wasmtime 28.0.0 → 29.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/cc-1.2.10/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4216 @@
+//! A library for [Cargo build scripts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts.html)
+//! to compile a set of C/C++/assembly/CUDA files into a static archive for Cargo
+//! to link into the crate being built. This crate does not compile code itself;
+//! it calls out to the default compiler for the platform. This crate will
+//! automatically detect situations such as cross compilation and
+//! [various environment variables](#external-configuration-via-environment-variables) and will build code appropriately.
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! First, you'll want to both add a build script for your crate (`build.rs`) and
+//! also add this crate to your `Cargo.toml` via:
+//!
+//! ```toml
+//! [build-dependencies]
+//! cc = "1.0"
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Next up, you'll want to write a build script like so:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! // build.rs
+//! cc::Build::new()
+//!     .file("foo.c")
+//!     .file("bar.c")
+//!     .compile("foo");
+//! ```
+//!
+//! And that's it! Running `cargo build` should take care of the rest and your Rust
+//! application will now have the C files `foo.c` and `bar.c` compiled into a file
+//! named `libfoo.a`. If the C files contain
+//!
+//! ```c
+//! void foo_function(void) { ... }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! and
+//!
+//! ```c
+//! int32_t bar_function(int32_t x) { ... }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! you can call them from Rust by declaring them in
+//! your Rust code like so:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! extern "C" {
+//!     fn foo_function();
+//!     fn bar_function(x: i32) -> i32;
+//! }
+//!
+//! pub fn call() {
+//!     unsafe {
+//!         foo_function();
+//!         bar_function(42);
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     call();
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! See [the Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) for more details.
+//!
+//! # External configuration via environment variables
+//!
+//! To control the programs and flags used for building, the builder can set a
+//! number of different environment variables.
+//!
+//! * `CFLAGS` - a series of space separated flags passed to compilers. Note that
+//!   individual flags cannot currently contain spaces, so doing
+//!   something like: `-L=foo\ bar` is not possible.
+//! * `CC` - the actual C compiler used. Note that this is used as an exact
+//!   executable name, so (for example) no extra flags can be passed inside
+//!   this variable, and the builder must ensure that there aren't any
+//!   trailing spaces. This compiler must understand the `-c` flag. For
+//!   certain `TARGET`s, it also is assumed to know about other flags (most
+//!   common is `-fPIC`).
+//! * `AR` - the `ar` (archiver) executable to use to build the static library.
+//! * `CRATE_CC_NO_DEFAULTS` - the default compiler flags may cause conflicts in
+//!   some cross compiling scenarios. Setting this variable
+//!   will disable the generation of default compiler
+//!   flags.
+//! * `CC_ENABLE_DEBUG_OUTPUT` - if set, compiler command invocations and exit codes will
+//!   be logged to stdout. This is useful for debugging build script issues, but can be
+//!   overly verbose for normal use.
+//! * `CC_SHELL_ESCAPED_FLAGS` - if set, `*FLAGS` will be parsed as if they were shell
+//!   arguments (similar to `make` and `cmake`) rather than splitting them on each space.
+//!   For example, with `CFLAGS='a "b c"'`, the compiler will be invoked with 2 arguments -
+//!   `a` and `b c` - rather than 3: `a`, `"b` and `c"`.
+//! * `CXX...` - see [C++ Support](#c-support).
+//! * `CC_FORCE_DISABLE` - If set, `cc` will never run any [`Command`]s, and methods that
+//!   would return an [`Error`]. This is intended for use by third-party build systems
+//!   which want to be absolutely sure that they are in control of building all
+//!   dependencies. Note that operations that return [`Tool`]s such as
+//!   [`Build::get_compiler`] may produce less accurate results as in some cases `cc` runs
+//!   commands in order to locate compilers. Additionally, this does nothing to prevent
+//!   users from running [`Tool::to_command`] and executing the [`Command`] themselves.//!
+//!
+//! Furthermore, projects using this crate may specify custom environment variables
+//! to be inspected, for example via the `Build::try_flags_from_environment`
+//! function. Consult the project’s own documentation or its use of the `cc` crate
+//! for any additional variables it may use.
+//!
+//! Each of these variables can also be supplied with certain prefixes and suffixes,
+//! in the following prioritized order:
+//!
+//!   1. `<var>_<target>` - for example, `CC_x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu`
+//!   2. `<var>_<target_with_underscores>` - for example, `CC_x86_64_unknown_linux_gnu`
+//!   3. `<build-kind>_<var>` - for example, `HOST_CC` or `TARGET_CFLAGS`
+//!   4. `<var>` - a plain `CC`, `AR` as above.
+//!
+//! If none of these variables exist, cc-rs uses built-in defaults.
+//!
+//! In addition to the above optional environment variables, `cc-rs` has some
+//! functions with hard requirements on some variables supplied by [cargo's
+//! build-script driver][cargo] that it has the `TARGET`, `OUT_DIR`, `OPT_LEVEL`,
+//! and `HOST` variables.
+//!
+//! [cargo]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts.html#inputs-to-the-build-script
+//!
+//! # Optional features
+//!
+//! ## Parallel
+//!
+//! Currently cc-rs supports parallel compilation (think `make -jN`) but this
+//! feature is turned off by default. To enable cc-rs to compile C/C++ in parallel,
+//! you can change your dependency to:
+//!
+//! ```toml
+//! [build-dependencies]
+//! cc = { version = "1.0", features = ["parallel"] }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! By default cc-rs will limit parallelism to `$NUM_JOBS`, or if not present it
+//! will limit it to the number of cpus on the machine. If you are using cargo,
+//! use `-jN` option of `build`, `test` and `run` commands as `$NUM_JOBS`
+//! is supplied by cargo.
+//!
+//! # Compile-time Requirements
+//!
+//! To work properly this crate needs access to a C compiler when the build script
+//! is being run. This crate does not ship a C compiler with it. The compiler
+//! required varies per platform, but there are three broad categories:
+//!
+//! * Unix platforms require `cc` to be the C compiler. This can be found by
+//!   installing cc/clang on Linux distributions and Xcode on macOS, for example.
+//! * Windows platforms targeting MSVC (e.g. your target triple ends in `-msvc`)
+//!   require Visual Studio to be installed. `cc-rs` attempts to locate it, and
+//!   if it fails, `cl.exe` is expected to be available in `PATH`. This can be
+//!   set up by running the appropriate developer tools shell.
+//! * Windows platforms targeting MinGW (e.g. your target triple ends in `-gnu`)
+//!   require `cc` to be available in `PATH`. We recommend the
+//!   [MinGW-w64](https://www.mingw-w64.org/) distribution.
+//!   You may also acquire it via
+//!   [MSYS2](https://www.msys2.org/), as explained [here][msys2-help].  Make sure
+//!   to install the appropriate architecture corresponding to your installation of
+//!   rustc. GCC from older [MinGW](http://www.mingw.org/) project is compatible
+//!   only with 32-bit rust compiler.
+//!
+//! [msys2-help]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/INSTALL.md#building-on-windows
+//!
+//! # C++ support
+//!
+//! `cc-rs` supports C++ libraries compilation by using the `cpp` method on
+//! `Build`:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! cc::Build::new()
+//!     .cpp(true) // Switch to C++ library compilation.
+//!     .file("foo.cpp")
+//!     .compile("foo");
+//! ```
+//!
+//! For C++ libraries, the `CXX` and `CXXFLAGS` environment variables are used instead of `CC` and `CFLAGS`.
+//!
+//! The C++ standard library may be linked to the crate target. By default it's `libc++` for macOS, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD, `libc++_shared` for Android, nothing for MSVC, and `libstdc++` for anything else. It can be changed in one of two ways:
+//!
+//! 1. by using the `cpp_link_stdlib` method on `Build`:
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! cc::Build::new()
+//!     .cpp(true)
+//!     .file("foo.cpp")
+//!     .cpp_link_stdlib("stdc++") // use libstdc++
+//!     .compile("foo");
+//! ```
+//! 2. by setting the `CXXSTDLIB` environment variable.
+//!
+//! In particular, for Android you may want to [use `c++_static` if you have at most one shared library](https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/cpp-support).
+//!
+//! Remember that C++ does name mangling so `extern "C"` might be required to enable Rust linker to find your functions.
+//!
+//! # CUDA C++ support
+//!
+//! `cc-rs` also supports compiling CUDA C++ libraries by using the `cuda` method
+//! on `Build`:
+//!
+//! ```rust,no_run
+//! cc::Build::new()
+//!     // Switch to CUDA C++ library compilation using NVCC.
+//!     .cuda(true)
+//!     .cudart("static")
+//!     // Generate code for Maxwell (GTX 970, 980, 980 Ti, Titan X).
+//!     .flag("-gencode").flag("arch=compute_52,code=sm_52")
+//!     // Generate code for Maxwell (Jetson TX1).
+//!     .flag("-gencode").flag("arch=compute_53,code=sm_53")
+//!     // Generate code for Pascal (GTX 1070, 1080, 1080 Ti, Titan Xp).
+//!     .flag("-gencode").flag("arch=compute_61,code=sm_61")
+//!     // Generate code for Pascal (Tesla P100).
+//!     .flag("-gencode").flag("arch=compute_60,code=sm_60")
+//!     // Generate code for Pascal (Jetson TX2).
+//!     .flag("-gencode").flag("arch=compute_62,code=sm_62")
+//!     // Generate code in parallel
+//!     .flag("-t0")
+//!     .file("bar.cu")
+//!     .compile("bar");
+//! ```
+
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/cc/1.0")]
+#![deny(warnings)]
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+#![deny(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+#![warn(clippy::doc_markdown)]
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::env;
+use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::fs;
+use std::io::{self, Write};
+use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
+#[cfg(feature = "parallel")]
+use std::process::Child;
+use std::process::Command;
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicU8, Ordering::Relaxed},
+    Arc, RwLock,
+};
+
+use shlex::Shlex;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "parallel")]
+mod parallel;
+mod target;
+mod windows;
+use self::target::TargetInfo;
+// Regardless of whether this should be in this crate's public API,
+// it has been since 2015, so don't break it.
+pub use windows::find_tools as windows_registry;
+
+mod command_helpers;
+use command_helpers::*;
+
+mod tool;
+pub use tool::Tool;
+use tool::ToolFamily;
+
+mod tempfile;
+
+mod utilities;
+use utilities::*;
+
+mod flags;
+use flags::*;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+struct CompilerFlag {
+    compiler: Box<Path>,
+    flag: Box<OsStr>,
+}
+
+type Env = Option<Arc<OsStr>>;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct BuildCache {
+    env_cache: RwLock<HashMap<Box<str>, Env>>,
+    apple_sdk_root_cache: RwLock<HashMap<Box<str>, Arc<OsStr>>>,
+    apple_versions_cache: RwLock<HashMap<Box<str>, Arc<str>>>,
+    cached_compiler_family: RwLock<HashMap<Box<Path>, ToolFamily>>,
+    known_flag_support_status_cache: RwLock<HashMap<CompilerFlag, bool>>,
+    target_info_parser: target::TargetInfoParser,
+}
+
+/// A builder for compilation of a native library.
+///
+/// A `Build` is the main type of the `cc` crate and is used to control all the
+/// various configuration options and such of a compile. You'll find more
+/// documentation on each method itself.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Build {
+    include_directories: Vec<Arc<Path>>,
+    definitions: Vec<(Arc<str>, Option<Arc<str>>)>,
+    objects: Vec<Arc<Path>>,
+    flags: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
+    flags_supported: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
+    ar_flags: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
+    asm_flags: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
+    no_default_flags: bool,
+    files: Vec<Arc<Path>>,
+    cpp: bool,
+    cpp_link_stdlib: Option<Option<Arc<str>>>,
+    cpp_set_stdlib: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    cuda: bool,
+    cudart: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    ccbin: bool,
+    std: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    target: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    /// The host compiler.
+    ///
+    /// Try to not access this directly, and instead prefer `cfg!(...)`.
+    host: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    out_dir: Option<Arc<Path>>,
+    opt_level: Option<Arc<str>>,
+    debug: Option<bool>,
+    force_frame_pointer: Option<bool>,
+    env: Vec<(Arc<OsStr>, Arc<OsStr>)>,
+    compiler: Option<Arc<Path>>,
+    archiver: Option<Arc<Path>>,
+    ranlib: Option<Arc<Path>>,
+    cargo_output: CargoOutput,
+    link_lib_modifiers: Vec<Arc<OsStr>>,
+    pic: Option<bool>,
+    use_plt: Option<bool>,
+    static_crt: Option<bool>,
+    shared_flag: Option<bool>,
+    static_flag: Option<bool>,
+    warnings_into_errors: bool,
+    warnings: Option<bool>,
+    extra_warnings: Option<bool>,
+    emit_rerun_if_env_changed: bool,
+    shell_escaped_flags: Option<bool>,
+    build_cache: Arc<BuildCache>,
+    inherit_rustflags: bool,
+}
+
+/// Represents the types of errors that may occur while using cc-rs.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum ErrorKind {
+    /// Error occurred while performing I/O.
+    IOError,
+    /// Environment variable not found, with the var in question as extra info.
+    EnvVarNotFound,
+    /// Error occurred while using external tools (ie: invocation of compiler).
+    ToolExecError,
+    /// Error occurred due to missing external tools.
+    ToolNotFound,
+    /// One of the function arguments failed validation.
+    InvalidArgument,
+    /// No known macro is defined for the compiler when discovering tool family.
+    ToolFamilyMacroNotFound,
+    /// Invalid target.
+    InvalidTarget,
+    /// Unknown target.
+    UnknownTarget,
+    /// Invalid rustc flag.
+    InvalidFlag,
+    #[cfg(feature = "parallel")]
+    /// jobserver helpthread failure
+    JobserverHelpThreadError,
+    /// `cc` has been disabled by an environment variable.
+    Disabled,
+}
+
+/// Represents an internal error that occurred, with an explanation.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Error {
+    /// Describes the kind of error that occurred.
+    kind: ErrorKind,
+    /// More explanation of error that occurred.
+    message: Cow<'static, str>,
+}
+
+impl Error {
+    fn new(kind: ErrorKind, message: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>) -> Error {
+        Error {
+            kind,
+            message: message.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<io::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(e: io::Error) -> Error {
+        Error::new(ErrorKind::IOError, format!("{}", e))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{:?}: {}", self.kind, self.message)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for Error {}
+
+/// Represents an object.
+///
+/// This is a source file -> object file pair.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct Object {
+    src: PathBuf,
+    dst: PathBuf,
+}
+
+impl Object {
+    /// Create a new source file -> object file pair.
+    fn new(src: PathBuf, dst: PathBuf) -> Object {
+        Object { src, dst }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Build {
+    /// Construct a new instance of a blank set of configuration.
+    ///
+    /// This builder is finished with the [`compile`] function.
+    ///
+    /// [`compile`]: struct.Build.html#method.compile
+    pub fn new() -> Build {
+        Build {
+            include_directories: Vec::new(),
+            definitions: Vec::new(),
+            objects: Vec::new(),
+            flags: Vec::new(),
+            flags_supported: Vec::new(),
+            ar_flags: Vec::new(),
+            asm_flags: Vec::new(),
+            no_default_flags: false,
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            shared_flag: None,
+            static_flag: None,
+            cpp: false,
+            cpp_link_stdlib: None,
+            cpp_set_stdlib: None,
+            cuda: false,
+            cudart: None,
+            ccbin: true,
+            std: None,
+            target: None,
+            host: None,
+            out_dir: None,
+            opt_level: None,
+            debug: None,
+            force_frame_pointer: None,
+            env: Vec::new(),
+            compiler: None,
+            archiver: None,
+            ranlib: None,
+            cargo_output: CargoOutput::new(),
+            link_lib_modifiers: Vec::new(),
+            pic: None,
+            use_plt: None,
+            static_crt: None,
+            warnings: None,
+            extra_warnings: None,
+            warnings_into_errors: false,
+            emit_rerun_if_env_changed: true,
+            shell_escaped_flags: None,
+            build_cache: Arc::default(),
+            inherit_rustflags: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a directory to the `-I` or include path for headers
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// use std::path::Path;
+    ///
+    /// let library_path = Path::new("/path/to/library");
+    ///
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .include(library_path)
+    ///     .include("src")
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn include<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, dir: P) -> &mut Build {
+        self.include_directories.push(dir.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add multiple directories to the `-I` include path.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// # use std::path::Path;
+    /// # let condition = true;
+    /// #
+    /// let mut extra_dir = None;
+    /// if condition {
+    ///     extra_dir = Some(Path::new("/path/to"));
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .includes(extra_dir)
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn includes<P>(&mut self, dirs: P) -> &mut Build
+    where
+        P: IntoIterator,
+        P::Item: AsRef<Path>,
+    {
+        for dir in dirs {
+            self.include(dir);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Specify a `-D` variable with an optional value.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .define("FOO", "BAR")
+    ///     .define("BAZ", None)
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn define<'a, V: Into<Option<&'a str>>>(&mut self, var: &str, val: V) -> &mut Build {
+        self.definitions
+            .push((var.into(), val.into().map(Into::into)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an arbitrary object file to link in
+    pub fn object<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, obj: P) -> &mut Build {
+        self.objects.push(obj.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add arbitrary object files to link in
+    pub fn objects<P>(&mut self, objs: P) -> &mut Build
+    where
+        P: IntoIterator,
+        P::Item: AsRef<Path>,
+    {
+        for obj in objs {
+            self.object(obj);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add an arbitrary flag to the invocation of the compiler
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .flag("-ffunction-sections")
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn flag(&mut self, flag: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> &mut Build {
+        self.flags.push(flag.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Removes a compiler flag that was added by [`Build::flag`].
