegit.rb</code> file is modified and staged.
-The <code>Rakefile</code> was modified, staged and then modified again, so there are changes to it that are both staged and unstaged.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_ignoring">Ignoring Files</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Often, you’ll have a class of files that you don’t want Git to automatically add or even show you as being untracked.
-These are generally automatically generated files such as log files or files produced by your build system.
-In such cases, you can create a file listing patterns to match them named <code>.gitignore</code>.
-Here is an example <code>.gitignore</code> file:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cat .gitignore
-*.[oa]
-*~</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The first line tells Git to ignore any files ending in “.o” or “.a” — object and archive files that may be the product of building your code.
-The second line tells Git to ignore all files whose names end with a tilde (<code>~</code>), which is used by many text editors such as Emacs to mark temporary files.
-You may also include a log, tmp, or pid directory; automatically generated documentation; and so on.
-Setting up a <code>.gitignore</code> file for your new repository before you get going is generally a good idea so you don’t accidentally commit files that you really don’t want in your Git repository.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The rules for the patterns you can put in the <code>.gitignore</code> file are as follows:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="ulist">
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>Blank lines or lines starting with <code>#</code> are ignored.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Standard glob patterns work, and will be applied recursively throughout the entire working tree.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>You can start patterns with a forward slash (<code>/</code>) to avoid recursivity.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>You can end patterns with a forward slash (<code>/</code>) to specify a directory.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>You can negate a pattern by starting it with an exclamation point (<code>!</code>).</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Glob patterns are like simplified regular expressions that shells use.
-An asterisk (<code>*</code>) matches zero or more characters; <code>[abc]</code> matches any character inside the brackets (in this case a, b, or c); a question mark (<code>?</code>) matches a single character; and brackets enclosing characters separated by a hyphen (<code>[0-9]</code>) matches any character between them (in this case 0 through 9).
-You can also use two asterisks to match nested directories; <code>a/**/z</code> would match <code>a/z</code>, <code>a/b/z</code>, <code>a/b/c/z</code>, and so on.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Here is another example <code>.gitignore</code> file:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code># ignore all .a files
-*.a
-# but do track lib.a, even though you're ignoring .a files above
-!lib.a
-# only ignore the TODO file in the current directory, not subdir/TODO
-/TODO
-# ignore all files in any directory named build
-build/
-# ignore doc/notes.txt, but not doc/server/arch.txt
-doc/*.txt
-# ignore all .pdf files in the doc/ directory and any of its subdirectories
-doc/**/*.pdf</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonitionblock tip">
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td class="icon">
-<div class="title">Tip</div>
-</td>
-<td class="content">
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>GitHub maintains a fairly comprehensive list of good <code>.gitignore</code> file examples for dozens of projects and languages at <a href="https://github.com/github/gitignore" class="bare">https://github.com/github/gitignore</a> if you want a starting point for your project.</p>
-</div>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div class="admonitionblock note">
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td class="icon">
-<div class="title">Note</div>
-</td>
-<td class="content">
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>In the simple case, a repository might have a single <code>.gitignore</code> file in its root directory, which applies recursively to the entire repository.
-However, it is also possible to have additional <code>.gitignore</code> files in subdirectories.
-The rules in these nested <code>.gitignore</code> files apply only to the files under the directory where they are located.
-The Linux kernel source repository has 206 <code>.gitignore</code> files.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>It is beyond the scope of this book to get into the details of multiple <code>.gitignore</code> files; see <code>man gitignore</code> for the details.</p>
-</div>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_git_diff_staged">Viewing Your Staged and Unstaged Changes</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If the <code>git status</code> command is too vague for you — you want to know exactly what you changed, not just which files were changed — you can use the <code>git diff</code> command.
-We’ll cover <code>git diff</code> in more detail later, but you’ll probably use it most often to answer these two questions: What have you changed but not yet staged?
-And what have you staged that you are about to commit?
-Although <code>git status</code> answers those questions very generally by listing the file names, <code>git diff</code> shows you the exact lines added and removed — the patch, as it were.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s say you edit and stage the <code>README</code> file again and then edit the <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> file without staging it.
-If you run your <code>git status</code> command, you once again see something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    modified:   README
-Changes not staged for commit:
-  (use "git add &lt;file&gt;..." to update what will be committed)
-  (use "git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;..." to discard changes in working directory)
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>To see what you’ve changed but not yet staged, type <code>git diff</code> with no other arguments:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git diff
-diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
-index 8ebb991..643e24f 100644
---- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
-+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
-@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ branch directly, things can get messy.
- Please include a nice description of your changes when you submit your PR;
- if we have to read the whole diff to figure out why you're contributing
- in the first place, you're less likely to get feedback and have your change
--merged in.
