wasmtime 28.0.0 → 29.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-28.0.0/src/runtime/component/func/typed.rs

@@ -1,2482 +0,0 @@
-use crate::component::func::{Func, LiftContext, LowerContext, Options};
-use crate::component::matching::InstanceType;
-use crate::component::storage::{storage_as_slice, storage_as_slice_mut};
-use crate::prelude::*;
-use crate::runtime::vm::component::ComponentInstance;
-use crate::runtime::vm::SendSyncPtr;
-use crate::{AsContextMut, StoreContext, StoreContextMut, ValRaw};
-use alloc::borrow::Cow;
-use alloc::sync::Arc;
-use core::fmt;
-use core::marker;
-use core::mem::{self, MaybeUninit};
-use core::ptr::NonNull;
-use core::str;
-use wasmtime_environ::component::{
-    CanonicalAbiInfo, ComponentTypes, InterfaceType, StringEncoding, VariantInfo, MAX_FLAT_PARAMS,
-    MAX_FLAT_RESULTS,
-};
-
-/// A statically-typed version of [`Func`] which takes `Params` as input and
-/// returns `Return`.
-///
-/// This is an efficient way to invoke a WebAssembly component where if the
-/// inputs and output are statically known this can eschew the vast majority of
-/// machinery and checks when calling WebAssembly. This is the most optimized
-/// way to call a WebAssembly component.
-///
-/// Note that like [`Func`] this is a pointer within a [`Store`](crate::Store)
-/// and usage will panic if used with the wrong store.
-///
-/// This type is primarily created with the [`Func::typed`] API.
-///
-/// See [`ComponentType`] for more information about supported types.
-pub struct TypedFunc<Params, Return> {
-    func: Func,
-
-    // The definition of this field is somewhat subtle and may be surprising.
-    // Naively one might expect something like
-    //
-    //      _marker: marker::PhantomData<fn(Params) -> Return>,
-    //
-    // Since this is a function pointer after all. The problem with this
-    // definition though is that it imposes the wrong variance on `Params` from
-    // what we want. Abstractly a `fn(Params)` is able to store `Params` within
-    // it meaning you can only give it `Params` that live longer than the
-    // function pointer.
-    //
-    // With a component model function, however, we're always copying data from
-    // the host into the guest, so we are never storing pointers to `Params`
-    // into the guest outside the duration of a `call`, meaning we can actually
-    // accept values in `TypedFunc::call` which live for a shorter duration
-    // than the `Params` argument on the struct.
-    //
-    // This all means that we don't use a phantom function pointer, but instead
-    // feign phantom storage here to get the variance desired.
-    _marker: marker::PhantomData<(Params, Return)>,
-}
-
-impl<Params, Return> Copy for TypedFunc<Params, Return> {}
-
-impl<Params, Return> Clone for TypedFunc<Params, Return> {
-    fn clone(&self) -> TypedFunc<Params, Return> {
-        *self
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Params, Return> TypedFunc<Params, Return>
-where
-    Params: ComponentNamedList + Lower,
-    Return: ComponentNamedList + Lift,
-{
-    /// Creates a new [`TypedFunc`] from the provided component [`Func`],
-    /// unsafely asserting that the underlying function takes `Params` as
-    /// input and returns `Return`.
-    ///
-    /// # Unsafety
-    ///
-    /// This is an unsafe function because it does not verify that the [`Func`]
-    /// provided actually implements this signature. It's up to the caller to
-    /// have performed some other sort of check to ensure that the signature is
-    /// correct.
-    pub unsafe fn new_unchecked(func: Func) -> TypedFunc<Params, Return> {
-        TypedFunc {
-            _marker: marker::PhantomData,
-            func,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the underlying un-typed [`Func`] that this [`TypedFunc`]
-    /// references.
-    pub fn func(&self) -> &Func {
-        &self.func
-    }
-
-    /// Calls the underlying WebAssembly component function using the provided
-    /// `params` as input.
-    ///
-    /// This method is used to enter into a component. Execution happens within
-    /// the `store` provided. The `params` are copied into WebAssembly memory
-    /// as appropriate and a core wasm function is invoked.
-    ///
-    /// # Post-return
-    ///
-    /// In the component model each function can have a "post return" specified
-    /// which allows cleaning up the arguments returned to the host. For example
-    /// if WebAssembly returns a string to the host then it might be a uniquely
-    /// allocated string which, after the host finishes processing it, needs to
-    /// be deallocated in the wasm instance's own linear memory to prevent
-    /// memory leaks in wasm itself. The `post-return` canonical abi option is
-    /// used to configured this.
-    ///
-    /// To accommodate this feature of the component model after invoking a
-    /// function via [`TypedFunc::call`] you must next invoke
-    /// [`TypedFunc::post_return`]. Note that the return value of the function
-    /// should be processed between these two function calls. The return value
-    /// continues to be usable from an embedder's perspective after
-    /// `post_return` is called, but after `post_return` is invoked it may no
-    /// longer retain the same value that the wasm module originally returned.
-    ///
-    /// Also note that [`TypedFunc::post_return`] must be invoked irrespective
-    /// of whether the canonical ABI option `post-return` was configured or not.
-    /// This means that embedders must unconditionally call
-    /// [`TypedFunc::post_return`] when a function returns. If this function
-    /// call returns an error, however, then [`TypedFunc::post_return`] is not
-    /// required.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// This function can return an error for a number of reasons:
-    ///
-    /// * If the wasm itself traps during execution.
-    /// * If the wasm traps while copying arguments into memory.
-    /// * If the wasm provides bad allocation pointers when copying arguments
-    ///   into memory.
-    /// * If the wasm returns a value which violates the canonical ABI.
-    /// * If this function's instances cannot be entered, for example if the
-    ///   instance is currently calling a host function.
-    /// * If a previous function call occurred and the corresponding
-    ///   `post_return` hasn't been invoked yet.
-    ///
-    /// In general there are many ways that things could go wrong when copying
-    /// types in and out of a wasm module with the canonical ABI, and certain
-    /// error conditions are specific to certain types. For example a
-    /// WebAssembly module can't return an invalid `char`. When allocating space
-    /// for this host to copy a string into the returned pointer must be
-    /// in-bounds in memory.
-    ///
-    /// If an error happens then the error should contain detailed enough
-    /// information to understand which part of the canonical ABI went wrong
-    /// and what to inspect.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if this is called on a function in an asynchronous store. This
-    /// only works with functions defined within a synchronous store. Also
-    /// panics if `store` does not own this function.
-    pub fn call(&self, store: impl AsContextMut, params: Params) -> Result<Return> {
-        assert!(
-            !store.as_context().async_support(),
-            "must use `call_async` when async support is enabled on the config"
-        );
-        self.call_impl(store, params)
-    }
-
-    /// Exactly like [`Self::call`], except for use on asynchronous stores.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if this is called on a function in a synchronous store. This
-    /// only works with functions defined within an asynchronous store. Also
-    /// panics if `store` does not own this function.
-    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-    pub async fn call_async<T>(
-        &self,
-        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
-        params: Params,
-    ) -> Result<Return>
-    where
-        T: Send,
-        Params: Send + Sync,
-        Return: Send + Sync,
-    {
-        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
-        assert!(
-            store.0.async_support(),
-            "cannot use `call_async` when async support is not enabled on the config"
-        );
-        store
-            .on_fiber(|store| self.call_impl(store, params))
-            .await?
-    }
-
-    fn call_impl(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut, params: Params) -> Result<Return> {
-        let store = &mut store.as_context_mut();
-        // Note that this is in theory simpler than it might read at this time.
-        // Here we're doing a runtime dispatch on the `flatten_count` for the
-        // params/results to see whether they're inbounds. This creates 4 cases
-        // to handle. In reality this is a highly optimizable branch where LLVM
-        // will easily figure out that only one branch here is taken.
-        //
-        // Otherwise this current construction is done to ensure that the stack
-        // space reserved for the params/results is always of the appropriate
-        // size (as the params/results needed differ depending on the "flatten"
-        // count)
-        if Params::flatten_count() <= MAX_FLAT_PARAMS {
-            if Return::flatten_count() <= MAX_FLAT_RESULTS {
-                self.func.call_raw(
-                    store,
-                    &params,
-                    Self::lower_stack_args,
-                    Self::lift_stack_result,
-                )
-            } else {
-                self.func.call_raw(
-                    store,
-                    &params,
-                    Self::lower_stack_args,
-                    Self::lift_heap_result,
-                )
-            }
-        } else {
-            if Return::flatten_count() <= MAX_FLAT_RESULTS {
-                self.func.call_raw(
-                    store,
-                    &params,
-                    Self::lower_heap_args,
-                    Self::lift_stack_result,
-                )
-            } else {
-                self.func.call_raw(
-                    store,
-                    &params,
-                    Self::lower_heap_args,
-                    Self::lift_heap_result,
-                )
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Lower parameters directly onto the stack specified by the `dst`
-    /// location.
-    ///
-    /// This is only valid to call when the "flatten count" is small enough, or
-    /// when the canonical ABI says arguments go through the stack rather than
-    /// the heap.
-    fn lower_stack_args<T>(
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        params: &Params,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Params::Lower>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        assert!(Params::flatten_count() <= MAX_FLAT_PARAMS);
-        params.lower(cx, ty, dst)?;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Lower parameters onto a heap-allocated location.
-    ///
-    /// This is used when the stack space to be used for the arguments is above
-    /// the `MAX_FLAT_PARAMS` threshold. Here the wasm's `realloc` function is
-    /// invoked to allocate space and then parameters are stored at that heap
-    /// pointer location.
-    fn lower_heap_args<T>(
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        params: &Params,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<ValRaw>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        assert!(Params::flatten_count() > MAX_FLAT_PARAMS);
-
-        // Memory must exist via validation if the arguments are stored on the
-        // heap, so we can create a `MemoryMut` at this point. Afterwards
-        // `realloc` is used to allocate space for all the arguments and then
-        // they're all stored in linear memory.