+    ///
+    /// Will not remove flags added by other means (default flags,
+    /// flags from env, and so on).
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .flag("unwanted_flag")
+    ///     .remove_flag("unwanted_flag");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn remove_flag(&mut self, flag: &str) -> &mut Build {
+        self.flags.retain(|other_flag| &**other_flag != flag);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a flag to the invocation of the ar
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .file("src/bar.c")
+    ///     .ar_flag("/NODEFAULTLIB:libc.dll")
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn ar_flag(&mut self, flag: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> &mut Build {
+        self.ar_flags.push(flag.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a flag that will only be used with assembly files.
+    ///
+    /// The flag will be applied to input files with either a `.s` or
+    /// `.asm` extension (case insensitive).
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .asm_flag("-Wa,-defsym,abc=1")
+    ///     .file("src/foo.S")  // The asm flag will be applied here
+    ///     .file("src/bar.c")  // The asm flag will not be applied here
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn asm_flag(&mut self, flag: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> &mut Build {
+        self.asm_flags.push(flag.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_check_file(&self) -> Result<PathBuf, Error> {
+        let out_dir = self.get_out_dir()?;
+        let src = if self.cuda {
+            assert!(self.cpp);
+            out_dir.join("flag_check.cu")
+        } else if self.cpp {
+            out_dir.join("flag_check.cpp")
+        } else {
+            out_dir.join("flag_check.c")
+        };
+
+        if !src.exists() {
+            let mut f = fs::File::create(&src)?;
+            write!(f, "int main(void) {{ return 0; }}")?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(src)
+    }
+
+    /// Run the compiler to test if it accepts the given flag.
+    ///
+    /// For a convenience method for setting flags conditionally,
+    /// see `flag_if_supported()`.
+    ///
+    /// It may return error if it's unable to run the compiler with a test file
+    /// (e.g. the compiler is missing or a write to the `out_dir` failed).
+    ///
+    /// Note: Once computed, the result of this call is stored in the
+    /// `known_flag_support` field. If `is_flag_supported(flag)`
+    /// is called again, the result will be read from the hash table.
+    pub fn is_flag_supported(&self, flag: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        self.is_flag_supported_inner(
+            flag.as_ref(),
+            &self.get_base_compiler()?,
+            &self.get_target()?,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn is_flag_supported_inner(
+        &self,
+        flag: &OsStr,
+        tool: &Tool,
+        target: &TargetInfo<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let compiler_flag = CompilerFlag {
+            compiler: tool.path().into(),
+            flag: flag.into(),
+        };
+
+        if let Some(is_supported) = self
+            .build_cache
+            .known_flag_support_status_cache
+            .read()
+            .unwrap()
+            .get(&compiler_flag)
+            .cloned()
+        {
+            return Ok(is_supported);
+        }
+
+        let out_dir = self.get_out_dir()?;
+        let src = self.ensure_check_file()?;
+        let obj = out_dir.join("flag_check");
+
+        let mut compiler = {
+            let mut cfg = Build::new();
+            cfg.flag(flag)
+                .compiler(tool.path())
+                .cargo_metadata(self.cargo_output.metadata)
+                .opt_level(0)
+                .debug(false)
+                .cpp(self.cpp)
+                .cuda(self.cuda)
+                .inherit_rustflags(false)
+                .emit_rerun_if_env_changed(self.emit_rerun_if_env_changed);
+            if let Some(target) = &self.target {
+                cfg.target(target);
+            }
+            if let Some(host) = &self.host {
+                cfg.host(host);
+            }
+            cfg.try_get_compiler()?
+        };
+
+        // Clang uses stderr for verbose output, which yields a false positive
+        // result if the CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS include -v to aid in debugging.
+        if compiler.family.verbose_stderr() {
+            compiler.remove_arg("-v".into());
+        }
+        if compiler.is_like_clang() {
+            // Avoid reporting that the arg is unsupported just because the
+            // compiler complains that it wasn't used.
+            compiler.push_cc_arg("-Wno-unused-command-line-argument".into());
+        }
+
+        let mut cmd = compiler.to_command();
+        let is_arm = matches!(target.arch, "aarch64" | "arm");
+        let clang = compiler.is_like_clang();
+        let gnu = compiler.family == ToolFamily::Gnu;
+        command_add_output_file(
+            &mut cmd,
+            &obj,
+            CmdAddOutputFileArgs {
+                cuda: self.cuda,
+                is_assembler_msvc: false,
+                msvc: compiler.is_like_msvc(),
+                clang,
+                gnu,
+                is_asm: false,
+                is_arm,
+            },
+        );
+
+        if compiler.supports_path_delimiter() {
+            cmd.arg("--");
+        }
+
+        cmd.arg(&src);
+
+        // On MSVC skip the CRT by setting the entry point to `main`.
+        // This way we don't need to add the default library paths.
+        if compiler.is_like_msvc() {
+            // Flags from _LINK_ are appended to the linker arguments.
+            cmd.env("_LINK_", "-entry:main");
+        }
+
+        let output = cmd.output()?;
+        let is_supported = output.status.success() && output.stderr.is_empty();
+
+        self.build_cache
+            .known_flag_support_status_cache
+            .write()
+            .unwrap()
+            .insert(compiler_flag, is_supported);
+
+        Ok(is_supported)
+    }
+
+    /// Add an arbitrary flag to the invocation of the compiler if it supports it
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .flag_if_supported("-Wlogical-op") // only supported by GCC
+    ///     .flag_if_supported("-Wunreachable-code") // only supported by clang
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn flag_if_supported(&mut self, flag: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> &mut Build {
+        self.flags_supported.push(flag.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add flags from the specified environment variable.
+    ///
+    /// Normally the `cc` crate will consult with the standard set of environment
+    /// variables (such as `CFLAGS` and `CXXFLAGS`) to construct the compiler invocation. Use of
+    /// this method provides additional levers for the end user to use when configuring the build
+    /// process.
+    ///
+    /// Just like the standard variables, this method will search for an environment variable with
+    /// appropriate target prefixes, when appropriate.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// This method is particularly beneficial in introducing the ability to specify crate-specific
+    /// flags.
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .try_flags_from_environment(concat!(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"), "_CFLAGS"))
+    ///     .expect("the environment variable must be specified and UTF-8")
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    pub fn try_flags_from_environment(&mut self, environ_key: &str) -> Result<&mut Build, Error> {
+        let flags = self.envflags(environ_key)?;
+        self.flags.extend(
+            flags
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|flag| Arc::from(OsString::from(flag).as_os_str())),
+        );
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the `-shared` flag.
+    ///
+    /// When enabled, the compiler will produce a shared object which can
+    /// then be linked with other objects to form an executable.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .shared_flag(true)
+    ///     .compile("libfoo.so");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn shared_flag(&mut self, shared_flag: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.shared_flag = Some(shared_flag);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the `-static` flag.
+    ///
+    /// When enabled on systems that support dynamic linking, this prevents
+    /// linking with the shared libraries.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .shared_flag(true)
+    ///     .static_flag(true)
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn static_flag(&mut self, static_flag: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.static_flag = Some(static_flag);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Disables the generation of default compiler flags. The default compiler
+    /// flags may cause conflicts in some cross compiling scenarios.
+    ///
+    /// Setting the `CRATE_CC_NO_DEFAULTS` environment variable has the same
+    /// effect as setting this to `true`. The presence of the environment
+    /// variable and the value of `no_default_flags` will be OR'd together.
+    pub fn no_default_flags(&mut self, no_default_flags: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.no_default_flags = no_default_flags;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a file which will be compiled
+    pub fn file<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, p: P) -> &mut Build {
+        self.files.push(p.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add files which will be compiled
+    pub fn files<P>(&mut self, p: P) -> &mut Build
+    where
+        P: IntoIterator,
+        P::Item: AsRef<Path>,
+    {
+        for file in p.into_iter() {
+            self.file(file);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Get the files which will be compiled
+    pub fn get_files(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Path> {
+        self.files.iter().map(AsRef::as_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Set C++ support.
+    ///
+    /// The other `cpp_*` options will only become active if this is set to
+    /// `true`.
+    ///
+    /// The name of the C++ standard library to link is decided by:
+    /// 1. If [`cpp_link_stdlib`](Build::cpp_link_stdlib) is set, use its value.
+    /// 2. Else if the `CXXSTDLIB` environment variable is set, use its value.
+    /// 3. Else the default is `c++` for OS X and BSDs, `c++_shared` for Android,
+    ///    `None` for MSVC and `stdc++` for anything else.
+    pub fn cpp(&mut self, cpp: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.cpp = cpp;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set CUDA C++ support.
+    ///
+    /// Enabling CUDA will invoke the CUDA compiler, NVCC. While NVCC accepts
+    /// the most common compiler flags, e.g. `-std=c++17`, some project-specific
+    /// flags might have to be prefixed with "-Xcompiler" flag, for example as
+    /// `.flag("-Xcompiler").flag("-fpermissive")`. See the documentation for
+    /// `nvcc`, the CUDA compiler driver, at <https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-compiler-driver-nvcc/>
+    /// for more information.
+    ///
+    /// If enabled, this also implicitly enables C++ support.
+    pub fn cuda(&mut self, cuda: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.cuda = cuda;
+        if cuda {
+            self.cpp = true;
+            self.cudart = Some("static".into());
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Link CUDA run-time.
+    ///
+    /// This option mimics the `--cudart` NVCC command-line option. Just like
+    /// the original it accepts `{none|shared|static}`, with default being
+    /// `static`. The method has to be invoked after `.cuda(true)`, or not
+    /// at all, if the default is right for the project.
+    pub fn cudart(&mut self, cudart: &str) -> &mut Build {
+        if self.cuda {
+            self.cudart = Some(cudart.into());
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set CUDA host compiler.
+    ///
+    /// By default, a `-ccbin` flag will be passed to NVCC to specify the
+    /// underlying host compiler. The value of `-ccbin` is the same as the
+    /// chosen C++ compiler. This is not always desired, because NVCC might
+    /// not support that compiler. In this case, you can remove the `-ccbin`
+    /// flag so that NVCC will choose the host compiler by itself.
+    pub fn ccbin(&mut self, ccbin: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.ccbin = ccbin;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Specify the C or C++ language standard version.
+    ///
+    /// These values are common to modern versions of GCC, Clang and MSVC:
+    /// - `c11` for ISO/IEC 9899:2011
+    /// - `c17` for ISO/IEC 9899:2018
+    /// - `c++14` for ISO/IEC 14882:2014
+    /// - `c++17` for ISO/IEC 14882:2017
+    /// - `c++20` for ISO/IEC 14882:2020
+    ///
+    /// Other values have less broad support, e.g. MSVC does not support `c++11`
+    /// (`c++14` is the minimum), `c89` (omit the flag instead) or `c99`.
+    ///
+    /// For compiling C++ code, you should also set `.cpp(true)`.
+    ///
+    /// The default is that no standard flag is passed to the compiler, so the
+    /// language version will be the compiler's default.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/modern.cpp")
+    ///     .cpp(true)
+    ///     .std("c++17")
+    ///     .compile("modern");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn std(&mut self, std: &str) -> &mut Build {
+        self.std = Some(std.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set warnings into errors flag.
+    ///
+    /// Disabled by default.
+    ///
+    /// Warning: turning warnings into errors only make sense
+    /// if you are a developer of the crate using cc-rs.
+    /// Some warnings only appear on some architecture or
+    /// specific version of the compiler. Any user of this crate,
+    /// or any other crate depending on it, could fail during
+    /// compile time.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .warnings_into_errors(true)
+    ///     .compile("libfoo.a");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn warnings_into_errors(&mut self, warnings_into_errors: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.warnings_into_errors = warnings_into_errors;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set warnings flags.
+    ///
+    /// Adds some flags:
+    /// - "-Wall" for MSVC.
+    /// - "-Wall", "-Wextra" for GNU and Clang.
+    ///
+    /// Enabled by default.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .warnings(false)
+    ///     .compile("libfoo.a");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn warnings(&mut self, warnings: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.warnings = Some(warnings);
+        self.extra_warnings = Some(warnings);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set extra warnings flags.
+    ///
+    /// Adds some flags:
+    /// - nothing for MSVC.
+    /// - "-Wextra" for GNU and Clang.
+    ///
+    /// Enabled by default.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// // Disables -Wextra, -Wall remains enabled:
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .extra_warnings(false)
+    ///     .compile("libfoo.a");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn extra_warnings(&mut self, warnings: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.extra_warnings = Some(warnings);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the standard library to link against when compiling with C++
+    /// support.
+    ///
+    /// If the `CXXSTDLIB` environment variable is set, its value will
+    /// override the default value, but not the value explicitly set by calling
+    /// this function.
+    ///
+    /// A value of `None` indicates that no automatic linking should happen,
+    /// otherwise cargo will link against the specified library.
+    ///
+    /// The given library name must not contain the `lib` prefix.
+    ///
+    /// Common values:
+    /// - `stdc++` for GNU
+    /// - `c++` for Clang
+    /// - `c++_shared` or `c++_static` for Android
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .shared_flag(true)
+    ///     .cpp_link_stdlib("stdc++")
+    ///     .compile("libfoo.so");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn cpp_link_stdlib<'a, V: Into<Option<&'a str>>>(
+        &mut self,
+        cpp_link_stdlib: V,
+    ) -> &mut Build {
+        self.cpp_link_stdlib = Some(cpp_link_stdlib.into().map(Arc::from));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Force the C++ compiler to use the specified standard library.
+    ///
+    /// Setting this option will automatically set `cpp_link_stdlib` to the same
+    /// value.
+    ///
+    /// The default value of this option is always `None`.
+    ///
+    /// This option has no effect when compiling for a Visual Studio based
+    /// target.
+    ///
+    /// This option sets the `-stdlib` flag, which is only supported by some
+    /// compilers (clang, icc) but not by others (gcc). The library will not
+    /// detect which compiler is used, as such it is the responsibility of the
+    /// caller to ensure that this option is only used in conjunction with a
+    /// compiler which supports the `-stdlib` flag.
+    ///
+    /// A value of `None` indicates that no specific C++ standard library should
+    /// be used, otherwise `-stdlib` is added to the compile invocation.
+    ///
+    /// The given library name must not contain the `lib` prefix.
+    ///
+    /// Common values:
+    /// - `stdc++` for GNU
+    /// - `c++` for Clang
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .cpp_set_stdlib("c++")
+    ///     .compile("libfoo.a");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn cpp_set_stdlib<'a, V: Into<Option<&'a str>>>(
+        &mut self,
+        cpp_set_stdlib: V,
+    ) -> &mut Build {
+        let cpp_set_stdlib = cpp_set_stdlib.into().map(Arc::from);
+        self.cpp_set_stdlib.clone_from(&cpp_set_stdlib);
+        self.cpp_link_stdlib = Some(cpp_set_stdlib);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the `rustc` target this configuration will be compiling
+    /// for.
+    ///
+    /// This will fail if using a target not in a pre-compiled list taken from
+    /// `rustc +nightly --print target-list`. The list will be updated
+    /// periodically.
+    ///
+    /// You should avoid setting this in build scripts, target information
+    /// will instead be retrieved from the environment variables `TARGET` and
+    /// `CARGO_CFG_TARGET_*` that Cargo sets.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .target("aarch64-linux-android")
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn target(&mut self, target: &str) -> &mut Build {
+        self.target = Some(target.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the host assumed by this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically scraped from the `HOST` environment
+    /// variable by build scripts, so it's not required to call this function.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new()
+    ///     .file("src/foo.c")
+    ///     .host("arm-linux-gnueabihf")
+    ///     .compile("foo");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn host(&mut self, host: &str) -> &mut Build {
+        self.host = Some(host.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the optimization level of the generated object files.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically scraped from the `OPT_LEVEL` environment
+    /// variable by build scripts, so it's not required to call this function.
+    pub fn opt_level(&mut self, opt_level: u32) -> &mut Build {
+        self.opt_level = Some(opt_level.to_string().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the optimization level of the generated object files.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically scraped from the `OPT_LEVEL` environment
+    /// variable by build scripts, so it's not required to call this function.
+    pub fn opt_level_str(&mut self, opt_level: &str) -> &mut Build {
+        self.opt_level = Some(opt_level.into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures whether the compiler will emit debug information when
+    /// generating object files.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically scraped from the `DEBUG` environment
+    /// variable by build scripts, so it's not required to call this function.
+    pub fn debug(&mut self, debug: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.debug = Some(debug);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures whether the compiler will emit instructions to store
+    /// frame pointers during codegen.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically enabled when debug information is emitted.
+    /// Otherwise the target platform compiler's default will be used.
+    /// You can use this option to force a specific setting.