-+merged in. Also, split your changes into comprehensive chunks if your patch is
-+longer than a dozen lines.
- If you are starting to work on a particular area, feel free to submit a PR
- that highlights your work in progress (and note in the PR title that it's</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>That command compares what is in your working directory with what is in your staging area.
-The result tells you the changes you’ve made that you haven’t yet staged.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you want to see what you’ve staged that will go into your next commit, you can use <code>git diff --staged</code>.
-This command compares your staged changes to your last commit:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git diff --staged
-diff --git a/README b/README
-new file mode 100644
-index 0000000..03902a1
---- /dev/null
-+++ b/README
-@@ -0,0 +1 @@
-+My Project</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>It’s important to note that <code>git diff</code> by itself doesn’t show all changes made since your last commit — only changes that are still unstaged.
-If you’ve staged all of your changes, <code>git diff</code> will give you no output.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>For another example, if you stage the <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> file and then edit it, you can use <code>git diff</code> to see the changes in the file that are staged and the changes that are unstaged.
-If our environment looks like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git add CONTRIBUTING.md
-$ echo '# test line' &gt;&gt; CONTRIBUTING.md
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md
-Changes not staged for commit:
-  (use "git add &lt;file&gt;..." to update what will be committed)
-  (use "git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;..." to discard changes in working directory)
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now you can use <code>git diff</code> to see what is still unstaged:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git diff
-diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
-index 643e24f..87f08c8 100644
---- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
-+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
-@@ -119,3 +119,4 @@ at the
- ## Starter Projects
- See our [projects list](https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2/blob/development/PROJECTS.md).
-+# test line</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>and <code>git diff --cached</code> to see what you’ve staged so far (<code>--staged</code> and <code>--cached</code> are synonyms):</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git diff --cached
-diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
-index 8ebb991..643e24f 100644
---- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
-+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
-@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ branch directly, things can get messy.
- Please include a nice description of your changes when you submit your PR;
- if we have to read the whole diff to figure out why you're contributing
- in the first place, you're less likely to get feedback and have your change
--merged in.
-+merged in. Also, split your changes into comprehensive chunks if your patch is
-+longer than a dozen lines.
- If you are starting to work on a particular area, feel free to submit a PR
- that highlights your work in progress (and note in the PR title that it's</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="admonitionblock note">
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td class="icon">
-<div class="title">Note</div>
-</td>
-<td class="content">
-<div class="title">Git Diff in an External Tool</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>We will continue to use the <code>git diff</code> command in various ways throughout the rest of the book.
-There is another way to look at these diffs if you prefer a graphical or external diff viewing program instead.
-If you run <code>git difftool</code> instead of <code>git diff</code>, you can view any of these diffs in software like emerge, vimdiff and many more (including commercial products).
-Run <code>git difftool --tool-help</code> to see what is available on your system.</p>
-</div>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_committing_changes">Committing Your Changes</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now that your staging area is set up the way you want it, you can commit your changes.
-Remember that anything that is still unstaged — any files you have created or modified that you haven’t run <code>git add</code> on since you edited them — won’t go into this commit.
-They will stay as modified files on your disk.
-In this case, let’s say that the last time you ran <code>git status</code>, you saw that everything was staged, so you’re ready to commit your changes.
-The simplest way to commit is to type <code>git commit</code>:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git commit</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Doing so launches your editor of choice.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="admonitionblock note">
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td class="icon">
-<div class="title">Note</div>
-</td>
-<td class="content">
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This is set by your shell’s <code>EDITOR</code> environment variable — usually vim or emacs, although you can configure it with whatever you want using the <code>git config --global core.editor</code> command as you saw in <a href="ch00/ch01-getting-started.html">Getting Started</a>.</p>
-</div>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The editor displays the following text (this example is a Vim screen):</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code># Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
-# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
-# On branch master
-# Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-#
-# Changes to be committed:
-#	new file:   README
-#	modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md
-#
-~
-~
-~
-".git/COMMIT_EDITMSG" 9L, 283C</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can see that the default commit message contains the latest output of the <code>git status</code> command commented out and one empty line on top.
-You can remove these comments and type your commit message, or you can leave them there to help you remember what you’re committing.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="admonitionblock note">
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td class="icon">
-<div class="title">Note</div>
-</td>
-<td class="content">
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>For an even more explicit reminder of what you’ve modified, you can pass the <code>-v</code> option to <code>git commit</code>.
-Doing so also puts the diff of your change in the editor so you can see exactly what changes you’re committing.</p>
-</div>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>When you exit the editor, Git creates your commit with that commit message (with the comments and diff stripped out).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Alternatively, you can type your commit message inline with the <code>commit</code> command by specifying it after a <code>-m</code> flag, like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git commit -m "Story 182: fix benchmarks for speed"
-[master 463dc4f] Story 182: fix benchmarks for speed
- 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
- create mode 100644 README</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Now you’ve created your first commit!
