wasmtime 28.0.0 → 29.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-cranelift-29.0.0/src/func_environ.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3435 @@
+use crate::compiler::Compiler;
+use crate::translate::{
+    FuncTranslationState, GlobalVariable, Heap, HeapData, StructFieldsVec, TableData, TableSize,
+    TargetEnvironment,
+};
+use crate::{gc, BuiltinFunctionSignatures, TRAP_INTERNAL_ASSERT};
+use cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::{FloatCC, IntCC};
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::immediates::{Imm64, Offset32};
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::pcc::Fact;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::types::*;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::{self, types};
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::{ArgumentPurpose, Function, InstBuilder, MemFlags};
+use cranelift_codegen::isa::{TargetFrontendConfig, TargetIsa};
+use cranelift_entity::packed_option::ReservedValue;
+use cranelift_entity::{EntityRef, PrimaryMap, SecondaryMap};
+use cranelift_frontend::FunctionBuilder;
+use cranelift_frontend::Variable;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+use std::mem;
+use wasmparser::{Operator, WasmFeatures};
+use wasmtime_environ::{
+    BuiltinFunctionIndex, DataIndex, ElemIndex, EngineOrModuleTypeIndex, FuncIndex, GlobalIndex,
+    IndexType, Memory, MemoryIndex, Module, ModuleInternedTypeIndex, ModuleTranslation,
+    ModuleTypesBuilder, PtrSize, Table, TableIndex, TripleExt, Tunables, TypeConvert, TypeIndex,
+    VMOffsets, WasmCompositeInnerType, WasmFuncType, WasmHeapTopType, WasmHeapType, WasmRefType,
+    WasmResult, WasmValType,
+};
+use wasmtime_environ::{FUNCREF_INIT_BIT, FUNCREF_MASK};
+
+/// A struct with an `Option<ir::FuncRef>` member for every builtin
+/// function, to de-duplicate constructing/getting its function.
+pub(crate) struct BuiltinFunctions {
+    types: BuiltinFunctionSignatures,
+
+    builtins: [Option<ir::FuncRef>; BuiltinFunctionIndex::len() as usize],
+}
+
+impl BuiltinFunctions {
+    fn new(compiler: &Compiler) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            types: BuiltinFunctionSignatures::new(compiler),
+            builtins: [None; BuiltinFunctionIndex::len() as usize],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn load_builtin(&mut self, func: &mut Function, index: BuiltinFunctionIndex) -> ir::FuncRef {
+        let cache = &mut self.builtins[index.index() as usize];
+        if let Some(f) = cache {
+            return *f;
+        }
+        let signature = func.import_signature(self.types.wasm_signature(index));
+        let name =
+            ir::ExternalName::User(func.declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: crate::NS_WASMTIME_BUILTIN,
+                index: index.index(),
+            }));
+        let f = func.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name,
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+        *cache = Some(f);
+        f
+    }
+}
+
+// Generate helper methods on `BuiltinFunctions` above for each named builtin
+// as well.
+macro_rules! declare_function_signatures {
+    ($(
+        $( #[$attr:meta] )*
+        $name:ident( $( $pname:ident: $param:ident ),* ) $( -> $result:ident )?;
+    )*) => {
+        $(impl BuiltinFunctions {
+            $( #[$attr] )*
+            pub(crate) fn $name(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> ir::FuncRef {
+                self.load_builtin(func, BuiltinFunctionIndex::$name())
+            }
+        })*
+    };
+}
+wasmtime_environ::foreach_builtin_function!(declare_function_signatures);
+
+/// The `FuncEnvironment` implementation for use by the `ModuleEnvironment`.
+pub struct FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    compiler: &'module_environment Compiler,
+    isa: &'module_environment (dyn TargetIsa + 'module_environment),
+    pub(crate) module: &'module_environment Module,
+    pub(crate) types: &'module_environment ModuleTypesBuilder,
+    wasm_func_ty: &'module_environment WasmFuncType,
+    sig_ref_to_ty: SecondaryMap<ir::SigRef, Option<&'module_environment WasmFuncType>>,
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "gc")]
+    pub(crate) ty_to_gc_layout: std::collections::HashMap<
+        wasmtime_environ::ModuleInternedTypeIndex,
+        wasmtime_environ::GcLayout,
+    >,
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    translation: &'module_environment ModuleTranslation<'module_environment>,
+
+    /// Heaps implementing WebAssembly linear memories.