+    pub fn force_frame_pointer(&mut self, force: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.force_frame_pointer = Some(force);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the output directory where all object files and static
+    /// libraries will be located.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically scraped from the `OUT_DIR` environment
+    /// variable by build scripts, so it's not required to call this function.
+    pub fn out_dir<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, out_dir: P) -> &mut Build {
+        self.out_dir = Some(out_dir.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the compiler to be used to produce output.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically determined from the target platform or a
+    /// number of environment variables, so it's not required to call this
+    /// function.
+    pub fn compiler<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, compiler: P) -> &mut Build {
+        self.compiler = Some(compiler.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the tool used to assemble archives.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically determined from the target platform or a
+    /// number of environment variables, so it's not required to call this
+    /// function.
+    pub fn archiver<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, archiver: P) -> &mut Build {
+        self.archiver = Some(archiver.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the tool used to index archives.
+    ///
+    /// This option is automatically determined from the target platform or a
+    /// number of environment variables, so it's not required to call this
+    /// function.
+    pub fn ranlib<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, ranlib: P) -> &mut Build {
+        self.ranlib = Some(ranlib.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Define whether metadata should be emitted for cargo allowing it to
+    /// automatically link the binary. Defaults to `true`.
+    ///
+    /// The emitted metadata is:
+    ///
+    ///  - `rustc-link-lib=static=`*compiled lib*
+    ///  - `rustc-link-search=native=`*target folder*
+    ///  - When target is MSVC, the ATL-MFC libs are added via `rustc-link-search=native=`
+    ///  - When C++ is enabled, the C++ stdlib is added via `rustc-link-lib`
+    ///  - If `emit_rerun_if_env_changed` is not `false`, `rerun-if-env-changed=`*env*
+    ///
+    pub fn cargo_metadata(&mut self, cargo_metadata: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.cargo_output.metadata = cargo_metadata;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Define whether compile warnings should be emitted for cargo. Defaults to
+    /// `true`.
+    ///
+    /// If disabled, compiler messages will not be printed.
+    /// Issues unrelated to the compilation will always produce cargo warnings regardless of this setting.
+    pub fn cargo_warnings(&mut self, cargo_warnings: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.cargo_output.warnings = cargo_warnings;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Define whether debug information should be emitted for cargo. Defaults to whether
+    /// or not the environment variable `CC_ENABLE_DEBUG_OUTPUT` is set.
+    ///
+    /// If enabled, the compiler will emit debug information when generating object files,
+    /// such as the command invoked and the exit status.
+    pub fn cargo_debug(&mut self, cargo_debug: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.cargo_output.debug = cargo_debug;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Define whether compiler output (to stdout) should be emitted. Defaults to `true`
+    /// (forward compiler stdout to this process' stdout)
+    ///
+    /// Some compilers emit errors to stdout, so if you *really* need stdout to be clean
+    /// you should also set this to `false`.
+    pub fn cargo_output(&mut self, cargo_output: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.cargo_output.output = if cargo_output {
+            OutputKind::Forward
+        } else {
+            OutputKind::Discard
+        };
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a native library modifier that will be added to the
+    /// `rustc-link-lib=static:MODIFIERS=LIBRARY_NAME` metadata line
+    /// emitted for cargo if `cargo_metadata` is enabled.
+    /// See <https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/command-line-arguments.html#-l-link-the-generated-crate-to-a-native-library>
+    /// for the list of modifiers accepted by rustc.
+    pub fn link_lib_modifier(&mut self, link_lib_modifier: impl AsRef<OsStr>) -> &mut Build {
+        self.link_lib_modifiers
+            .push(link_lib_modifier.as_ref().into());
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures whether the compiler will emit position independent code.
+    ///
+    /// This option defaults to `false` for `windows-gnu` and bare metal targets and
+    /// to `true` for all other targets.
+    pub fn pic(&mut self, pic: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.pic = Some(pic);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures whether the Procedure Linkage Table is used for indirect
+    /// calls into shared libraries.
+    ///
+    /// The PLT is used to provide features like lazy binding, but introduces
+    /// a small performance loss due to extra pointer indirection. Setting
+    /// `use_plt` to `false` can provide a small performance increase.
+    ///
+    /// Note that skipping the PLT requires a recent version of GCC/Clang.
+    ///
+    /// This only applies to ELF targets. It has no effect on other platforms.
+    pub fn use_plt(&mut self, use_plt: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.use_plt = Some(use_plt);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Define whether metadata should be emitted for cargo to detect environment
+    /// changes that should trigger a rebuild.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE that cc does not emit metadata to detect changes for `PATH`, since it could
+    /// be changed every comilation yet does not affect the result of compilation
+    /// (i.e. rust-analyzer adds temporary directory to `PATH`).
+    ///
+    /// cc in general, has no way detecting changes to compiler, as there are so many ways to
+    /// change it and sidestep the detection, for example the compiler might be wrapped in a script
+    /// so detecting change of the file, or using checksum won't work.
+    ///
+    /// We recommend users to decide for themselves, if they want rebuild if the compiler has been upgraded
+    /// or changed, and how to detect that.
+    ///
+    /// This has no effect if the `cargo_metadata` option is `false`.
+    ///
+    /// This option defaults to `true`.
+    pub fn emit_rerun_if_env_changed(&mut self, emit_rerun_if_env_changed: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.emit_rerun_if_env_changed = emit_rerun_if_env_changed;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures whether the /MT flag or the /MD flag will be passed to msvc build tools.
+    ///
+    /// This option defaults to `false`, and affect only msvc targets.
+    pub fn static_crt(&mut self, static_crt: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.static_crt = Some(static_crt);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configure whether *FLAGS variables are parsed using `shlex`, similarly to `make` and
+    /// `cmake`.
+    ///
+    /// This option defaults to `false`.
+    pub fn shell_escaped_flags(&mut self, shell_escaped_flags: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.shell_escaped_flags = Some(shell_escaped_flags);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configure whether cc should automatically inherit compatible flags passed to rustc
+    /// from `CARGO_ENCODED_RUSTFLAGS`.
+    ///
+    /// This option defaults to `true`.
+    pub fn inherit_rustflags(&mut self, inherit_rustflags: bool) -> &mut Build {
+        self.inherit_rustflags = inherit_rustflags;
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn __set_env<A, B>(&mut self, a: A, b: B) -> &mut Build
+    where
+        A: AsRef<OsStr>,
+        B: AsRef<OsStr>,
+    {
+        self.env.push((a.as_ref().into(), b.as_ref().into()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Run the compiler, generating the file `output`
+    ///
+    /// This will return a result instead of panicking; see [`Self::compile()`] for
+    /// the complete description.
+    pub fn try_compile(&self, output: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut output_components = Path::new(output).components();
+        match (output_components.next(), output_components.next()) {
+            (Some(Component::Normal(_)), None) => {}
+            _ => {
+                return Err(Error::new(
+                    ErrorKind::InvalidArgument,
+                    "argument of `compile` must be a single normal path component",
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let (lib_name, gnu_lib_name) = if output.starts_with("lib") && output.ends_with(".a") {
+            (&output[3..output.len() - 2], output.to_owned())
+        } else {
+            let mut gnu = String::with_capacity(5 + output.len());
+            gnu.push_str("lib");
+            gnu.push_str(output);
+            gnu.push_str(".a");
+            (output, gnu)
+        };
+        let dst = self.get_out_dir()?;
+
+        let objects = objects_from_files(&self.files, &dst)?;
+
+        self.compile_objects(&objects)?;
+        self.assemble(lib_name, &dst.join(gnu_lib_name), &objects)?;
+
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+        if target.env == "msvc" {
+            let compiler = self.get_base_compiler()?;
+            let atlmfc_lib = compiler
+                .env()
+                .iter()
+                .find(|&(var, _)| var.as_os_str() == OsStr::new("LIB"))
+                .and_then(|(_, lib_paths)| {
+                    env::split_paths(lib_paths).find(|path| {
+                        let sub = Path::new("atlmfc/lib");
+                        path.ends_with(sub) || path.parent().map_or(false, |p| p.ends_with(sub))
+                    })
+                });
+
+            if let Some(atlmfc_lib) = atlmfc_lib {
+                self.cargo_output.print_metadata(&format_args!(
+                    "cargo:rustc-link-search=native={}",
+                    atlmfc_lib.display()
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.link_lib_modifiers.is_empty() {
+            self.cargo_output
+                .print_metadata(&format_args!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=static={}", lib_name));
+        } else {
+            self.cargo_output.print_metadata(&format_args!(
+                "cargo:rustc-link-lib=static:{}={}",
+                JoinOsStrs {
+                    slice: &self.link_lib_modifiers,
+                    delimiter: ','
+                },
+                lib_name
+            ));
+        }
+        self.cargo_output.print_metadata(&format_args!(
+            "cargo:rustc-link-search=native={}",
+            dst.display()
+        ));
+
+        // Add specific C++ libraries, if enabled.
+        if self.cpp {
+            if let Some(stdlib) = self.get_cpp_link_stdlib()? {
+                self.cargo_output
+                    .print_metadata(&format_args!("cargo:rustc-link-lib={}", stdlib.display()));
+            }
+            // Link c++ lib from WASI sysroot
+            if target.os == "wasi" {
+                if let Ok(wasi_sysroot) = self.wasi_sysroot() {
+                    self.cargo_output.print_metadata(&format_args!(
+                        "cargo:rustc-flags=-L {}/lib/{} -lstatic=c++ -lstatic=c++abi",
+                        Path::new(&wasi_sysroot).display(),
+                        self.get_raw_target()?
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let cudart = match &self.cudart {
+            Some(opt) => opt, // {none|shared|static}
+            None => "none",
+        };
+        if cudart != "none" {
+            if let Some(nvcc) = self.which(&self.get_compiler().path, None) {
+                // Try to figure out the -L search path. If it fails,
+                // it's on user to specify one by passing it through
+                // RUSTFLAGS environment variable.
+                let mut libtst = false;
+                let mut libdir = nvcc;
+                libdir.pop(); // remove 'nvcc'
+                libdir.push("..");
+                if cfg!(target_os = "linux") {
+                    libdir.push("targets");
+                    libdir.push(format!("{}-linux", target.arch));
+                    libdir.push("lib");
+                    libtst = true;
+                } else if cfg!(target_env = "msvc") {
+                    libdir.push("lib");
+                    match target.arch {
+                        "x86_64" => {
+                            libdir.push("x64");
+                            libtst = true;
+                        }
+                        "x86" => {
+                            libdir.push("Win32");
+                            libtst = true;
+                        }
+                        _ => libtst = false,
+                    }
+                }
+                if libtst && libdir.is_dir() {
+                    self.cargo_output.print_metadata(&format_args!(
+                        "cargo:rustc-link-search=native={}",
+                        libdir.to_str().unwrap()
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                // And now the -l flag.
+                let lib = match cudart {
+                    "shared" => "cudart",
+                    "static" => "cudart_static",
+                    bad => panic!("unsupported cudart option: {}", bad),
+                };
+                self.cargo_output
+                    .print_metadata(&format_args!("cargo:rustc-link-lib={}", lib));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Run the compiler, generating the file `output`
+    ///
+    /// # Library name
+    ///
+    /// The `output` string argument determines the file name for the compiled
+    /// library. The Rust compiler will create an assembly named "lib"+output+".a".
+    /// MSVC will create a file named output+".lib".
+    ///
+    /// The choice of `output` is close to arbitrary, but:
+    ///
+    /// - must be nonempty,
+    /// - must not contain a path separator (`/`),
+    /// - must be unique across all `compile` invocations made by the same build
+    ///   script.
+    ///
+    /// If your build script compiles a single source file, the base name of
+    /// that source file would usually be reasonable:
+    ///
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// cc::Build::new().file("blobstore.c").compile("blobstore");
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Compiling multiple source files, some people use their crate's name, or
+    /// their crate's name + "-cc".
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise, please use your imagination.
+    ///
+    /// For backwards compatibility, if `output` starts with "lib" *and* ends
+    /// with ".a", a second "lib" prefix and ".a" suffix do not get added on,
+    /// but this usage is deprecated; please omit `lib` and `.a` in the argument
+    /// that you pass.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `output` is not formatted correctly or if one of the underlying
+    /// compiler commands fails. It can also panic if it fails reading file names
+    /// or creating directories.
+    pub fn compile(&self, output: &str) {
+        if let Err(e) = self.try_compile(output) {
+            fail(&e.message);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Run the compiler, generating intermediate files, but without linking
+    /// them into an archive file.
+    ///
+    /// This will return a list of compiled object files, in the same order
+    /// as they were passed in as `file`/`files` methods.
+    pub fn compile_intermediates(&self) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+        match self.try_compile_intermediates() {
+            Ok(v) => v,
+            Err(e) => fail(&e.message),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Run the compiler, generating intermediate files, but without linking
+    /// them into an archive file.
+    ///
+    /// This will return a result instead of panicking; see `compile_intermediates()` for the complete description.
+    pub fn try_compile_intermediates(&self) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, Error> {
+        let dst = self.get_out_dir()?;
+        let objects = objects_from_files(&self.files, &dst)?;
+
+        self.compile_objects(&objects)?;
+
+        Ok(objects.into_iter().map(|v| v.dst).collect())
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "parallel")]
+    fn compile_objects(&self, objs: &[Object]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        use std::cell::Cell;
+
+        use parallel::async_executor::{block_on, YieldOnce};
+
+        check_disabled()?;
+
+        if objs.len() <= 1 {
+            for obj in objs {
+                let (mut cmd, name) = self.create_compile_object_cmd(obj)?;
+                run(&mut cmd, &name, &self.cargo_output)?;
+            }
+
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        // Limit our parallelism globally with a jobserver.
+        let mut tokens = parallel::job_token::ActiveJobTokenServer::new();
+
+        // When compiling objects in parallel we do a few dirty tricks to speed
+        // things up:
+        //
+        // * First is that we use the `jobserver` crate to limit the parallelism
+        //   of this build script. The `jobserver` crate will use a jobserver
+        //   configured by Cargo for build scripts to ensure that parallelism is
+        //   coordinated across C compilations and Rust compilations. Before we
+        //   compile anything we make sure to wait until we acquire a token.
+        //
+        //   Note that this jobserver is cached globally so we only used one per
+        //   process and only worry about creating it once.
+        //
+        // * Next we use spawn the process to actually compile objects in
+        //   parallel after we've acquired a token to perform some work
+        //
+        // With all that in mind we compile all objects in a loop here, after we
+        // acquire the appropriate tokens, Once all objects have been compiled
+        // we wait on all the processes and propagate the results of compilation.
+
+        let pendings = Cell::new(Vec::<(
+            Command,
+            Cow<'static, Path>,
+            KillOnDrop,
+            parallel::job_token::JobToken,
+        )>::new());
+        let is_disconnected = Cell::new(false);
+        let has_made_progress = Cell::new(false);
+
+        let wait_future = async {
+            let mut error = None;
+            // Buffer the stdout
+            let mut stdout = io::BufWriter::with_capacity(128, io::stdout());
+
+            loop {
+                // If the other end of the pipe is already disconnected, then we're not gonna get any new jobs,
+                // so it doesn't make sense to reuse the tokens; in fact,
+                // releasing them as soon as possible (once we know that the other end is disconnected) is beneficial.
+                // Imagine that the last file built takes an hour to finish; in this scenario,
+                // by not releasing the tokens before that last file is done we would effectively block other processes from
+                // starting sooner - even though we only need one token for that last file, not N others that were acquired.
+
+                let mut pendings_is_empty = false;
+
+                cell_update(&pendings, |mut pendings| {
+                    // Try waiting on them.
+                    pendings.retain_mut(|(cmd, program, child, _token)| {
+                        match try_wait_on_child(
+                            cmd,
+                            program,
+                            &mut child.0,
+                            &mut stdout,
+                            &mut child.1,
+                        ) {
+                            Ok(Some(())) => {
+                                // Task done, remove the entry
+                                has_made_progress.set(true);
+                                false
+                            }
+                            Ok(None) => true, // Task still not finished, keep the entry
+                            Err(err) => {
+                                // Task fail, remove the entry.
+                                // Since we can only return one error, log the error to make
+                                // sure users always see all the compilation failures.
