wasmtime 28.0.0 → 29.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-wit-bindgen-29.0.0/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3356 @@
+use crate::rust::{to_rust_ident, to_rust_upper_camel_case, RustGenerator, TypeMode};
+use crate::types::{TypeInfo, Types};
+use anyhow::bail;
+use heck::*;
+use indexmap::{IndexMap, IndexSet};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::fmt::Write as _;
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::mem;
+use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
+use wit_parser::*;
+
+macro_rules! uwrite {
+    ($dst:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {
+        write!($dst, $($arg)*).unwrap()
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! uwriteln {
+    ($dst:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => {
+        writeln!($dst, $($arg)*).unwrap()
+    };
+}
+
+mod rust;
+mod source;
+mod types;
+use source::Source;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+enum InterfaceName {
+    /// This interface was remapped using `with` to some other Rust code.
+    Remapped {
+        /// This is the `::`-separated string which is the path to the mapped
+        /// item relative to the root of the `bindgen!` macro invocation.
+        ///
+        /// This path currently starts with `__with_name$N` and will then
+        /// optionally have `::` projections through to the actual item
+        /// depending on how `with` was configured.
+        name_at_root: String,
+
+        /// This is currently only used for exports and is the relative path to
+        /// where this mapped name would be located if `with` were not
+        /// specified. Basically it's the same as the `Path` variant of this
+        /// enum if the mapping weren't present.
+        local_path: Vec<String>,
+    },
+
+    /// This interface is generated in the module hierarchy specified.
+    ///
+    /// The path listed here is the path, from the root of the `bindgen!` macro,
+    /// to where this interface is generated.
+    Path(Vec<String>),
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Wasmtime {
+    src: Source,
+    opts: Opts,
+    /// A list of all interfaces which were imported by this world.
+    ///
+    /// The second value here is the contents of the module that this interface
+    /// generated. The third value is the name of the interface as also present
+    /// in `self.interface_names`.
+    import_interfaces: Vec<(InterfaceId, String, InterfaceName)>,
+    import_functions: Vec<ImportFunction>,
+    exports: Exports,
+    types: Types,
+    sizes: SizeAlign,
+    interface_names: HashMap<InterfaceId, InterfaceName>,
+    interface_last_seen_as_import: HashMap<InterfaceId, bool>,
+    trappable_errors: IndexMap<TypeId, String>,
+    // Track the with options that were used. Remapped interfaces provided via `with`
+    // are required to be used.
+    used_with_opts: HashSet<String>,
+    // Track the imports that matched the `trappable_imports` spec.
+    used_trappable_imports_opts: HashSet<String>,
+    world_link_options: LinkOptionsBuilder,
+    interface_link_options: HashMap<InterfaceId, LinkOptionsBuilder>,
+}
+
+struct ImportFunction {
+    func: Function,
+    add_to_linker: String,
+    sig: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Exports {
+    fields: BTreeMap<String, ExportField>,
+    modules: Vec<(InterfaceId, String, InterfaceName)>,
+    funcs: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+struct ExportField {
+    ty: String,
+    ty_index: String,
+    load: String,
+    get_index_from_component: String,
+    get_index_from_instance: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Ownership {
+    /// Generated types will be composed entirely of owning fields, regardless
+    /// of whether they are used as parameters to guest exports or not.
+    #[default]
+    Owning,
+
+    /// Generated types used as parameters to guest exports will be "deeply
+    /// borrowing", i.e. contain references rather than owned values when
+    /// applicable.
+    Borrowing {
+        /// Whether or not to generate "duplicate" type definitions for a single
+        /// WIT type if necessary, for example if it's used as both an import
+        /// and an export, or if it's used both as a parameter to an export and
+        /// a return value from an export.
+        duplicate_if_necessary: bool,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Opts {
+    /// Whether or not `rustfmt` is executed to format generated code.
+    pub rustfmt: bool,
+
+    /// Whether or not to emit `tracing` macro calls on function entry/exit.
+    pub tracing: bool,
+
+    /// Whether or not `tracing` macro calls should included argument and
+    /// return values which contain dynamically-sized `list` values.
+    pub verbose_tracing: bool,
+
+    /// Whether or not to use async rust functions and traits.
+    pub async_: AsyncConfig,
+
+    /// A list of "trappable errors" which are used to replace the `E` in
+    /// `result<T, E>` found in WIT.
+    pub trappable_error_type: Vec<TrappableError>,
+
+    /// Whether to generate owning or borrowing type definitions.
+    pub ownership: Ownership,
+
+    /// Whether or not to generate code for only the interfaces of this wit file or not.
+    pub only_interfaces: bool,
+
+    /// Configuration of which imports are allowed to generate a trap.
+    pub trappable_imports: TrappableImports,
+
+    /// Remapping of interface names to rust module names.
+    /// TODO: is there a better type to use for the value of this map?
+    pub with: HashMap<String, String>,
+
+    /// Additional derive attributes to add to generated types. If using in a CLI, this flag can be
+    /// specified multiple times to add multiple attributes.
+    ///
+    /// These derive attributes will be added to any generated structs or enums
+    pub additional_derive_attributes: Vec<String>,
+
+    /// Evaluate to a string literal containing the generated code rather than the generated tokens
+    /// themselves. Mostly useful for Wasmtime internal debugging and development.
+    pub stringify: bool,
+
+    /// Temporary option to skip `impl<T: Trait> Trait for &mut T` for the
+    /// `wasmtime-wasi` crate while that's given a chance to update its b
+    /// indings.
+    pub skip_mut_forwarding_impls: bool,
+
+    /// Indicates that the `T` in `Store<T>` should be send even if async is not
+    /// enabled.
+    ///
+    /// This is helpful when sync bindings depend on generated functions from
+    /// async bindings as is the case with WASI in-tree.
+    pub require_store_data_send: bool,
+
+    /// Path to the `wasmtime` crate if it's not the default path.
+    pub wasmtime_crate: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TrappableError {
+    /// Full path to the error, such as `wasi:io/streams/error`.
+    pub wit_path: String,
+
+    /// The name, in Rust, of the error type to generate.
+    pub rust_type_name: String,
+}
+
+/// Which imports should be generated as async functions.
+///
+/// The imports should be declared in the following format:
+/// - Regular functions: `"{function-name}"`
+/// - Resource methods: `"[method]{resource-name}.{method-name}"`
+/// - Resource destructors: `"[drop]{resource-name}"`
+///
+/// Examples:
+/// - Regular function: `"get-environment"`
+/// - Resource method: `"[method]input-stream.read"`
+/// - Resource destructor: `"[drop]input-stream"`
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum AsyncConfig {
+    /// No functions are `async`.
+    #[default]
+    None,
+    /// All generated functions should be `async`.
+    All,
+    /// These imported functions should not be async, but everything else is.
+    AllExceptImports(HashSet<String>),
+    /// These functions are the only imports that are async, all other imports
+    /// are sync.
+    ///
+    /// Note that all exports are still async in this situation.
+    OnlyImports(HashSet<String>),
+}
+
+impl AsyncConfig {
+    pub fn is_import_async(&self, f: &str) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            AsyncConfig::None => false,
+            AsyncConfig::All => true,
+            AsyncConfig::AllExceptImports(set) => !set.contains(f),
+            AsyncConfig::OnlyImports(set) => set.contains(f),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_drop_async(&self, r: &str) -> bool {
+        self.is_import_async(&format!("[drop]{r}"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn maybe_async(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            AsyncConfig::None => false,
+            AsyncConfig::All | AsyncConfig::AllExceptImports(_) | AsyncConfig::OnlyImports(_) => {
+                true
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum TrappableImports {
+    /// No imports are allowed to trap.
+    #[default]
+    None,
+    /// All imports may trap.
+    All,
+    /// Only the specified set of functions may trap.
+    Only(HashSet<String>),
+}
+
+impl TrappableImports {
+    fn can_trap(&self, f: &Function) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            TrappableImports::None => false,
+            TrappableImports::All => true,
+            TrappableImports::Only(set) => set.contains(&f.name),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Opts {
+    pub fn generate(&self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        let mut r = Wasmtime::default();
+        r.sizes.fill(resolve);
+        r.opts = self.clone();
+        r.populate_world_and_interface_options(resolve, world);
+        r.generate(resolve, world)
+    }
+
+    fn is_store_data_send(&self) -> bool {
+        self.async_.maybe_async() || self.require_store_data_send
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wasmtime {
+    fn populate_world_and_interface_options(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) {
+        self.world_link_options.add_world(resolve, &world);
+
+        for (_, import) in resolve.worlds[world].imports.iter() {
+            match import {
+                WorldItem::Interface { id, .. } => {
+                    let mut o = LinkOptionsBuilder::default();
+                    o.add_interface(resolve, id);
+                    self.interface_link_options.insert(*id, o);
+                }
+                WorldItem::Function(_) | WorldItem::Type(_) => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn name_interface(
+        &mut self,
+        resolve: &Resolve,
+        id: InterfaceId,
+        name: &WorldKey,
+        is_export: bool,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let mut path = Vec::new();
+        if is_export {
+            path.push("exports".to_string());
+        }
+        match name {
+            WorldKey::Name(name) => {
+                path.push(name.to_snake_case());
+            }
+            WorldKey::Interface(_) => {
+                let iface = &resolve.interfaces[id];
+                let pkgname = &resolve.packages[iface.package.unwrap()].name;
+                path.push(pkgname.namespace.to_snake_case());
+                path.push(self.name_package_module(resolve, iface.package.unwrap()));
+                path.push(to_rust_ident(iface.name.as_ref().unwrap()));
+            }
+        }
+        let entry = if let Some(name_at_root) = self.lookup_replacement(resolve, name, None) {
+            InterfaceName::Remapped {
+                name_at_root,
+                local_path: path,
+            }
+        } else {
+            InterfaceName::Path(path)
+        };
+
+        let remapped = matches!(entry, InterfaceName::Remapped { .. });
+        self.interface_names.insert(id, entry);
+        remapped
+    }
+
+    /// If the package `id` is the only package with its namespace/name combo
+    /// then pass through the name unmodified. If, however, there are multiple
+    /// versions of this package then the package module is going to get version
+    /// information.
+    fn name_package_module(&self, resolve: &Resolve, id: PackageId) -> String {
+        let pkg = &resolve.packages[id];
+        let versions_with_same_name = resolve
+            .packages
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|(_, p)| {
+                if p.name.namespace == pkg.name.namespace && p.name.name == pkg.name.name {
+                    Some(&p.name.version)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let base = pkg.name.name.to_snake_case();
+        if versions_with_same_name.len() == 1 {
+            return base;
+        }
+
+        let version = match &pkg.name.version {
+            Some(version) => version,
+            // If this package didn't have a version then don't mangle its name
+            // and other packages with the same name but with versions present
+            // will have their names mangled.
+            None => return base,
+        };
+
+        // Here there's multiple packages with the same name that differ only in
+        // version, so the version needs to be mangled into the Rust module name
+        // that we're generating. This in theory could look at all of
+        // `versions_with_same_name` and produce a minimal diff, e.g. for 0.1.0
+        // and 0.2.0 this could generate "foo1" and "foo2", but for now
+        // a simpler path is chosen to generate "foo0_1_0" and "foo0_2_0".
+        let version = version
+            .to_string()
+            .replace('.', "_")
+            .replace('-', "_")
+            .replace('+', "_")
+            .to_snake_case();
+        format!("{base}{version}")
+    }
+
+    fn generate(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, id: WorldId) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        self.types.analyze(resolve, id);
+
+        self.world_link_options.write_struct(&mut self.src);
+
+        // Resolve the `trappable_error_type` configuration values to `TypeId`
+        // values. This is done by iterating over each `trappable_error_type`
+        // and then locating the interface that it corresponds to as well as the
+        // type within that interface.
+        //
+        // Note that `LookupItem::InterfaceNoPop` is used here as the full
+        // hierarchical behavior of `lookup_keys` isn't used as the interface
+        // must be named here.
+        'outer: for (i, te) in self.opts.trappable_error_type.iter().enumerate() {
+            let error_name = format!("_TrappableError{i}");
+            for (id, iface) in resolve.interfaces.iter() {
+                for (key, projection) in lookup_keys(
+                    resolve,
+                    &WorldKey::Interface(id),
+                    LookupItem::InterfaceNoPop,
+                ) {
+                    assert!(projection.is_empty());
+
+                    // If `wit_path` looks like `{key}/{type_name}` where
+                    // `type_name` is a type within `iface` then we've found a
+                    // match. Otherwise continue to the next lookup key if there
+                    // is one, and failing that continue to the next interface.