+    heaps: PrimaryMap<Heap, HeapData>,
+
+    /// Cranelift tables we have created to implement Wasm tables.
+    tables: SecondaryMap<TableIndex, Option<TableData>>,
+
+    /// The Cranelift global holding the vmctx address.
+    vmctx: Option<ir::GlobalValue>,
+
+    /// The PCC memory type describing the vmctx layout, if we're
+    /// using PCC.
+    pcc_vmctx_memtype: Option<ir::MemoryType>,
+
+    /// Caches of signatures for builtin functions.
+    pub(crate) builtin_functions: BuiltinFunctions,
+
+    /// Offsets to struct fields accessed by JIT code.
+    pub(crate) offsets: VMOffsets<u8>,
+
+    pub(crate) tunables: &'module_environment Tunables,
+
+    /// A function-local variable which stores the cached value of the amount of
+    /// fuel remaining to execute. If used this is modified frequently so it's
+    /// stored locally as a variable instead of always referenced from the field
+    /// in `*const VMRuntimeLimits`
+    fuel_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    /// A function-local variable which caches the value of `*const
+    /// VMRuntimeLimits` for this function's vmctx argument. This pointer is stored
+    /// in the vmctx itself, but never changes for the lifetime of the function,
+    /// so if we load it up front we can continue to use it throughout.
+    vmruntime_limits_ptr: ir::Value,
+
+    /// A cached epoch deadline value, when performing epoch-based
+    /// interruption. Loaded from `VMRuntimeLimits` and reloaded after
+    /// any yield.
+    epoch_deadline_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    /// A cached pointer to the per-Engine epoch counter, when
+    /// performing epoch-based interruption. Initialized in the
+    /// function prologue. We prefer to use a variable here rather
+    /// than reload on each check because it's better to let the
+    /// regalloc keep it in a register if able; if not, it can always
+    /// spill, and this isn't any worse than reloading each time.
+    epoch_ptr_var: cranelift_frontend::Variable,
+
+    fuel_consumed: i64,
+
+    /// A `GlobalValue` in CLIF which represents the stack limit.
+    ///
+    /// Typically this resides in the `stack_limit` value of `ir::Function` but
+    /// that requires signal handlers on the host and when that's disabled this
+    /// is here with an explicit check instead. Note that the explicit check is
+    /// always present even if this is a "leaf" function, as we have to call
+    /// into the host to trap when signal handlers are disabled.
+    pub(crate) stack_limit_at_function_entry: Option<ir::GlobalValue>,
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    pub fn new(
+        compiler: &'module_environment Compiler,
+        translation: &'module_environment ModuleTranslation<'module_environment>,
+        types: &'module_environment ModuleTypesBuilder,
+        wasm_func_ty: &'module_environment WasmFuncType,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let tunables = compiler.tunables();
+        let builtin_functions = BuiltinFunctions::new(compiler);
+
+        // This isn't used during translation, so squash the warning about this
+        // being unused from the compiler.
+        let _ = BuiltinFunctions::raise;
+
+        Self {
+            isa: compiler.isa(),
+            module: &translation.module,
+            compiler,
+            types,
+            wasm_func_ty,
+            sig_ref_to_ty: SecondaryMap::default(),
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "gc")]
+            ty_to_gc_layout: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+
+            heaps: PrimaryMap::default(),
+            tables: SecondaryMap::default(),
+            vmctx: None,
+            pcc_vmctx_memtype: None,
+            builtin_functions,
+            offsets: VMOffsets::new(compiler.isa().pointer_bytes(), &translation.module),
+            tunables,
+            fuel_var: Variable::new(0),
+            epoch_deadline_var: Variable::new(0),
+            epoch_ptr_var: Variable::new(0),
+            vmruntime_limits_ptr: ir::Value::reserved_value(),
+
+            // Start with at least one fuel being consumed because even empty
+            // functions should consume at least some fuel.