+                                has_made_progress.set(true);
+
+                                if self.cargo_output.warnings {
+                                    let _ = writeln!(stdout, "cargo:warning={}", err);
+                                }
+                                error = Some(err);
+
+                                false
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+                    pendings_is_empty = pendings.is_empty();
+                    pendings
+                });
+
+                if pendings_is_empty && is_disconnected.get() {
+                    break if let Some(err) = error {
+                        Err(err)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(())
+                    };
+                }
+
+                YieldOnce::default().await;
+            }
+        };
+        let spawn_future = async {
+            for obj in objs {
+                let (mut cmd, program) = self.create_compile_object_cmd(obj)?;
+                let token = tokens.acquire().await?;
+                let mut child = spawn(&mut cmd, &program, &self.cargo_output)?;
+                let mut stderr_forwarder = StderrForwarder::new(&mut child);
+                stderr_forwarder.set_non_blocking()?;
+
+                cell_update(&pendings, |mut pendings| {
+                    pendings.push((cmd, program, KillOnDrop(child, stderr_forwarder), token));
+                    pendings
+                });
+
+                has_made_progress.set(true);
+            }
+            is_disconnected.set(true);
+
+            Ok::<_, Error>(())
+        };
+
+        return block_on(wait_future, spawn_future, &has_made_progress);
+
+        struct KillOnDrop(Child, StderrForwarder);
+
+        impl Drop for KillOnDrop {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                let child = &mut self.0;
+
+                child.kill().ok();
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn cell_update<T, F>(cell: &Cell<T>, f: F)
+        where
+            T: Default,
+            F: FnOnce(T) -> T,
+        {
+            let old = cell.take();
+            let new = f(old);
+            cell.set(new);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(feature = "parallel"))]
+    fn compile_objects(&self, objs: &[Object]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        check_disabled()?;
+
+        for obj in objs {
+            let (mut cmd, name) = self.create_compile_object_cmd(obj)?;
+            run(&mut cmd, &name, &self.cargo_output)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn create_compile_object_cmd(
+        &self,
+        obj: &Object,
+    ) -> Result<(Command, Cow<'static, Path>), Error> {
+        let asm_ext = AsmFileExt::from_path(&obj.src);
+        let is_asm = asm_ext.is_some();
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+        let msvc = target.env == "msvc";
+        let compiler = self.try_get_compiler()?;
+        let clang = compiler.is_like_clang();
+        let gnu = compiler.family == ToolFamily::Gnu;
+
+        let is_assembler_msvc = msvc && asm_ext == Some(AsmFileExt::DotAsm);
+        let (mut cmd, name) = if is_assembler_msvc {
+            let (cmd, name) = self.msvc_macro_assembler()?;
+            (cmd, Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(name)))
+        } else {
+            let mut cmd = compiler.to_command();
+            for (a, b) in self.env.iter() {
+                cmd.env(a, b);
+            }
+            (
+                cmd,
+                compiler
+                    .path
+                    .file_name()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ErrorKind::IOError, "Failed to get compiler path."))
+                    .map(PathBuf::from)
+                    .map(Cow::Owned)?,
+            )
+        };
+        let is_arm = matches!(target.arch, "aarch64" | "arm");
+        command_add_output_file(
+            &mut cmd,
+            &obj.dst,
+            CmdAddOutputFileArgs {
+                cuda: self.cuda,
+                is_assembler_msvc,
+                msvc: compiler.is_like_msvc(),
+                clang,
+                gnu,
+                is_asm,
+                is_arm,
+            },
+        );
+        // armasm and armasm64 don't requrie -c option
+        if !is_assembler_msvc || !is_arm {
+            cmd.arg("-c");
+        }
+        if self.cuda && self.cuda_file_count() > 1 {
+            cmd.arg("--device-c");
+        }
+        if is_asm {
+            cmd.args(self.asm_flags.iter().map(std::ops::Deref::deref));
+        }
+
+        if compiler.supports_path_delimiter() && !is_assembler_msvc {
+            // #513: For `clang-cl`, separate flags/options from the input file.
+            // When cross-compiling macOS -> Windows, this avoids interpreting
+            // common `/Users/...` paths as the `/U` flag and triggering
+            // `-Wslash-u-filename` warning.
+            cmd.arg("--");
+        }
+        cmd.arg(&obj.src);
+
+        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") {
+            self.fix_env_for_apple_os(&mut cmd)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok((cmd, name))
+    }
+
+    /// This will return a result instead of panicking; see [`Self::expand()`] for
+    /// the complete description.
+    pub fn try_expand(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error> {
+        let compiler = self.try_get_compiler()?;
+        let mut cmd = compiler.to_command();
+        for (a, b) in self.env.iter() {
+            cmd.env(a, b);
+        }
+        cmd.arg("-E");
+
+        assert!(
+            self.files.len() <= 1,
+            "Expand may only be called for a single file"
+        );
+
+        let is_asm = self
+            .files
+            .iter()
+            .map(std::ops::Deref::deref)
+            .find_map(AsmFileExt::from_path)
+            .is_some();
+
+        if compiler.family == (ToolFamily::Msvc { clang_cl: true }) && !is_asm {
+            // #513: For `clang-cl`, separate flags/options from the input file.
+            // When cross-compiling macOS -> Windows, this avoids interpreting
+            // common `/Users/...` paths as the `/U` flag and triggering
+            // `-Wslash-u-filename` warning.
+            cmd.arg("--");
+        }
+
+        cmd.args(self.files.iter().map(std::ops::Deref::deref));
+
+        let name = compiler
+            .path
+            .file_name()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ErrorKind::IOError, "Failed to get compiler path."))?;
+
+        run_output(&mut cmd, name, &self.cargo_output)
+    }
+
+    /// Run the compiler, returning the macro-expanded version of the input files.
+    ///
+    /// This is only relevant for C and C++ files.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if more than one file is present in the config, or if compiler
+    /// path has an invalid file name.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    /// ```no_run
+    /// let out = cc::Build::new().file("src/foo.c").expand();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn expand(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        match self.try_expand() {
+            Err(e) => fail(&e.message),
+            Ok(v) => v,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the compiler that's in use for this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// This function will return a `Tool` which represents the culmination
+    /// of this configuration at a snapshot in time. The returned compiler can
+    /// be inspected (e.g. the path, arguments, environment) to forward along to
+    /// other tools, or the `to_command` method can be used to invoke the
+    /// compiler itself.
+    ///
+    /// This method will take into account all configuration such as debug
+    /// information, optimization level, include directories, defines, etc.
+    /// Additionally, the compiler binary in use follows the standard
+    /// conventions for this path, e.g. looking at the explicitly set compiler,
+    /// environment variables (a number of which are inspected here), and then
+    /// falling back to the default configuration.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if an error occurred while determining the architecture.
+    pub fn get_compiler(&self) -> Tool {
+        match self.try_get_compiler() {
+            Ok(tool) => tool,
+            Err(e) => fail(&e.message),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the compiler that's in use for this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// This will return a result instead of panicking; see
+    /// [`get_compiler()`](Self::get_compiler) for the complete description.
+    pub fn try_get_compiler(&self) -> Result<Tool, Error> {
+        let opt_level = self.get_opt_level()?;
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+
+        let mut cmd = self.get_base_compiler()?;
+
+        // Disable default flag generation via `no_default_flags` or environment variable
+        let no_defaults = self.no_default_flags || self.getenv_boolean("CRATE_CC_NO_DEFAULTS");
+
+        if !no_defaults {
+            self.add_default_flags(&mut cmd, &target, &opt_level)?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref std) = self.std {
+            let separator = match cmd.family {
+                ToolFamily::Msvc { .. } => ':',
+                ToolFamily::Gnu | ToolFamily::Clang { .. } => '=',
+            };
+            cmd.push_cc_arg(format!("-std{}{}", separator, std).into());
+        }
+
+        for directory in self.include_directories.iter() {
+            cmd.args.push("-I".into());
+            cmd.args.push(directory.as_os_str().into());
+        }
+
+        if let Ok(flags) = self.envflags(if self.cpp { "CXXFLAGS" } else { "CFLAGS" }) {
+            for arg in flags {
+                cmd.push_cc_arg(arg.into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If warnings and/or extra_warnings haven't been explicitly set,
+        // then we set them only if the environment doesn't already have
+        // CFLAGS/CXXFLAGS, since those variables presumably already contain
+        // the desired set of warnings flags.
+
+        if self.warnings.unwrap_or(!self.has_flags()) {
+            let wflags = cmd.family.warnings_flags().into();
+            cmd.push_cc_arg(wflags);
+        }
+
+        if self.extra_warnings.unwrap_or(!self.has_flags()) {
+            if let Some(wflags) = cmd.family.extra_warnings_flags() {
+                cmd.push_cc_arg(wflags.into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for flag in self.flags.iter() {
+            cmd.args.push((**flag).into());
+        }
+
+        // Add cc flags inherited from matching rustc flags
+        if self.inherit_rustflags {
+            self.add_inherited_rustflags(&mut cmd, &target)?;
+        }
+
+        for flag in self.flags_supported.iter() {
+            if self
+                .is_flag_supported_inner(flag, &cmd, &target)
+                .unwrap_or(false)
+            {
+                cmd.push_cc_arg((**flag).into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (key, value) in self.definitions.iter() {
+            if let Some(ref value) = *value {
+                cmd.args.push(format!("-D{}={}", key, value).into());
+            } else {
+                cmd.args.push(format!("-D{}", key).into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.warnings_into_errors {
+            let warnings_to_errors_flag = cmd.family.warnings_to_errors_flag().into();
+            cmd.push_cc_arg(warnings_to_errors_flag);
+        }
+
+        // Copied from <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/5db81020006d2920fc9c62ffc0f4322f90bffa04/compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/linker.rs#L27-L38>
+        //
+        // Disables non-English messages from localized linkers.
+        // Such messages may cause issues with text encoding on Windows
+        // and prevent inspection of msvc output in case of errors, which we occasionally do.
+        // This should be acceptable because other messages from rustc are in English anyway,
+        // and may also be desirable to improve searchability of the compiler diagnostics.
+        if matches!(cmd.family, ToolFamily::Msvc { clang_cl: false }) {
+            cmd.env.push(("VSLANG".into(), "1033".into()));
+        } else {
+            cmd.env.push(("LC_ALL".into(), "C".into()));
+        }
+
+        Ok(cmd)
+    }
+
+    fn add_default_flags(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &mut Tool,
+        target: &TargetInfo<'_>,
+        opt_level: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let raw_target = self.get_raw_target()?;
+        // Non-target flags
+        // If the flag is not conditioned on target variable, it belongs here :)
+        match cmd.family {
+            ToolFamily::Msvc { .. } => {
+                cmd.push_cc_arg("-nologo".into());
+
+                let crt_flag = match self.static_crt {
+                    Some(true) => "-MT",
+                    Some(false) => "-MD",
+                    None => {
+                        let features = self.getenv("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_FEATURE");
+                        let features = features.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+                        if features.to_string_lossy().contains("crt-static") {
+                            "-MT"
+                        } else {
+                            "-MD"
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+                cmd.push_cc_arg(crt_flag.into());
+
+                match opt_level {
+                    // Msvc uses /O1 to enable all optimizations that minimize code size.
+                    "z" | "s" | "1" => cmd.push_opt_unless_duplicate("-O1".into()),
+                    // -O3 is a valid value for gcc and clang compilers, but not msvc. Cap to /O2.
+                    "2" | "3" => cmd.push_opt_unless_duplicate("-O2".into()),
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            ToolFamily::Gnu | ToolFamily::Clang { .. } => {
+                // arm-linux-androideabi-gcc 4.8 shipped with Android NDK does
+                // not support '-Oz'
+                if opt_level == "z" && !cmd.is_like_clang() {
+                    cmd.push_opt_unless_duplicate("-Os".into());
+                } else {
+                    cmd.push_opt_unless_duplicate(format!("-O{}", opt_level).into());
+                }
+
+                if cmd.is_like_clang() && target.os == "android" {
+                    // For compatibility with code that doesn't use pre-defined `__ANDROID__` macro.
+                    // If compiler used via ndk-build or cmake (officially supported build methods)
+                    // this macros is defined.
+                    // See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/refs/heads/ndk-release-r21/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake#456
+                    // https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/refs/heads/ndk-release-r21/build/core/build-binary.mk#141
+                    cmd.push_opt_unless_duplicate("-DANDROID".into());
+                }
+
+                if target.os != "ios"
+                    && target.os != "watchos"
+                    && target.os != "tvos"
+                    && target.os != "visionos"
+                {
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg("-ffunction-sections".into());
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg("-fdata-sections".into());
+                }
+                // Disable generation of PIC on bare-metal for now: rust-lld doesn't support this yet
+                //
+                // `rustc` also defaults to disable PIC on WASM:
+                // <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/1.82.0/compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/base/wasm.rs#L101-L108>
+                if self.pic.unwrap_or(
+                    target.os != "windows"
+                        && target.os != "none"
+                        && target.os != "uefi"
+                        && target.arch != "wasm32"
+                        && target.arch != "wasm64",
+                ) {
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg("-fPIC".into());
+                    // PLT only applies if code is compiled with PIC support,
+                    // and only for ELF targets.
+                    if (target.os == "linux" || target.os == "android")
+                        && !self.use_plt.unwrap_or(true)
+                    {
+                        cmd.push_cc_arg("-fno-plt".into());
+                    }
+                }
+                if target.arch == "wasm32" || target.arch == "wasm64" {
+                    // WASI does not support exceptions yet.
+                    // https://github.com/WebAssembly/exception-handling
+                    //
+                    // `rustc` also defaults to (currently) disable exceptions
+                    // on all WASM targets:
+                    // <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/1.82.0/compiler/rustc_target/src/spec/base/wasm.rs#L72-L77>
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg("-fno-exceptions".into());
+                }
+
+                if target.os == "wasi" {
+                    // Link clang sysroot
+                    if let Ok(wasi_sysroot) = self.wasi_sysroot() {
+                        cmd.push_cc_arg(
+                            format!("--sysroot={}", Path::new(&wasi_sysroot).display()).into(),
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    // FIXME(madsmtm): Read from `target_features` instead?
+                    if raw_target.contains("threads") {
+                        cmd.push_cc_arg("-pthread".into());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if target.os == "nto" {
+                    // Select the target with `-V`, see qcc documentation:
+                    // QNX 7.1: https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/7.1/index.html#com.qnx.doc.neutrino.utilities/topic/q/qcc.html
+                    // QNX 8.0: https://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/8.0/com.qnx.doc.neutrino.utilities/topic/q/qcc.html
+                    // This assumes qcc/q++ as compiler, which is currently the only supported compiler for QNX.
+                    // See for details: https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs/pull/1319
+                    let arg = match target.arch {
+                        "i586" => "-Vgcc_ntox86_cxx",
+                        "aarch64" => "-Vgcc_ntoaarch64le_cxx",
+                        "x86_64" => "-Vgcc_ntox86_64_cxx",
+                        _ => {
+                            return Err(Error::new(
+                                ErrorKind::InvalidTarget,
+                                format!("Unknown architecture for Neutrino QNX: {}", target.arch),
+                            ))
+                        }
+                    };
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg(arg.into());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.get_debug() {
+            if self.cuda {
+                // NVCC debug flag
+                cmd.args.push("-G".into());
+            }
+            let family = cmd.family;
+            family.add_debug_flags(cmd, self.get_dwarf_version());
+        }
+
+        if self.get_force_frame_pointer() {
+            let family = cmd.family;
+            family.add_force_frame_pointer(cmd);
+        }
+
+        if !cmd.is_like_msvc() {
+            if target.arch == "x86" {
+                cmd.args.push("-m32".into());
+            } else if target.abi == "x32" {
+                cmd.args.push("-mx32".into());
+            } else if target.os == "aix" {
+                if cmd.family == ToolFamily::Gnu {
+                    cmd.args.push("-maix64".into());
+                } else {
+                    cmd.args.push("-m64".into());
+                }
+            } else if target.arch == "x86_64" || target.arch == "powerpc64" {
+                cmd.args.push("-m64".into());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Target flags
+        match cmd.family {
+            ToolFamily::Clang { .. } => {
+                if !(cmd.has_internal_target_arg
+                    || (target.os == "android"
+                        && android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(&cmd.path)))
+                {
+                    if target.os == "freebsd" {
+                        // FreeBSD only supports C++11 and above when compiling against libc++
+                        // (available from FreeBSD 10 onwards). Under FreeBSD, clang uses libc++ by
+                        // default on FreeBSD 10 and newer unless `--target` is manually passed to
+                        // the compiler, in which case its default behavior differs:
+                        // * If --target=xxx-unknown-freebsdX(.Y) is specified and X is greater than
+                        //   or equal to 10, clang++ uses libc++
+                        // * If --target=xxx-unknown-freebsd is specified (without a version),
+                        //   clang++ cannot assume libc++ is available and reverts to a default of
+                        //   libstdc++ (this behavior was changed in llvm 14).
+                        //
+                        // This breaks C++11 (or greater) builds if targeting FreeBSD with the
+                        // generic xxx-unknown-freebsd triple on clang 13 or below *without*
+                        // explicitly specifying that libc++ should be used.
+                        // When cross-compiling, we can't infer from the rust/cargo target triple
+                        // which major version of FreeBSD we are targeting, so we need to make sure
+                        // that libc++ is used (unless the user has explicitly specified otherwise).
+                        // There's no compelling reason to use a different approach when compiling
+                        // natively.
+                        if self.cpp && self.cpp_set_stdlib.is_none() {
+                            cmd.push_cc_arg("-stdlib=libc++".into());
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // Add version information to the target.
+                    let llvm_target = if target.vendor == "apple" {
+                        let deployment_target = self.apple_deployment_target(target);
+                        target.versioned_llvm_target(Some(&deployment_target))
+                    } else {
+                        target.versioned_llvm_target(None)
+                    };
+
+                    // Pass `--target` with the LLVM target to properly
+                    // configure Clang even when cross-compiling.
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg(format!("--target={llvm_target}").into());
+                }
+            }
+            ToolFamily::Msvc { clang_cl } => {
+                // This is an undocumented flag from MSVC but helps with making
+                // builds more reproducible by avoiding putting timestamps into
+                // files.