-        //
-        // Note that `realloc` will bake in a check that the returned pointer is
-        // in-bounds.
-        let ptr = cx.realloc(0, 0, Params::ALIGN32, Params::SIZE32)?;
-        params.store(cx, ty, ptr)?;
-
-        // Note that the pointer here is stored as a 64-bit integer. This allows
-        // this to work with either 32 or 64-bit memories. For a 32-bit memory
-        // it'll just ignore the upper 32 zero bits, and for 64-bit memories
-        // this'll have the full 64-bits. Note that for 32-bit memories the call
-        // to `realloc` above guarantees that the `ptr` is in-bounds meaning
-        // that we will know that the zero-extended upper bits of `ptr` are
-        // guaranteed to be zero.
-        //
-        // This comment about 64-bit integers is also referred to below with
-        // "WRITEPTR64".
-        dst.write(ValRaw::i64(ptr as i64));
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Lift the result of a function directly from the stack result.
-    ///
-    /// This is only used when the result fits in the maximum number of stack
-    /// slots.
-    fn lift_stack_result(
-        cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &Return::Lower,
-    ) -> Result<Return> {
-        assert!(Return::flatten_count() <= MAX_FLAT_RESULTS);
-        Return::lift(cx, ty, dst)
-    }
-
-    /// Lift the result of a function where the result is stored indirectly on
-    /// the heap.
-    fn lift_heap_result(
-        cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &ValRaw,
-    ) -> Result<Return> {
-        assert!(Return::flatten_count() > MAX_FLAT_RESULTS);
-        // FIXME: needs to read an i64 for memory64
-        let ptr = usize::try_from(dst.get_u32())?;
-        if ptr % usize::try_from(Return::ALIGN32)? != 0 {
-            bail!("return pointer not aligned");
-        }
-
-        let bytes = cx
-            .memory()
-            .get(ptr..)
-            .and_then(|b| b.get(..Return::SIZE32))
-            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("pointer out of bounds of memory"))?;
-        Return::load(cx, ty, bytes)
-    }
-
-    /// See [`Func::post_return`]
-    pub fn post_return(&self, store: impl AsContextMut) -> Result<()> {
-        self.func.post_return(store)
-    }
-
-    /// See [`Func::post_return_async`]
-    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-    pub async fn post_return_async<T: Send>(
-        &self,
-        store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        self.func.post_return_async(store).await
-    }
-}
-
-/// A trait representing a static list of named types that can be passed to or
-/// returned from a [`TypedFunc`].
-///
-/// This trait is implemented for a number of tuple types and is not expected
-/// to be implemented externally. The contents of this trait are hidden as it's
-/// intended to be an implementation detail of Wasmtime. The contents of this
-/// trait are not covered by Wasmtime's stability guarantees.
-///
-/// For more information about this trait see [`Func::typed`] and
-/// [`TypedFunc`].
-//
-// Note that this is an `unsafe` trait, and the unsafety means that
-// implementations of this trait must be correct or otherwise [`TypedFunc`]
-// would not be memory safe. The main reason this is `unsafe` is the
-// `typecheck` function which must operate correctly relative to the `AsTuple`
-// interpretation of the implementor.
-pub unsafe trait ComponentNamedList: ComponentType {}
-
-/// A trait representing types which can be passed to and read from components
-/// with the canonical ABI.
-///
-/// This trait is implemented for Rust types which can be communicated to
-/// components. The [`Func::typed`] and [`TypedFunc`] Rust items are the main
-/// consumers of this trait.
-///
-/// Supported Rust types include:
-///
-/// | Component Model Type              | Rust Type                            |
-/// |-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
-/// | `{s,u}{8,16,32,64}`               | `{i,u}{8,16,32,64}`                  |
-/// | `f{32,64}`                        | `f{32,64}`                           |
-/// | `bool`                            | `bool`                               |
-/// | `char`                            | `char`                               |
-/// | `tuple<A, B>`                     | `(A, B)`                             |
-/// | `option<T>`                       | `Option<T>`                          |
-/// | `result`                          | `Result<(), ()>`                     |
-/// | `result<T>`                       | `Result<T, ()>`                      |
-/// | `result<_, E>`                    | `Result<(), E>`                      |
-/// | `result<T, E>`                    | `Result<T, E>`                       |
-/// | `string`                          | `String`, `&str`, or [`WasmStr`]     |
-/// | `list<T>`                         | `Vec<T>`, `&[T]`, or [`WasmList`]    |
-/// | `own<T>`, `borrow<T>`             | [`Resource<T>`] or [`ResourceAny`]   |
-/// | `record`                          | [`#[derive(ComponentType)]`][d-cm]   |
-/// | `variant`                         | [`#[derive(ComponentType)]`][d-cm]   |
-/// | `enum`                            | [`#[derive(ComponentType)]`][d-cm]   |
-/// | `flags`                           | [`flags!`][f-m]                      |
-///
-/// [`Resource<T>`]: crate::component::Resource
-/// [`ResourceAny`]: crate::component::ResourceAny
-/// [d-cm]: macro@crate::component::ComponentType
-/// [f-m]: crate::component::flags
-///
-/// Rust standard library pointers such as `&T`, `Box<T>`, `Rc<T>`, and `Arc<T>`
-/// additionally represent whatever type `T` represents in the component model.
-/// Note that types such as `record`, `variant`, `enum`, and `flags` are
-/// generated by the embedder at compile time. These macros derive
-/// implementation of this trait for custom types to map to custom types in the
-/// component model. Note that for `record`, `variant`, `enum`, and `flags`
-/// those types are often generated by the
-/// [`bindgen!`](crate::component::bindgen) macro from WIT definitions.
-///
-/// Types that implement [`ComponentType`] are used for `Params` and `Return`
-/// in [`TypedFunc`] and [`Func::typed`].
-///
-/// The contents of this trait are hidden as it's intended to be an
-/// implementation detail of Wasmtime. The contents of this trait are not
-/// covered by Wasmtime's stability guarantees.
-//
-// Note that this is an `unsafe` trait as `TypedFunc`'s safety heavily relies on
-// the correctness of the implementations of this trait. Some ways in which this
-// trait must be correct to be safe are:
-//
-// * The `Lower` associated type must be a `ValRaw` sequence. It doesn't have to
-//   literally be `[ValRaw; N]` but when laid out in memory it must be adjacent
-//   `ValRaw` values and have a multiple of the size of `ValRaw` and the same
-//   alignment.
-//
-// * The `lower` function must initialize the bits within `Lower` that are going
-//   to be read by the trampoline that's used to enter core wasm. A trampoline
-//   is passed `*mut Lower` and will read the canonical abi arguments in
-//   sequence, so all of the bits must be correctly initialized.
-//
-// * The `size` and `align` functions must be correct for this value stored in
-//   the canonical ABI. The `Cursor<T>` iteration of these bytes rely on this
-//   for correctness as they otherwise eschew bounds-checking.
-//
-// There are likely some other correctness issues which aren't documented as
-// well, this isn't intended to be an exhaustive list. It suffices to say,
-// though, that correctness bugs in this trait implementation are highly likely
-// to lead to security bugs, which again leads to the `unsafe` in the trait.
-//
-// Also note that this trait specifically is not sealed because we have a proc
-// macro that generates implementations of this trait for external types in a
-// `#[derive]`-like fashion.
-pub unsafe trait ComponentType {
-    /// Representation of the "lowered" form of this component value.
-    ///
-    /// Lowerings lower into core wasm values which are represented by `ValRaw`.
-    /// This `Lower` type must be a list of `ValRaw` as either a literal array
-    /// or a struct where every field is a `ValRaw`. This must be `Copy` (as
-    /// `ValRaw` is `Copy`) and support all byte patterns. This being correct is
-    /// one reason why the trait is unsafe.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    type Lower: Copy;
-
-    /// The information about this type's canonical ABI (size/align/etc).
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo;
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    const SIZE32: usize = Self::ABI.size32 as usize;
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    const ALIGN32: u32 = Self::ABI.align32;
-
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    const IS_RUST_UNIT_TYPE: bool = false;
-
-    /// Returns the number of core wasm abi values will be used to represent
-    /// this type in its lowered form.
-    ///
-    /// This divides the size of `Self::Lower` by the size of `ValRaw`.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn flatten_count() -> usize {
-        assert!(mem::size_of::<Self::Lower>() % mem::size_of::<ValRaw>() == 0);
-        assert!(mem::align_of::<Self::Lower>() == mem::align_of::<ValRaw>());
-        mem::size_of::<Self::Lower>() / mem::size_of::<ValRaw>()
-    }
-
-    /// Performs a type-check to see whether this component value type matches
-    /// the interface type `ty` provided.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()>;
-}
-
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub unsafe trait ComponentVariant: ComponentType {
-    const CASES: &'static [Option<CanonicalAbiInfo>];
-    const INFO: VariantInfo = VariantInfo::new_static(Self::CASES);
-    const PAYLOAD_OFFSET32: usize = Self::INFO.payload_offset32 as usize;
-}
-
-/// Host types which can be passed to WebAssembly components.
-///
-/// This trait is implemented for all types that can be passed to components
-/// either as parameters of component exports or returns of component imports.
-/// This trait represents the ability to convert from the native host
-/// representation to the canonical ABI.
-///
-/// Built-in types to Rust such as `Option<T>` implement this trait as
-/// appropriate. For a mapping of component model to Rust types see
-/// [`ComponentType`].
-///
-/// For user-defined types, for example `record` types mapped to Rust `struct`s,
-/// this crate additionally has
-/// [`#[derive(Lower)]`](macro@crate::component::Lower).
-///
-/// Note that like [`ComponentType`] the definition of this trait is intended to
-/// be an internal implementation detail of Wasmtime at this time. It's
-/// recommended to use the `#[derive(Lower)]` implementation instead.
-pub unsafe trait Lower: ComponentType {
-    /// Performs the "lower" function in the canonical ABI.