+                    let suffix = match te.wit_path.strip_prefix(&key) {
+                        Some(s) => s,
+                        None => continue,
+                    };
+                    let suffix = match suffix.strip_prefix('/') {
+                        Some(s) => s,
+                        None => continue,
+                    };
+                    if let Some(id) = iface.types.get(suffix) {
+                        uwriteln!(self.src, "type {error_name} = {};", te.rust_type_name);
+                        let prev = self.trappable_errors.insert(*id, error_name);
+                        assert!(prev.is_none());
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            bail!(
+                "failed to locate a WIT error type corresponding to the \
+                   `trappable_error_type` name `{}` provided",
+                te.wit_path
+            )
+        }
+
+        // Convert all entries in `with` as relative to the root of where the
+        // macro itself is invoked. This emits a `pub use` to bring the name
+        // into scope under an "anonymous name" which then replaces the `with`
+        // map entry.
+        let mut with = self.opts.with.iter_mut().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        with.sort();
+        for (i, (_k, v)) in with.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let name = format!("__with_name{i}");
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "#[doc(hidden)]\npub use {v} as {name};");
+            *v = name;
+        }
+
+        let world = &resolve.worlds[id];
+        for (name, import) in world.imports.iter() {
+            if !self.opts.only_interfaces || matches!(import, WorldItem::Interface { .. }) {
+                self.import(resolve, id, name, import);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (name, export) in world.exports.iter() {
+            if !self.opts.only_interfaces || matches!(export, WorldItem::Interface { .. }) {
+                self.export(resolve, name, export);
+            }
+        }
+        self.finish(resolve, id)
+    }
+
+    fn import(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId, name: &WorldKey, item: &WorldItem) {
+        let mut gen = InterfaceGenerator::new(self, resolve);
+        match item {
+            WorldItem::Function(func) => {
+                // Only generate a trait signature for free functions since
+                // resource-related functions get their trait signatures
+                // during `type_resource`.
+                let sig = if let FunctionKind::Freestanding = func.kind {
+                    gen.generate_function_trait_sig(func);
+                    Some(mem::take(&mut gen.src).into())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                gen.generate_add_function_to_linker(TypeOwner::World(world), func, "linker");
+                let add_to_linker = gen.src.into();
+                self.import_functions.push(ImportFunction {
+                    func: func.clone(),
+                    sig,
+                    add_to_linker,
+                });
+            }
+            WorldItem::Interface { id, .. } => {
+                gen.gen.interface_last_seen_as_import.insert(*id, true);
+                gen.current_interface = Some((*id, name, false));
+                let snake = match name {
+                    WorldKey::Name(s) => s.to_snake_case(),
+                    WorldKey::Interface(id) => resolve.interfaces[*id]
+                        .name
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .to_snake_case(),
+                };
+                let module = if gen.gen.name_interface(resolve, *id, name, false) {
+                    // If this interface is remapped then that means that it was
+                    // provided via the `with` key in the bindgen configuration.
+                    // That means that bindings generation is skipped here. To
+                    // accommodate future bindgens depending on this bindgen
+                    // though we still generate a module which reexports the
+                    // original module. This helps maintain the same output
+                    // structure regardless of whether `with` is used.
+                    let name_at_root = match &gen.gen.interface_names[id] {
+                        InterfaceName::Remapped { name_at_root, .. } => name_at_root,
+                        InterfaceName::Path(_) => unreachable!(),
+                    };
+                    let path_to_root = gen.path_to_root();
+                    format!(
+                        "
+                            pub mod {snake} {{
+                                #[allow(unused_imports)]
+                                pub use {path_to_root}{name_at_root}::*;
+                            }}
+                        "
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    // If this interface is not remapped then it's time to
+                    // actually generate bindings here.
+                    gen.gen.interface_link_options[id].write_struct(&mut gen.src);
+                    gen.types(*id);
+                    let key_name = resolve.name_world_key(name);
+                    gen.generate_add_to_linker(*id, &key_name);
+
+                    let module = &gen.src[..];
+                    let wt = gen.gen.wasmtime_path();
+
+                    format!(
+                        "
+                            #[allow(clippy::all)]
+                            pub mod {snake} {{
+                                #[allow(unused_imports)]
+                                use {wt}::component::__internal::{{anyhow, Box}};
+
+                                {module}
+                            }}
+                        "
+                    )
+                };
+                self.import_interfaces
+                    .push((*id, module, self.interface_names[id].clone()));
+
+                let interface_path = self.import_interface_path(id);
+                self.interface_link_options[id]
+                    .write_impl_from_world(&mut self.src, &interface_path);
+            }
+            WorldItem::Type(ty) => {
+                let name = match name {
+                    WorldKey::Name(name) => name,
+                    WorldKey::Interface(_) => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                gen.define_type(name, *ty);
+                let body = mem::take(&mut gen.src);
+                self.src.push_str(&body);
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    fn export(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, name: &WorldKey, item: &WorldItem) {
+        let wt = self.wasmtime_path();
+        let mut gen = InterfaceGenerator::new(self, resolve);
+        let field;
+        let ty;
+        let ty_index;
+        let load;
+        let get_index_from_component;
+        let get_index_from_instance;
+        match item {
+            WorldItem::Function(func) => {
+                gen.define_rust_guest_export(resolve, None, func);
+                let body = mem::take(&mut gen.src).into();
+                load = gen.extract_typed_function(func).1;
+                assert!(gen.src.is_empty());
+                self.exports.funcs.push(body);
+                ty_index = format!("{wt}::component::ComponentExportIndex");
+                field = func_field_name(resolve, func);
+                ty = format!("{wt}::component::Func");
+                get_index_from_component = format!(
+                    "_component.export_index(None, \"{}\")
+                        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!(\"no function export `{0}` found\"))?.1",
+                    func.name
+                );
+                get_index_from_instance = format!(
+                    "_instance.get_export(&mut store, None, \"{}\")
+                        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!(\"no function export `{0}` found\"))?",
+                    func.name
+                );
+            }
+            WorldItem::Type(_) => unreachable!(),
+            WorldItem::Interface { id, .. } => {
+                gen.gen.interface_last_seen_as_import.insert(*id, false);
+                gen.gen.name_interface(resolve, *id, name, true);
+                gen.current_interface = Some((*id, name, true));
+                gen.types(*id);
+                let struct_name = "Guest";
+                let iface = &resolve.interfaces[*id];
+                let iface_name = match name {
+                    WorldKey::Name(name) => name,
+                    WorldKey::Interface(_) => iface.name.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                };
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "pub struct {struct_name} {{");
+                for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+                    uwriteln!(
+                        gen.src,
+                        "{}: {wt}::component::Func,",
+                        func_field_name(resolve, func)
+                    );
+                }
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}}");
+
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "#[derive(Clone)]");
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "pub struct {struct_name}Indices {{");
+                for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+                    uwriteln!(
+                        gen.src,
+                        "{}: {wt}::component::ComponentExportIndex,",
+                        func_field_name(resolve, func)
+                    );
+                }
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}}");
+
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "impl {struct_name}Indices {{");
+                let instance_name = resolve.name_world_key(name);
+                uwrite!(
+                    gen.src,
+                    "
+/// Constructor for [`{struct_name}Indices`] which takes a
+/// [`Component`]({wt}::component::Component) as input and can be executed
+/// before instantiation.
+///
+/// This constructor can be used to front-load string lookups to find exports
+/// within a component.
+pub fn new(
+    component: &{wt}::component::Component,
+) -> {wt}::Result<{struct_name}Indices> {{
+    let (_, instance) = component.export_index(None, \"{instance_name}\")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!(\"no exported instance named `{instance_name}`\"))?;
+    Self::_new(|name| {{
+        component.export_index(Some(&instance), name)
+            .map(|p| p.1)
+    }})
+}}
+
+/// This constructor is similar to [`{struct_name}Indices::new`] except that it
+/// performs string lookups after instantiation time.
+pub fn new_instance(
+    mut store: impl {wt}::AsContextMut,
+    instance: &{wt}::component::Instance,
+) -> {wt}::Result<{struct_name}Indices> {{
+    let instance_export = instance.get_export(&mut store, None, \"{instance_name}\")
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!(\"no exported instance named `{instance_name}`\"))?;
+    Self::_new(|name| {{
+        instance.get_export(&mut store, Some(&instance_export), name)
+    }})
+}}
+
+fn _new(
+    mut lookup: impl FnMut (&str) -> Option<{wt}::component::ComponentExportIndex>,
+) -> {wt}::Result<{struct_name}Indices> {{
+    let mut lookup = move |name| {{
+        lookup(name).ok_or_else(|| {{
+            anyhow::anyhow!(
+                \"instance export `{instance_name}` does \\
+                  not have export `{{name}}`\"
+            )
+        }})
+    }};
+    let _ = &mut lookup;
+                    "
+                );
+                let mut fields = Vec::new();
+                for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+                    let name = func_field_name(resolve, func);
+                    uwriteln!(gen.src, "let {name} = lookup(\"{}\")?;", func.name);
+                    fields.push(name);
+                }
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "Ok({struct_name}Indices {{");
+                for name in fields {
+                    uwriteln!(gen.src, "{name},");
+                }
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}})");
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}}"); // end `fn _new`
+
+                uwrite!(
+                    gen.src,
+                    "
+                        pub fn load(
+                            &self,
+                            mut store: impl {wt}::AsContextMut,
+                            instance: &{wt}::component::Instance,
+                        ) -> {wt}::Result<{struct_name}> {{
+                            let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+                            let _ = &mut store;
+                            let _instance = instance;
+                    "
+                );
+                let mut fields = Vec::new();
+                for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+                    let (name, getter) = gen.extract_typed_function(func);
+                    uwriteln!(gen.src, "let {name} = {getter};");
+                    fields.push(name);
+                }
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "Ok({struct_name} {{");
+                for name in fields {
+                    uwriteln!(gen.src, "{name},");
+                }
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}})");
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}}"); // end `fn new`
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}}"); // end `impl {struct_name}Indices`
+
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "impl {struct_name} {{");
+                let mut resource_methods = IndexMap::new();
+
+                for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+                    match func.kind {
+                        FunctionKind::Freestanding => {
+                            gen.define_rust_guest_export(resolve, Some(name), func);
+                        }
+                        FunctionKind::Method(id)
+                        | FunctionKind::Constructor(id)
+                        | FunctionKind::Static(id) => {
+                            resource_methods.entry(id).or_insert(Vec::new()).push(func);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                for (id, _) in resource_methods.iter() {
+                    let name = resolve.types[*id].name.as_ref().unwrap();
+                    let snake = name.to_snake_case();
+                    let camel = name.to_upper_camel_case();
+                    uwriteln!(
+                        gen.src,
+                        "pub fn {snake}(&self) -> Guest{camel}<'_> {{
+                            Guest{camel} {{ funcs: self }}
+                        }}"
+                    );
+                }
+
+                uwriteln!(gen.src, "}}");
+
+                for (id, methods) in resource_methods {
+                    let resource_name = resolve.types[id].name.as_ref().unwrap();
+                    let camel = resource_name.to_upper_camel_case();
+                    uwriteln!(gen.src, "impl Guest{camel}<'_> {{");
+                    for method in methods {
+                        gen.define_rust_guest_export(resolve, Some(name), method);
+                    }
+                    uwriteln!(gen.src, "}}");
+                }
+
+                let module = &gen.src[..];
+                let snake = to_rust_ident(iface_name);
+
+                let module = format!(
+                    "
+                        #[allow(clippy::all)]
+                        pub mod {snake} {{
+                            #[allow(unused_imports)]
+                            use {wt}::component::__internal::{{anyhow, Box}};
+
+                            {module}
+                        }}
+                    "
+                );
+                let pkgname = match name {
+                    WorldKey::Name(_) => None,
+                    WorldKey::Interface(_) => {
+                        Some(resolve.packages[iface.package.unwrap()].name.clone())
+                    }
+                };
+                self.exports
+                    .modules
+                    .push((*id, module, self.interface_names[id].clone()));
+
+                let (path, method_name) = match pkgname {
+                    Some(pkgname) => (
+                        format!(
+                            "exports::{}::{}::{snake}::{struct_name}",
+                            pkgname.namespace.to_snake_case(),
+                            self.name_package_module(resolve, iface.package.unwrap()),
+                        ),
+                        format!(
+                            "{}_{}_{snake}",
+                            pkgname.namespace.to_snake_case(),
+                            self.name_package_module(resolve, iface.package.unwrap())
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    None => (format!("exports::{snake}::{struct_name}"), snake.clone()),
+                };
+                field = format!("interface{}", self.exports.fields.len());
+                load = format!("self.{field}.load(&mut store, &_instance)?");
+                self.exports.funcs.push(format!(
+                    "
+                        pub fn {method_name}(&self) -> &{path} {{
+                            &self.{field}
+                        }}
+                    ",
+                ));
+                ty_index = format!("{path}Indices");
+                ty = path;
+                get_index_from_component = format!("{ty_index}::new(_component)?");
+                get_index_from_instance =
+                    format!("{ty_index}::new_instance(&mut store, _instance)?");
+            }
+        }
+        let prev = self.exports.fields.insert(
+            field,
+            ExportField {
+                ty,
+                ty_index,
+                load,
+                get_index_from_component,
+                get_index_from_instance,
+            },
+        );
+        assert!(prev.is_none());
+    }
+
+    fn build_world_struct(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) {
+        let wt = self.wasmtime_path();
+        let world_name = &resolve.worlds[world].name;
+        let camel = to_rust_upper_camel_case(&world_name);
+        let (async_, async__, where_clause, await_) = if self.opts.async_.maybe_async() {
+            ("async", "_async", "where _T: Send", ".await")
+        } else {
+            ("", "", "", "")
+        };
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+/// Auto-generated bindings for a pre-instantiated version of a
+/// component which implements the world `{world_name}`.