+                cmd.push_cc_arg("-Brepro".into());
+
+                if clang_cl {
+                    if target.arch == "x86_64" {
+                        cmd.push_cc_arg("-m64".into());
+                    } else if target.arch == "x86" {
+                        cmd.push_cc_arg("-m32".into());
+                        cmd.push_cc_arg("-arch:IA32".into());
+                    } else {
+                        let llvm_target = target.versioned_llvm_target(None);
+                        cmd.push_cc_arg(format!("--target={llvm_target}").into());
+                    }
+                } else if target.full_arch == "i586" {
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg("-arch:IA32".into());
+                } else if target.full_arch == "arm64ec" {
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg("-arm64EC".into());
+                }
+                // There is a check in corecrt.h that will generate a
+                // compilation error if
+                // _ARM_WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP_SDK_AVAILABLE is
+                // not defined to 1. The check was added in Windows
+                // 8 days because only store apps were allowed on ARM.
+                // This changed with the release of Windows 10 IoT Core.
+                // The check will be going away in future versions of
+                // the SDK, but for all released versions of the
+                // Windows SDK it is required.
+                if target.arch == "arm" {
+                    cmd.args
+                        .push("-D_ARM_WINAPI_PARTITION_DESKTOP_SDK_AVAILABLE=1".into());
+                }
+            }
+            ToolFamily::Gnu => {
+                if target.vendor == "apple" {
+                    let arch = map_darwin_target_from_rust_to_compiler_architecture(target);
+                    cmd.args.push("-arch".into());
+                    cmd.args.push(arch.into());
+                }
+
+                if target.vendor == "kmc" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-finput-charset=utf-8".into());
+                }
+
+                if self.static_flag.is_none() {
+                    let features = self.getenv("CARGO_CFG_TARGET_FEATURE");
+                    let features = features.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+                    if features.to_string_lossy().contains("crt-static") {
+                        cmd.args.push("-static".into());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // armv7 targets get to use armv7 instructions
+                if (target.full_arch.starts_with("armv7")
+                    || target.full_arch.starts_with("thumbv7"))
+                    && (target.os == "linux" || target.vendor == "kmc")
+                {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv7-a".into());
+
+                    if target.abi == "eabihf" {
+                        // lowest common denominator FPU
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfpu=vfpv3-d16".into());
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfloat-abi=hard".into());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // (x86 Android doesn't say "eabi")
+                if target.os == "android" && target.full_arch.contains("v7") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv7-a".into());
+                    cmd.args.push("-mthumb".into());
+                    if !target.full_arch.contains("neon") {
+                        // On android we can guarantee some extra float instructions
+                        // (specified in the android spec online)
+                        // NEON guarantees even more; see below.
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfpu=vfpv3-d16".into());
+                    }
+                    cmd.args.push("-mfloat-abi=softfp".into());
+                }
+
+                if target.full_arch.contains("neon") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-mfpu=neon-vfpv4".into());
+                }
+
+                if target.full_arch == "armv4t" && target.os == "linux" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv4t".into());
+                    cmd.args.push("-marm".into());
+                    cmd.args.push("-mfloat-abi=soft".into());
+                }
+
+                if target.full_arch == "armv5te" && target.os == "linux" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv5te".into());
+                    cmd.args.push("-marm".into());
+                    cmd.args.push("-mfloat-abi=soft".into());
+                }
+
+                // For us arm == armv6 by default
+                if target.full_arch == "arm" && target.os == "linux" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv6".into());
+                    cmd.args.push("-marm".into());
+                    if target.abi == "eabihf" {
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfpu=vfp".into());
+                    } else {
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfloat-abi=soft".into());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Turn codegen down on i586 to avoid some instructions.
+                if target.full_arch == "i586" && target.os == "linux" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=pentium".into());
+                }
+
+                // Set codegen level for i686 correctly
+                if target.full_arch == "i686" && target.os == "linux" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=i686".into());
+                }
+
+                // Looks like `musl-gcc` makes it hard for `-m32` to make its way
+                // all the way to the linker, so we need to actually instruct the
+                // linker that we're generating 32-bit executables as well. This'll
+                // typically only be used for build scripts which transitively use
+                // these flags that try to compile executables.
+                if target.arch == "x86" && target.env == "musl" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-Wl,-melf_i386".into());
+                }
+
+                if target.arch == "arm" && target.os == "none" && target.abi == "eabihf" {
+                    cmd.args.push("-mfloat-abi=hard".into())
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("thumb") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-mthumb".into());
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("thumbv6m") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv6s-m".into());
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("thumbv7em") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv7e-m".into());
+
+                    if target.abi == "eabihf" {
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfpu=fpv4-sp-d16".into())
+                    }
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("thumbv7m") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv7-m".into());
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("thumbv8m.base") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv8-m.base".into());
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("thumbv8m.main") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv8-m.main".into());
+
+                    if target.abi == "eabihf" {
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfpu=fpv5-sp-d16".into())
+                    }
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("armebv7r") | target.full_arch.starts_with("armv7r")
+                {
+                    if target.full_arch.starts_with("armeb") {
+                        cmd.args.push("-mbig-endian".into());
+                    } else {
+                        cmd.args.push("-mlittle-endian".into());
+                    }
+
+                    // ARM mode
+                    cmd.args.push("-marm".into());
+
+                    // R Profile
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv7-r".into());
+
+                    if target.abi == "eabihf" {
+                        // lowest common denominator FPU
+                        // (see Cortex-R4 technical reference manual)
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfpu=vfpv3-d16".into())
+                    }
+                }
+                if target.full_arch.starts_with("armv7a") {
+                    cmd.args.push("-march=armv7-a".into());
+
+                    if target.abi == "eabihf" {
+                        // lowest common denominator FPU
+                        cmd.args.push("-mfpu=vfpv3-d16".into());
+                    }
+                }
+                if target.arch == "riscv32" || target.arch == "riscv64" {
+                    // get the 32i/32imac/32imc/64gc/64imac/... part
+                    let arch = &target.full_arch[5..];
+                    if arch.starts_with("64") {
+                        if matches!(target.os, "linux" | "freebsd" | "netbsd") {
+                            cmd.args.push(("-march=rv64gc").into());
+                            cmd.args.push("-mabi=lp64d".into());
+                        } else {
+                            cmd.args.push(("-march=rv".to_owned() + arch).into());
+                            cmd.args.push("-mabi=lp64".into());
+                        }
+                    } else if arch.starts_with("32") {
+                        if target.os == "linux" {
+                            cmd.args.push(("-march=rv32gc").into());
+                            cmd.args.push("-mabi=ilp32d".into());
+                        } else {
+                            cmd.args.push(("-march=rv".to_owned() + arch).into());
+                            cmd.args.push("-mabi=ilp32".into());
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        cmd.args.push("-mcmodel=medany".into());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if target.vendor == "apple" {
+            self.apple_flags(cmd)?;
+        }
+
+        if self.static_flag.unwrap_or(false) {
+            cmd.args.push("-static".into());
+        }
+        if self.shared_flag.unwrap_or(false) {
+            cmd.args.push("-shared".into());
+        }
+
+        if self.cpp {
+            match (self.cpp_set_stdlib.as_ref(), cmd.family) {
+                (None, _) => {}
+                (Some(stdlib), ToolFamily::Gnu) | (Some(stdlib), ToolFamily::Clang { .. }) => {
+                    cmd.push_cc_arg(format!("-stdlib=lib{}", stdlib).into());
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    self.cargo_output.print_warning(&format_args!("cpp_set_stdlib is specified, but the {:?} compiler does not support this option, ignored", cmd.family));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn add_inherited_rustflags(
+        &self,
+        cmd: &mut Tool,
+        target: &TargetInfo<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let env_os = match self.getenv("CARGO_ENCODED_RUSTFLAGS") {
+            Some(env) => env,
+            // No encoded RUSTFLAGS -> nothing to do
+            None => return Ok(()),
+        };
+
+        let env = env_os.to_string_lossy();
+        let codegen_flags = RustcCodegenFlags::parse(&env)?;
+        codegen_flags.cc_flags(self, cmd, target);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn has_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        let flags_env_var_name = if self.cpp { "CXXFLAGS" } else { "CFLAGS" };
+        let flags_env_var_value = self.getenv_with_target_prefixes(flags_env_var_name);
+        flags_env_var_value.is_ok()
+    }
+
+    fn msvc_macro_assembler(&self) -> Result<(Command, &'static str), Error> {
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+        let tool = if target.arch == "x86_64" {
+            "ml64.exe"
+        } else if target.arch == "arm" {
+            "armasm.exe"
+        } else if target.arch == "aarch64" {
+            "armasm64.exe"
+        } else {
+            "ml.exe"
+        };
+        let mut cmd = self
+            .windows_registry_find(&target, tool)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.cmd(tool));
+        cmd.arg("-nologo"); // undocumented, yet working with armasm[64]
+        for directory in self.include_directories.iter() {
+            cmd.arg("-I").arg(&**directory);
+        }
+        if target.arch == "aarch64" || target.arch == "arm" {
+            if self.get_debug() {
+                cmd.arg("-g");
+            }
+
+            for (key, value) in self.definitions.iter() {
+                cmd.arg("-PreDefine");
+                if let Some(ref value) = *value {
+                    if let Ok(i) = value.parse::<i32>() {
+                        cmd.arg(format!("{} SETA {}", key, i));
+                    } else if value.starts_with('"') && value.ends_with('"') {
+                        cmd.arg(format!("{} SETS {}", key, value));
+                    } else {
+                        cmd.arg(format!("{} SETS \"{}\"", key, value));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    cmd.arg(format!("{} SETL {}", key, "{TRUE}"));
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            if self.get_debug() {
+                cmd.arg("-Zi");
+            }
+
+            for (key, value) in self.definitions.iter() {
+                if let Some(ref value) = *value {
+                    cmd.arg(format!("-D{}={}", key, value));
+                } else {
+                    cmd.arg(format!("-D{}", key));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if target.arch == "x86" {
+            cmd.arg("-safeseh");
+        }
+
+        Ok((cmd, tool))
+    }
+
+    fn assemble(&self, lib_name: &str, dst: &Path, objs: &[Object]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        // Delete the destination if it exists as we want to
+        // create on the first iteration instead of appending.
+        let _ = fs::remove_file(dst);
+
+        // Add objects to the archive in limited-length batches. This helps keep
+        // the length of the command line within a reasonable length to avoid
+        // blowing system limits on limiting platforms like Windows.
+        let objs: Vec<_> = objs
+            .iter()
+            .map(|o| o.dst.as_path())
+            .chain(self.objects.iter().map(std::ops::Deref::deref))
+            .collect();
+        for chunk in objs.chunks(100) {
+            self.assemble_progressive(dst, chunk)?;
+        }
+
+        if self.cuda && self.cuda_file_count() > 0 {
+            // Link the device-side code and add it to the target library,
+            // so that non-CUDA linker can link the final binary.
+
+            let out_dir = self.get_out_dir()?;
+            let dlink = out_dir.join(lib_name.to_owned() + "_dlink.o");
+            let mut nvcc = self.get_compiler().to_command();
+            nvcc.arg("--device-link").arg("-o").arg(&dlink).arg(dst);
+            run(&mut nvcc, "nvcc", &self.cargo_output)?;
+            self.assemble_progressive(dst, &[dlink.as_path()])?;
+        }
+
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+        if target.env == "msvc" {
+            // The Rust compiler will look for libfoo.a and foo.lib, but the
+            // MSVC linker will also be passed foo.lib, so be sure that both
+            // exist for now.
+
+            let lib_dst = dst.with_file_name(format!("{}.lib", lib_name));
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(&lib_dst);
+            match fs::hard_link(dst, &lib_dst).or_else(|_| {
+                // if hard-link fails, just copy (ignoring the number of bytes written)
+                fs::copy(dst, &lib_dst).map(|_| ())
+            }) {
+                Ok(_) => (),
+                Err(_) => {
+                    return Err(Error::new(
+                        ErrorKind::IOError,
+                        "Could not copy or create a hard-link to the generated lib file.",
+                    ));
+                }
+            };
+        } else {
+            // Non-msvc targets (those using `ar`) need a separate step to add
+            // the symbol table to archives since our construction command of
+            // `cq` doesn't add it for us.
+            let (mut ar, cmd, _any_flags) = self.get_ar()?;
+
+            // NOTE: We add `s` even if flags were passed using $ARFLAGS/ar_flag, because `s`
+            // here represents a _mode_, not an arbitrary flag. Further discussion of this choice
+            // can be seen in https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs/pull/763.
+            run(ar.arg("s").arg(dst), &cmd, &self.cargo_output)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn assemble_progressive(&self, dst: &Path, objs: &[&Path]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+
+        let (mut cmd, program, any_flags) = self.get_ar()?;
+        if target.env == "msvc" && !program.to_string_lossy().contains("llvm-ar") {
+            // NOTE: -out: here is an I/O flag, and so must be included even if $ARFLAGS/ar_flag is
+            // in use. -nologo on the other hand is just a regular flag, and one that we'll skip if
+            // the caller has explicitly dictated the flags they want. See
+            // https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs/pull/763 for further discussion.
+            let mut out = OsString::from("-out:");
+            out.push(dst);
+            cmd.arg(out);
+            if !any_flags {
+                cmd.arg("-nologo");
+            }
+            // If the library file already exists, add the library name
+            // as an argument to let lib.exe know we are appending the objs.
+            if dst.exists() {
+                cmd.arg(dst);
+            }
+            cmd.args(objs);
+            run(&mut cmd, &program, &self.cargo_output)?;
+        } else {
+            // Set an environment variable to tell the OSX archiver to ensure
+            // that all dates listed in the archive are zero, improving
+            // determinism of builds. AFAIK there's not really official
+            // documentation of this but there's a lot of references to it if
+            // you search google.
+            //
+            // You can reproduce this locally on a mac with:
+            //
+            //      $ touch foo.c
+            //      $ cc -c foo.c -o foo.o
+            //
+            //      # Notice that these two checksums are different
+            //      $ ar crus libfoo1.a foo.o && sleep 2 && ar crus libfoo2.a foo.o
+            //      $ md5sum libfoo*.a
+            //
+            //      # Notice that these two checksums are the same
+            //      $ export ZERO_AR_DATE=1
+            //      $ ar crus libfoo1.a foo.o && sleep 2 && touch foo.o && ar crus libfoo2.a foo.o
+            //      $ md5sum libfoo*.a
+            //
+            // In any case if this doesn't end up getting read, it shouldn't
+            // cause that many issues!
+            cmd.env("ZERO_AR_DATE", "1");
+
+            // NOTE: We add cq here regardless of whether $ARFLAGS/ar_flag have been used because
+            // it dictates the _mode_ ar runs in, which the setter of $ARFLAGS/ar_flag can't
+            // dictate. See https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs/pull/763 for further discussion.
+            run(
+                cmd.arg("cq").arg(dst).args(objs),
+                &program,
+                &self.cargo_output,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn apple_flags(&self, cmd: &mut Tool) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+
+        // If the compiler is Clang, then we've already specifed the target
+        // information (including the deployment target) with the `--target`
+        // option, so we don't need to do anything further here.
+        //
+        // If the compiler is GCC, then we need to specify
+        // `-mmacosx-version-min` to set the deployment target, as well
+        // as to say that the target OS is macOS.
+        //
+        // NOTE: GCC does not support `-miphoneos-version-min=` etc. (because
+        // it does not support iOS in general), but we specify them anyhow in
+        // case we actually have a Clang-like compiler disguised as a GNU-like
+        // compiler, or in case GCC adds support for these in the future.
+        if !cmd.is_like_clang() {
+            let min_version = self.apple_deployment_target(&target);
+            cmd.args
+                .push(target.apple_version_flag(&min_version).into());
+        }
+
+        // AppleClang sometimes requires sysroot even on macOS
+        if cmd.is_xctoolchain_clang() || target.os != "macos" {
+            self.cargo_output.print_metadata(&format_args!(
+                "Detecting {:?} SDK path for {}",
+                target.os,
+                target.apple_sdk_name(),
+            ));
+            let sdk_path = self.apple_sdk_root(&target)?;
+
+            cmd.args.push("-isysroot".into());
+            cmd.args.push(OsStr::new(&sdk_path).to_owned());
+
+            if target.abi == "macabi" {
+                // Mac Catalyst uses the macOS SDK, but to compile against and
+                // link to iOS-specific frameworks, we should have the support
+                // library stubs in the include and library search path.
+                let ios_support = Path::new(&sdk_path).join("System/iOSSupport");
+
+                cmd.args.extend([
+                    // Header search path
+                    OsString::from("-isystem"),
+                    ios_support.join("usr/include").into(),
+                    // Framework header search path
+                    OsString::from("-iframework"),
+                    ios_support.join("System/Library/Frameworks").into(),
+                    // Library search path
+                    {
+                        let mut s = OsString::from("-L");
+                        s.push(ios_support.join("usr/lib"));
+                        s
+                    },
+                    // Framework linker search path
+                    {
+                        // Technically, we _could_ avoid emitting `-F`, as
+                        // `-iframework` implies it, but let's keep it in for
+                        // clarity.