-    ///
-    /// This method will lower the current value into a component. The `lower`
-    /// function performs a "flat" lowering into the `dst` specified which is
-    /// allowed to be uninitialized entering this method but is guaranteed to be
-    /// fully initialized if the method returns `Ok(())`.
-    ///
-    /// The `cx` context provided is the context within which this lowering is
-    /// happening. This contains information such as canonical options specified
-    /// (e.g. string encodings, memories, etc), the store itself, along with
-    /// type information.
-    ///
-    /// The `ty` parameter is the destination type that is being lowered into.
-    /// For example this is the component's "view" of the type that is being
-    /// lowered. This is guaranteed to have passed a `typecheck` earlier.
-    ///
-    /// This will only be called if `typecheck` passes for `Op::Lower`.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn lower<T>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-    ) -> Result<()>;
-
-    /// Performs the "store" operation in the canonical ABI.
-    ///
-    /// This function will store `self` into the linear memory described by
-    /// `cx` at the `offset` provided.
-    ///
-    /// It is expected that `offset` is a valid offset in memory for
-    /// `Self::SIZE32` bytes. At this time that's not an unsafe contract as it's
-    /// always re-checked on all stores, but this is something that will need to
-    /// be improved in the future to remove extra bounds checks. For now this
-    /// function will panic if there's a bug and `offset` isn't valid within
-    /// memory.
-    ///
-    /// The `ty` type information passed here is the same as the type
-    /// information passed to `lower` above, and is the component's own view of
-    /// what the resulting type should be.
-    ///
-    /// This will only be called if `typecheck` passes for `Op::Lower`.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn store<T>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()>;
-
-    /// Provided method to lower a list of `Self` into memory.
-    ///
-    /// Requires that `offset` has already been checked for alignment and
-    /// validity in terms of being in-bounds, otherwise this may panic.
-    ///
-    /// This is primarily here to get overridden for implementations of integers
-    /// which can avoid some extra fluff and use a pattern that's more easily
-    /// optimizable by LLVM.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn store_list<T>(
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        mut offset: usize,
-        items: &[Self],
-    ) -> Result<()>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        for item in items {
-            item.store(cx, ty, offset)?;
-            offset += Self::SIZE32;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Host types which can be created from the canonical ABI.
-///
-/// This is the mirror of the [`Lower`] trait where it represents the capability
-/// of acquiring items from WebAssembly and passing them to the host.
-///
-/// Built-in types to Rust such as `Option<T>` implement this trait as
-/// appropriate. For a mapping of component model to Rust types see
-/// [`ComponentType`].
-///
-/// For user-defined types, for example `record` types mapped to Rust `struct`s,
-/// this crate additionally has
-/// [`#[derive(Lift)]`](macro@crate::component::Lift).
-///
-/// Note that like [`ComponentType`] the definition of this trait is intended to
-/// be an internal implementation detail of Wasmtime at this time. It's
-/// recommended to use the `#[derive(Lift)]` implementation instead.
-pub unsafe trait Lift: Sized + ComponentType {
-    /// Performs the "lift" operation in the canonical ABI.
-    ///
-    /// This function performs a "flat" lift operation from the `src` specified
-    /// which is a sequence of core wasm values. The lifting operation will
-    /// validate core wasm values and produce a `Self` on success.
-    ///
-    /// The `cx` provided contains contextual information such as the store
-    /// that's being loaded from, canonical options, and type information.
-    ///
-    /// The `ty` parameter is the origin component's specification for what the
-    /// type that is being lifted is. For example this is the record type or the
-    /// resource type that is being lifted.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this has a default implementation but if `typecheck` passes
-    /// for `Op::Lift` this needs to be overridden.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self>;
-
-    /// Performs the "load" operation in the canonical ABI.
-    ///
-    /// This will read the `bytes` provided, which are a sub-slice into the
-    /// linear memory described by `cx`. The `bytes` array provided is
-    /// guaranteed to be `Self::SIZE32` bytes large. All of memory is then also
-    /// available through `cx` for bounds-checks and such as necessary for
-    /// strings/lists.
-    ///
-    /// The `ty` argument is the type that's being loaded, as described by the
-    /// original component.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this has a default implementation but if `typecheck` passes
-    /// for `Op::Lift` this needs to be overridden.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self>;
-
-    /// Converts `list` into a `Vec<T>`, used in `Lift for Vec<T>`.
-    ///
-    /// This is primarily here to get overridden for implementations of integers
-    /// which can avoid some extra fluff and use a pattern that's more easily
-    /// optimizable by LLVM.
-    #[doc(hidden)]
-    fn load_list(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, list: &WasmList<Self>) -> Result<Vec<Self>>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        (0..list.len)
-            .map(|index| list.get_from_store(cx, index).unwrap())
-            .collect()
-    }
-}
-
-// Macro to help generate "forwarding implementations" of `ComponentType` to
-// another type, used for wrappers in Rust like `&T`, `Box<T>`, etc. Note that
-// these wrappers only implement lowering because lifting native Rust types
-// cannot be done.
-macro_rules! forward_type_impls {
-    ($(($($generics:tt)*) $a:ty => $b:ty,)*) => ($(
-        unsafe impl <$($generics)*> ComponentType for $a {
-            type Lower = <$b as ComponentType>::Lower;
-
-            const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = <$b as ComponentType>::ABI;
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-                <$b as ComponentType>::typecheck(ty, types)
-            }
-        }
-    )*)
-}
-
-forward_type_impls! {
-    (T: ComponentType + ?Sized) &'_ T => T,
-    (T: ComponentType + ?Sized) Box<T> => T,
-    (T: ComponentType + ?Sized) alloc::rc::Rc<T> => T,
-    (T: ComponentType + ?Sized) alloc::sync::Arc<T> => T,
-    () String => str,
-    (T: ComponentType) Vec<T> => [T],
-}
-
-macro_rules! forward_lowers {
-    ($(($($generics:tt)*) $a:ty => $b:ty,)*) => ($(
-        unsafe impl <$($generics)*> Lower for $a {
-            fn lower<U>(
-                &self,
-                cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                <$b as Lower>::lower(self, cx, ty, dst)
-            }
-
-            fn store<U>(
-                &self,
-                cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                offset: usize,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                <$b as Lower>::store(self, cx, ty, offset)
-            }
-        }
-    )*)
-}
-
-forward_lowers! {
-    (T: Lower + ?Sized) &'_ T => T,
-    (T: Lower + ?Sized) Box<T> => T,
-    (T: Lower + ?Sized) alloc::rc::Rc<T> => T,
-    (T: Lower + ?Sized) alloc::sync::Arc<T> => T,
-    () String => str,
-    (T: Lower) Vec<T> => [T],
-}
-
-macro_rules! forward_string_lifts {
-    ($($a:ty,)*) => ($(
-        unsafe impl Lift for $a {
-            #[inline]
-            fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-                Ok(<WasmStr as Lift>::lift(cx, ty, src)?.to_str_from_memory(cx.memory())?.into())
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-                Ok(<WasmStr as Lift>::load(cx, ty, bytes)?.to_str_from_memory(cx.memory())?.into())
-            }
-        }
-    )*)
-}
-
-forward_string_lifts! {
-    Box<str>,
-    alloc::rc::Rc<str>,
-    alloc::sync::Arc<str>,
-    String,
-}
-
-macro_rules! forward_list_lifts {
-    ($($a:ty,)*) => ($(
-        unsafe impl <T: Lift> Lift for $a {
-            fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-                let list = <WasmList::<T> as Lift>::lift(cx, ty, src)?;
-                Ok(T::load_list(cx, &list)?.into())
-            }
-
-            fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-                let list = <WasmList::<T> as Lift>::load(cx, ty, bytes)?;
-                Ok(T::load_list(cx, &list)?.into())
-            }
-        }
-    )*)
-}
-
-forward_list_lifts! {
-    Box<[T]>,
-    alloc::rc::Rc<[T]>,
-    alloc::sync::Arc<[T]>,
-    Vec<T>,
-}
-
-// Macro to help generate `ComponentType` implementations for primitive types
-// such as integers, char, bool, etc.
-macro_rules! integers {
-    ($($primitive:ident = $ty:ident in $field:ident/$get:ident with abi:$abi:ident,)*) => ($(
-        unsafe impl ComponentType for $primitive {
-            type Lower = ValRaw;
-
-            const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::$abi;
-
-            fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, _types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-                match ty {
-                    InterfaceType::$ty => Ok(()),
-                    other => bail!("expected `{}` found `{}`", desc(&InterfaceType::$ty), desc(other))
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        unsafe impl Lower for $primitive {
-            #[inline]
-            #[allow(trivial_numeric_casts)]
-            fn lower<T>(
-                &self,
-                _cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                dst.write(ValRaw::$field(*self as $field));
-                Ok(())
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn store<T>(
-                &self,
-                cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                offset: usize,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                debug_assert!(offset % Self::SIZE32 == 0);
-                *cx.get(offset) = self.to_le_bytes();
-                Ok(())
-            }
-
-            fn store_list<T>(
-                cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                offset: usize,
-                items: &[Self],
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-
-                // Double-check that the CM alignment is at least the host's
-                // alignment for this type which should be true for all
-                // platforms.
-                assert!((Self::ALIGN32 as usize) >= mem::align_of::<Self>());
-
-                // Slice `cx`'s memory to the window that we'll be modifying.
-                // This should all have already been verified in terms of
-                // alignment and sizing meaning that these assertions here are
-                // not truly necessary but are instead double-checks.
-                //
-                // Note that we're casting a `[u8]` slice to `[Self]` with
-                // `align_to_mut` which is not safe in general but is safe in
-                // our specific case as all `u8` patterns are valid `Self`
-                // patterns since `Self` is an integral type.
-                let dst = &mut cx.as_slice_mut()[offset..][..items.len() * Self::SIZE32];
-                let (before, middle, end) = unsafe { dst.align_to_mut::<Self>() };
-                assert!(before.is_empty() && end.is_empty());
-                assert_eq!(middle.len(), items.len());
-
-                // And with all that out of the way perform the copying loop.