+///
+/// This structure is created through [`{camel}Pre::new`] which
+/// takes a [`InstancePre`]({wt}::component::InstancePre) that
+/// has been created through a [`Linker`]({wt}::component::Linker).
+///
+/// For more information see [`{camel}`] as well.
+pub struct {camel}Pre<T> {{
+    instance_pre: {wt}::component::InstancePre<T>,
+    indices: {camel}Indices,
+}}
+
+impl<T> Clone for {camel}Pre<T> {{
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {{
+        Self {{
+            instance_pre: self.instance_pre.clone(),
+            indices: self.indices.clone(),
+        }}
+    }}
+}}
+
+impl<_T> {camel}Pre<_T> {{
+    /// Creates a new copy of `{camel}Pre` bindings which can then
+    /// be used to instantiate into a particular store.
+    ///
+    /// This method may fail if the component behind `instance_pre`
+    /// does not have the required exports.
+    pub fn new(instance_pre: {wt}::component::InstancePre<_T>) -> {wt}::Result<Self> {{
+        let indices = {camel}Indices::new(instance_pre.component())?;
+        Ok(Self {{ instance_pre, indices }})
+    }}
+
+    pub fn engine(&self) -> &{wt}::Engine {{
+        self.instance_pre.engine()
+    }}
+
+    pub fn instance_pre(&self) -> &{wt}::component::InstancePre<_T> {{
+        &self.instance_pre
+    }}
+
+    /// Instantiates a new instance of [`{camel}`] within the
+    /// `store` provided.
+    ///
+    /// This function will use `self` as the pre-instantiated
+    /// instance to perform instantiation. Afterwards the preloaded
+    /// indices in `self` are used to lookup all exports on the
+    /// resulting instance.
+    pub {async_} fn instantiate{async__}(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl {wt}::AsContextMut<Data = _T>,
+    ) -> {wt}::Result<{camel}>
+        {where_clause}
+    {{
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        let instance = self.instance_pre.instantiate{async__}(&mut store){await_}?;
+        self.indices.load(&mut store, &instance)
+    }}
+}}
+"
+        );
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+            /// Auto-generated bindings for index of the exports of
+            /// `{world_name}`.
+            ///
+            /// This is an implementation detail of [`{camel}Pre`] and can
+            /// be constructed if needed as well.
+            ///
+            /// For more information see [`{camel}`] as well.
+            #[derive(Clone)]
+            pub struct {camel}Indices {{"
+        );
+        for (name, field) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "{name}: {},", field.ty_index);
+        }
+        self.src.push_str("}\n");
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+                /// Auto-generated bindings for an instance a component which
+                /// implements the world `{world_name}`.
+                ///
+                /// This structure can be created through a number of means
+                /// depending on your requirements and what you have on hand:
+                ///
+                /// * The most convenient way is to use
+                ///   [`{camel}::instantiate{async__}`] which only needs a
+                ///   [`Store`], [`Component`], and [`Linker`].
+                ///
+                /// * Alternatively you can create a [`{camel}Pre`] ahead of
+                ///   time with a [`Component`] to front-load string lookups
+                ///   of exports once instead of per-instantiation. This
+                ///   method then uses [`{camel}Pre::instantiate{async__}`] to
+                ///   create a [`{camel}`].
+                ///
+                /// * If you've instantiated the instance yourself already
+                ///   then you can use [`{camel}::new`].
+                ///
+                /// * You can also access the guts of instantiation through
+                ///   [`{camel}Indices::new_instance`] followed
+                ///   by [`{camel}Indices::load`] to crate an instance of this
+                ///   type.
+                ///
+                /// These methods are all equivalent to one another and move
+                /// around the tradeoff of what work is performed when.
+                ///
+                /// [`Store`]: {wt}::Store
+                /// [`Component`]: {wt}::component::Component
+                /// [`Linker`]: {wt}::component::Linker
+                pub struct {camel} {{"
+        );
+        for (name, field) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "{name}: {},", field.ty);
+        }
+        self.src.push_str("}\n");
+
+        self.world_imports_trait(resolve, world);
+
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "const _: () = {{");
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+                #[allow(unused_imports)]
+                use {wt}::component::__internal::anyhow;
+            "
+        );
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "impl {camel}Indices {{
+                /// Creates a new copy of `{camel}Indices` bindings which can then
+                /// be used to instantiate into a particular store.
+                ///
+                /// This method may fail if the component does not have the
+                /// required exports.
+                pub fn new(component: &{wt}::component::Component) -> {wt}::Result<Self> {{
+                    let _component = component;
+            ",
+        );
+        for (name, field) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "let {name} = {};", field.get_index_from_component);
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "Ok({camel}Indices {{");
+        for (name, _) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "{name},");
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}})");
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}"); // close `fn new`
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+                /// Creates a new instance of [`{camel}Indices`] from an
+                /// instantiated component.
+                ///
+                /// This method of creating a [`{camel}`] will perform string
+                /// lookups for all exports when this method is called. This
+                /// will only succeed if the provided instance matches the
+                /// requirements of [`{camel}`].
+                pub fn new_instance(
+                    mut store: impl {wt}::AsContextMut,
+                    instance: &{wt}::component::Instance,
+                ) -> {wt}::Result<Self> {{
+                    let _instance = instance;
+            ",
+        );
+        for (name, field) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "let {name} = {};", field.get_index_from_instance);
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "Ok({camel}Indices {{");
+        for (name, _) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "{name},");
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}})");
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}"); // close `fn new_instance`
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+                /// Uses the indices stored in `self` to load an instance
+                /// of [`{camel}`] from the instance provided.
+                ///
+                /// Note that at this time this method will additionally
+                /// perform type-checks of all exports.
+                pub fn load(
+                    &self,
+                    mut store: impl {wt}::AsContextMut,
+                    instance: &{wt}::component::Instance,
+                ) -> {wt}::Result<{camel}> {{
+                    let _instance = instance;
+            ",
+        );
+        for (name, field) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "let {name} = {};", field.load);
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "Ok({camel} {{");
+        for (name, _) in self.exports.fields.iter() {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "{name},");
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}})");
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}"); // close `fn load`
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}"); // close `impl {camel}Indices`
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "impl {camel} {{
+                /// Convenience wrapper around [`{camel}Pre::new`] and
+                /// [`{camel}Pre::instantiate{async__}`].
+                pub {async_} fn instantiate{async__}<_T>(
+                    mut store: impl {wt}::AsContextMut<Data = _T>,
+                    component: &{wt}::component::Component,
+                    linker: &{wt}::component::Linker<_T>,
+                ) -> {wt}::Result<{camel}>
+                    {where_clause}
+                {{
+                    let pre = linker.instantiate_pre(component)?;
+                    {camel}Pre::new(pre)?.instantiate{async__}(store){await_}
+                }}
+
+                /// Convenience wrapper around [`{camel}Indices::new_instance`] and
+                /// [`{camel}Indices::load`].
+                pub fn new(
+                    mut store: impl {wt}::AsContextMut,
+                    instance: &{wt}::component::Instance,
+                ) -> {wt}::Result<{camel}> {{
+                    let indices = {camel}Indices::new_instance(&mut store, instance)?;
+                    indices.load(store, instance)
+                }}
+            ",
+        );
+        self.world_add_to_linker(resolve, world);
+
+        for func in self.exports.funcs.iter() {
+            self.src.push_str(func);
+        }
+
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}"); // close `impl {camel}`
+
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}};"); // close `const _: () = ...
+    }
+
+    fn finish(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        let remapping_keys = self.opts.with.keys().cloned().collect::<HashSet<String>>();
+
+        let mut unused_keys = remapping_keys
+            .difference(&self.used_with_opts)
+            .map(|s| s.as_str())
+            .collect::<Vec<&str>>();
+
+        unused_keys.sort();
+
+        if !unused_keys.is_empty() {
+            anyhow::bail!("interfaces were specified in the `with` config option but are not referenced in the target world: {unused_keys:?}");
+        }
+
+        if let TrappableImports::Only(only) = &self.opts.trappable_imports {
+            let mut unused_imports = Vec::from_iter(
+                only.difference(&self.used_trappable_imports_opts)
+                    .map(|s| s.as_str()),
+            );
+
+            if !unused_imports.is_empty() {
+                unused_imports.sort();
+                anyhow::bail!("names specified in the `trappable_imports` config option but are not referenced in the target world: {unused_imports:?}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !self.opts.only_interfaces {
+            self.build_world_struct(resolve, world)
+        }
+
+        let imports = mem::take(&mut self.import_interfaces);
+        self.emit_modules(imports);
+
+        let exports = mem::take(&mut self.exports.modules);
+        self.emit_modules(exports);
+
+        let mut src = mem::take(&mut self.src);
+        if self.opts.rustfmt {
+            let mut child = Command::new("rustfmt")
+                .arg("--edition=2018")
+                .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+                .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+                .spawn()
+                .expect("failed to spawn `rustfmt`");
+            child
+                .stdin
+                .take()
+                .unwrap()
+                .write_all(src.as_bytes())
+                .unwrap();
+            src.as_mut_string().truncate(0);
+            child
+                .stdout
+                .take()
+                .unwrap()
+                .read_to_string(src.as_mut_string())
+                .unwrap();
+            let status = child.wait().unwrap();
+            assert!(status.success());
+        }
+
+        Ok(src.into())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_modules(&mut self, modules: Vec<(InterfaceId, String, InterfaceName)>) {
+        #[derive(Default)]
+        struct Module {
+            submodules: BTreeMap<String, Module>,
+            contents: Vec<String>,
+        }
+        let mut map = Module::default();
+        for (_, module, name) in modules {
+            let path = match name {
+                InterfaceName::Remapped { local_path, .. } => local_path,
+                InterfaceName::Path(path) => path,
+            };
+            let mut cur = &mut map;
+            for name in path[..path.len() - 1].iter() {
+                cur = cur
+                    .submodules
+                    .entry(name.clone())
+                    .or_insert(Module::default());
+            }
+            cur.contents.push(module);
+        }
+
+        emit(&mut self.src, map);
+
+        fn emit(me: &mut Source, module: Module) {
+            for (name, submodule) in module.submodules {
+                uwriteln!(me, "pub mod {name} {{");
+                emit(me, submodule);
+                uwriteln!(me, "}}");
+            }
+            for submodule in module.contents {
+                uwriteln!(me, "{submodule}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to find the `key`, possibly with the resource projection
+    /// `item`, within the `with` map provided to bindings configuration.
+    fn lookup_replacement(
+        &mut self,
+        resolve: &Resolve,
+        key: &WorldKey,
+        item: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Option<String> {
+        let item = match item {
+            Some(item) => LookupItem::Name(item),
+            None => LookupItem::None,
+        };
+
+        for (lookup, mut projection) in lookup_keys(resolve, key, item) {
+            if let Some(renamed) = self.opts.with.get(&lookup) {
+                projection.push(renamed.clone());
+                projection.reverse();
+                self.used_with_opts.insert(lookup);
+                return Some(projection.join("::"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn wasmtime_path(&self) -> String {
+        self.opts
+            .wasmtime_crate
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or("wasmtime".to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+enum LookupItem<'a> {
+    None,
+    Name(&'a str),
+    InterfaceNoPop,
+}
+
+fn lookup_keys(
+    resolve: &Resolve,
+    key: &WorldKey,
+    item: LookupItem<'_>,
+) -> Vec<(String, Vec<String>)> {
+    struct Name<'a> {
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        item: Option<&'a str>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+    enum Prefix {
+        Namespace(PackageId),
+        UnversionedPackage(PackageId),
+        VersionedPackage(PackageId),
+        UnversionedInterface(InterfaceId),
+        VersionedInterface(InterfaceId),
+    }
+
+    let prefix = match key {
+        WorldKey::Interface(id) => Prefix::VersionedInterface(*id),
+
+        // Non-interface-keyed names don't get the lookup logic below,
+        // they're relatively uncommon so only lookup the precise key here.