+                        let mut s = OsString::from("-F");
+                        s.push(ios_support.join("System/Library/Frameworks"));
+                        s
+                    },
+                ]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn cmd<P: AsRef<OsStr>>(&self, prog: P) -> Command {
+        let mut cmd = Command::new(prog);
+        for (a, b) in self.env.iter() {
+            cmd.env(a, b);
+        }
+        cmd
+    }
+
+    fn get_base_compiler(&self) -> Result<Tool, Error> {
+        let out_dir = self.get_out_dir().ok();
+        let out_dir = out_dir.as_deref();
+
+        if let Some(c) = &self.compiler {
+            return Ok(Tool::new(
+                (**c).to_owned(),
+                &self.build_cache.cached_compiler_family,
+                &self.cargo_output,
+                out_dir,
+            ));
+        }
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+        let raw_target = self.get_raw_target()?;
+        let (env, msvc, gnu, traditional, clang) = if self.cpp {
+            ("CXX", "cl.exe", "g++", "c++", "clang++")
+        } else {
+            ("CC", "cl.exe", "gcc", "cc", "clang")
+        };
+
+        // On historical Solaris systems, "cc" may have been Sun Studio, which
+        // is not flag-compatible with "gcc".  This history casts a long shadow,
+        // and many modern illumos distributions today ship GCC as "gcc" without
+        // also making it available as "cc".
+        let default = if cfg!(target_os = "solaris") || cfg!(target_os = "illumos") {
+            gnu
+        } else {
+            traditional
+        };
+
+        let cl_exe = self.windows_registry_find_tool(&target, "cl.exe");
+
+        let tool_opt: Option<Tool> = self
+            .env_tool(env)
+            .map(|(tool, wrapper, args)| {
+                // find the driver mode, if any
+                const DRIVER_MODE: &str = "--driver-mode=";
+                let driver_mode = args
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|a| a.starts_with(DRIVER_MODE))
+                    .map(|a| &a[DRIVER_MODE.len()..]);
+                // Chop off leading/trailing whitespace to work around
+                // semi-buggy build scripts which are shared in
+                // makefiles/configure scripts (where spaces are far more
+                // lenient)
+                let mut t = Tool::with_clang_driver(
+                    tool,
+                    driver_mode,
+                    &self.build_cache.cached_compiler_family,
+                    &self.cargo_output,
+                    out_dir,
+                );
+                if let Some(cc_wrapper) = wrapper {
+                    t.cc_wrapper_path = Some(Path::new(&cc_wrapper).to_owned());
+                }
+                for arg in args {
+                    t.cc_wrapper_args.push(arg.into());
+                }
+                t
+            })
+            .or_else(|| {
+                if target.os == "emscripten" {
+                    let tool = if self.cpp { "em++" } else { "emcc" };
+                    // Windows uses bat file so we have to be a bit more specific
+                    if cfg!(windows) {
+                        let mut t = Tool::with_family(
+                            PathBuf::from("cmd"),
+                            ToolFamily::Clang { zig_cc: false },
+                        );
+                        t.args.push("/c".into());
+                        t.args.push(format!("{}.bat", tool).into());
+                        Some(t)
+                    } else {
+                        Some(Tool::new(
+                            PathBuf::from(tool),
+                            &self.build_cache.cached_compiler_family,
+                            &self.cargo_output,
+                            out_dir,
+                        ))
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .or_else(|| cl_exe.clone());
+
+        let tool = match tool_opt {
+            Some(t) => t,
+            None => {
+                let compiler = if cfg!(windows) && target.os == "windows" {
+                    if target.env == "msvc" {
+                        msvc.to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        let cc = if target.abi == "llvm" { clang } else { gnu };
+                        format!("{}.exe", cc)
+                    }
+                } else if target.os == "ios"
+                    || target.os == "watchos"
+                    || target.os == "tvos"
+                    || target.os == "visionos"
+                {
+                    clang.to_string()
+                } else if target.os == "android" {
+                    autodetect_android_compiler(&raw_target, gnu, clang)
+                } else if target.os == "cloudabi" {
+                    format!(
+                        "{}-{}-{}-{}",
+                        target.full_arch, target.vendor, target.os, traditional
+                    )
+                } else if target.arch == "wasm32" || target.arch == "wasm64" {
+                    // Compiling WASM is not currently supported by GCC, so
+                    // let's default to Clang.
+                    clang.to_string()
+                } else if target.os == "vxworks" {
+                    if self.cpp {
+                        "wr-c++".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        "wr-cc".to_string()
+                    }
+                } else if target.arch == "arm" && target.vendor == "kmc" {
+                    format!("arm-kmc-eabi-{}", gnu)
+                } else if target.arch == "aarch64" && target.vendor == "kmc" {
+                    format!("aarch64-kmc-elf-{}", gnu)
+                } else if target.os == "nto" {
+                    // See for details: https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs/pull/1319
+                    if self.cpp {
+                        "q++".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        "qcc".to_string()
+                    }
+                } else if self.get_is_cross_compile()? {
+                    let prefix = self.prefix_for_target(&raw_target);
+                    match prefix {
+                        Some(prefix) => {
+                            let cc = if target.abi == "llvm" { clang } else { gnu };
+                            format!("{}-{}", prefix, cc)
+                        }
+                        None => default.to_string(),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    default.to_string()
+                };
+
+                let mut t = Tool::new(
+                    PathBuf::from(compiler),
+                    &self.build_cache.cached_compiler_family,
+                    &self.cargo_output,
+                    out_dir,
+                );
+                if let Some(cc_wrapper) = self.rustc_wrapper_fallback() {
+                    t.cc_wrapper_path = Some(Path::new(&cc_wrapper).to_owned());
+                }
+                t
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut tool = if self.cuda {
+            assert!(
+                tool.args.is_empty(),
+                "CUDA compilation currently assumes empty pre-existing args"
+            );
+            let nvcc = match self.getenv_with_target_prefixes("NVCC") {
+                Err(_) => PathBuf::from("nvcc"),
+                Ok(nvcc) => PathBuf::from(&*nvcc),
+            };
+            let mut nvcc_tool = Tool::with_features(
+                nvcc,
+                None,
+                self.cuda,
+                &self.build_cache.cached_compiler_family,
+                &self.cargo_output,
+                out_dir,
+            );
+            if self.ccbin {
+                nvcc_tool
+                    .args
+                    .push(format!("-ccbin={}", tool.path.display()).into());
+            }
+            if let Some(cc_wrapper) = self.rustc_wrapper_fallback() {
+                nvcc_tool.cc_wrapper_path = Some(Path::new(&cc_wrapper).to_owned());
+            }
+            nvcc_tool.family = tool.family;
+            nvcc_tool
+        } else {
+            tool
+        };
+
+        // New "standalone" C/C++ cross-compiler executables from recent Android NDK
+        // are just shell scripts that call main clang binary (from Android NDK) with
+        // proper `--target` argument.
+        //
+        // For example, armv7a-linux-androideabi16-clang passes
+        // `--target=armv7a-linux-androideabi16` to clang.
+        //
+        // As the shell script calls the main clang binary, the command line limit length
+        // on Windows is restricted to around 8k characters instead of around 32k characters.
+        // To remove this limit, we call the main clang binary directly and construct the
+        // `--target=` ourselves.
+        if cfg!(windows) && android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(&tool.path) {
+            if let Some(path) = tool.path.file_name() {
+                let file_name = path.to_str().unwrap().to_owned();
+                let (target, clang) = file_name.split_at(file_name.rfind('-').unwrap());
+
+                tool.has_internal_target_arg = true;
+                tool.path.set_file_name(clang.trim_start_matches('-'));
+                tool.path.set_extension("exe");
+                tool.args.push(format!("--target={}", target).into());
+
+                // Additionally, shell scripts for target i686-linux-android versions 16 to 24
+                // pass the `mstackrealign` option so we do that here as well.
+                if target.contains("i686-linux-android") {
+                    let (_, version) = target.split_at(target.rfind('d').unwrap() + 1);
+                    if let Ok(version) = version.parse::<u32>() {
+                        if version > 15 && version < 25 {
+                            tool.args.push("-mstackrealign".into());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        // If we found `cl.exe` in our environment, the tool we're returning is
+        // an MSVC-like tool, *and* no env vars were set then set env vars for
+        // the tool that we're returning.
+        //
+        // Env vars are needed for things like `link.exe` being put into PATH as
+        // well as header include paths sometimes. These paths are automatically
+        // included by default but if the `CC` or `CXX` env vars are set these
+        // won't be used. This'll ensure that when the env vars are used to
+        // configure for invocations like `clang-cl` we still get a "works out
+        // of the box" experience.
+        if let Some(cl_exe) = cl_exe {
+            if tool.family == (ToolFamily::Msvc { clang_cl: true })
+                && tool.env.is_empty()
+                && target.env == "msvc"
+            {
+                for (k, v) in cl_exe.env.iter() {
+                    tool.env.push((k.to_owned(), v.to_owned()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if target.env == "msvc" && tool.family == ToolFamily::Gnu {
+            self.cargo_output
+                .print_warning(&"GNU compiler is not supported for this target");
+        }
+
+        Ok(tool)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a fallback `cc_compiler_wrapper` by introspecting `RUSTC_WRAPPER`
+    fn rustc_wrapper_fallback(&self) -> Option<Arc<OsStr>> {
+        // No explicit CC wrapper was detected, but check if RUSTC_WRAPPER
+        // is defined and is a build accelerator that is compatible with
+        // C/C++ compilers (e.g. sccache)
+        const VALID_WRAPPERS: &[&str] = &["sccache", "cachepot", "buildcache"];
+
+        let rustc_wrapper = self.getenv("RUSTC_WRAPPER")?;
+        let wrapper_path = Path::new(&rustc_wrapper);
+        let wrapper_stem = wrapper_path.file_stem()?;
+
+        if VALID_WRAPPERS.contains(&wrapper_stem.to_str()?) {
+            Some(rustc_wrapper)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns compiler path, optional modifier name from whitelist, and arguments vec
+    fn env_tool(&self, name: &str) -> Option<(PathBuf, Option<Arc<OsStr>>, Vec<String>)> {
+        let tool = self.getenv_with_target_prefixes(name).ok()?;
+        let tool = tool.to_string_lossy();
+        let tool = tool.trim();
+
+        if tool.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // If this is an exact path on the filesystem we don't want to do any
+        // interpretation at all, just pass it on through. This'll hopefully get
+        // us to support spaces-in-paths.
+        if Path::new(tool).exists() {
+            return Some((
+                PathBuf::from(tool),
+                self.rustc_wrapper_fallback(),
+                Vec::new(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        // Ok now we want to handle a couple of scenarios. We'll assume from
+        // here on out that spaces are splitting separate arguments. Two major
+        // features we want to support are:
+        //
+        //      CC='sccache cc'
+        //
+        // aka using `sccache` or any other wrapper/caching-like-thing for
+        // compilations. We want to know what the actual compiler is still,
+        // though, because our `Tool` API support introspection of it to see
+        // what compiler is in use.
+        //
+        // additionally we want to support
+        //
+        //      CC='cc -flag'
+        //
+        // where the CC env var is used to also pass default flags to the C
+        // compiler.
+        //
+        // It's true that everything here is a bit of a pain, but apparently if
+        // you're not literally make or bash then you get a lot of bug reports.
+        let mut known_wrappers = vec![
+            "ccache",
+            "distcc",
+            "sccache",
+            "icecc",
+            "cachepot",
+            "buildcache",
+        ];
+        let custom_wrapper = self.getenv("CC_KNOWN_WRAPPER_CUSTOM");
+        if custom_wrapper.is_some() {
+            known_wrappers.push(custom_wrapper.as_deref().unwrap().to_str().unwrap());
+        }
+
+        let mut parts = tool.split_whitespace();
+        let maybe_wrapper = parts.next()?;
+
+        let file_stem = Path::new(maybe_wrapper).file_stem()?.to_str()?;
+        if known_wrappers.contains(&file_stem) {
+            if let Some(compiler) = parts.next() {
+                return Some((
+                    compiler.into(),
+                    Some(Arc::<OsStr>::from(OsStr::new(&maybe_wrapper))),
+                    parts.map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some((
+            maybe_wrapper.into(),
+            self.rustc_wrapper_fallback(),
+            parts.map(|s| s.to_string()).collect(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the C++ standard library:
+    /// 1. If [`cpp_link_stdlib`](cc::Build::cpp_link_stdlib) is set, uses its value.
+    /// 2. Else if the `CXXSTDLIB` environment variable is set, uses its value.
+    /// 3. Else the default is `c++` for OS X and BSDs, `c++_shared` for Android,
+    ///    `None` for MSVC and `stdc++` for anything else.
+    fn get_cpp_link_stdlib(&self) -> Result<Option<Cow<'_, Path>>, Error> {
+        match &self.cpp_link_stdlib {
+            Some(s) => Ok(s.as_deref().map(Path::new).map(Cow::Borrowed)),
+            None => {
+                if let Ok(stdlib) = self.getenv_with_target_prefixes("CXXSTDLIB") {
+                    if stdlib.is_empty() {
+                        Ok(None)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(Some(Cow::Owned(Path::new(&stdlib).to_owned())))
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let target = self.get_target()?;
+                    if target.env == "msvc" {
+                        Ok(None)
+                    } else if target.vendor == "apple"
+                        || target.os == "freebsd"
+                        || target.os == "openbsd"
+                        || target.os == "aix"
+                        || (target.os == "linux" && target.env == "ohos")
+                        || target.os == "wasi"
+                    {
+                        Ok(Some(Cow::Borrowed(Path::new("c++"))))
+                    } else if target.os == "android" {
+                        Ok(Some(Cow::Borrowed(Path::new("c++_shared"))))
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(Some(Cow::Borrowed(Path::new("stdc++"))))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_ar(&self) -> Result<(Command, PathBuf, bool), Error> {
+        self.try_get_archiver_and_flags()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the archiver (ar) that's in use for this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// You can use [`Command::get_program`] to get just the path to the command.
+    ///
+    /// This method will take into account all configuration such as debug
+    /// information, optimization level, include directories, defines, etc.
+    /// Additionally, the compiler binary in use follows the standard
+    /// conventions for this path, e.g. looking at the explicitly set compiler,
+    /// environment variables (a number of which are inspected here), and then
+    /// falling back to the default configuration.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if an error occurred while determining the architecture.
+    pub fn get_archiver(&self) -> Command {
+        match self.try_get_archiver() {
+            Ok(tool) => tool,
+            Err(e) => fail(&e.message),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the archiver that's in use for this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// This will return a result instead of panicking;
+    /// see [`Self::get_archiver`] for the complete description.
+    pub fn try_get_archiver(&self) -> Result<Command, Error> {
+        Ok(self.try_get_archiver_and_flags()?.0)
+    }
+
+    fn try_get_archiver_and_flags(&self) -> Result<(Command, PathBuf, bool), Error> {
+        let (mut cmd, name) = self.get_base_archiver()?;
+        let mut any_flags = false;
+        if let Ok(flags) = self.envflags("ARFLAGS") {
+            any_flags |= !flags.is_empty();
+            cmd.args(flags);
+        }
+        for flag in &self.ar_flags {
+            any_flags = true;
+            cmd.arg(&**flag);
+        }
+        Ok((cmd, name, any_flags))
+    }
+
+    fn get_base_archiver(&self) -> Result<(Command, PathBuf), Error> {
+        if let Some(ref a) = self.archiver {
+            let archiver = &**a;
+            return Ok((self.cmd(archiver), archiver.into()));
+        }
+
+        self.get_base_archiver_variant("AR", "ar")
+    }
+
+    /// Get the ranlib that's in use for this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// You can use [`Command::get_program`] to get just the path to the command.
+    ///
+    /// This method will take into account all configuration such as debug
+    /// information, optimization level, include directories, defines, etc.
+    /// Additionally, the compiler binary in use follows the standard
+    /// conventions for this path, e.g. looking at the explicitly set compiler,
+    /// environment variables (a number of which are inspected here), and then
+    /// falling back to the default configuration.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if an error occurred while determining the architecture.
+    pub fn get_ranlib(&self) -> Command {
+        match self.try_get_ranlib() {
+            Ok(tool) => tool,
+            Err(e) => fail(&e.message),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the ranlib that's in use for this configuration.
+    ///
+    /// This will return a result instead of panicking;
+    /// see [`Self::get_ranlib`] for the complete description.
+    pub fn try_get_ranlib(&self) -> Result<Command, Error> {
+        let mut cmd = self.get_base_ranlib()?;
+        if let Ok(flags) = self.envflags("RANLIBFLAGS") {
+            cmd.args(flags);
+        }
+        Ok(cmd)
+    }
+
+    fn get_base_ranlib(&self) -> Result<Command, Error> {
+        if let Some(ref r) = self.ranlib {
+            return Ok(self.cmd(&**r));
+        }
+
+        Ok(self.get_base_archiver_variant("RANLIB", "ranlib")?.0)
+    }
+
+    fn get_base_archiver_variant(
+        &self,
+        env: &str,
+        tool: &str,
+    ) -> Result<(Command, PathBuf), Error> {
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+        let mut name = PathBuf::new();
+        let tool_opt: Option<Command> = self
+            .env_tool(env)
+            .map(|(tool, _wrapper, args)| {
+                name.clone_from(&tool);
+                let mut cmd = self.cmd(tool);
+                cmd.args(args);
+                cmd
+            })
+            .or_else(|| {
+                if target.os == "emscripten" {
+                    // Windows use bat files so we have to be a bit more specific
+                    if cfg!(windows) {
+                        let mut cmd = self.cmd("cmd");
+                        name = format!("em{}.bat", tool).into();
+                        cmd.arg("/c").arg(&name);
+                        Some(cmd)
+                    } else {
+                        name = format!("em{}", tool).into();
+                        Some(self.cmd(&name))
+                    }
+                } else if target.arch == "wasm32" || target.arch == "wasm64" {
+                    // Formally speaking one should be able to use this approach,
+                    // parsing -print-search-dirs output, to cover all clang targets,
+                    // including Android SDKs and other cross-compilation scenarios...