-                // This is not a `copy_from_slice` because endianness needs to
-                // be handled here, but LLVM should pretty easily transform this
-                // into a memcpy on little-endian platforms.
-                for (dst, src) in middle.iter_mut().zip(items) {
-                    *dst = src.to_le();
-                }
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-
-        unsafe impl Lift for $primitive {
-            #[inline]
-            #[allow(trivial_numeric_casts, clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-            fn lift(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                Ok(src.$get() as $primitive)
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn load(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % Self::SIZE32 == 0);
-                Ok($primitive::from_le_bytes(bytes.try_into().unwrap()))
-            }
-
-            fn load_list(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, list: &WasmList<Self>) -> Result<Vec<Self>> {
-                Ok(
-                    list._as_le_slice(cx.memory())
-                        .iter()
-                        .map(|i| Self::from_le(*i))
-                        .collect(),
-                )
-            }
-        }
-    )*)
-}
-
-integers! {
-    i8 = S8 in i32/get_i32 with abi:SCALAR1,
-    u8 = U8 in u32/get_u32 with abi:SCALAR1,
-    i16 = S16 in i32/get_i32 with abi:SCALAR2,
-    u16 = U16 in u32/get_u32 with abi:SCALAR2,
-    i32 = S32 in i32/get_i32 with abi:SCALAR4,
-    u32 = U32 in u32/get_u32 with abi:SCALAR4,
-    i64 = S64 in i64/get_i64 with abi:SCALAR8,
-    u64 = U64 in u64/get_u64 with abi:SCALAR8,
-}
-
-macro_rules! floats {
-    ($($float:ident/$get_float:ident = $ty:ident with abi:$abi:ident)*) => ($(const _: () = {
-        /// All floats in-and-out of the canonical abi always have their nan
-        /// payloads canonicalized. conveniently the `NAN` constant in rust has
-        /// the same representation as canonical nan, so we can use that for the
-        /// nan value.
-        #[inline]
-        fn canonicalize(float: $float) -> $float {
-            if float.is_nan() {
-                $float::NAN
-            } else {
-                float
-            }
-        }
-
-        unsafe impl ComponentType for $float {
-            type Lower = ValRaw;
-
-            const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::$abi;
-
-            fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, _types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-                match ty {
-                    InterfaceType::$ty => Ok(()),
-                    other => bail!("expected `{}` found `{}`", desc(&InterfaceType::$ty), desc(other))
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        unsafe impl Lower for $float {
-            #[inline]
-            fn lower<T>(
-                &self,
-                _cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                dst.write(ValRaw::$float(canonicalize(*self).to_bits()));
-                Ok(())
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn store<T>(
-                &self,
-                cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                offset: usize,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                debug_assert!(offset % Self::SIZE32 == 0);
-                let ptr = cx.get(offset);
-                *ptr = canonicalize(*self).to_bits().to_le_bytes();
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-
-        unsafe impl Lift for $float {
-            #[inline]
-            fn lift(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                Ok(canonicalize($float::from_bits(src.$get_float())))
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn load(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-                debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::$ty));
-                debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % Self::SIZE32 == 0);
-                Ok(canonicalize($float::from_le_bytes(bytes.try_into().unwrap())))
-            }
-        }
-    };)*)
-}
-
-floats! {
-    f32/get_f32 = Float32 with abi:SCALAR4
-    f64/get_f64 = Float64 with abi:SCALAR8
-}
-
-unsafe impl ComponentType for bool {
-    type Lower = ValRaw;
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::SCALAR1;
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, _types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Bool => Ok(()),
-            other => bail!("expected `bool` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Lower for bool {
-    fn lower<T>(
-        &self,
-        _cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Bool));
-        dst.write(ValRaw::i32(*self as i32));
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn store<T>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Bool));
-        debug_assert!(offset % Self::SIZE32 == 0);
-        cx.get::<1>(offset)[0] = *self as u8;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Lift for bool {
-    #[inline]
-    fn lift(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Bool));
-        match src.get_i32() {
-            0 => Ok(false),
-            _ => Ok(true),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn load(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Bool));
-        match bytes[0] {
-            0 => Ok(false),
-            _ => Ok(true),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl ComponentType for char {
-    type Lower = ValRaw;
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::SCALAR4;
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, _types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Char => Ok(()),
-            other => bail!("expected `char` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Lower for char {
-    #[inline]
-    fn lower<T>(
-        &self,
-        _cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Char));
-        dst.write(ValRaw::u32(u32::from(*self)));
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn store<T>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Char));
-        debug_assert!(offset % Self::SIZE32 == 0);
-        *cx.get::<4>(offset) = u32::from(*self).to_le_bytes();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Lift for char {
-    #[inline]
-    fn lift(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Char));
-        Ok(char::try_from(src.get_u32())?)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn load(_cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::Char));
-        debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % Self::SIZE32 == 0);
-        let bits = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes.try_into().unwrap());
-        Ok(char::try_from(bits)?)
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: these probably need different constants for memory64
-const UTF16_TAG: usize = 1 << 31;
-const MAX_STRING_BYTE_LENGTH: usize = (1 << 31) - 1;
-
-// Note that this is similar to `ComponentType for WasmStr` except it can only
-// be used for lowering, not lifting.
-unsafe impl ComponentType for str {
-    type Lower = [ValRaw; 2];
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::POINTER_PAIR;
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, _types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        match ty {
-            InterfaceType::String => Ok(()),
-            other => bail!("expected `string` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Lower for str {
-    fn lower<T>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<[ValRaw; 2]>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::String));
-        let (ptr, len) = lower_string(cx, self)?;
-        // See "WRITEPTR64" above for why this is always storing a 64-bit
-        // integer.
-        map_maybe_uninit!(dst[0]).write(ValRaw::i64(ptr as i64));
-        map_maybe_uninit!(dst[1]).write(ValRaw::i64(len as i64));
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn store<T>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::String));
-        debug_assert!(offset % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        let (ptr, len) = lower_string(cx, self)?;
-        // FIXME: needs memory64 handling
-        *cx.get(offset + 0) = u32::try_from(ptr).unwrap().to_le_bytes();
-        *cx.get(offset + 4) = u32::try_from(len).unwrap().to_le_bytes();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-fn lower_string<T>(cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, T>, string: &str) -> Result<(usize, usize)> {
-    // Note that in general the wasm module can't assume anything about what the
-    // host strings are encoded as. Additionally hosts are allowed to have
-    // differently-encoded strings at runtime. Finally when copying a string
-    // into wasm it's somewhat strict in the sense that the various patterns of
-    // allocation and such are already dictated for us.
-    //
-    // In general what this means is that when copying a string from the host
-    // into the destination we need to follow one of the cases of copying into
-    // WebAssembly. It doesn't particularly matter which case as long as it ends
-    // up in the right encoding. For example a destination encoding of
-    // latin1+utf16 has a number of ways to get copied into and we do something
-    // here that isn't the default "utf8 to latin1+utf16" since we have access
-    // to simd-accelerated helpers in the `encoding_rs` crate. This is ok though
-    // because we can fake that the host string was already stored in latin1
-    // format and follow that copy pattern instead.
-    match cx.options.string_encoding() {
-        // This corresponds to `store_string_copy` in the canonical ABI where
-        // the host's representation is utf-8 and the wasm module wants utf-8 so
-        // a copy is all that's needed (and the `realloc` can be precise for the
-        // initial memory allocation).
-        StringEncoding::Utf8 => {
-            if string.len() > MAX_STRING_BYTE_LENGTH {
-                bail!(
-                    "string length of {} too large to copy into wasm",
-                    string.len()
-                );
-            }
-            let ptr = cx.realloc(0, 0, 1, string.len())?;
-            cx.as_slice_mut()[ptr..][..string.len()].copy_from_slice(string.as_bytes());
-            Ok((ptr, string.len()))
-        }
-
-        // This corresponds to `store_utf8_to_utf16` in the canonical ABI. Here
-        // an over-large allocation is performed and then shrunk afterwards if
-        // necessary.
-        StringEncoding::Utf16 => {
-            let size = string.len() * 2;
-            if size > MAX_STRING_BYTE_LENGTH {
-                bail!(
-                    "string length of {} too large to copy into wasm",
-                    string.len()
-                );
-            }
-            let mut ptr = cx.realloc(0, 0, 2, size)?;
-            let mut copied = 0;
-            let bytes = &mut cx.as_slice_mut()[ptr..][..size];
-            for (u, bytes) in string.encode_utf16().zip(bytes.chunks_mut(2)) {
-                let u_bytes = u.to_le_bytes();
-                bytes[0] = u_bytes[0];
-                bytes[1] = u_bytes[1];
-                copied += 1;
-            }
-            if (copied * 2) < size {
-                ptr = cx.realloc(ptr, size, 2, copied * 2)?;
-            }
-            Ok((ptr, copied))
-        }
-
-        StringEncoding::CompactUtf16 => {
-            // This corresponds to `store_string_to_latin1_or_utf16`
-            let bytes = string.as_bytes();
-            let mut iter = string.char_indices();
-            let mut ptr = cx.realloc(0, 0, 2, bytes.len())?;
-            let mut dst = &mut cx.as_slice_mut()[ptr..][..bytes.len()];
-            let mut result = 0;
-            while let Some((i, ch)) = iter.next() {
-                // Test if this `char` fits into the latin1 encoding.
-                if let Ok(byte) = u8::try_from(u32::from(ch)) {
-                    dst[result] = byte;
-                    result += 1;
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                // .. if utf16 is forced to be used then the allocation is
-                // bumped up to the maximum size.