+        WorldKey::Name(key) => {
+            let to_lookup = match item {
+                LookupItem::Name(item) => format!("{key}/{item}"),
+                LookupItem::None | LookupItem::InterfaceNoPop => key.to_string(),
+            };
+            return vec![(to_lookup, Vec::new())];
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Here names are iteratively attempted as `key` + `item` is "walked to
+    // its root" and each attempt is consulted in `self.opts.with`. This
+    // loop will start at the leaf, the most specific path, and then walk to
+    // the root, popping items, trying to find a result.
+    //
+    // Each time a name is "popped" the projection from the next path is
+    // pushed onto `projection`. This means that if we actually find a match
+    // then `projection` is a collection of namespaces that results in the
+    // final replacement name.
+    let (interface_required, item) = match item {
+        LookupItem::None => (false, None),
+        LookupItem::Name(s) => (false, Some(s)),
+        LookupItem::InterfaceNoPop => (true, None),
+    };
+    let mut name = Name { prefix, item };
+    let mut projection = Vec::new();
+    let mut ret = Vec::new();
+    loop {
+        let lookup = name.lookup_key(resolve);
+        ret.push((lookup, projection.clone()));
+        if !name.pop(resolve, &mut projection) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if interface_required {
+            match name.prefix {
+                Prefix::VersionedInterface(_) | Prefix::UnversionedInterface(_) => {}
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+
+    impl<'a> Name<'a> {
+        fn lookup_key(&self, resolve: &Resolve) -> String {
+            let mut s = self.prefix.lookup_key(resolve);
+            if let Some(item) = self.item {
+                s.push_str("/");
+                s.push_str(item);
+            }
+            s
+        }
+
+        fn pop(&mut self, resolve: &'a Resolve, projection: &mut Vec<String>) -> bool {
+            match (self.item, self.prefix) {
+                // If this is a versioned resource name, try the unversioned
+                // resource name next.
+                (Some(_), Prefix::VersionedInterface(id)) => {
+                    self.prefix = Prefix::UnversionedInterface(id);
+                    true
+                }
+                // If this is an unversioned resource name then time to
+                // ignore the resource itself and move on to the next most
+                // specific item, versioned interface names.
+                (Some(item), Prefix::UnversionedInterface(id)) => {
+                    self.prefix = Prefix::VersionedInterface(id);
+                    self.item = None;
+                    projection.push(item.to_upper_camel_case());
+                    true
+                }
+                (Some(_), _) => unreachable!(),
+                (None, _) => self.prefix.pop(resolve, projection),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Prefix {
+        fn lookup_key(&self, resolve: &Resolve) -> String {
+            match *self {
+                Prefix::Namespace(id) => resolve.packages[id].name.namespace.clone(),
+                Prefix::UnversionedPackage(id) => {
+                    let mut name = resolve.packages[id].name.clone();
+                    name.version = None;
+                    name.to_string()
+                }
+                Prefix::VersionedPackage(id) => resolve.packages[id].name.to_string(),
+                Prefix::UnversionedInterface(id) => {
+                    let id = resolve.id_of(id).unwrap();
+                    match id.find('@') {
+                        Some(i) => id[..i].to_string(),
+                        None => id,
+                    }
+                }
+                Prefix::VersionedInterface(id) => resolve.id_of(id).unwrap(),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn pop(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, projection: &mut Vec<String>) -> bool {
+            *self = match *self {
+                // try the unversioned interface next
+                Prefix::VersionedInterface(id) => Prefix::UnversionedInterface(id),
+                // try this interface's versioned package next
+                Prefix::UnversionedInterface(id) => {
+                    let iface = &resolve.interfaces[id];
+                    let name = iface.name.as_ref().unwrap();
+                    projection.push(to_rust_ident(name));
+                    Prefix::VersionedPackage(iface.package.unwrap())
+                }
+                // try the unversioned package next
+                Prefix::VersionedPackage(id) => Prefix::UnversionedPackage(id),
+                // try this package's namespace next
+                Prefix::UnversionedPackage(id) => {
+                    let name = &resolve.packages[id].name;
+                    projection.push(to_rust_ident(&name.name));
+                    Prefix::Namespace(id)
+                }
+                // nothing left to try any more
+                Prefix::Namespace(_) => return false,
+            };
+            true
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wasmtime {
+    fn has_world_imports_trait(&self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) -> bool {
+        !self.import_functions.is_empty() || get_world_resources(resolve, world).count() > 0
+    }
+
+    fn world_imports_trait(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) {
+        if !self.has_world_imports_trait(resolve, world) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let wt = self.wasmtime_path();
+        let world_camel = to_rust_upper_camel_case(&resolve.worlds[world].name);
+        if self.opts.async_.maybe_async() {
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                "#[{wt}::component::__internal::trait_variant_make(::core::marker::Send)]"
+            )
+        }
+        uwrite!(self.src, "pub trait {world_camel}Imports");
+        let mut supertraits = vec![];
+        if self.opts.async_.maybe_async() {
+            supertraits.push("Send".to_string());
+        }
+        for (_, name) in get_world_resources(resolve, world) {
+            supertraits.push(format!("Host{}", name.to_upper_camel_case()));
+        }
+        if !supertraits.is_empty() {
+            uwrite!(self.src, ": {}", supertraits.join(" + "));
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, " {{");
+        for f in self.import_functions.iter() {
+            if let Some(sig) = &f.sig {
+                self.src.push_str(sig);
+                self.src.push_str(";\n");
+            }
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+                pub trait {world_camel}ImportsGetHost<T>:
+                    Fn(T) -> <Self as {world_camel}ImportsGetHost<T>>::Host
+                        + Send
+                        + Sync
+                        + Copy
+                        + 'static
+                {{
+                    type Host: {world_camel}Imports;
+                }}
+
+                impl<F, T, O> {world_camel}ImportsGetHost<T> for F
+                where
+                    F: Fn(T) -> O + Send + Sync + Copy + 'static,
+                    O: {world_camel}Imports
+                {{
+                    type Host = O;
+                }}
+            "
+        );
+
+        // Generate impl WorldImports for &mut WorldImports
+        let maybe_send = if self.opts.async_.maybe_async() {
+            "+ Send"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        if !self.opts.skip_mut_forwarding_impls {
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                "impl<_T: {world_camel}Imports + ?Sized {maybe_send}> {world_camel}Imports for &mut _T {{"
+            );
+            // Forward each method call to &mut T
+            for f in self.import_functions.iter() {
+                if let Some(sig) = &f.sig {
+                    self.src.push_str(sig);
+                    uwrite!(
+                        self.src,
+                        "{{ {world_camel}Imports::{}(*self,",
+                        rust_function_name(&f.func)
+                    );
+                    for (name, _) in f.func.params.iter() {
+                        uwrite!(self.src, "{},", to_rust_ident(name));
+                    }
+                    uwrite!(self.src, ")");
+                    if self.opts.async_.is_import_async(&f.func.name) {
+                        uwrite!(self.src, ".await");
+                    }
+                    uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+                }
+            }
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn import_interface_paths(&self) -> Vec<(InterfaceId, String)> {
+        self.import_interfaces
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(id, _, name)| {
+                let path = match name {
+                    InterfaceName::Path(path) => path.join("::"),
+                    InterfaceName::Remapped { name_at_root, .. } => name_at_root.clone(),
+                };
+                (*id, path)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn import_interface_path(&self, id: &InterfaceId) -> String {
+        match &self.interface_names[id] {
+            InterfaceName::Path(path) => path.join("::"),
+            InterfaceName::Remapped { name_at_root, .. } => name_at_root.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn world_host_traits(&self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut traits = self
+            .import_interface_paths()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(_, path)| format!("{path}::Host"))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        if self.has_world_imports_trait(resolve, world) {
+            let world_camel = to_rust_upper_camel_case(&resolve.worlds[world].name);
+            traits.push(format!("{world_camel}Imports"));
+        }
+        if self.opts.async_.maybe_async() {
+            traits.push("Send".to_string());
+        }
+        traits
+    }
+
+    fn world_add_to_linker(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, world: WorldId) {
+        let has_world_imports_trait = self.has_world_imports_trait(resolve, world);
+        if self.import_interfaces.is_empty() && !has_world_imports_trait {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let (options_param, options_arg) = if self.world_link_options.has_any() {
+            ("options: &LinkOptions,", ", options")
+        } else {
+            ("", "")
+        };
+
+        let camel = to_rust_upper_camel_case(&resolve.worlds[world].name);
+        let data_bounds = if self.opts.is_store_data_send() {
+            "T: Send,"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        let wt = self.wasmtime_path();
+        if has_world_imports_trait {
+            uwrite!(
+                self.src,
+                "
+                    pub fn add_to_linker_imports_get_host<T>(
+                        linker: &mut {wt}::component::Linker<T>,
+                        {options_param}
+                        host_getter: impl for<'a> {camel}ImportsGetHost<&'a mut T>,
+                    ) -> {wt}::Result<()>
+                        where {data_bounds}
+                    {{
+                        let mut linker = linker.root();
+                "
+            );
+            let gate = FeatureGate::open(&mut self.src, &resolve.worlds[world].stability);
+            for (ty, name) in get_world_resources(resolve, world) {
+                Self::generate_add_resource_to_linker(
+                    &mut self.src,
+                    &self.opts,
+                    &wt,
+                    "linker",
+                    name,
+                    &resolve.types[ty].stability,
+                );
+            }
+            for f in self.import_functions.iter() {
+                self.src.push_str(&f.add_to_linker);
+                self.src.push_str("\n");
+            }
+            gate.close(&mut self.src);
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "Ok(())\n}}");
+        }
+
+        let host_bounds = format!("U: {}", self.world_host_traits(resolve, world).join(" + "));
+
+        if !self.opts.skip_mut_forwarding_impls {
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                "
+                    pub fn add_to_linker<T, U>(
+                        linker: &mut {wt}::component::Linker<T>,
+                        {options_param}
+                        get: impl Fn(&mut T) -> &mut U + Send + Sync + Copy + 'static,
+                    ) -> {wt}::Result<()>
+                        where
+                            {data_bounds}
+                            {host_bounds}
+                    {{
+                "
+            );
+            let gate = FeatureGate::open(&mut self.src, &resolve.worlds[world].stability);
+            if has_world_imports_trait {
+                uwriteln!(
+                    self.src,
+                    "Self::add_to_linker_imports_get_host(linker {options_arg}, get)?;"
+                );
+            }
+            for (interface_id, path) in self.import_interface_paths() {
+                let options_arg = if self.interface_link_options[&interface_id].has_any() {
+                    ", &options.into()"
+                } else {
+                    ""
+                };
+
+                let import_stability = resolve.worlds[world]
+                    .imports
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|(_, i)| match i {
+                        WorldItem::Interface { id, stability } if *id == interface_id => {
+                            Some(stability.clone())
+                        }
+                        _ => None,
+                    })
+                    .next()
+                    .unwrap_or(Stability::Unknown);
+
+                let gate = FeatureGate::open(&mut self.src, &import_stability);
+                uwriteln!(
+                    self.src,
+                    "{path}::add_to_linker(linker {options_arg}, get)?;"
+                );
+                gate.close(&mut self.src);
+            }
+            gate.close(&mut self.src);
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "Ok(())\n}}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn generate_add_resource_to_linker(
+        src: &mut Source,
+        opts: &Opts,
+        wt: &str,
+        inst: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        stability: &Stability,
+    ) {
+        let gate = FeatureGate::open(src, stability);
+        let camel = name.to_upper_camel_case();
+        if opts.async_.is_drop_async(name) {
+            uwriteln!(
+                src,
+                "{inst}.resource_async(
+                    \"{name}\",
+                    {wt}::component::ResourceType::host::<{camel}>(),
+                    move |mut store, rep| {{
+                        {wt}::component::__internal::Box::new(async move {{