+                    // And even extend it to gcc targets by searching for "ar" instead
+                    // of "llvm-ar"...
+                    let compiler = self.get_base_compiler().ok()?;
+                    if compiler.is_like_clang() {
+                        name = format!("llvm-{}", tool).into();
+                        self.search_programs(
+                            &mut self.cmd(&compiler.path),
+                            &name,
+                            &self.cargo_output,
+                        )
+                        .map(|name| self.cmd(name))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            });
+
+        let default = tool.to_string();
+        let tool = match tool_opt {
+            Some(t) => t,
+            None => {
+                if target.os == "android" {
+                    name = format!("llvm-{}", tool).into();
+                    match Command::new(&name).arg("--version").status() {
+                        Ok(status) if status.success() => (),
+                        _ => {
+                            // FIXME: Use parsed target.
+                            let raw_target = self.get_raw_target()?;
+                            name = format!("{}-{}", raw_target.replace("armv7", "arm"), tool).into()
+                        }
+                    }
+                    self.cmd(&name)
+                } else if target.env == "msvc" {
+                    // NOTE: There isn't really a ranlib on msvc, so arguably we should return
+                    // `None` somehow here. But in general, callers will already have to be aware
+                    // of not running ranlib on Windows anyway, so it feels okay to return lib.exe
+                    // here.
+
+                    let compiler = self.get_base_compiler()?;
+                    let mut lib = String::new();
+                    if compiler.family == (ToolFamily::Msvc { clang_cl: true }) {
+                        // See if there is 'llvm-lib' next to 'clang-cl'
+                        // Another possibility could be to see if there is 'clang'
+                        // next to 'clang-cl' and use 'search_programs()' to locate
+                        // 'llvm-lib'. This is because 'clang-cl' doesn't support
+                        // the -print-search-dirs option.
+                        if let Some(mut cmd) = self.which(&compiler.path, None) {
+                            cmd.pop();
+                            cmd.push("llvm-lib.exe");
+                            if let Some(llvm_lib) = self.which(&cmd, None) {
+                                llvm_lib.to_str().unwrap().clone_into(&mut lib);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if lib.is_empty() {
+                        name = PathBuf::from("lib.exe");
+                        let mut cmd = match self.windows_registry_find(&target, "lib.exe") {
+                            Some(t) => t,
+                            None => self.cmd("lib.exe"),
+                        };
+                        if target.full_arch == "arm64ec" {
+                            cmd.arg("/machine:arm64ec");
+                        }
+                        cmd
+                    } else {
+                        name = lib.into();
+                        self.cmd(&name)
+                    }
+                } else if target.os == "illumos" {
+                    // The default 'ar' on illumos uses a non-standard flags,
+                    // but the OS comes bundled with a GNU-compatible variant.
+                    //
+                    // Use the GNU-variant to match other Unix systems.
+                    name = format!("g{}", tool).into();
+                    self.cmd(&name)
+                } else if self.get_is_cross_compile()? {
+                    match self.prefix_for_target(&self.get_raw_target()?) {
+                        Some(p) => {
+                            // GCC uses $target-gcc-ar, whereas binutils uses $target-ar -- try both.
+                            // Prefer -ar if it exists, as builds of `-gcc-ar` have been observed to be
+                            // outright broken (such as when targeting freebsd with `--disable-lto`
+                            // toolchain where the archiver attempts to load the LTO plugin anyway but
+                            // fails to find one).
+                            //
+                            // The same applies to ranlib.
+                            let mut chosen = default;
+                            for &infix in &["", "-gcc"] {
+                                let target_p = format!("{}{}-{}", p, infix, tool);
+                                if Command::new(&target_p).output().is_ok() {
+                                    chosen = target_p;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            name = chosen.into();
+                            self.cmd(&name)
+                        }
+                        None => {
+                            name = default.into();
+                            self.cmd(&name)
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    name = default.into();
+                    self.cmd(&name)
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok((tool, name))
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: Use parsed target instead of raw target.
+    fn prefix_for_target(&self, target: &str) -> Option<Cow<'static, str>> {
+        // CROSS_COMPILE is of the form: "arm-linux-gnueabi-"
+        self.getenv("CROSS_COMPILE")
+            .as_deref()
+            .map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().trim_end_matches('-').to_owned())
+            .map(Cow::Owned)
+            .or_else(|| {
+                // Put aside RUSTC_LINKER's prefix to be used as second choice, after CROSS_COMPILE
+                self.getenv("RUSTC_LINKER").and_then(|var| {
+                    var.to_string_lossy()
+                        .strip_suffix("-gcc")
+                        .map(str::to_string)
+                        .map(Cow::Owned)
+                })
+            })
+            .or_else(|| {
+                match target {
+                    // Note: there is no `aarch64-pc-windows-gnu` target, only `-gnullvm`
+                    "aarch64-pc-windows-gnullvm" => Some("aarch64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "aarch64-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("aarch64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("aarch64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "aarch64-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("aarch64-linux-musl"),
+                    "aarch64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("aarch64--netbsd"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv4t-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv5te-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv5te-unknown-linux-musleabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-musleabi" => Some("arm-linux-musleabi"),
+                    "arm-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "arm-unknown-netbsd-eabi" => Some("arm--netbsdelf-eabi"),
+                    "armv6-unknown-netbsd-eabihf" => Some("armv6--netbsdelf-eabihf"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabi"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "armv7neon-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "armv7neon-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7neon-unknown-linux-gnueabihf" => Some("arm-linux-gnueabihf"),
+                    "thumbv7neon-unknown-linux-musleabihf" => Some("arm-linux-musleabihf"),
+                    "armv7-unknown-netbsd-eabihf" => Some("armv7--netbsdelf-eabihf"),
+                    "hexagon-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("hexagon-linux-musl"),
+                    "i586-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
+                    "i686-pc-windows-gnu" => Some("i686-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "i686-pc-windows-gnullvm" => Some("i686-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "i686-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("i686-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "i686-unknown-linux-gnu" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "i686-linux-gnu",
+                        "x86_64-linux-gnu", // transparently support gcc-multilib
+                    ]), // explicit None if not found, so caller knows to fall back
+                    "i686-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
+                    "i686-unknown-netbsd" => Some("i486--netbsdelf"),
+                    "loongarch64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("loongarch64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mips-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mips-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mips-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("mips-linux-musl"),
+                    "mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsel-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mipsel-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("mipsel-linux-musl"),
+                    "mips64-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mips64-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "mips64el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mips64el-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "mipsisa32r6-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsisa32r6-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mipsisa32r6el-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("mipsisa32r6el-linux-gnu"),
+                    "mipsisa64r6-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mipsisa64r6-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "mipsisa64r6el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64" => Some("mipsisa64r6el-linux-gnuabi64"),
+                    "powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnu"),
+                    "powerpc-unknown-linux-gnuspe" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnuspe"),
+                    "powerpc-unknown-netbsd" => Some("powerpc--netbsd"),
+                    "powerpc64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc-linux-gnu"),
+                    "powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("powerpc64le-linux-gnu"),
+                    "riscv32i-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv32imac-esp-espidf" => Some("riscv32-esp-elf"),
+                    "riscv32imac-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv32imac-unknown-xous-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv32imc-esp-espidf" => Some("riscv32-esp-elf"),
+                    "riscv32imc-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "riscv64-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv32-unknown-elf",
+                        "riscv-none-embed",
+                    ]),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("riscv64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "riscv32gc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("riscv32-linux-gnu"),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("riscv64-linux-musl"),
+                    "riscv32gc-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("riscv32-linux-musl"),
+                    "riscv64gc-unknown-netbsd" => Some("riscv64--netbsd"),
+                    "s390x-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("s390x-linux-gnu"),
+                    "sparc-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("sparc-linux-gnu"),
+                    "sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu" => Some("sparc64-linux-gnu"),
+                    "sparc64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("sparc64--netbsd"),
+                    "sparcv9-sun-solaris" => Some("sparcv9-sun-solaris"),
+                    "armv7a-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv7a-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armebv7r-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armebv7r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv7r-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv7r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "armv8r-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv6m-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv7em-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv7em-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv7m-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv8m.base-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv8m.main-none-eabi" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "thumbv8m.main-none-eabihf" => Some("arm-none-eabi"),
+                    "x86_64-pc-windows-gnu" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "x86_64-pc-windows-gnullvm" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "x86_64-uwp-windows-gnu" => Some("x86_64-w64-mingw32"),
+                    "x86_64-rumprun-netbsd" => Some("x86_64-rumprun-netbsd"),
+                    "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu" => self.find_working_gnu_prefix(&[
+                        "x86_64-linux-gnu", // rustfmt wrap
+                    ]), // explicit None if not found, so caller knows to fall back
+                    "x86_64-unknown-linux-musl" => Some("musl"),
+                    "x86_64-unknown-netbsd" => Some("x86_64--netbsd"),
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+                .map(Cow::Borrowed)
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// Some platforms have multiple, compatible, canonical prefixes. Look through
+    /// each possible prefix for a compiler that exists and return it. The prefixes
+    /// should be ordered from most-likely to least-likely.
+    fn find_working_gnu_prefix(&self, prefixes: &[&'static str]) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        let suffix = if self.cpp { "-g++" } else { "-gcc" };
+        let extension = std::env::consts::EXE_SUFFIX;
+
+        // Loop through PATH entries searching for each toolchain. This ensures that we
+        // are more likely to discover the toolchain early on, because chances are good
+        // that the desired toolchain is in one of the higher-priority paths.
+        self.getenv("PATH")
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|path_entries| {
+                env::split_paths(path_entries).find_map(|path_entry| {
+                    for prefix in prefixes {
+                        let target_compiler = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, suffix, extension);
+                        if path_entry.join(&target_compiler).exists() {
+                            return Some(prefix);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None
+                })
+            })
+            .copied()
+            // If no toolchain was found, provide the first toolchain that was passed in.
+            // This toolchain has been shown not to exist, however it will appear in the
+            // error that is shown to the user which should make it easier to search for
+            // where it should be obtained.
+            .or_else(|| prefixes.first().copied())
+    }
+
+    fn get_target(&self) -> Result<TargetInfo<'_>, Error> {
+        match &self.target {
+            Some(t) if Some(&**t) != self.getenv_unwrap_str("TARGET").ok().as_deref() => t.parse(),
+            // Fetch target information from environment if not set, or if the
+            // target was the same as the TARGET environment variable, in
+            // case the user did `build.target(&env::var("TARGET").unwrap())`.
+            _ => self
+                .build_cache
+                .target_info_parser
+                .parse_from_cargo_environment_variables(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_raw_target(&self) -> Result<Cow<'_, str>, Error> {
+        match &self.target {
+            Some(t) => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(t)),
+            None => self.getenv_unwrap_str("TARGET").map(Cow::Owned),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_is_cross_compile(&self) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        let target = self.get_raw_target()?;
+        let host: Cow<'_, str> = match &self.host {
+            Some(h) => Cow::Borrowed(h),
+            None => Cow::Owned(self.getenv_unwrap_str("HOST")?),
+        };
+        Ok(host != target)
+    }
+
+    fn get_opt_level(&self) -> Result<Cow<'_, str>, Error> {
+        match &self.opt_level {
+            Some(ol) => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(ol)),
+            None => self.getenv_unwrap_str("OPT_LEVEL").map(Cow::Owned),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_debug(&self) -> bool {
+        self.debug.unwrap_or_else(|| self.getenv_boolean("DEBUG"))
+    }
+
+    fn get_shell_escaped_flags(&self) -> bool {
+        self.shell_escaped_flags
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.getenv_boolean("CC_SHELL_ESCAPED_FLAGS"))
+    }
+
+    fn get_dwarf_version(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        // Tentatively matches the DWARF version defaults as of rustc 1.62.
+        let target = self.get_target().ok()?;
+        if matches!(
+            target.os,
+            "android" | "dragonfly" | "freebsd" | "netbsd" | "openbsd"
+        ) || target.vendor == "apple"
+            || (target.os == "windows" && target.env == "gnu")
+        {
+            Some(2)
+        } else if target.os == "linux" {
+            Some(4)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_force_frame_pointer(&self) -> bool {
+        self.force_frame_pointer.unwrap_or_else(|| self.get_debug())
+    }
+
+    fn get_out_dir(&self) -> Result<Cow<'_, Path>, Error> {
+        match &self.out_dir {
+            Some(p) => Ok(Cow::Borrowed(&**p)),
+            None => self
+                .getenv("OUT_DIR")
+                .as_deref()
+                .map(PathBuf::from)
+                .map(Cow::Owned)
+                .ok_or_else(|| {
+                    Error::new(
+                        ErrorKind::EnvVarNotFound,
+                        "Environment variable OUT_DIR not defined.",
+                    )
+                }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+    fn getenv(&self, v: &str) -> Option<Arc<OsStr>> {
+        // Returns true for environment variables cargo sets for build scripts:
+        // https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html#environment-variables-cargo-sets-for-build-scripts
+        //
+        // This handles more of the vars than we actually use (it tries to check
+        // complete-ish set), just to avoid needing maintenance if/when new
+        // calls to `getenv`/`getenv_unwrap` are added.
+        fn provided_by_cargo(envvar: &str) -> bool {
+            match envvar {
+                v if v.starts_with("CARGO") || v.starts_with("RUSTC") => true,
+                "HOST" | "TARGET" | "RUSTDOC" | "OUT_DIR" | "OPT_LEVEL" | "DEBUG" | "PROFILE"
+                | "NUM_JOBS" | "RUSTFLAGS" => true,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(val) = self.build_cache.env_cache.read().unwrap().get(v).cloned() {
+            return val;
+        }
+        // Excluding `PATH` prevents spurious rebuilds on Windows, see
+        // <https://github.com/rust-lang/cc-rs/pull/1215> for details.
+        if self.emit_rerun_if_env_changed && !provided_by_cargo(v) && v != "PATH" {
+            self.cargo_output
+                .print_metadata(&format_args!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed={}", v));
+        }
+        let r = env::var_os(v).map(Arc::from);
+        self.cargo_output.print_metadata(&format_args!(
+            "{} = {}",
+            v,
+            OptionOsStrDisplay(r.as_deref())
+        ));
+        self.build_cache
+            .env_cache
+            .write()
+            .unwrap()
+            .insert(v.into(), r.clone());
+        r
+    }
+
+    /// get boolean flag that is either true or false
+    fn getenv_boolean(&self, v: &str) -> bool {
+        match self.getenv(v) {
+            Some(s) => &*s != "0" && &*s != "false" && !s.is_empty(),
+            None => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn getenv_unwrap(&self, v: &str) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
+        match self.getenv(v) {
+            Some(s) => Ok(s),
+            None => Err(Error::new(
+                ErrorKind::EnvVarNotFound,
+                format!("Environment variable {} not defined.", v),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn getenv_unwrap_str(&self, v: &str) -> Result<String, Error> {
+        let env = self.getenv_unwrap(v)?;
+        env.to_str().map(String::from).ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::new(
+                ErrorKind::EnvVarNotFound,
+                format!("Environment variable {} is not valid utf-8.", v),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn getenv_with_target_prefixes(&self, var_base: &str) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
+        let target = self.get_raw_target()?;
+        let kind = if self.get_is_cross_compile()? {
+            "TARGET"
+        } else {
+            "HOST"
+        };
+        let target_u = target.replace('-', "_");
+        let res = self
+            .getenv(&format!("{}_{}", var_base, target))
+            .or_else(|| self.getenv(&format!("{}_{}", var_base, target_u)))
+            .or_else(|| self.getenv(&format!("{}_{}", kind, var_base)))
+            .or_else(|| self.getenv(var_base));
+
+        match res {
+            Some(res) => Ok(res),
+            None => Err(Error::new(
+                ErrorKind::EnvVarNotFound,
+                format!("Could not find environment variable {}.", var_base),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn envflags(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, Error> {
+        let env_os = self.getenv_with_target_prefixes(name)?;
+        let env = env_os.to_string_lossy();
+
+        if self.get_shell_escaped_flags() {
+            Ok(Shlex::new(&env).collect())
+        } else {
+            Ok(env
+                .split_ascii_whitespace()
+                .map(ToString::to_string)
+                .collect())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fix_env_for_apple_os(&self, cmd: &mut Command) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let target = self.get_target()?;
+        if cfg!(target_os = "macos") && target.os == "macos" {
+            // Additionally, `IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET` must not be set when using the Xcode linker at
+            // "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/ld",
+            // although this is apparently ignored when using the linker at "/usr/bin/ld".