-                let worst_case = bytes
-                    .len()
-                    .checked_mul(2)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("byte length overflow"))?;
-                if worst_case > MAX_STRING_BYTE_LENGTH {
-                    bail!("byte length too large");
-                }
-                ptr = cx.realloc(ptr, bytes.len(), 2, worst_case)?;
-                dst = &mut cx.as_slice_mut()[ptr..][..worst_case];
-
-                // Previously encoded latin1 bytes are inflated to their 16-bit
-                // size for utf16
-                for i in (0..result).rev() {
-                    dst[2 * i] = dst[i];
-                    dst[2 * i + 1] = 0;
-                }
-
-                // and then the remainder of the string is encoded.
-                for (u, bytes) in string[i..]
-                    .encode_utf16()
-                    .zip(dst[2 * result..].chunks_mut(2))
-                {
-                    let u_bytes = u.to_le_bytes();
-                    bytes[0] = u_bytes[0];
-                    bytes[1] = u_bytes[1];
-                    result += 1;
-                }
-                if worst_case > 2 * result {
-                    ptr = cx.realloc(ptr, worst_case, 2, 2 * result)?;
-                }
-                return Ok((ptr, result | UTF16_TAG));
-            }
-            if result < bytes.len() {
-                ptr = cx.realloc(ptr, bytes.len(), 2, result)?;
-            }
-            Ok((ptr, result))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Representation of a string located in linear memory in a WebAssembly
-/// instance.
-///
-/// This type can be used in place of `String` and `str` for string-taking APIs
-/// in some situations. The purpose of this type is to represent a range of
-/// validated bytes within a component but does not actually copy the bytes. The
-/// primary method, [`WasmStr::to_str`], attempts to return a reference to the
-/// string directly located in the component's memory, avoiding a copy into the
-/// host if possible.
-///
-/// The downside of this type, however, is that accessing a string requires a
-/// [`Store`](crate::Store) pointer (via [`StoreContext`]). Bindings generated
-/// by [`bindgen!`](crate::component::bindgen), for example, do not have access
-/// to [`StoreContext`] and thus can't use this type.
-///
-/// This is intended for more advanced use cases such as defining functions
-/// directly in a [`Linker`](crate::component::Linker). It's expected that in
-/// the future [`bindgen!`](crate::component::bindgen) will also have a way to
-/// use this type.
-///
-/// This type is used with [`TypedFunc`], for example, when WebAssembly returns
-/// a string. This type cannot be used to give a string to WebAssembly, instead
-/// `&str` should be used for that (since it's coming from the host).
-///
-/// Note that this type represents an in-bounds string in linear memory, but it
-/// does not represent a valid string (e.g. valid utf-8). Validation happens
-/// when [`WasmStr::to_str`] is called.
-///
-/// Also note that this type does not implement [`Lower`], it only implements
-/// [`Lift`].
-pub struct WasmStr {
-    ptr: usize,
-    len: usize,
-    options: Options,
-}
-
-impl WasmStr {
-    fn new(ptr: usize, len: usize, cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>) -> Result<WasmStr> {
-        let byte_len = match cx.options.string_encoding() {
-            StringEncoding::Utf8 => Some(len),
-            StringEncoding::Utf16 => len.checked_mul(2),
-            StringEncoding::CompactUtf16 => {
-                if len & UTF16_TAG == 0 {
-                    Some(len)
-                } else {
-                    (len ^ UTF16_TAG).checked_mul(2)
-                }
-            }
-        };
-        match byte_len.and_then(|len| ptr.checked_add(len)) {
-            Some(n) if n <= cx.memory().len() => {}
-            _ => bail!("string pointer/length out of bounds of memory"),
-        }
-        Ok(WasmStr {
-            ptr,
-            len,
-            options: *cx.options,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the underlying string that this cursor points to.
-    ///
-    /// Note that this will internally decode the string from the wasm's
-    /// encoding to utf-8 and additionally perform validation.
-    ///
-    /// The `store` provided must be the store where this string lives to
-    /// access the correct memory.
-    ///
-    /// # Errors
-    ///
-    /// Returns an error if the string wasn't encoded correctly (e.g. invalid
-    /// utf-8).
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// Panics if this string is not owned by `store`.
-    //
-    // TODO: should add accessors for specifically utf-8 and utf-16 that perhaps
-    // in an opt-in basis don't do validation. Additionally there should be some
-    // method that returns `[u16]` after validating to avoid the utf16-to-utf8
-    // transcode.
-    pub fn to_str<'a, T: 'a>(&self, store: impl Into<StoreContext<'a, T>>) -> Result<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        let store = store.into().0;
-        let memory = self.options.memory(store);
-        self.to_str_from_memory(memory)
-    }
-
-    fn to_str_from_memory<'a>(&self, memory: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        match self.options.string_encoding() {
-            StringEncoding::Utf8 => self.decode_utf8(memory),
-            StringEncoding::Utf16 => self.decode_utf16(memory, self.len),
-            StringEncoding::CompactUtf16 => {
-                if self.len & UTF16_TAG == 0 {
-                    self.decode_latin1(memory)
-                } else {
-                    self.decode_utf16(memory, self.len ^ UTF16_TAG)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn decode_utf8<'a>(&self, memory: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        // Note that bounds-checking already happen in construction of `WasmStr`
-        // so this is never expected to panic. This could theoretically be
-        // unchecked indexing if we're feeling wild enough.
-        Ok(str::from_utf8(&memory[self.ptr..][..self.len])?.into())
-    }
-
-    fn decode_utf16<'a>(&self, memory: &'a [u8], len: usize) -> Result<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        // See notes in `decode_utf8` for why this is panicking indexing.
-        let memory = &memory[self.ptr..][..len * 2];
-        Ok(core::char::decode_utf16(
-            memory
-                .chunks(2)
-                .map(|chunk| u16::from_le_bytes(chunk.try_into().unwrap())),
-        )
-        .collect::<Result<String, _>>()?
-        .into())
-    }
-
-    fn decode_latin1<'a>(&self, memory: &'a [u8]) -> Result<Cow<'a, str>> {
-        // See notes in `decode_utf8` for why this is panicking indexing.
-        Ok(encoding_rs::mem::decode_latin1(
-            &memory[self.ptr..][..self.len],
-        ))
-    }
-}
-
-// Note that this is similar to `ComponentType for str` except it can only be
-// used for lifting, not lowering.
-unsafe impl ComponentType for WasmStr {
-    type Lower = <str as ComponentType>::Lower;
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::POINTER_PAIR;
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, _types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        match ty {
-            InterfaceType::String => Ok(()),
-            other => bail!("expected `string` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl Lift for WasmStr {
-    #[inline]
-    fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::String));
-        // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
-        let ptr = src[0].get_u32();
-        let len = src[1].get_u32();
-        let (ptr, len) = (usize::try_from(ptr)?, usize::try_from(len)?);
-        WasmStr::new(ptr, len, cx)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!(matches!(ty, InterfaceType::String));
-        debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
-        let ptr = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[..4].try_into().unwrap());
-        let len = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[4..].try_into().unwrap());
-        let (ptr, len) = (usize::try_from(ptr)?, usize::try_from(len)?);
-        WasmStr::new(ptr, len, cx)
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> ComponentType for [T]
-where
-    T: ComponentType,
-{
-    type Lower = [ValRaw; 2];
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::POINTER_PAIR;
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        match ty {
-            InterfaceType::List(t) => T::typecheck(&types.types[*t].element, types),
-            other => bail!("expected `list` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> Lower for [T]
-where
-    T: Lower,
-{
-    fn lower<U>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<[ValRaw; 2]>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let elem = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::List(i) => cx.types[i].element,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        let (ptr, len) = lower_list(cx, elem, self)?;
-        // See "WRITEPTR64" above for why this is always storing a 64-bit
-        // integer.
-        map_maybe_uninit!(dst[0]).write(ValRaw::i64(ptr as i64));
-        map_maybe_uninit!(dst[1]).write(ValRaw::i64(len as i64));
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn store<U>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let elem = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::List(i) => cx.types[i].element,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        debug_assert!(offset % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        let (ptr, len) = lower_list(cx, elem, self)?;
-        *cx.get(offset + 0) = u32::try_from(ptr).unwrap().to_le_bytes();
-        *cx.get(offset + 4) = u32::try_from(len).unwrap().to_le_bytes();
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-// FIXME: this is not a memcpy for `T` where `T` is something like `u8`.
-//
-// Some attempts to fix this have proved not fruitful. In isolation an attempt
-// was made where:
-//
-// * `MemoryMut` stored a `*mut [u8]` as its "last view" of memory to avoid
-//   reloading the base pointer constantly. This view is reset on `realloc`.
-// * The bounds-checks in `MemoryMut::get` were removed (replaced with unsafe
-//   indexing)
-//
-// Even then though this didn't correctly vectorized for `Vec<u8>`. It's not
-// entirely clear why but it appeared that it's related to reloading the base
-// pointer to memory (I guess from `MemoryMut` itself?). Overall I'm not really
-// clear on what's happening there, but this is surely going to be a performance
-// bottleneck in the future.
-fn lower_list<T, U>(
-    cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-    ty: InterfaceType,
-    list: &[T],
-) -> Result<(usize, usize)>
-where
-    T: Lower,
-{
-    let elem_size = T::SIZE32;
-    let size = list
-        .len()
-        .checked_mul(elem_size)
-        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("size overflow copying a list"))?;
-    let ptr = cx.realloc(0, 0, T::ALIGN32, size)?;
-    T::store_list(cx, ty, ptr, list)?;
-    Ok((ptr, list.len()))
-}
-
-/// Representation of a list of values that are owned by a WebAssembly instance.
-///
-/// For some more commentary about the rationale for this type see the
-/// documentation of [`WasmStr`]. In summary this type can avoid a copy when
-/// passing data to the host in some situations but is additionally more
-/// cumbersome to use by requiring a [`Store`](crate::Store) to be provided.
-///
-/// This type is used whenever a `(list T)` is returned from a [`TypedFunc`],
-/// for example. This type represents a list of values that are stored in linear
-/// memory which are waiting to be read.
-///
-/// Note that this type represents only a valid range of bytes for the list
-/// itself, it does not represent validity of the elements themselves and that's
-/// performed when they're iterated.