+                            Host{camel}::drop(&mut host_getter(store.data_mut()), {wt}::component::Resource::new_own(rep)).await
+                        }})
+                    }},
+                )?;"
+            )
+        } else {
+            uwriteln!(
+                src,
+                "{inst}.resource(
+                    \"{name}\",
+                    {wt}::component::ResourceType::host::<{camel}>(),
+                    move |mut store, rep| -> {wt}::Result<()> {{
+                        Host{camel}::drop(&mut host_getter(store.data_mut()), {wt}::component::Resource::new_own(rep))
+                    }},
+                )?;"
+            )
+        }
+        gate.close(src);
+    }
+}
+
+struct InterfaceGenerator<'a> {
+    src: Source,
+    gen: &'a mut Wasmtime,
+    resolve: &'a Resolve,
+    current_interface: Option<(InterfaceId, &'a WorldKey, bool)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> InterfaceGenerator<'a> {
+    fn new(gen: &'a mut Wasmtime, resolve: &'a Resolve) -> InterfaceGenerator<'a> {
+        InterfaceGenerator {
+            src: Source::default(),
+            gen,
+            resolve,
+            current_interface: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn types_imported(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.current_interface {
+            Some((_, _, is_export)) => !is_export,
+            None => true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn types(&mut self, id: InterfaceId) {
+        for (name, id) in self.resolve.interfaces[id].types.iter() {
+            self.define_type(name, *id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn define_type(&mut self, name: &str, id: TypeId) {
+        let ty = &self.resolve.types[id];
+        match &ty.kind {
+            TypeDefKind::Record(record) => self.type_record(id, name, record, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Flags(flags) => self.type_flags(id, name, flags, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Tuple(tuple) => self.type_tuple(id, name, tuple, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Enum(enum_) => self.type_enum(id, name, enum_, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Variant(variant) => self.type_variant(id, name, variant, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Option(t) => self.type_option(id, name, t, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Result(r) => self.type_result(id, name, r, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::List(t) => self.type_list(id, name, t, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Type(t) => self.type_alias(id, name, t, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Future(_) => todo!("generate for future"),
+            TypeDefKind::Stream(_) => todo!("generate for stream"),
+            TypeDefKind::Handle(handle) => self.type_handle(id, name, handle, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Resource => self.type_resource(id, name, ty, &ty.docs),
+            TypeDefKind::Unknown => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn type_handle(&mut self, id: TypeId, name: &str, handle: &Handle, docs: &Docs) {
+        self.rustdoc(docs);
+        let name = name.to_upper_camel_case();
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "pub type {name} = ");
+        self.print_handle(handle);
+        self.push_str(";\n");
+        self.assert_type(id, &name);
+    }
+
+    fn type_resource(&mut self, id: TypeId, name: &str, resource: &TypeDef, docs: &Docs) {
+        let camel = name.to_upper_camel_case();
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+
+        if self.types_imported() {
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+
+            let replacement = match self.current_interface {
+                Some((_, key, _)) => self.gen.lookup_replacement(self.resolve, key, Some(name)),
+                None => {
+                    self.gen.used_with_opts.insert(name.into());
+                    self.gen.opts.with.get(name).cloned()
+                }
+            };
+            match replacement {
+                Some(path) => {
+                    uwriteln!(
+                        self.src,
+                        "pub use {}{path} as {camel};",
+                        self.path_to_root()
+                    );
+                }
+                None => {
+                    uwriteln!(self.src, "pub enum {camel} {{}}");
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Generate resource trait
+            if self.gen.opts.async_.maybe_async() {
+                uwriteln!(
+                    self.src,
+                    "#[{wt}::component::__internal::trait_variant_make(::core::marker::Send)]"
+                )
+            }
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "pub trait Host{camel} {{");
+
+            let mut functions = match resource.owner {
+                TypeOwner::World(id) => self.resolve.worlds[id]
+                    .imports
+                    .values()
+                    .filter_map(|item| match item {
+                        WorldItem::Function(f) => Some(f),
+                        _ => None,
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                TypeOwner::Interface(id) => self.resolve.interfaces[id]
+                    .functions
+                    .values()
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                TypeOwner::None => {
+                    panic!("A resource must be owned by a world or interface");
+                }
+            };
+
+            functions.retain(|func| match func.kind {
+                FunctionKind::Freestanding => false,
+                FunctionKind::Method(resource)
+                | FunctionKind::Static(resource)
+                | FunctionKind::Constructor(resource) => id == resource,
+            });
+
+            for func in &functions {
+                self.generate_function_trait_sig(func);
+                self.push_str(";\n");
+            }
+
+            if self.gen.opts.async_.is_drop_async(name) {
+                uwrite!(self.src, "async ");
+            }
+            uwrite!(
+                self.src,
+                "fn drop(&mut self, rep: {wt}::component::Resource<{camel}>) -> {wt}::Result<()>;"
+            );
+
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+
+            // Generate impl HostResource for &mut HostResource
+            if !self.gen.opts.skip_mut_forwarding_impls {
+                let maybe_send = if self.gen.opts.async_.maybe_async() {
+                    "+ Send"
+                } else {
+                    ""
+                };
+                uwriteln!(
+                    self.src,
+                    "impl <_T: Host{camel} + ?Sized {maybe_send}> Host{camel} for &mut _T {{"
+                );
+                for func in &functions {
+                    self.generate_function_trait_sig(func);
+                    uwrite!(
+                        self.src,
+                        "{{ Host{camel}::{}(*self,",
+                        rust_function_name(func)
+                    );
+                    for (name, _) in func.params.iter() {
+                        uwrite!(self.src, "{},", to_rust_ident(name));
+                    }
+                    uwrite!(self.src, ")");
+                    if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+                        uwrite!(self.src, ".await");
+                    }
+                    uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+                }
+                if self.gen.opts.async_.is_drop_async(name) {
+                    uwriteln!(self.src, "
+                        async fn drop(&mut self, rep: {wt}::component::Resource<{camel}>) -> {wt}::Result<()> {{
+                            Host{camel}::drop(*self, rep).await
+                        }}",
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    uwriteln!(self.src, "
+                        fn drop(&mut self, rep: {wt}::component::Resource<{camel}>) -> {wt}::Result<()> {{
+                            Host{camel}::drop(*self, rep)
+                        }}",
+                    );
+                }
+                uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                "
+                    pub type {camel} = {wt}::component::ResourceAny;
+
+                    pub struct Guest{camel}<'a> {{
+                        funcs: &'a Guest,
+                    }}
+                "
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn type_record(&mut self, id: TypeId, _name: &str, record: &Record, docs: &Docs) {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+
+        // We use a BTree set to make sure we don't have any duplicates and we have a stable order
+        let additional_derives: BTreeSet<String> = self
+            .gen
+            .opts
+            .additional_derive_attributes
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+
+        for (name, mode) in self.modes_of(id) {
+            let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+
+            let mut derives = additional_derives.clone();
+
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::ComponentType)]");
+            if lt.is_none() {
+                uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::Lift)]");
+            }
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::Lower)]");
+            self.push_str("#[component(record)]\n");
+            if let Some(path) = &self.gen.opts.wasmtime_crate {
+                uwriteln!(self.src, "#[component(wasmtime_crate = {path})]\n");
+            }
+
+            if info.is_copy() {
+                derives.extend(["Copy", "Clone"].into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
+            } else if info.is_clone() {
+                derives.insert("Clone".to_string());
+            }
+
+            if !derives.is_empty() {
+                self.push_str("#[derive(");
+                self.push_str(&derives.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "));
+                self.push_str(")]\n")
+            }
+
+            self.push_str(&format!("pub struct {name}"));
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str(" {\n");
+            for field in record.fields.iter() {
+                self.rustdoc(&field.docs);
+                self.push_str(&format!("#[component(name = \"{}\")]\n", field.name));
+                self.push_str("pub ");
+                self.push_str(&to_rust_ident(&field.name));
+                self.push_str(": ");
+                self.print_ty(&field.ty, mode);
+                self.push_str(",\n");
+            }
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+
+            self.push_str("impl");
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str(" core::fmt::Debug for ");
+            self.push_str(&name);
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str(" {\n");
+            self.push_str(
+                "fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {\n",
+            );
+            self.push_str(&format!("f.debug_struct(\"{name}\")"));
+            for field in record.fields.iter() {
+                self.push_str(&format!(
+                    ".field(\"{}\", &self.{})",
+                    field.name,
+                    to_rust_ident(&field.name)
+                ));
+            }
+            self.push_str(".finish()\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+
+            if info.error {
+                self.push_str("impl");
+                self.print_generics(lt);
+                self.push_str(" core::fmt::Display for ");
+                self.push_str(&name);
+                self.print_generics(lt);
+                self.push_str(" {\n");
+                self.push_str(
+                    "fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {\n",
+                );
+                self.push_str("write!(f, \"{:?}\", self)\n");
+                self.push_str("}\n");
+                self.push_str("}\n");
+
+                if cfg!(feature = "std") {
+                    self.push_str("impl std::error::Error for ");
+                    self.push_str(&name);
+                    self.push_str("{}\n");
+                }
+            }
+            self.assert_type(id, &name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn type_tuple(&mut self, id: TypeId, _name: &str, tuple: &Tuple, docs: &Docs) {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+        for (name, mode) in self.modes_of(id) {
+            let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+            self.push_str(&format!("pub type {name}"));
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str(" = (");
+            for ty in tuple.types.iter() {
+                self.print_ty(ty, mode);
+                self.push_str(",");
+            }
+            self.push_str(");\n");
+            self.assert_type(id, &name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn type_flags(&mut self, id: TypeId, name: &str, flags: &Flags, docs: &Docs) {
+        self.rustdoc(docs);
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+        let rust_name = to_rust_upper_camel_case(name);
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "{wt}::component::flags!(\n");
+        self.src.push_str(&format!("{rust_name} {{\n"));
+        for flag in flags.flags.iter() {
+            // TODO wasmtime-component-macro doesn't support docs for flags rn
+            uwrite!(
+                self.src,
+                "#[component(name=\"{}\")] const {};\n",
+                flag.name,
+                flag.name.to_shouty_snake_case()
+            );
+        }
+        self.src.push_str("}\n");
+        self.src.push_str(");\n\n");
+        self.assert_type(id, &rust_name);
+    }
+
+    fn type_variant(&mut self, id: TypeId, _name: &str, variant: &Variant, docs: &Docs) {
+        self.print_rust_enum(
+            id,
+            variant.cases.iter().map(|c| {
+                (
+                    c.name.to_upper_camel_case(),
+                    Some(c.name.clone()),
+                    &c.docs,
+                    c.ty.as_ref(),
+                )
+            }),
+            docs,
+            "variant",
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn type_option(&mut self, id: TypeId, _name: &str, payload: &Type, docs: &Docs) {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+
+        for (name, mode) in self.modes_of(id) {
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+            let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+            self.push_str(&format!("pub type {name}"));
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str("= Option<");
+            self.print_ty(payload, mode);
+            self.push_str(">;\n");
+            self.assert_type(id, &name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Emit a double-check that the wit-parser-understood size of a type agrees
+    // with the Wasmtime-understood size of a type.