+            fuel_consumed: 1,
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+            translation,
+
+            stack_limit_at_function_entry: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn pointer_type(&self) -> ir::Type {
+        self.isa.pointer_type()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn vmctx(&mut self, func: &mut Function) -> ir::GlobalValue {
+        self.vmctx.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            let vmctx = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::VMContext);
+            if self.isa.flags().enable_pcc() {
+                // Create a placeholder memtype for the vmctx; we'll
+                // add fields to it as we lazily create HeapData
+                // structs and global values.
+                let vmctx_memtype = func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct {
+                    size: 0,
+                    fields: vec![],
+                });
+
+                self.pcc_vmctx_memtype = Some(vmctx_memtype);
+                func.global_value_facts[vmctx] = Some(Fact::Mem {
+                    ty: vmctx_memtype,
+                    min_offset: 0,
+                    max_offset: 0,
+                    nullable: false,
+                });
+            }
+
+            self.vmctx = Some(vmctx);
+            vmctx
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn vmctx_val(&mut self, pos: &mut FuncCursor<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(&mut pos.func);
+        pos.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx)
+    }
+
+    fn get_table_copy_func(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut Function,
+        dst_table_index: TableIndex,
+        src_table_index: TableIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::FuncRef, usize, usize) {
+        let sig = self.builtin_functions.table_copy(func);
+        (
+            sig,
+            dst_table_index.as_u32() as usize,
+            src_table_index.as_u32() as usize,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "threads")]
+    fn get_memory_atomic_wait(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut Function,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        ty: ir::Type,
+    ) -> (ir::FuncRef, usize) {
+        match ty {
+            I32 => (
+                self.builtin_functions.memory_atomic_wait32(func),
+                memory_index.index(),
+            ),
+            I64 => (
+                self.builtin_functions.memory_atomic_wait64(func),
+                memory_index.index(),
+            ),
+            x => panic!("get_memory_atomic_wait unsupported type: {x:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_global_location(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> (ir::GlobalValue, i32) {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+        if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_global_index(index) {
+            let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmglobal_definition(def_index)).unwrap();
+            (vmctx, offset)
+        } else {
+            let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmglobal_import_from(index);
+            let global = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                base: vmctx,
+                offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                global_type: pointer_type,
+                flags: MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly(),
+            });
+            (global, 0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn declare_vmruntime_limits_ptr(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // We load the `*const VMRuntimeLimits` value stored within vmctx at the
+        // head of the function and reuse the same value across the entire
+        // function. This is possible since we know that the pointer never
+        // changes for the lifetime of the function.
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(builder.func);
+        let base = builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmctx_runtime_limits());
+        debug_assert!(self.vmruntime_limits_ptr.is_reserved_value());
+        self.vmruntime_limits_ptr =
+            builder
+                .ins()
+                .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_function_entry(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // On function entry we load the amount of fuel into a function-local
+        // `self.fuel_var` to make fuel modifications fast locally. This cache
+        // is then periodically flushed to the Store-defined location in
+        // `VMRuntimeLimits` later.
+        builder.declare_var(self.fuel_var, ir::types::I64);
+        self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+        self.fuel_check(builder);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_function_exit(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // On exiting the function we need to be sure to save the fuel we have
+        // cached locally in `self.fuel_var` back into the Store-defined
+        // location.
+        self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_before_op(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator<'_>,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        reachable: bool,
+    ) {
+        if !reachable {
+            // In unreachable code we shouldn't have any leftover fuel we
+            // haven't accounted for since the reason for us to become
+            // unreachable should have already added it to `self.fuel_var`.
+            debug_assert_eq!(self.fuel_consumed, 0);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.fuel_consumed += match op {
+            // Nop and drop generate no code, so don't consume fuel for them.
+            Operator::Nop | Operator::Drop => 0,
+
+            // Control flow may create branches, but is generally cheap and
+            // free, so don't consume fuel. Note the lack of `if` since some
+            // cost is incurred with the conditional check.