-///
-/// Note that this type does not implement the [`Lower`] trait, only [`Lift`].
-pub struct WasmList<T> {
-    ptr: usize,
-    len: usize,
-    options: Options,
-    elem: InterfaceType,
-    // NB: it would probably be more efficient to store a non-atomic index-style
-    // reference to something inside a `StoreOpaque`, but that's not easily
-    // available at this time, so it's left as a future exercise.
-    types: Arc<ComponentTypes>,
-    instance: SendSyncPtr<ComponentInstance>,
-    _marker: marker::PhantomData<T>,
-}
-
-impl<T: Lift> WasmList<T> {
-    fn new(
-        ptr: usize,
-        len: usize,
-        cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>,
-        elem: InterfaceType,
-    ) -> Result<WasmList<T>> {
-        match len
-            .checked_mul(T::SIZE32)
-            .and_then(|len| ptr.checked_add(len))
-        {
-            Some(n) if n <= cx.memory().len() => {}
-            _ => bail!("list pointer/length out of bounds of memory"),
-        }
-        if ptr % usize::try_from(T::ALIGN32)? != 0 {
-            bail!("list pointer is not aligned")
-        }
-        Ok(WasmList {
-            ptr,
-            len,
-            options: *cx.options,
-            elem,
-            types: cx.types.clone(),
-            instance: SendSyncPtr::new(NonNull::new(cx.instance_ptr()).unwrap()),
-            _marker: marker::PhantomData,
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the item length of this vector
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.len
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the `n`th element of this list.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `None` if `index` is out of bounds. Returns `Some(Err(..))` if
-    /// the value couldn't be decoded (it was invalid). Returns `Some(Ok(..))`
-    /// if the value is valid.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function will panic if the string did not originally come from the
-    /// `store` specified.
-    //
-    // TODO: given that interface values are intended to be consumed in one go
-    // should we even expose a random access iteration API? In theory all
-    // consumers should be validating through the iterator.
-    pub fn get(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut, index: usize) -> Option<Result<T>> {
-        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
-        self.options.store_id().assert_belongs_to(store.id());
-        // This should be safe because the unsafety lies in the `self.instance`
-        // pointer passed in has previously been validated by the lifting
-        // context this was originally created within and with the check above
-        // this is guaranteed to be the same store. This means that this should
-        // be carrying over the original assertion from the original creation of
-        // the lifting context that created this type.
-        let mut cx =
-            unsafe { LiftContext::new(store, &self.options, &self.types, self.instance.as_ptr()) };
-        self.get_from_store(&mut cx, index)
-    }
-
-    fn get_from_store(&self, cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, index: usize) -> Option<Result<T>> {
-        if index >= self.len {
-            return None;
-        }
-        // Note that this is using panicking indexing and this is expected to
-        // never fail. The bounds-checking here happened during the construction
-        // of the `WasmList` itself which means these should always be in-bounds
-        // (and wasm memory can only grow). This could theoretically be
-        // unchecked indexing if we're confident enough and it's actually a perf
-        // issue one day.
-        let bytes = &cx.memory()[self.ptr + index * T::SIZE32..][..T::SIZE32];
-        Some(T::load(cx, self.elem, bytes))
-    }
-
-    /// Returns an iterator over the elements of this list.
-    ///
-    /// Each item of the list may fail to decode and is represented through the
-    /// `Result` value of the iterator.
-    pub fn iter<'a, U: 'a>(
-        &'a self,
-        store: impl Into<StoreContextMut<'a, U>>,
-    ) -> impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Result<T>> + 'a {
-        let store = store.into().0;
-        self.options.store_id().assert_belongs_to(store.id());
-        // See comments about unsafety in the `get` method.
-        let mut cx =
-            unsafe { LiftContext::new(store, &self.options, &self.types, self.instance.as_ptr()) };
-        (0..self.len).map(move |i| self.get_from_store(&mut cx, i).unwrap())
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! raw_wasm_list_accessors {
-    ($($i:ident)*) => ($(
-        impl WasmList<$i> {
-            /// Get access to the raw underlying memory for this list.
-            ///
-            /// This method will return a direct slice into the original wasm
-            /// module's linear memory where the data for this slice is stored.
-            /// This allows the embedder to have efficient access to the
-            /// underlying memory if needed and avoid copies and such if
-            /// desired.
-            ///
-            /// Note that multi-byte integers are stored in little-endian format
-            /// so portable processing of this slice must be aware of the host's
-            /// byte-endianness. The `from_le` constructors in the Rust standard
-            /// library should be suitable for converting from little-endian.
-            ///
-            /// # Panics
-            ///
-            /// Panics if the `store` provided is not the one from which this
-            /// slice originated.
-            pub fn as_le_slice<'a, T: 'a>(&self, store: impl Into<StoreContext<'a, T>>) -> &'a [$i] {
-                let memory = self.options.memory(store.into().0);
-                self._as_le_slice(memory)
-            }
-
-            fn _as_le_slice<'a>(&self, all_of_memory: &'a [u8]) -> &'a [$i] {
-                // See comments in `WasmList::get` for the panicking indexing
-                let byte_size = self.len * mem::size_of::<$i>();
-                let bytes = &all_of_memory[self.ptr..][..byte_size];
-
-                // The canonical ABI requires that everything is aligned to its
-                // own size, so this should be an aligned array. Furthermore the
-                // alignment of primitive integers for hosts should be smaller
-                // than or equal to the size of the primitive itself, meaning
-                // that a wasm canonical-abi-aligned list is also aligned for
-                // the host. That should mean that the head/tail slices here are
-                // empty.
-                //
-                // Also note that the `unsafe` here is needed since the type
-                // we're aligning to isn't guaranteed to be valid, but in our
-                // case it's just integers and bytes so this should be safe.
-                unsafe {
-                    let (head, body, tail) = bytes.align_to::<$i>();
-                    assert!(head.is_empty() && tail.is_empty());
-                    body
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    )*)
-}
-
-raw_wasm_list_accessors! {
-    i8 i16 i32 i64
-    u8 u16 u32 u64
-}
-
-// Note that this is similar to `ComponentType for str` except it can only be
-// used for lifting, not lowering.
-unsafe impl<T: ComponentType> ComponentType for WasmList<T> {
-    type Lower = <[T] as ComponentType>::Lower;
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::POINTER_PAIR;
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        <[T] as ComponentType>::typecheck(ty, types)
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T: Lift> Lift for WasmList<T> {
-    fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-        let elem = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::List(i) => cx.types[i].element,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
-        let ptr = src[0].get_u32();
-        let len = src[1].get_u32();
-        let (ptr, len) = (usize::try_from(ptr)?, usize::try_from(len)?);
-        WasmList::new(ptr, len, cx, elem)
-    }
-
-    fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        let elem = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::List(i) => cx.types[i].element,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
-        let ptr = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[..4].try_into().unwrap());
-        let len = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[4..].try_into().unwrap());
-        let (ptr, len) = (usize::try_from(ptr)?, usize::try_from(len)?);
-        WasmList::new(ptr, len, cx, elem)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Verify that the given wasm type is a tuple with the expected fields in the right order.
-fn typecheck_tuple(
-    ty: &InterfaceType,
-    types: &InstanceType<'_>,
-    expected: &[fn(&InterfaceType, &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()>],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    match ty {
-        InterfaceType::Tuple(t) => {
-            let tuple = &types.types[*t];
-            if tuple.types.len() != expected.len() {
-                bail!(
-                    "expected {}-tuple, found {}-tuple",
-                    expected.len(),
-                    tuple.types.len()
-                );
-            }
-            for (ty, check) in tuple.types.iter().zip(expected) {
-                check(ty, types)?;
-            }
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        other => bail!("expected `tuple` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Verify that the given wasm type is a record with the expected fields in the right order and with the right
-/// names.
-pub fn typecheck_record(
-    ty: &InterfaceType,
-    types: &InstanceType<'_>,
-    expected: &[(&str, fn(&InterfaceType, &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()>)],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    match ty {
-        InterfaceType::Record(index) => {
-            let fields = &types.types[*index].fields;
-
-            if fields.len() != expected.len() {
-                bail!(
-                    "expected record of {} fields, found {} fields",
-                    expected.len(),
-                    fields.len()
-                );
-            }
-
-            for (field, &(name, check)) in fields.iter().zip(expected) {
-                check(&field.ty, types)
-                    .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for field {name}"))?;
-
-                if field.name != name {
-                    bail!("expected record field named {}, found {}", name, field.name);
-                }
-            }
-
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        other => bail!("expected `record` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Verify that the given wasm type is a variant with the expected cases in the right order and with the right
-/// names.
-pub fn typecheck_variant(
-    ty: &InterfaceType,
-    types: &InstanceType<'_>,
-    expected: &[(
-        &str,
-        Option<fn(&InterfaceType, &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()>>,
-    )],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    match ty {
-        InterfaceType::Variant(index) => {
-            let cases = &types.types[*index].cases;
-
-            if cases.len() != expected.len() {
-                bail!(
-                    "expected variant of {} cases, found {} cases",
-                    expected.len(),
-                    cases.len()
-                );
-            }
-
-            for ((case_name, case_ty), &(name, check)) in cases.iter().zip(expected) {
-                if *case_name != name {
-                    bail!("expected variant case named {name}, found {case_name}");
-                }
-
-                match (check, case_ty) {
-                    (Some(check), Some(ty)) => check(ty, types)
-                        .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for case {name}"))?,
-                    (None, None) => {}
-                    (Some(_), None) => {
-                        bail!("case `{name}` has no type but one was expected")
-                    }
-                    (None, Some(_)) => {
-                        bail!("case `{name}` has a type but none was expected")
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        other => bail!("expected `variant` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Verify that the given wasm type is a enum with the expected cases in the right order and with the right
-/// names.