+    fn assert_type(&mut self, id: TypeId, name: &str) {
+        self.push_str("const _: () = {\n");
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "assert!({} == <{name} as {wt}::component::ComponentType>::SIZE32);",
+            self.gen.sizes.size(&Type::Id(id)).size_wasm32(),
+        );
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "assert!({} == <{name} as {wt}::component::ComponentType>::ALIGN32);",
+            self.gen.sizes.align(&Type::Id(id)).align_wasm32(),
+        );
+        self.push_str("};\n");
+    }
+
+    fn print_rust_enum<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        id: TypeId,
+        cases: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, Option<String>, &'b Docs, Option<&'b Type>)> + Clone,
+        docs: &Docs,
+        derive_component: &str,
+    ) where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+
+        // We use a BTree set to make sure we don't have any duplicates and we have a stable order
+        let additional_derives: BTreeSet<String> = self
+            .gen
+            .opts
+            .additional_derive_attributes
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+
+        for (name, mode) in self.modes_of(id) {
+            let name = to_rust_upper_camel_case(&name);
+
+            let mut derives = additional_derives.clone();
+
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+            let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::ComponentType)]");
+            if lt.is_none() {
+                uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::Lift)]");
+            }
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::Lower)]");
+            self.push_str(&format!("#[component({derive_component})]\n"));
+            if let Some(path) = &self.gen.opts.wasmtime_crate {
+                uwriteln!(self.src, "#[component(wasmtime_crate = {path})]\n");
+            }
+            if info.is_copy() {
+                derives.extend(["Copy", "Clone"].into_iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
+            } else if info.is_clone() {
+                derives.insert("Clone".to_string());
+            }
+
+            if !derives.is_empty() {
+                self.push_str("#[derive(");
+                self.push_str(&derives.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "));
+                self.push_str(")]\n")
+            }
+
+            self.push_str(&format!("pub enum {name}"));
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str("{\n");
+            for (case_name, component_name, docs, payload) in cases.clone() {
+                self.rustdoc(docs);
+                if let Some(n) = component_name {
+                    self.push_str(&format!("#[component(name = \"{n}\")] "));
+                }
+                self.push_str(&case_name);
+                if let Some(ty) = payload {
+                    self.push_str("(");
+                    self.print_ty(ty, mode);
+                    self.push_str(")")
+                }
+                self.push_str(",\n");
+            }
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+
+            self.print_rust_enum_debug(
+                id,
+                mode,
+                &name,
+                cases
+                    .clone()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|(name, _attr, _docs, ty)| (name, ty)),
+            );
+
+            if info.error {
+                self.push_str("impl");
+                self.print_generics(lt);
+                self.push_str(" core::fmt::Display for ");
+                self.push_str(&name);
+                self.print_generics(lt);
+                self.push_str(" {\n");
+                self.push_str(
+                    "fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {\n",
+                );
+                self.push_str("write!(f, \"{:?}\", self)");
+                self.push_str("}\n");
+                self.push_str("}\n");
+                self.push_str("\n");
+
+                if cfg!(feature = "std") {
+                    self.push_str("impl");
+                    self.print_generics(lt);
+                    self.push_str(" std::error::Error for ");
+                    self.push_str(&name);
+                    self.print_generics(lt);
+                    self.push_str(" {}\n");
+                }
+            }
+
+            self.assert_type(id, &name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_rust_enum_debug<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        id: TypeId,
+        mode: TypeMode,
+        name: &str,
+        cases: impl IntoIterator<Item = (String, Option<&'b Type>)>,
+    ) where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+        let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+        self.push_str("impl");
+        self.print_generics(lt);
+        self.push_str(" core::fmt::Debug for ");
+        self.push_str(name);
+        self.print_generics(lt);
+        self.push_str(" {\n");
+        self.push_str("fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {\n");
+        self.push_str("match self {\n");
+        for (case_name, payload) in cases {
+            self.push_str(name);
+            self.push_str("::");
+            self.push_str(&case_name);
+            if payload.is_some() {
+                self.push_str("(e)");
+            }
+            self.push_str(" => {\n");
+            self.push_str(&format!("f.debug_tuple(\"{name}::{case_name}\")"));
+            if payload.is_some() {
+                self.push_str(".field(e)");
+            }
+            self.push_str(".finish()\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+        }
+        self.push_str("}\n");
+        self.push_str("}\n");
+        self.push_str("}\n");
+    }
+
+    fn type_result(&mut self, id: TypeId, _name: &str, result: &Result_, docs: &Docs) {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+
+        for (name, mode) in self.modes_of(id) {
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+            let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+            self.push_str(&format!("pub type {name}"));
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str("= Result<");
+            self.print_optional_ty(result.ok.as_ref(), mode);
+            self.push_str(",");
+            self.print_optional_ty(result.err.as_ref(), mode);
+            self.push_str(">;\n");
+            self.assert_type(id, &name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn type_enum(&mut self, id: TypeId, name: &str, enum_: &Enum, docs: &Docs) {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+
+        // We use a BTree set to make sure we don't have any duplicates and have a stable order
+        let mut derives: BTreeSet<String> = self
+            .gen
+            .opts
+            .additional_derive_attributes
+            .iter()
+            .cloned()
+            .collect();
+
+        derives.extend(
+            ["Clone", "Copy", "PartialEq", "Eq"]
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|s| s.to_string()),
+        );
+
+        let name = to_rust_upper_camel_case(name);
+        self.rustdoc(docs);
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::ComponentType)]");
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::Lift)]");
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "#[derive({wt}::component::Lower)]");
+        self.push_str("#[component(enum)]\n");
+        if let Some(path) = &self.gen.opts.wasmtime_crate {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "#[component(wasmtime_crate = {path})]\n");
+        }
+
+        self.push_str("#[derive(");
+        self.push_str(&derives.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", "));
+        self.push_str(")]\n");
+
+        let repr = match enum_.cases.len().ilog2() {
+            0..=7 => "u8",
+            8..=15 => "u16",
+            _ => "u32",
+        };
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "#[repr({repr})]");
+
+        self.push_str(&format!("pub enum {name} {{\n"));
+        for case in enum_.cases.iter() {
+            self.rustdoc(&case.docs);
+            self.push_str(&format!("#[component(name = \"{}\")]", case.name));
+            self.push_str(&case.name.to_upper_camel_case());
+            self.push_str(",\n");
+        }
+        self.push_str("}\n");
+
+        // Auto-synthesize an implementation of the standard `Error` trait for
+        // error-looking types based on their name.
+        if info.error {
+            self.push_str("impl ");
+            self.push_str(&name);
+            self.push_str("{\n");
+
+            self.push_str("pub fn name(&self) -> &'static str {\n");
+            self.push_str("match self {\n");
+            for case in enum_.cases.iter() {
+                self.push_str(&name);
+                self.push_str("::");
+                self.push_str(&case.name.to_upper_camel_case());
+                self.push_str(" => \"");
+                self.push_str(case.name.as_str());
+                self.push_str("\",\n");
+            }
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+
+            self.push_str("pub fn message(&self) -> &'static str {\n");
+            self.push_str("match self {\n");
+            for case in enum_.cases.iter() {
+                self.push_str(&name);
+                self.push_str("::");
+                self.push_str(&case.name.to_upper_camel_case());
+                self.push_str(" => \"");
+                if let Some(contents) = &case.docs.contents {
+                    self.push_str(contents.trim());
+                }
+                self.push_str("\",\n");
+            }
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+
+            self.push_str("impl core::fmt::Debug for ");
+            self.push_str(&name);
+            self.push_str(
+                "{\nfn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {\n",
+            );
+            self.push_str("f.debug_struct(\"");
+            self.push_str(&name);
+            self.push_str("\")\n");
+            self.push_str(".field(\"code\", &(*self as i32))\n");
+            self.push_str(".field(\"name\", &self.name())\n");
+            self.push_str(".field(\"message\", &self.message())\n");
+            self.push_str(".finish()\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+
+            self.push_str("impl core::fmt::Display for ");
+            self.push_str(&name);
+            self.push_str(
+                "{\nfn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {\n",
+            );
+            self.push_str("write!(f, \"{} (error {})\", self.name(), *self as i32)");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+            self.push_str("}\n");
+            self.push_str("\n");
+            if cfg!(feature = "std") {
+                self.push_str("impl std::error::Error for ");
+                self.push_str(&name);
+                self.push_str("{}\n");
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.print_rust_enum_debug(
+                id,
+                TypeMode::Owned,
+                &name,
+                enum_
+                    .cases
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|c| (c.name.to_upper_camel_case(), None)),
+            )
+        }
+        self.assert_type(id, &name);
+    }
+
+    fn type_alias(&mut self, id: TypeId, _name: &str, ty: &Type, docs: &Docs) {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+        for (name, mode) in self.modes_of(id) {
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+            self.push_str(&format!("pub type {name}"));
+            let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str(" = ");
+            self.print_ty(ty, mode);
+            self.push_str(";\n");
+            let def_id = resolve_type_definition_id(self.resolve, id);
+            if !matches!(self.resolve().types[def_id].kind, TypeDefKind::Resource) {
+                self.assert_type(id, &name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn type_list(&mut self, id: TypeId, _name: &str, ty: &Type, docs: &Docs) {
+        let info = self.info(id);
+        for (name, mode) in self.modes_of(id) {
+            let lt = self.lifetime_for(&info, mode);
+            self.rustdoc(docs);
+            self.push_str(&format!("pub type {name}"));
+            self.print_generics(lt);
+            self.push_str(" = ");
+            self.print_list(ty, mode);
+            self.push_str(";\n");
+            self.assert_type(id, &name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn print_result_ty(&mut self, results: &Results, mode: TypeMode) {
+        match results {
+            Results::Named(rs) => match rs.len() {
+                0 => self.push_str("()"),
+                1 => self.print_ty(&rs[0].1, mode),
+                _ => {
+                    self.push_str("(");
+                    for (i, (_, ty)) in rs.iter().enumerate() {
+                        if i > 0 {
+                            self.push_str(", ")
+                        }
+                        self.print_ty(ty, mode)
+                    }
+                    self.push_str(")");
+                }
+            },
+            Results::Anon(ty) => self.print_ty(ty, mode),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn special_case_trappable_error(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &Function,
+    ) -> Option<(&'a Result_, TypeId, String)> {
+        let results = &func.results;
+
+        self.gen
+            .used_trappable_imports_opts
+            .insert(func.name.clone());
+
+        // We fillin a special trappable error type in the case when a function has just one
+        // result, which is itself a `result<a, e>`, and the `e` is *not* a primitive
+        // (i.e. defined in std) type, and matches the typename given by the user.
+        let mut i = results.iter_types();
+        let id = match i.next()? {
+            Type::Id(id) => id,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        if i.next().is_some() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let result = match &self.resolve.types[*id].kind {
+            TypeDefKind::Result(r) => r,
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        let error_typeid = match result.err? {
+            Type::Id(id) => resolve_type_definition_id(&self.resolve, id),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+
+        let name = self.gen.trappable_errors.get(&error_typeid)?;
+
+        let mut path = self.path_to_root();
+        uwrite!(path, "{name}");
+        Some((result, error_typeid, path))
+    }
+
+    fn generate_add_to_linker(&mut self, id: InterfaceId, name: &str) {
+        let iface = &self.resolve.interfaces[id];
+        let owner = TypeOwner::Interface(id);
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+
+        let is_maybe_async = self.gen.opts.async_.maybe_async();
+        if is_maybe_async {
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                "#[{wt}::component::__internal::trait_variant_make(::core::marker::Send)]"
+            )
+        }
+        // Generate the `pub trait` which represents the host functionality for
+        // this import which additionally inherits from all resource traits
+        // for this interface defined by `type_resource`.
+        uwrite!(self.src, "pub trait Host");
+        let mut host_supertraits = vec![];
+        if is_maybe_async {
+            host_supertraits.push("Send".to_string());
+        }
+        for (_, name) in get_resources(self.resolve, id) {
+            host_supertraits.push(format!("Host{}", name.to_upper_camel_case()));
+        }
+        if !host_supertraits.is_empty() {
+            uwrite!(self.src, ": {}", host_supertraits.join(" + "));
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, " {{");
+        for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+            match func.kind {
+                FunctionKind::Freestanding => {}
+                _ => continue,
+            }
+            self.generate_function_trait_sig(func);
+            self.push_str(";\n");
+        }
+
+        // Generate `convert_*` functions to convert custom trappable errors
+        // into the representation required by Wasmtime's component API.