+            Operator::Block { .. }
+            | Operator::Loop { .. }
+            | Operator::Unreachable
+            | Operator::Return
+            | Operator::Else
+            | Operator::End => 0,
+
+            // everything else, just call it one operation.
+            _ => 1,
+        };
+
+        match op {
+            // Exiting a function (via a return or unreachable) or otherwise
+            // entering a different function (via a call) means that we need to
+            // update the fuel consumption in `VMRuntimeLimits` because we're
+            // about to move control out of this function itself and the fuel
+            // may need to be read.
+            //
+            // Before this we need to update the fuel counter from our own cost
+            // leading up to this function call, and then we can store
+            // `self.fuel_var` into `VMRuntimeLimits`.
+            Operator::Unreachable
+            | Operator::Return
+            | Operator::CallIndirect { .. }
+            | Operator::Call { .. }
+            | Operator::ReturnCall { .. }
+            | Operator::ReturnCallRef { .. }
+            | Operator::ReturnCallIndirect { .. } => {
+                self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+                self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+            }
+
+            // To ensure all code preceding a loop is only counted once we
+            // update the fuel variable on entry.
+            Operator::Loop { .. }
+
+            // Entering into an `if` block means that the edge we take isn't
+            // known until runtime, so we need to update our fuel consumption
+            // before we take the branch.
+            | Operator::If { .. }
+
+            // Control-flow instructions mean that we're moving to the end/exit
+            // of a block somewhere else. That means we need to update the fuel
+            // counter since we're effectively terminating our basic block.
+            | Operator::Br { .. }
+            | Operator::BrIf { .. }
+            | Operator::BrTable { .. }
+
+            // Exiting a scope means that we need to update the fuel
+            // consumption because there are multiple ways to exit a scope and
+            // this is the only time we have to account for instructions
+            // executed so far.
+            | Operator::End
+
+            // This is similar to `end`, except that it's only the terminator
+            // for an `if` block. The same reasoning applies though in that we
+            // are terminating a basic block and need to update the fuel
+            // variable.
+            | Operator::Else => self.fuel_increment_var(builder),
+
+            // This is a normal instruction where the fuel is buffered to later
+            // get added to `self.fuel_var`.
+            //
+            // Note that we generally ignore instructions which may trap and
+            // therefore result in exiting a block early. Current usage of fuel
+            // means that it's not too important to account for a precise amount
+            // of fuel consumed but rather "close to the actual amount" is good
+            // enough. For 100% precise counting, however, we'd probably need to
+            // not only increment but also save the fuel amount more often
+            // around trapping instructions. (see the `unreachable` instruction
+            // case above)
+            //
+            // Note that `Block` is specifically omitted from incrementing the
+            // fuel variable. Control flow entering a `block` is unconditional
+            // which means it's effectively executing straight-line code. We'll
+            // update the counter when exiting a block, but we shouldn't need to
+            // do so upon entering a block.
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fuel_after_op(&mut self, op: &Operator<'_>, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        // After a function call we need to reload our fuel value since the
+        // function may have changed it.
+        match op {
+            Operator::Call { .. } | Operator::CallIndirect { .. } => {
+                self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds `self.fuel_consumed` to the `fuel_var`, zero-ing out the amount of
+    /// fuel consumed at that point.
+    fn fuel_increment_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let consumption = mem::replace(&mut self.fuel_consumed, 0);
+        if consumption == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let fuel = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        let fuel = builder.ins().iadd_imm(fuel, consumption);
+        builder.def_var(self.fuel_var, fuel);
+    }
+
+    /// Loads the fuel consumption value from `VMRuntimeLimits` into `self.fuel_var`
+    fn fuel_load_into_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let (addr, offset) = self.fuel_addr_offset();
+        let fuel = builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(ir::types::I64, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), addr, offset);
+        builder.def_var(self.fuel_var, fuel);
+    }
+
+    /// Stores the fuel consumption value from `self.fuel_var` into
+    /// `VMRuntimeLimits`.