-pub fn typecheck_enum(
-    ty: &InterfaceType,
-    types: &InstanceType<'_>,
-    expected: &[&str],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    match ty {
-        InterfaceType::Enum(index) => {
-            let names = &types.types[*index].names;
-
-            if names.len() != expected.len() {
-                bail!(
-                    "expected enum of {} names, found {} names",
-                    expected.len(),
-                    names.len()
-                );
-            }
-
-            for (name, expected) in names.iter().zip(expected) {
-                if name != expected {
-                    bail!("expected enum case named {}, found {}", expected, name);
-                }
-            }
-
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        other => bail!("expected `enum` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Verify that the given wasm type is a flags type with the expected flags in the right order and with the right
-/// names.
-pub fn typecheck_flags(
-    ty: &InterfaceType,
-    types: &InstanceType<'_>,
-    expected: &[&str],
-) -> Result<()> {
-    match ty {
-        InterfaceType::Flags(index) => {
-            let names = &types.types[*index].names;
-
-            if names.len() != expected.len() {
-                bail!(
-                    "expected flags type with {} names, found {} names",
-                    expected.len(),
-                    names.len()
-                );
-            }
-
-            for (name, expected) in names.iter().zip(expected) {
-                if name != expected {
-                    bail!("expected flag named {}, found {}", expected, name);
-                }
-            }
-
-            Ok(())
-        }
-        other => bail!("expected `flags` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Format the specified bitflags using the specified names for debugging
-pub fn format_flags(bits: &[u32], names: &[&str], f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-    f.write_str("(")?;
-    let mut wrote = false;
-    for (index, name) in names.iter().enumerate() {
-        if ((bits[index / 32] >> (index % 32)) & 1) != 0 {
-            if wrote {
-                f.write_str("|")?;
-            } else {
-                wrote = true;
-            }
-
-            f.write_str(name)?;
-        }
-    }
-    f.write_str(")")
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> ComponentType for Option<T>
-where
-    T: ComponentType,
-{
-    type Lower = TupleLower2<<u32 as ComponentType>::Lower, T::Lower>;
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::variant_static(&[None, Some(T::ABI)]);
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Option(t) => T::typecheck(&types.types[*t].ty, types),
-            other => bail!("expected `option` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> ComponentVariant for Option<T>
-where
-    T: ComponentType,
-{
-    const CASES: &'static [Option<CanonicalAbiInfo>] = &[None, Some(T::ABI)];
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> Lower for Option<T>
-where
-    T: Lower,
-{
-    fn lower<U>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let payload = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Option(ty) => cx.types[ty].ty,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        match self {
-            None => {
-                map_maybe_uninit!(dst.A1).write(ValRaw::i32(0));
-                // Note that this is unsafe as we're writing an arbitrary
-                // bit-pattern to an arbitrary type, but part of the unsafe
-                // contract of the `ComponentType` trait is that we can assign
-                // any bit-pattern. By writing all zeros here we're ensuring
-                // that the core wasm arguments this translates to will all be
-                // zeros (as the canonical ABI requires).
-                unsafe {
-                    map_maybe_uninit!(dst.A2).as_mut_ptr().write_bytes(0u8, 1);
-                }
-            }
-            Some(val) => {
-                map_maybe_uninit!(dst.A1).write(ValRaw::i32(1));
-                val.lower(cx, payload, map_maybe_uninit!(dst.A2))?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn store<U>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        debug_assert!(offset % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        let payload = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Option(ty) => cx.types[ty].ty,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        match self {
-            None => {
-                cx.get::<1>(offset)[0] = 0;
-            }
-            Some(val) => {
-                cx.get::<1>(offset)[0] = 1;
-                val.store(cx, payload, offset + (Self::INFO.payload_offset32 as usize))?;
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T> Lift for Option<T>
-where
-    T: Lift,
-{
-    fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-        let payload = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Option(ty) => cx.types[ty].ty,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        Ok(match src.A1.get_i32() {
-            0 => None,
-            1 => Some(T::lift(cx, payload, &src.A2)?),
-            _ => bail!("invalid option discriminant"),
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        let payload_ty = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Option(ty) => cx.types[ty].ty,
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        let discrim = bytes[0];
-        let payload = &bytes[Self::INFO.payload_offset32 as usize..];
-        match discrim {
-            0 => Ok(None),
-            1 => Ok(Some(T::load(cx, payload_ty, payload)?)),
-            _ => bail!("invalid option discriminant"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-#[repr(C)]
-pub struct ResultLower<T: Copy, E: Copy> {
-    tag: ValRaw,
-    payload: ResultLowerPayload<T, E>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-#[repr(C)]
-union ResultLowerPayload<T: Copy, E: Copy> {
-    ok: T,
-    err: E,
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T, E> ComponentType for Result<T, E>
-where
-    T: ComponentType,
-    E: ComponentType,
-{
-    type Lower = ResultLower<T::Lower, E::Lower>;
-
-    const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::variant_static(&[Some(T::ABI), Some(E::ABI)]);
-
-    fn typecheck(ty: &InterfaceType, types: &InstanceType<'_>) -> Result<()> {
-        match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Result(r) => {
-                let result = &types.types[*r];
-                match &result.ok {
-                    Some(ty) => T::typecheck(ty, types)?,
-                    None if T::IS_RUST_UNIT_TYPE => {}
-                    None => bail!("expected no `ok` type"),
-                }
-                match &result.err {
-                    Some(ty) => E::typecheck(ty, types)?,
-                    None if E::IS_RUST_UNIT_TYPE => {}
-                    None => bail!("expected no `err` type"),
-                }
-                Ok(())
-            }
-            other => bail!("expected `result` found `{}`", desc(other)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Lowers the payload of a variant into the storage for the entire payload,
-/// handling writing zeros at the end of the representation if this payload is
-/// smaller than the entire flat representation.
-///
-/// * `payload` - the flat storage space for the entire payload of the variant
-/// * `typed_payload` - projection from the payload storage space to the
-///   individual storage space for this variant.
-/// * `lower` - lowering operation used to initialize the `typed_payload` return
-///   value.
-///
-/// For more information on this se the comments in the `Lower for Result`
-/// implementation below.
-pub unsafe fn lower_payload<P, T>(
-    payload: &mut MaybeUninit<P>,
-    typed_payload: impl FnOnce(&mut MaybeUninit<P>) -> &mut MaybeUninit<T>,
-    lower: impl FnOnce(&mut MaybeUninit<T>) -> Result<()>,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    let typed = typed_payload(payload);
-    lower(typed)?;
-
-    let typed_len = storage_as_slice(typed).len();
-    let payload = storage_as_slice_mut(payload);
-    for slot in payload[typed_len..].iter_mut() {
-        *slot = ValRaw::u64(0);
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T, E> ComponentVariant for Result<T, E>
-where
-    T: ComponentType,
-    E: ComponentType,
-{
-    const CASES: &'static [Option<CanonicalAbiInfo>] = &[Some(T::ABI), Some(E::ABI)];
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T, E> Lower for Result<T, E>
-where
-    T: Lower,
-    E: Lower,
-{
-    fn lower<U>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let (ok, err) = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Result(ty) => {
-                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
-                (ty.ok, ty.err)
-            }
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-
-        // This implementation of `Lower::lower`, if you're reading these from
-        // the top of this file, is the first location that the "join" logic of
-        // the component model's canonical ABI encountered. The rough problem is
-        // that let's say we have a component model type of the form:
-        //
-        //      (result u64 (error (tuple f32 u16)))
-        //
-        // The flat representation of this is actually pretty tricky. Currently
-        // it is:
-        //
-        //      i32 i64 i32
-        //
-        // The first `i32` is the discriminant for the `result`, and the payload
-        // is represented by `i64 i32`. The "ok" variant will only use the `i64`
-        // and the "err" variant will use both `i64` and `i32`.
-        //
-        // In the "ok" variant the first issue is encountered. The size of one
-        // variant may not match the size of the other variants. All variants
-        // start at the "front" but when lowering a type we need to be sure to
-        // initialize the later variants (lest we leak random host memory into
-        // the guest module). Due to how the `Lower` type is represented as a
-        // `union` of all the variants what ends up happening here is that
-        // internally within the `lower_payload` after the typed payload is
-        // lowered the remaining bits of the payload that weren't initialized
-        // are all set to zero. This will guarantee that we'll write to all the
-        // slots for each variant.
-        //
-        // The "err" variant encounters the second issue, however, which is that
-        // the flat representation for each type may differ between payloads. In
-        // the "ok" arm an `i64` is written, but the `lower` implementation for
-        // the "err" arm will write an `f32` and then an `i32`. For this
-        // implementation of `lower` to be valid the `f32` needs to get inflated
-        // to an `i64` with zero-padding in the upper bits. What may be
-        // surprising, however, is that none of this is handled in this file.
-        // This implementation looks like it's blindly deferring to `E::lower`
-        // and hoping it does the right thing.
-        //
-        // In reality, however, the correctness of variant lowering relies on
-        // two subtle details of the `ValRaw` implementation in Wasmtime:
-        //
-        // 1. First the `ValRaw` value always contains little-endian values.
-        //    This means that if a `u32` is written, a `u64` is read, and then
-        //    the `u64` has its upper bits truncated the original value will
-        //    always be retained. This is primarily here for big-endian
-        //    platforms where if it weren't little endian then the opposite
-        //    would occur and the wrong value would be read.
-        //
-        // 2. Second, and perhaps even more subtly, the `ValRaw` constructors
-        //    for 32-bit types actually always initialize 64-bits of the
-        //    `ValRaw`. In the component model flat ABI only 32 and 64-bit types
-        //    are used so 64-bits is big enough to contain everything. This
-        //    means that when a `ValRaw` is written into the destination it will
-        //    always, whether it's needed or not, be "ready" to get extended up
-        //    to 64-bits.
-        //
-        // Put together these two subtle guarantees means that all `Lower`
-        // implementations can be written "naturally" as one might naively
-        // expect. Variants will, on each arm, zero out remaining fields and all
-        // writes to the flat representation will automatically be 64-bit writes
-        // meaning that if the value is read as a 64-bit value, which isn't
-        // known at the time of the write, it'll still be correct.