+        let mut required_conversion_traits = IndexSet::new();
+        let mut errors_converted = IndexMap::new();
+        let mut my_error_types = iface
+            .types
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, id)| self.gen.trappable_errors.contains_key(*id))
+            .map(|(_, id)| *id)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        my_error_types.extend(
+            iface
+                .functions
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|(_, func)| self.special_case_trappable_error(func))
+                .map(|(_, id, _)| id),
+        );
+        let root = self.path_to_root();
+        for err_id in my_error_types {
+            let custom_name = &self.gen.trappable_errors[&err_id];
+            let err = &self.resolve.types[resolve_type_definition_id(self.resolve, err_id)];
+            let err_name = err.name.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let err_snake = err_name.to_snake_case();
+            let err_camel = err_name.to_upper_camel_case();
+            let owner = match err.owner {
+                TypeOwner::Interface(i) => i,
+                _ => unimplemented!(),
+            };
+            match self.path_to_interface(owner) {
+                Some(path) => {
+                    required_conversion_traits.insert(format!("{path}::Host"));
+                }
+                None => {
+                    if errors_converted.insert(err_name, err_id).is_none() {
+                        uwriteln!(
+                            self.src,
+                            "fn convert_{err_snake}(&mut self, err: {root}{custom_name}) -> {wt}::Result<{err_camel}>;"
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+
+        let (data_bounds, mut host_bounds) = if self.gen.opts.is_store_data_send() {
+            ("T: Send,", "Host + Send".to_string())
+        } else {
+            ("", "Host".to_string())
+        };
+        for ty in required_conversion_traits {
+            uwrite!(host_bounds, " + {ty}");
+        }
+
+        let (options_param, options_arg) = if self.gen.interface_link_options[&id].has_any() {
+            ("options: &LinkOptions,", ", options")
+        } else {
+            ("", "")
+        };
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "
+                pub trait GetHost<T>:
+                    Fn(T) -> <Self as GetHost<T>>::Host
+                        + Send
+                        + Sync
+                        + Copy
+                        + 'static
+                {{
+                    type Host: {host_bounds};
+                }}
+
+                impl<F, T, O> GetHost<T> for F
+                where
+                    F: Fn(T) -> O + Send + Sync + Copy + 'static,
+                    O: {host_bounds},
+                {{
+                    type Host = O;
+                }}
+
+                pub fn add_to_linker_get_host<T>(
+                    linker: &mut {wt}::component::Linker<T>,
+                    {options_param}
+                    host_getter: impl for<'a> GetHost<&'a mut T>,
+                ) -> {wt}::Result<()>
+                    where {data_bounds}
+                {{
+            "
+        );
+        let gate = FeatureGate::open(&mut self.src, &iface.stability);
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "let mut inst = linker.instance(\"{name}\")?;");
+
+        for (ty, name) in get_resources(self.resolve, id) {
+            Wasmtime::generate_add_resource_to_linker(
+                &mut self.src,
+                &self.gen.opts,
+                &wt,
+                "inst",
+                name,
+                &self.resolve.types[ty].stability,
+            );
+        }
+
+        for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+            self.generate_add_function_to_linker(owner, func, "inst");
+        }
+        gate.close(&mut self.src);
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "Ok(())");
+        uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+
+        if !self.gen.opts.skip_mut_forwarding_impls {
+            // Generate add_to_linker (with closure)
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                "
+                pub fn add_to_linker<T, U>(
+                    linker: &mut {wt}::component::Linker<T>,
+                    {options_param}
+                    get: impl Fn(&mut T) -> &mut U + Send + Sync + Copy + 'static,
+                ) -> {wt}::Result<()>
+                    where
+                        U: {host_bounds}, {data_bounds}
+                {{
+                    add_to_linker_get_host(linker {options_arg}, get)
+                }}
+                "
+            );
+
+            // Generate impl Host for &mut Host
+            let maybe_send = if is_maybe_async { "+ Send" } else { "" };
+
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                "impl<_T: Host + ?Sized {maybe_send}> Host for &mut _T {{"
+            );
+            // Forward each method call to &mut T
+            for (_, func) in iface.functions.iter() {
+                match func.kind {
+                    FunctionKind::Freestanding => {}
+                    _ => continue,
+                }
+                self.generate_function_trait_sig(func);
+                uwrite!(self.src, "{{ Host::{}(*self,", rust_function_name(func));
+                for (name, _) in func.params.iter() {
+                    uwrite!(self.src, "{},", to_rust_ident(name));
+                }
+                uwrite!(self.src, ")");
+                if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+                    uwrite!(self.src, ".await");
+                }
+                uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+            }
+            for (err_name, err_id) in errors_converted {
+                uwriteln!(
+                    self.src,
+                    "fn convert_{err_snake}(&mut self, err: {root}{custom_name}) -> {wt}::Result<{err_camel}> {{
+                        Host::convert_{err_snake}(*self, err)
+                    }}",
+                    custom_name = self.gen.trappable_errors[&err_id],
+                    err_snake = err_name.to_snake_case(),
+                    err_camel = err_name.to_upper_camel_case(),
+                );
+            }
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "}}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn generate_add_function_to_linker(&mut self, owner: TypeOwner, func: &Function, linker: &str) {
+        let gate = FeatureGate::open(&mut self.src, &func.stability);
+        uwrite!(
+            self.src,
+            "{linker}.{}(\"{}\", ",
+            if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+                "func_wrap_async"
+            } else {
+                "func_wrap"
+            },
+            func.name
+        );
+        self.generate_guest_import_closure(owner, func);
+        uwriteln!(self.src, ")?;");
+        gate.close(&mut self.src);
+    }
+
+    fn generate_guest_import_closure(&mut self, owner: TypeOwner, func: &Function) {
+        // Generate the closure that's passed to a `Linker`, the final piece of
+        // codegen here.
+
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+        uwrite!(
+            self.src,
+            "move |mut caller: {wt}::StoreContextMut<'_, T>, ("
+        );
+        for (i, _param) in func.params.iter().enumerate() {
+            uwrite!(self.src, "arg{},", i);
+        }
+        self.src.push_str(") : (");
+
+        for (_, ty) in func.params.iter() {
+            // Lift is required to be impled for this type, so we can't use
+            // a borrowed type:
+            self.print_ty(ty, TypeMode::Owned);
+            self.src.push_str(", ");
+        }
+        self.src.push_str(") |");
+        self.src.push_str(" {\n");
+
+        if self.gen.opts.tracing {
+            if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+                self.src.push_str("use tracing::Instrument;\n");
+            }
+
+            uwrite!(
+                self.src,
+                "
+                   let span = tracing::span!(
+                       tracing::Level::TRACE,
+                       \"wit-bindgen import\",
+                       module = \"{}\",
+                       function = \"{}\",
+                   );
+               ",
+                match owner {
+                    TypeOwner::Interface(id) => self.resolve.interfaces[id]
+                        .name
+                        .as_deref()
+                        .unwrap_or("<no module>"),
+                    TypeOwner::World(id) => &self.resolve.worlds[id].name,
+                    TypeOwner::None => "<no owner>",
+                },
+                func.name,
+            );
+        }
+
+        if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+            uwriteln!(
+                self.src,
+                " {wt}::component::__internal::Box::new(async move {{ "
+            );
+        } else {
+            // Only directly enter the span if the function is sync. Otherwise
+            // we use tracing::Instrument to ensure that the span is not entered
+            // across an await point.
+            if self.gen.opts.tracing {
+                self.push_str("let _enter = span.enter();\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.gen.opts.tracing {
+            let mut event_fields = func
+                .params
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(i, (name, ty))| {
+                    let name = to_rust_ident(&name);
+                    formatting_for_arg(&name, i, *ty, &self.gen.opts, &self.resolve)
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<String>>();
+            event_fields.push(format!("\"call\""));
+            uwrite!(
+                self.src,
+                "tracing::event!(tracing::Level::TRACE, {});\n",
+                event_fields.join(", ")
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.src
+            .push_str("let host = &mut host_getter(caller.data_mut());\n");
+        let func_name = rust_function_name(func);
+        let host_trait = match func.kind {
+            FunctionKind::Freestanding => match owner {
+                TypeOwner::World(id) => format!(
+                    "{}Imports",
+                    rust::to_rust_upper_camel_case(&self.resolve.worlds[id].name)
+                ),
+                _ => "Host".to_string(),
+            },
+            FunctionKind::Method(id) | FunctionKind::Static(id) | FunctionKind::Constructor(id) => {
+                let resource = self.resolve.types[id]
+                    .name
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .to_upper_camel_case();
+                format!("Host{resource}")
+            }
+        };
+        uwrite!(self.src, "let r = {host_trait}::{func_name}(host, ");
+
+        for (i, _) in func.params.iter().enumerate() {
+            uwrite!(self.src, "arg{},", i);
+        }
+        if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+            uwrite!(self.src, ").await;\n");
+        } else {
+            uwrite!(self.src, ");\n");
+        }
+
+        if self.gen.opts.tracing {
+            uwrite!(
+                self.src,
+                "tracing::event!(tracing::Level::TRACE, {}, \"return\");",
+                formatting_for_results(&func.results, &self.gen.opts, &self.resolve)
+            );
+        }
+
+        if !self.gen.opts.trappable_imports.can_trap(&func) {
+            if func.results.iter_types().len() == 1 {
+                uwrite!(self.src, "Ok((r,))\n");
+            } else {
+                uwrite!(self.src, "Ok(r)\n");
+            }
+        } else if let Some((_, err, _)) = self.special_case_trappable_error(func) {
+            let err = &self.resolve.types[resolve_type_definition_id(self.resolve, err)];
+            let err_name = err.name.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let owner = match err.owner {
+                TypeOwner::Interface(i) => i,
+                _ => unimplemented!(),
+            };
+            let convert_trait = match self.path_to_interface(owner) {
+                Some(path) => format!("{path}::Host"),
+                None => format!("Host"),
+            };
+            let convert = format!("{}::convert_{}", convert_trait, err_name.to_snake_case());
+            uwrite!(
+                self.src,
+                "Ok((match r {{
+                    Ok(a) => Ok(a),
+                    Err(e) => Err({convert}(host, e)?),
+                }},))"
+            );
+        } else if func.results.iter_types().len() == 1 {
+            uwrite!(self.src, "Ok((r?,))\n");
+        } else {
+            uwrite!(self.src, "r\n");
+        }
+
+        if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+            // Need to close Box::new and async block
+
+            if self.gen.opts.tracing {
+                self.src.push_str("}.instrument(span))\n");
+            } else {
+                self.src.push_str("})\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.src.push_str("}\n");
+    }
+
+    fn generate_function_trait_sig(&mut self, func: &Function) {
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+        self.rustdoc(&func.docs);
+
+        if self.gen.opts.async_.is_import_async(&func.name) {
+            self.push_str("async ");
+        }
+        self.push_str("fn ");
+        self.push_str(&rust_function_name(func));
+        self.push_str("(&mut self, ");
+        for (name, param) in func.params.iter() {
+            let name = to_rust_ident(name);
+            self.push_str(&name);
+            self.push_str(": ");
+            self.print_ty(param, TypeMode::Owned);
+            self.push_str(",");
+        }
+        self.push_str(")");
+        self.push_str(" -> ");
+
+        if !self.gen.opts.trappable_imports.can_trap(func) {
+            self.print_result_ty(&func.results, TypeMode::Owned);
+        } else if let Some((r, _id, error_typename)) = self.special_case_trappable_error(func) {
+            // Functions which have a single result `result<ok,err>` get special
+            // cased to use the host_wasmtime_rust::Error<err>, making it possible
+            // for them to trap or use `?` to propagate their errors
+            self.push_str("Result<");
+            if let Some(ok) = r.ok {
+                self.print_ty(&ok, TypeMode::Owned);
+            } else {
+                self.push_str("()");
+            }
+            self.push_str(",");
+            self.push_str(&error_typename);
+            self.push_str(">");
+        } else {
+            // All other functions get their return values wrapped in an wasmtime::Result.
+            // Returning the anyhow::Error case can be used to trap.
+            uwrite!(self.src, "{wt}::Result<");
+            self.print_result_ty(&func.results, TypeMode::Owned);
+            self.push_str(">");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn extract_typed_function(&mut self, func: &Function) -> (String, String) {
+        let prev = mem::take(&mut self.src);
+        let snake = func_field_name(self.resolve, func);
+        uwrite!(self.src, "*_instance.get_typed_func::<(");
+        for (_, ty) in func.params.iter() {
+            self.print_ty(ty, TypeMode::AllBorrowed("'_"));
+            self.push_str(", ");
+        }
+        self.src.push_str("), (");
+        for ty in func.results.iter_types() {
+            self.print_ty(ty, TypeMode::Owned);
+            self.push_str(", ");
+        }
+        uwriteln!(self.src, ")>(&mut store, &self.{snake})?.func()");
+
+        let ret = (snake, mem::take(&mut self.src).to_string());
+        self.src = prev;
+        ret
+    }
+
+    fn define_rust_guest_export(
+        &mut self,
+        resolve: &Resolve,
+        ns: Option<&WorldKey>,
+        func: &Function,
+    ) {
+        // Exports must be async if anything could be async, it's just imports
+        // that get to be optionally async/sync.