-You can see that the commit has given you some output about itself: which branch you committed to (<code>master</code>), what SHA-1 checksum the commit has (<code>463dc4f</code>), how many files were changed, and statistics about lines added and removed in the commit.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Remember that the commit records the snapshot you set up in your staging area.
-Anything you didn’t stage is still sitting there modified; you can do another commit to add it to your history.
-Every time you perform a commit, you’re recording a snapshot of your project that you can revert to or compare to later.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_skipping_the_staging_area">Skipping the Staging Area</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-Although it can be amazingly useful for crafting commits exactly how you want them, the staging area is sometimes a bit more complex than you need in your workflow.
-If you want to skip the staging area, Git provides a simple shortcut.
-Adding the <code>-a</code> option to the <code>git commit</code> command makes Git automatically stage every file that is already tracked before doing the commit, letting you skip the <code>git add</code> part:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes not staged for commit:
-  (use "git add &lt;file&gt;..." to update what will be committed)
-  (use "git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;..." to discard changes in working directory)
-    modified:   CONTRIBUTING.md
-no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
-$ git commit -a -m 'Add new benchmarks'
-[master 83e38c7] Add new benchmarks
- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Notice how you don’t have to run <code>git add</code> on the <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> file in this case before you commit.
-That’s because the <code>-a</code> flag includes all changed files.
-This is convenient, but be careful; sometimes this flag will cause you to include unwanted changes.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_removing_files">Removing Files</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-To remove a file from Git, you have to remove it from your tracked files (more accurately, remove it from your staging area) and then commit.
-The <code>git rm</code> command does that, and also removes the file from your working directory so you don’t see it as an untracked file the next time around.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>If you simply remove the file from your working directory, it shows up under the “Changes not staged for commit” (that is, <em>unstaged</em>) area of your <code>git status</code> output:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ rm PROJECTS.md
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes not staged for commit:
-  (use "git add/rm &lt;file&gt;..." to update what will be committed)
-  (use "git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;..." to discard changes in working directory)
-        deleted:    PROJECTS.md
-no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Then, if you run <code>git rm</code>, it stages the file’s removal:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git rm PROJECTS.md
-rm 'PROJECTS.md'
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    deleted:    PROJECTS.md</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The next time you commit, the file will be gone and no longer tracked.
-If you modified the file or had already added it to the staging area, you must force the removal with the <code>-f</code> option.
-This is a safety feature to prevent accidental removal of data that hasn’t yet been recorded in a snapshot and that can’t be recovered from Git.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Another useful thing you may want to do is to keep the file in your working tree but remove it from your staging area.
-In other words, you may want to keep the file on your hard drive but not have Git track it anymore.
-This is particularly useful if you forgot to add something to your <code>.gitignore</code> file and accidentally staged it, like a large log file or a bunch of <code>.a</code> compiled files.
-To do this, use the <code>--cached</code> option:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git rm --cached README</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can pass files, directories, and file-glob patterns to the <code>git rm</code> command.
-That means you can do things such as:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git rm log/\*.log</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Note the backslash (<code>\</code>) in front of the <code>*</code>.
-This is necessary because Git does its own filename expansion in addition to your shell’s filename expansion.
-This command removes all files that have the <code>.log</code> extension in the <code>log/</code> directory.
-Or, you can do something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git rm \*~</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This command removes all files whose names end with a <code>~</code>.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_git_mv">Moving Files</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-Unlike many other VCSs, Git doesn’t explicitly track file movement.
-If you rename a file in Git, no metadata is stored in Git that tells it you renamed the file.
-However, Git is pretty smart about figuring that out after the fact — we’ll deal with detecting file movement a bit later.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Thus it’s a bit confusing that Git has a <code>mv</code> command.
-If you want to rename a file in Git, you can run something like:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git mv file_from file_to</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>and it works fine.
-In fact, if you run something like this and look at the status, you’ll see that Git considers it a renamed file:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git mv README.md README
-$ git status
-On branch master
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
-Changes to be committed:
-  (use "git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;..." to unstage)
-    renamed:    README.md -&gt; README</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>However, this is equivalent to running something like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ mv README.md README
-$ git rm README.md
-$ git add README</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Git figures out that it’s a rename implicitly, so it doesn’t matter if you rename a file that way or with the <code>mv</code> command.
-The only real difference is that <code>git mv</code> is one command instead of three — it’s a convenience function.
-More importantly, you can use any tool you like to rename a file, and address the add/rm later, before you commit.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
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