-        match self {
-            Ok(e) => {
-                map_maybe_uninit!(dst.tag).write(ValRaw::i32(0));
-                unsafe {
-                    lower_payload(
-                        map_maybe_uninit!(dst.payload),
-                        |payload| map_maybe_uninit!(payload.ok),
-                        |dst| match ok {
-                            Some(ok) => e.lower(cx, ok, dst),
-                            None => Ok(()),
-                        },
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                map_maybe_uninit!(dst.tag).write(ValRaw::i32(1));
-                unsafe {
-                    lower_payload(
-                        map_maybe_uninit!(dst.payload),
-                        |payload| map_maybe_uninit!(payload.err),
-                        |dst| match err {
-                            Some(err) => e.lower(cx, err, dst),
-                            None => Ok(()),
-                        },
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn store<U>(
-        &self,
-        cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-        ty: InterfaceType,
-        offset: usize,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
-        let (ok, err) = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Result(ty) => {
-                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
-                (ty.ok, ty.err)
-            }
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        debug_assert!(offset % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        let payload_offset = Self::INFO.payload_offset32 as usize;
-        match self {
-            Ok(e) => {
-                cx.get::<1>(offset)[0] = 0;
-                if let Some(ok) = ok {
-                    e.store(cx, ok, offset + payload_offset)?;
-                }
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                cx.get::<1>(offset)[0] = 1;
-                if let Some(err) = err {
-                    e.store(cx, err, offset + payload_offset)?;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe impl<T, E> Lift for Result<T, E>
-where
-    T: Lift,
-    E: Lift,
-{
-    #[inline]
-    fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-        let (ok, err) = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Result(ty) => {
-                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
-                (ty.ok, ty.err)
-            }
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        // Note that this implementation specifically isn't trying to actually
-        // reinterpret or alter the bits of `lower` depending on which variant
-        // we're lifting. This ends up all working out because the value is
-        // stored in little-endian format.
-        //
-        // When stored in little-endian format the `{T,E}::Lower`, when each
-        // individual `ValRaw` is read, means that if an i64 value, extended
-        // from an i32 value, was stored then when the i32 value is read it'll
-        // automatically ignore the upper bits.
-        //
-        // This "trick" allows us to seamlessly pass through the `Self::Lower`
-        // representation into the lifting/lowering without trying to handle
-        // "join"ed types as per the canonical ABI. It just so happens that i64
-        // bits will naturally be reinterpreted as f64. Additionally if the
-        // joined type is i64 but only the lower bits are read that's ok and we
-        // don't need to validate the upper bits.
-        //
-        // This is largely enabled by WebAssembly/component-model#35 where no
-        // validation needs to be performed for ignored bits and bytes here.
-        Ok(match src.tag.get_i32() {
-            0 => Ok(unsafe { lift_option(cx, ok, &src.payload.ok)? }),
-            1 => Err(unsafe { lift_option(cx, err, &src.payload.err)? }),
-            _ => bail!("invalid expected discriminant"),
-        })
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-        debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-        let discrim = bytes[0];
-        let payload = &bytes[Self::INFO.payload_offset32 as usize..];
-        let (ok, err) = match ty {
-            InterfaceType::Result(ty) => {
-                let ty = &cx.types[ty];
-                (ty.ok, ty.err)
-            }
-            _ => bad_type_info(),
-        };
-        match discrim {
-            0 => Ok(Ok(load_option(cx, ok, &payload[..T::SIZE32])?)),
-            1 => Ok(Err(load_option(cx, err, &payload[..E::SIZE32])?)),
-            _ => bail!("invalid expected discriminant"),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn lift_option<T>(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: Option<InterfaceType>, src: &T::Lower) -> Result<T>
-where
-    T: Lift,
-{
-    match ty {
-        Some(ty) => T::lift(cx, ty, src),
-        None => Ok(empty_lift()),
-    }
-}
-
-fn load_option<T>(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: Option<InterfaceType>, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<T>
-where
-    T: Lift,
-{
-    match ty {
-        Some(ty) => T::load(cx, ty, bytes),
-        None => Ok(empty_lift()),
-    }
-}
-
-fn empty_lift<T>() -> T
-where
-    T: Lift,
-{
-    assert!(T::IS_RUST_UNIT_TYPE);
-    assert_eq!(mem::size_of::<T>(), 0);
-    unsafe { MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init() }
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_component_ty_for_tuples {
-    ($n:tt $($t:ident)*) => {paste::paste!{
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        #[doc(hidden)]
-        #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-        #[repr(C)]
-        pub struct [<TupleLower$n>]<$($t),*> {
-            $($t: $t,)*
-            _align_tuple_lower0_correctly: [ValRaw; 0],
-        }
-
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        unsafe impl<$($t,)*> ComponentType for ($($t,)*)
-            where $($t: ComponentType),*
-        {
-            type Lower = [<TupleLower$n>]<$($t::Lower),*>;
-
-            const ABI: CanonicalAbiInfo = CanonicalAbiInfo::record_static(&[
-                $($t::ABI),*
-            ]);
-
-            const IS_RUST_UNIT_TYPE: bool = {
-                let mut _is_unit = true;
-                $(
-                    let _anything_to_bind_the_macro_variable = $t::IS_RUST_UNIT_TYPE;
-                    _is_unit = false;
-                )*
-                _is_unit
-            };
-
-            fn typecheck(
-                ty: &InterfaceType,
-                types: &InstanceType<'_>,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                typecheck_tuple(ty, types, &[$($t::typecheck),*])
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        unsafe impl<$($t,)*> Lower for ($($t,)*)
-            where $($t: Lower),*
-        {
-            fn lower<U>(
-                &self,
-                cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                _dst: &mut MaybeUninit<Self::Lower>,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                let types = match ty {
-                    InterfaceType::Tuple(t) => &cx.types[t].types,
-                    _ => bad_type_info(),
-                };
-                let ($($t,)*) = self;
-                let mut _types = types.iter();
-                $(
-                    let ty = *_types.next().unwrap_or_else(bad_type_info);
-                    $t.lower(cx, ty, map_maybe_uninit!(_dst.$t))?;
-                )*
-                Ok(())
-            }
-
-            fn store<U>(
-                &self,
-                cx: &mut LowerContext<'_, U>,
-                ty: InterfaceType,
-                mut _offset: usize,
-            ) -> Result<()> {
-                debug_assert!(_offset % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-                let types = match ty {
-                    InterfaceType::Tuple(t) => &cx.types[t].types,
-                    _ => bad_type_info(),
-                };
-                let ($($t,)*) = self;
-                let mut _types = types.iter();
-                $(
-                    let ty = *_types.next().unwrap_or_else(bad_type_info);
-                    $t.store(cx, ty, $t::ABI.next_field32_size(&mut _offset))?;
-                )*
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        unsafe impl<$($t,)*> Lift for ($($t,)*)
-            where $($t: Lift),*
-        {
-            #[inline]
-            fn lift(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, _src: &Self::Lower) -> Result<Self> {
-                let types = match ty {
-                    InterfaceType::Tuple(t) => &cx.types[t].types,
-                    _ => bad_type_info(),
-                };
-                let mut _types = types.iter();
-                Ok(($(
-                    $t::lift(
-                        cx,
-                        *_types.next().unwrap_or_else(bad_type_info),
-                        &_src.$t,
-                    )?,
-                )*))
-            }
-
-            #[inline]
-            fn load(cx: &mut LiftContext<'_>, ty: InterfaceType, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
-                debug_assert!((bytes.as_ptr() as usize) % (Self::ALIGN32 as usize) == 0);
-                let types = match ty {
-                    InterfaceType::Tuple(t) => &cx.types[t].types,
-                    _ => bad_type_info(),
-                };
-                let mut _types = types.iter();
-                let mut _offset = 0;
-                $(
-                    let ty = *_types.next().unwrap_or_else(bad_type_info);
-                    let $t = $t::load(cx, ty, &bytes[$t::ABI.next_field32_size(&mut _offset)..][..$t::SIZE32])?;
-                )*
-                Ok(($($t,)*))
-            }
-        }
-
-        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-        unsafe impl<$($t,)*> ComponentNamedList for ($($t,)*)
-            where $($t: ComponentType),*
-        {}
-    }};
-}
-
-for_each_function_signature!(impl_component_ty_for_tuples);
-
-pub fn desc(ty: &InterfaceType) -> &'static str {
-    match ty {
-        InterfaceType::U8 => "u8",
-        InterfaceType::S8 => "s8",
-        InterfaceType::U16 => "u16",
-        InterfaceType::S16 => "s16",
-        InterfaceType::U32 => "u32",
-        InterfaceType::S32 => "s32",
-        InterfaceType::U64 => "u64",
-        InterfaceType::S64 => "s64",
-        InterfaceType::Float32 => "f32",
-        InterfaceType::Float64 => "f64",
-        InterfaceType::Bool => "bool",
-        InterfaceType::Char => "char",
-        InterfaceType::String => "string",
-        InterfaceType::List(_) => "list",
-        InterfaceType::Tuple(_) => "tuple",
-        InterfaceType::Option(_) => "option",
-        InterfaceType::Result(_) => "result",
-
-        InterfaceType::Record(_) => "record",
-        InterfaceType::Variant(_) => "variant",
-        InterfaceType::Flags(_) => "flags",
-        InterfaceType::Enum(_) => "enum",
-        InterfaceType::Own(_) => "owned resource",
-        InterfaceType::Borrow(_) => "borrowed resource",
-    }
-}
-
-#[cold]
-#[doc(hidden)]
-pub fn bad_type_info<T>() -> T {
-    // NB: should consider something like `unreachable_unchecked` here if this
-    // becomes a performance bottleneck at some point, but that also comes with
-    // a tradeoff of propagating a lot of unsafety, so it may not be worth it.
-    panic!("bad type information detected");
-}