+            cmd.env_remove("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET");
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn apple_sdk_root_inner(&self, sdk: &str) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
+        // Code copied from rustc's compiler/rustc_codegen_ssa/src/back/link.rs.
+        if let Some(sdkroot) = self.getenv("SDKROOT") {
+            let p = Path::new(&sdkroot);
+            let does_sdkroot_contain = |strings: &[&str]| {
+                let sdkroot_str = p.to_string_lossy();
+                strings.iter().any(|s| sdkroot_str.contains(s))
+            };
+            match sdk {
+                // Ignore `SDKROOT` if it's clearly set for the wrong platform.
+                "appletvos"
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["TVSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "appletvsimulator"
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["TVOS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "iphoneos"
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["iPhoneSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "iphonesimulator"
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["iPhoneOS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "macosx10.15"
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["iPhoneOS.platform", "iPhoneSimulator.platform"]) => {
+                }
+                "watchos"
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["WatchSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "watchsimulator"
+                    if does_sdkroot_contain(&["WatchOS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "xros" if does_sdkroot_contain(&["XRSimulator.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                "xrsimulator" if does_sdkroot_contain(&["XROS.platform", "MacOSX.platform"]) => {}
+                // Ignore `SDKROOT` if it's not a valid path.
+                _ if !p.is_absolute() || p == Path::new("/") || !p.exists() => {}
+                _ => return Ok(sdkroot),
+            }
+        }
+
+        let sdk_path = run_output(
+            self.cmd("xcrun")
+                .arg("--show-sdk-path")
+                .arg("--sdk")
+                .arg(sdk),
+            "xcrun",
+            &self.cargo_output,
+        )?;
+
+        let sdk_path = match String::from_utf8(sdk_path) {
+            Ok(p) => p,
+            Err(_) => {
+                return Err(Error::new(
+                    ErrorKind::IOError,
+                    "Unable to determine Apple SDK path.",
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(Arc::from(OsStr::new(sdk_path.trim())))
+    }
+
+    fn apple_sdk_root(&self, target: &TargetInfo<'_>) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
+        let sdk = target.apple_sdk_name();
+
+        if let Some(ret) = self
+            .build_cache
+            .apple_sdk_root_cache
+            .read()
+            .expect("apple_sdk_root_cache lock failed")
+            .get(sdk)
+            .cloned()
+        {
+            return Ok(ret);
+        }
+        let sdk_path = self.apple_sdk_root_inner(sdk)?;
+        self.build_cache
+            .apple_sdk_root_cache
+            .write()
+            .expect("apple_sdk_root_cache lock failed")
+            .insert(sdk.into(), sdk_path.clone());
+        Ok(sdk_path)
+    }
+
+    fn apple_deployment_target(&self, target: &TargetInfo<'_>) -> Arc<str> {
+        let sdk = target.apple_sdk_name();
+        if let Some(ret) = self
+            .build_cache
+            .apple_versions_cache
+            .read()
+            .expect("apple_versions_cache lock failed")
+            .get(sdk)
+            .cloned()
+        {
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        let default_deployment_from_sdk = || -> Option<Arc<str>> {
+            let version = run_output(
+                self.cmd("xcrun")
+                    .arg("--show-sdk-version")
+                    .arg("--sdk")
+                    .arg(sdk),
+                "xcrun",
+                &self.cargo_output,
+            )
+            .ok()?;
+
+            Some(Arc::from(std::str::from_utf8(&version).ok()?.trim()))
+        };
+
+        let deployment_from_env = |name: &str| -> Option<Arc<str>> {
+            // note that self.env isn't hit in production codepaths, its mostly just for tests which don't
+            // set the real env
+            self.env
+                .iter()
+                .find(|(k, _)| &**k == OsStr::new(name))
+                .map(|(_, v)| v)
+                .cloned()
+                .or_else(|| self.getenv(name))?
+                .to_str()
+                .map(Arc::from)
+        };
+
+        // Determines if the acquired deployment target is too low to support modern C++ on some Apple platform.
+        //
+        // A long time ago they used libstdc++, but since macOS 10.9 and iOS 7 libc++ has been the library the SDKs provide to link against.
+        // If a `cc`` config wants to use C++, we round up to these versions as the baseline.
+        let maybe_cpp_version_baseline = |deployment_target_ver: Arc<str>| -> Option<Arc<str>> {
+            if !self.cpp {
+                return Some(deployment_target_ver);
+            }
+
+            let mut deployment_target = deployment_target_ver
+                .split('.')
+                .map(|v| v.parse::<u32>().expect("integer version"));
+
+            match target.os {
+                "macos" => {
+                    let major = deployment_target.next().unwrap_or(0);
+                    let minor = deployment_target.next().unwrap_or(0);
+
+                    // If below 10.9, we ignore it and let the SDK's target definitions handle it.
+                    if major == 10 && minor < 9 {
+                        self.cargo_output.print_warning(&format_args!(
+                            "macOS deployment target ({}) too low, it will be increased",
+                            deployment_target_ver
+                        ));
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                }
+                "ios" => {
+                    let major = deployment_target.next().unwrap_or(0);
+
+                    // If below 10.7, we ignore it and let the SDK's target definitions handle it.
+                    if major < 7 {
+                        self.cargo_output.print_warning(&format_args!(
+                            "iOS deployment target ({}) too low, it will be increased",
+                            deployment_target_ver
+                        ));
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                }
+                // watchOS, tvOS, visionOS, and others are all new enough that libc++ is their baseline.
+                _ => {}
+            }
+
+            // If the deployment target met or exceeded the C++ baseline
+            Some(deployment_target_ver)
+        };
+
+        // The hardcoded minimums here are subject to change in a future compiler release,
+        // and only exist as last resort fallbacks. Don't consider them stable.
+        // `cc` doesn't use rustc's `--print deployment-target`` because the compiler's defaults
+        // don't align well with Apple's SDKs and other third-party libraries that require ~generally~ higher
+        // deployment targets. rustc isn't interested in those by default though so its fine to be different here.
+        //
+        // If no explicit target is passed, `cc` defaults to the current Xcode SDK's `DefaultDeploymentTarget` for better
+        // compatibility. This is also the crate's historical behavior and what has become a relied-on value.
+        //
+        // The ordering of env -> XCode SDK -> old rustc defaults is intentional for performance when using
+        // an explicit target.
+        let version: Arc<str> = match target.os {
+            "macos" => deployment_from_env("MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET")
+                .and_then(maybe_cpp_version_baseline)
+                .or_else(default_deployment_from_sdk)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    if target.arch == "aarch64" {
+                        "11.0".into()
+                    } else {
+                        let default: Arc<str> = Arc::from("10.7");
+                        maybe_cpp_version_baseline(default.clone()).unwrap_or(default)
+                    }
+                }),
+
+            "ios" => deployment_from_env("IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET")
+                .and_then(maybe_cpp_version_baseline)
+                .or_else(default_deployment_from_sdk)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "7.0".into()),
+
+            "watchos" => deployment_from_env("WATCHOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET")
+                .or_else(default_deployment_from_sdk)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "5.0".into()),
+
+            "tvos" => deployment_from_env("TVOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET")
+                .or_else(default_deployment_from_sdk)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "9.0".into()),
+
+            "visionos" => deployment_from_env("XROS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET")
+                .or_else(default_deployment_from_sdk)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| "1.0".into()),
+
+            os => unreachable!("unknown Apple OS: {}", os),
+        };
+
+        self.build_cache
+            .apple_versions_cache
+            .write()
+            .expect("apple_versions_cache lock failed")
+            .insert(sdk.into(), version.clone());
+
+        version
+    }
+
+    fn wasi_sysroot(&self) -> Result<Arc<OsStr>, Error> {
+        if let Some(wasi_sysroot_path) = self.getenv("WASI_SYSROOT") {
+            Ok(wasi_sysroot_path)
+        } else {
+            Err(Error::new(
+                ErrorKind::EnvVarNotFound,
+                "Environment variable WASI_SYSROOT not defined. Download sysroot from GitHub & setup environment variable WASI_SYSROOT targeting the folder.",
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn cuda_file_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.files
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|file| file.extension() == Some(OsStr::new("cu")))
+            .count()
+    }
+
+    fn which(&self, tool: &Path, path_entries: Option<&OsStr>) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        fn check_exe(mut exe: PathBuf) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+            let exe_ext = std::env::consts::EXE_EXTENSION;
+            let check =
+                exe.exists() || (!exe_ext.is_empty() && exe.set_extension(exe_ext) && exe.exists());
+            check.then_some(exe)
+        }
+
+        // Loop through PATH entries searching for the |tool|.
+        let find_exe_in_path = |path_entries: &OsStr| -> Option<PathBuf> {
+            env::split_paths(path_entries).find_map(|path_entry| check_exe(path_entry.join(tool)))
+        };
+
+        // If |tool| is not just one "word," assume it's an actual path...
+        if tool.components().count() > 1 {
+            check_exe(PathBuf::from(tool))
+        } else {
+            path_entries
+                .and_then(find_exe_in_path)
+                .or_else(|| find_exe_in_path(&self.getenv("PATH")?))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// search for |prog| on 'programs' path in '|cc| -print-search-dirs' output
+    fn search_programs(
+        &self,
+        cc: &mut Command,
+        prog: &Path,
+        cargo_output: &CargoOutput,
+    ) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        let search_dirs = run_output(
+            cc.arg("-print-search-dirs"),
+            "cc",
+            // this doesn't concern the compilation so we always want to show warnings.
+            cargo_output,
+        )
+        .ok()?;
+        // clang driver appears to be forcing UTF-8 output even on Windows,
+        // hence from_utf8 is assumed to be usable in all cases.
+        let search_dirs = std::str::from_utf8(&search_dirs).ok()?;
+        for dirs in search_dirs.split(['\r', '\n']) {
+            if let Some(path) = dirs.strip_prefix("programs: =") {
+                return self.which(prog, Some(OsStr::new(path)));
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn windows_registry_find(&self, target: &TargetInfo<'_>, tool: &str) -> Option<Command> {
+        self.windows_registry_find_tool(target, tool)
+            .map(|c| c.to_command())
+    }
+
+    fn windows_registry_find_tool(&self, target: &TargetInfo<'_>, tool: &str) -> Option<Tool> {
+        struct BuildEnvGetter<'s>(&'s Build);
+
+        impl windows_registry::EnvGetter for BuildEnvGetter<'_> {
+            fn get_env(&self, name: &str) -> Option<windows_registry::Env> {
+                self.0.getenv(name).map(windows_registry::Env::Arced)
+            }
+        }
+
+        if target.env != "msvc" {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        windows_registry::find_tool_inner(target.full_arch, tool, &BuildEnvGetter(self))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Build {
+    fn default() -> Build {
+        Build::new()
+    }
+}
+
+fn fail(s: &str) -> ! {
+    eprintln!("\n\nerror occurred in cc-rs: {}\n\n", s);
+    std::process::exit(1);
+}
+
+// Use by default minimum available API level
+// See note about naming here
+// https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/refs/heads/ndk-release-r21/docs/BuildSystemMaintainers.md#Clang
+static NEW_STANDALONE_ANDROID_COMPILERS: [&str; 4] = [
+    "aarch64-linux-android21-clang",
+    "armv7a-linux-androideabi16-clang",
+    "i686-linux-android16-clang",
+    "x86_64-linux-android21-clang",
+];
+
+// New "standalone" C/C++ cross-compiler executables from recent Android NDK
+// are just shell scripts that call main clang binary (from Android NDK) with
+// proper `--target` argument.
+//
+// For example, armv7a-linux-androideabi16-clang passes
+// `--target=armv7a-linux-androideabi16` to clang.
+// So to construct proper command line check if
+// `--target` argument would be passed or not to clang
+fn android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(clang_path: &Path) -> bool {
+    if let Some(filename) = clang_path.file_name() {
+        if let Some(filename_str) = filename.to_str() {
+            if let Some(idx) = filename_str.rfind('-') {
+                return filename_str.split_at(idx).0.contains("android");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+// FIXME: Use parsed target.
+fn autodetect_android_compiler(raw_target: &str, gnu: &str, clang: &str) -> String {
+    let new_clang_key = match raw_target {
+        "aarch64-linux-android" => Some("aarch64"),
+        "armv7-linux-androideabi" => Some("armv7a"),
+        "i686-linux-android" => Some("i686"),
+        "x86_64-linux-android" => Some("x86_64"),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+
+    let new_clang = new_clang_key
+        .map(|key| {
+            NEW_STANDALONE_ANDROID_COMPILERS
+                .iter()
+                .find(|x| x.starts_with(key))
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(None);
+
+    if let Some(new_clang) = new_clang {
+        if Command::new(new_clang).output().is_ok() {
+            return (*new_clang).into();
+        }
+    }
+
+    let target = raw_target
+        .replace("armv7neon", "arm")
+        .replace("armv7", "arm")
+        .replace("thumbv7neon", "arm")
+        .replace("thumbv7", "arm");
+    let gnu_compiler = format!("{}-{}", target, gnu);
+    let clang_compiler = format!("{}-{}", target, clang);
+
+    // On Windows, the Android clang compiler is provided as a `.cmd` file instead
+    // of a `.exe` file. `std::process::Command` won't run `.cmd` files unless the
+    // `.cmd` is explicitly appended to the command name, so we do that here.
+    let clang_compiler_cmd = format!("{}-{}.cmd", target, clang);
+
+    // Check if gnu compiler is present
+    // if not, use clang
+    if Command::new(&gnu_compiler).output().is_ok() {
+        gnu_compiler
+    } else if cfg!(windows) && Command::new(&clang_compiler_cmd).output().is_ok() {
+        clang_compiler_cmd
+    } else {
+        clang_compiler
+    }
+}
+
+// Rust and clang/cc don't agree on how to name the target.
+fn map_darwin_target_from_rust_to_compiler_architecture<'a>(target: &TargetInfo<'a>) -> &'a str {
+    match target.full_arch {
+        "aarch64" => "arm64",
+        "arm64_32" => "arm64_32",
+        "arm64e" => "arm64e",
+        "armv7k" => "armv7k",
+        "armv7s" => "armv7s",
+        "i386" => "i386",
+        "i686" => "i386",
+        "powerpc" => "ppc",
+        "powerpc64" => "ppc64",
+        "x86_64" => "x86_64",
+        "x86_64h" => "x86_64h",
+        arch => arch,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+enum AsmFileExt {
+    /// `.asm` files. On MSVC targets, we assume these should be passed to MASM
+    /// (`ml{,64}.exe`).
+    DotAsm,
+    /// `.s` or `.S` files, which do not have the special handling on MSVC targets.
+    DotS,
+}
+
+impl AsmFileExt {
+    fn from_path(file: &Path) -> Option<Self> {
+        if let Some(ext) = file.extension() {
+            if let Some(ext) = ext.to_str() {
+                let ext = ext.to_lowercase();
+                match &*ext {
+                    "asm" => return Some(AsmFileExt::DotAsm),
+                    "s" => return Some(AsmFileExt::DotS),
+                    _ => return None,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns true if `cc` has been disabled by `CC_FORCE_DISABLE`.
+fn is_disabled() -> bool {
+    static CACHE: AtomicU8 = AtomicU8::new(0);
+
+    let val = CACHE.load(Relaxed);
+    // We manually cache the environment var, since we need it in some places
+    // where we don't have access to a `Build` instance.
+    #[allow(clippy::disallowed_methods)]
+    fn compute_is_disabled() -> bool {
+        match std::env::var_os("CC_FORCE_DISABLE") {
+            // Not set? Not disabled.
+            None => false,
+            // Respect `CC_FORCE_DISABLE=0` and some simple synonyms, otherwise
+            // we're disabled. This intentionally includes `CC_FORCE_DISABLE=""`
+            Some(v) => &*v != "0" && &*v != "false" && &*v != "no",
+        }
+    }
+    match val {
+        2 => true,
+        1 => false,
+        0 => {
+            let truth = compute_is_disabled();
+            let encoded_truth = if truth { 2u8 } else { 1 };
+            // Might race against another thread, but we'd both be setting the
+            // same value so it should be fine.
+            CACHE.store(encoded_truth, Relaxed);
+            truth
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Automates the `if is_disabled() { return error }` check and ensures
+/// we produce a consistent error message for it.
+fn check_disabled() -> Result<(), Error> {
+    if is_disabled() {
+        return Err(Error::new(
+            ErrorKind::Disabled,
+            "the `cc` crate's functionality has been disabled by the `CC_FORCE_DISABLE` environment variable."
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally() {
+        for version in 16..21 {
+            assert!(android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+                &PathBuf::from(format!("armv7a-linux-androideabi{}-clang", version))
+            ));
+            assert!(android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+                &PathBuf::from(format!("armv7a-linux-androideabi{}-clang++", version))
+            ));
+        }
+        assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+            &PathBuf::from("clang-i686-linux-android")
+        ));
+        assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+            &PathBuf::from("clang")
+        ));
+        assert!(!android_clang_compiler_uses_target_arg_internally(
+            &PathBuf::from("clang++")
+        ));
+    }
+}