+        let is_async = self.gen.opts.async_.maybe_async();
+
+        let (async_, async__, await_) = if is_async {
+            ("async", "_async", ".await")
+        } else {
+            ("", "", "")
+        };
+
+        self.rustdoc(&func.docs);
+        let wt = self.gen.wasmtime_path();
+
+        uwrite!(
+            self.src,
+            "pub {async_} fn call_{}<S: {wt}::AsContextMut>(&self, mut store: S, ",
+            func.item_name().to_snake_case(),
+        );
+
+        for (i, param) in func.params.iter().enumerate() {
+            uwrite!(self.src, "arg{}: ", i);
+            self.print_ty(&param.1, TypeMode::AllBorrowed("'_"));
+            self.push_str(",");
+        }
+
+        uwrite!(self.src, ") -> {wt}::Result<");
+        self.print_result_ty(&func.results, TypeMode::Owned);
+
+        if is_async {
+            uwriteln!(self.src, "> where <S as {wt}::AsContext>::Data: Send {{");
+        } else {
+            self.src.push_str("> {\n");
+        }
+
+        if self.gen.opts.tracing {
+            if is_async {
+                self.src.push_str("use tracing::Instrument;\n");
+            }
+
+            let ns = match ns {
+                Some(key) => resolve.name_world_key(key),
+                None => "default".to_string(),
+            };
+            self.src.push_str(&format!(
+                "
+                   let span = tracing::span!(
+                       tracing::Level::TRACE,
+                       \"wit-bindgen export\",
+                       module = \"{ns}\",
+                       function = \"{}\",
+                   );
+               ",
+                func.name,
+            ));
+
+            if !is_async {
+                self.src.push_str(
+                    "
+                   let _enter = span.enter();
+                   ",
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.src.push_str("let callee = unsafe {\n");
+        uwrite!(self.src, "{wt}::component::TypedFunc::<(");
+        for (_, ty) in func.params.iter() {
+            self.print_ty(ty, TypeMode::AllBorrowed("'_"));
+            self.push_str(", ");
+        }
+        self.src.push_str("), (");
+        for ty in func.results.iter_types() {
+            self.print_ty(ty, TypeMode::Owned);
+            self.push_str(", ");
+        }
+        let projection_to_func = match &func.kind {
+            FunctionKind::Freestanding => "",
+            _ => ".funcs",
+        };
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            ")>::new_unchecked(self{projection_to_func}.{})",
+            func_field_name(self.resolve, func),
+        );
+        self.src.push_str("};\n");
+        self.src.push_str("let (");
+        for (i, _) in func.results.iter_types().enumerate() {
+            uwrite!(self.src, "ret{},", i);
+        }
+        uwrite!(
+            self.src,
+            ") = callee.call{async__}(store.as_context_mut(), ("
+        );
+        for (i, _) in func.params.iter().enumerate() {
+            uwrite!(self.src, "arg{}, ", i);
+        }
+
+        let instrument = if is_async && self.gen.opts.tracing {
+            ".instrument(span.clone())"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        uwriteln!(self.src, ")){instrument}{await_}?;");
+
+        let instrument = if is_async && self.gen.opts.tracing {
+            ".instrument(span)"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        uwriteln!(
+            self.src,
+            "callee.post_return{async__}(store.as_context_mut()){instrument}{await_}?;"
+        );
+
+        self.src.push_str("Ok(");
+        if func.results.iter_types().len() == 1 {
+            self.src.push_str("ret0");
+        } else {
+            self.src.push_str("(");
+            for (i, _) in func.results.iter_types().enumerate() {
+                uwrite!(self.src, "ret{},", i);
+            }
+            self.src.push_str(")");
+        }
+        self.src.push_str(")\n");
+
+        // End function body
+        self.src.push_str("}\n");
+    }
+
+    fn rustdoc(&mut self, docs: &Docs) {
+        let docs = match &docs.contents {
+            Some(docs) => docs,
+            None => return,
+        };
+        for line in docs.trim().lines() {
+            self.push_str("/// ");
+            self.push_str(line);
+            self.push_str("\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn path_to_root(&self) -> String {
+        let mut path_to_root = String::new();
+        if let Some((_, key, is_export)) = self.current_interface {
+            match key {
+                WorldKey::Name(_) => {
+                    path_to_root.push_str("super::");
+                }
+                WorldKey::Interface(_) => {
+                    path_to_root.push_str("super::super::super::");
+                }
+            }
+            if is_export {
+                path_to_root.push_str("super::");
+            }
+        }
+        path_to_root
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> RustGenerator<'a> for InterfaceGenerator<'a> {
+    fn resolve(&self) -> &'a Resolve {
+        self.resolve
+    }
+
+    fn ownership(&self) -> Ownership {
+        self.gen.opts.ownership
+    }
+
+    fn path_to_interface(&self, interface: InterfaceId) -> Option<String> {
+        if let Some((cur, _, _)) = self.current_interface {
+            if cur == interface {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        let mut path_to_root = self.path_to_root();
+        match &self.gen.interface_names[&interface] {
+            InterfaceName::Remapped { name_at_root, .. } => path_to_root.push_str(name_at_root),
+            InterfaceName::Path(path) => {
+                for (i, name) in path.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i > 0 {
+                        path_to_root.push_str("::");
+                    }
+                    path_to_root.push_str(name);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Some(path_to_root)
+    }
+
+    fn push_str(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        self.src.push_str(s);
+    }
+
+    fn info(&self, ty: TypeId) -> TypeInfo {
+        self.gen.types.get(ty)
+    }
+
+    fn is_imported_interface(&self, interface: InterfaceId) -> bool {
+        self.gen.interface_last_seen_as_import[&interface]
+    }
+
+    fn wasmtime_path(&self) -> String {
+        self.gen.wasmtime_path()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct LinkOptionsBuilder {
+    unstable_features: BTreeSet<String>,
+}
+impl LinkOptionsBuilder {
+    fn has_any(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.unstable_features.is_empty()
+    }
+    fn add_world(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, id: &WorldId) {
+        let world = &resolve.worlds[*id];
+
+        self.add_stability(&world.stability);
+
+        for (_, import) in world.imports.iter() {
+            match import {
+                WorldItem::Interface { id, stability } => {
+                    self.add_stability(stability);
+                    self.add_interface(resolve, id);
+                }
+                WorldItem::Function(f) => {
+                    self.add_stability(&f.stability);
+                }
+                WorldItem::Type(t) => {
+                    self.add_type(resolve, t);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn add_interface(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, id: &InterfaceId) {
+        let interface = &resolve.interfaces[*id];
+
+        self.add_stability(&interface.stability);
+
+        for (_, t) in interface.types.iter() {
+            self.add_type(resolve, t);
+        }
+        for (_, f) in interface.functions.iter() {
+            self.add_stability(&f.stability);
+        }
+    }
+    fn add_type(&mut self, resolve: &Resolve, id: &TypeId) {
+        let t = &resolve.types[*id];
+        self.add_stability(&t.stability);
+    }
+    fn add_stability(&mut self, stability: &Stability) {
+        match stability {
+            Stability::Unstable { feature, .. } => {
+                self.unstable_features.insert(feature.clone());
+            }
+            Stability::Stable { .. } | Stability::Unknown => {}
+        }
+    }
+    fn write_struct(&self, src: &mut Source) {
+        if !self.has_any() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut unstable_features = self.unstable_features.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        unstable_features.sort();
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            src,
+            "
+            /// Link-time configurations.
+            #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+            pub struct LinkOptions {{
+            "
+        );
+
+        for feature in unstable_features.iter() {
+            let feature_rust_name = feature.to_snake_case();
+            uwriteln!(src, "{feature_rust_name}: bool,");
+        }
+
+        uwriteln!(src, "}}");
+        uwriteln!(src, "impl LinkOptions {{");
+
+        for feature in unstable_features.iter() {
+            let feature_rust_name = feature.to_snake_case();
+            uwriteln!(
+                src,
+                "
+                /// Enable members marked as `@unstable(feature = {feature})`
+                pub fn {feature_rust_name}(&mut self, enabled: bool) -> &mut Self {{
+                    self.{feature_rust_name} = enabled;
+                    self
+                }}
+            "
+            );
+        }
+
+        uwriteln!(src, "}}");
+    }
+    fn write_impl_from_world(&self, src: &mut Source, path: &str) {
+        if !self.has_any() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut unstable_features = self.unstable_features.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        unstable_features.sort();
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            src,
+            "
+            impl std::convert::From<LinkOptions> for {path}::LinkOptions {{
+                fn from(src: LinkOptions) -> Self {{
+                    (&src).into()
+                }}
+            }}
+
+            impl std::convert::From<&LinkOptions> for {path}::LinkOptions {{
+                fn from(src: &LinkOptions) -> Self {{
+                    let mut dest = Self::default();
+        "
+        );
+
+        for feature in unstable_features.iter() {
+            let feature_rust_name = feature.to_snake_case();
+            uwriteln!(src, "dest.{feature_rust_name}(src.{feature_rust_name});");
+        }
+
+        uwriteln!(
+            src,
+            "
+                    dest
+                }}
+            }}
+        "
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+struct FeatureGate {
+    close: bool,
+}
+impl FeatureGate {
+    fn open(src: &mut Source, stability: &Stability) -> FeatureGate {
+        let close = if let Stability::Unstable { feature, .. } = stability {
+            let feature_rust_name = feature.to_snake_case();
+            uwrite!(src, "if options.{feature_rust_name} {{");
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+        Self { close }
+    }
+
+    fn close(self, src: &mut Source) {
+        if self.close {
+            uwriteln!(src, "}}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Produce a string for tracing a function argument.
+fn formatting_for_arg(
+    name: &str,
+    index: usize,
+    ty: Type,
+    opts: &Opts,
+    resolve: &Resolve,
+) -> String {
+    if !opts.verbose_tracing && type_contains_lists(ty, resolve) {
+        return format!("{name} = tracing::field::debug(\"...\")");
+    }
+
+    // Normal tracing.
+    format!("{name} = tracing::field::debug(&arg{index})")
+}
+
+/// Produce a string for tracing function results.
+fn formatting_for_results(results: &Results, opts: &Opts, resolve: &Resolve) -> String {
+    let contains_lists = match results {
+        Results::Anon(ty) => type_contains_lists(*ty, resolve),
+        Results::Named(params) => params
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(_, ty)| type_contains_lists(*ty, resolve)),
+    };
+
+    if !opts.verbose_tracing && contains_lists {
+        return format!("result = tracing::field::debug(\"...\")");
+    }
+
+    // Normal tracing.
+    format!("result = tracing::field::debug(&r)")
+}
+
+/// Test whether the given type contains lists.
+///
+/// Here, a `string` is not considered a list.
+fn type_contains_lists(ty: Type, resolve: &Resolve) -> bool {
+    match ty {
+        Type::Id(id) => match &resolve.types[id].kind {
+            TypeDefKind::Resource
+            | TypeDefKind::Unknown
+            | TypeDefKind::Flags(_)
+            | TypeDefKind::Handle(_)
+            | TypeDefKind::Enum(_) => false,
+            TypeDefKind::Option(ty) => type_contains_lists(*ty, resolve),
+            TypeDefKind::Result(Result_ { ok, err }) => {
+                option_type_contains_lists(*ok, resolve)
+                    || option_type_contains_lists(*err, resolve)
+            }
+            TypeDefKind::Record(record) => record
+                .fields
+                .iter()
+                .any(|field| type_contains_lists(field.ty, resolve)),
+            TypeDefKind::Tuple(tuple) => tuple
+                .types
+                .iter()
+                .any(|ty| type_contains_lists(*ty, resolve)),
+            TypeDefKind::Variant(variant) => variant
+                .cases
+                .iter()
+                .any(|case| option_type_contains_lists(case.ty, resolve)),
+            TypeDefKind::Type(ty) => type_contains_lists(*ty, resolve),
+            TypeDefKind::Future(ty) => option_type_contains_lists(*ty, resolve),
+            TypeDefKind::Stream(Stream { element, end }) => {
+                option_type_contains_lists(*element, resolve)
+                    || option_type_contains_lists(*end, resolve)
+            }
+            TypeDefKind::List(_) => true,
+        },
+
+        // Technically strings are lists too, but we ignore that here because
+        // they're usually short.
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn option_type_contains_lists(ty: Option<Type>, resolve: &Resolve) -> bool {
+    match ty {
+        Some(ty) => type_contains_lists(ty, resolve),
+        None => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// When an interface `use`s a type from another interface, it creates a new TypeId
+/// referring to the definition TypeId. Chase this chain of references down to
+/// a TypeId for type's definition.
+fn resolve_type_definition_id(resolve: &Resolve, mut id: TypeId) -> TypeId {
+    loop {
+        match resolve.types[id].kind {
+            TypeDefKind::Type(Type::Id(def_id)) => id = def_id,
+            _ => return id,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn rust_function_name(func: &Function) -> String {
+    match func.kind {
+        FunctionKind::Method(_) | FunctionKind::Static(_) => to_rust_ident(func.item_name()),
+        FunctionKind::Constructor(_) => "new".to_string(),
+        FunctionKind::Freestanding => to_rust_ident(&func.name),
+    }
+}
+
+fn func_field_name(resolve: &Resolve, func: &Function) -> String {
+    let mut name = String::new();
+    match func.kind {
+        FunctionKind::Method(id) => {
+            name.push_str("method-");
+            name.push_str(resolve.types[id].name.as_ref().unwrap());
+            name.push_str("-");
+        }
+        FunctionKind::Static(id) => {
+            name.push_str("static-");
+            name.push_str(resolve.types[id].name.as_ref().unwrap());
+            name.push_str("-");
+        }
+        FunctionKind::Constructor(id) => {
+            name.push_str("constructor-");
+            name.push_str(resolve.types[id].name.as_ref().unwrap());
+            name.push_str("-");
+        }
+        FunctionKind::Freestanding => {}
+    }
+    name.push_str(func.item_name());
+    name.to_snake_case()
+}
+
+fn get_resources<'a>(
+    resolve: &'a Resolve,
+    id: InterfaceId,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TypeId, &'a str)> + 'a {
+    resolve.interfaces[id]
+        .types
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(move |(name, ty)| match &resolve.types[*ty].kind {
+            TypeDefKind::Resource => Some((*ty, name.as_str())),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+}
+
+fn get_world_resources<'a>(
+    resolve: &'a Resolve,
+    id: WorldId,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = (TypeId, &'a str)> + 'a {
+    resolve.worlds[id]
+        .imports
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(move |(name, item)| match item {
+            WorldItem::Type(id) => match resolve.types[*id].kind {
+                TypeDefKind::Resource => Some(match name {
+                    WorldKey::Name(s) => (*id, s.as_str()),
+                    WorldKey::Interface(_) => unreachable!(),
+                }),
+                _ => None,
+            },
+            _ => None,
+        })
+}