+    fn fuel_save_from_var(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let (addr, offset) = self.fuel_addr_offset();
+        let fuel_consumed = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .store(ir::MemFlags::trusted(), fuel_consumed, addr, offset);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `(address, offset)` of the fuel consumption within
+    /// `VMRuntimeLimits`, used to perform loads/stores later.
+    fn fuel_addr_offset(&mut self) -> (ir::Value, ir::immediates::Offset32) {
+        debug_assert!(!self.vmruntime_limits_ptr.is_reserved_value());
+        (
+            self.vmruntime_limits_ptr,
+            i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmruntime_limits_fuel_consumed()).into(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Checks the amount of remaining, and if we've run out of fuel we call
+    /// the out-of-fuel function.
+    fn fuel_check(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+        let out_of_gas_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+
+        // Note that our fuel is encoded as adding positive values to a
+        // negative number. Whenever the negative number goes positive that
+        // means we ran out of fuel.
+        //
+        // Compare to see if our fuel is positive, and if so we ran out of gas.
+        // Otherwise we can continue on like usual.
+        let zero = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0);
+        let fuel = builder.use_var(self.fuel_var);
+        let cmp = builder
+            .ins()
+            .icmp(IntCC::SignedGreaterThanOrEqual, fuel, zero);
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp, out_of_gas_block, &[], continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(out_of_gas_block);
+
+        // If we ran out of gas then we call our out-of-gas intrinsic and it
+        // figures out what to do. Note that this may raise a trap, or do
+        // something like yield to an async runtime. In either case we don't
+        // assume what happens and handle the case the intrinsic returns.
+        //
+        // Note that we save/reload fuel around this since the out-of-gas
+        // intrinsic may alter how much fuel is in the system.
+        builder.switch_to_block(out_of_gas_block);
+        self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+        let out_of_gas = self.builtin_functions.out_of_gas(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        builder.ins().call(out_of_gas, &[vmctx]);
+        self.fuel_load_into_var(builder);
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_function_entry(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        builder.declare_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, ir::types::I64);
+        // Let epoch_check_full load the current deadline and call def_var
+
+        builder.declare_var(self.epoch_ptr_var, self.pointer_type());
+        let epoch_ptr = self.epoch_ptr(builder);
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_ptr_var, epoch_ptr);
+
+        // We must check for an epoch change when entering a
+        // function. Why? Why aren't checks at loops sufficient to
+        // bound runtime to O(|static program size|)?
+        //
+        // The reason is that one can construct a "zip-bomb-like"
+        // program with exponential-in-program-size runtime, with no
+        // backedges (loops), by building a tree of function calls: f0
+        // calls f1 ten times, f1 calls f2 ten times, etc. E.g., nine
+        // levels of this yields a billion function calls with no
+        // backedges. So we can't do checks only at backedges.
+        //
+        // In this "call-tree" scenario, and in fact in any program
+        // that uses calls as a sort of control flow to try to evade
+        // backedge checks, a check at every function entry is
+        // sufficient. Then, combined with checks at every backedge
+        // (loop) the longest runtime between checks is bounded by the
+        // straightline length of any function body.
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+        let cur_epoch_value = self.epoch_load_current(builder);
+        self.epoch_check_full(builder, cur_epoch_value, continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn hook_malloc_exit(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder, retvals: &[ir::Value]) {
+        let check_malloc = self.builtin_functions.check_malloc(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let func_args = builder
+            .func
+            .dfg
+            .block_params(builder.func.layout.entry_block().unwrap());
+        let len = if func_args.len() < 3 {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            // If a function named `malloc` has at least one argument, we assume the
+            // first argument is the requested allocation size.
+            func_args[2]
+        };
+        let retval = if retvals.len() < 1 {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            retvals[0]
+        };
+        builder.ins().call(check_malloc, &[vmctx, retval, len]);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn hook_free_exit(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        let check_free = self.builtin_functions.check_free(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let func_args = builder
+            .func
+            .dfg
+            .block_params(builder.func.layout.entry_block().unwrap());
+        let ptr = if func_args.len() < 3 {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            // If a function named `free` has at least one argument, we assume the
+            // first argument is a pointer to memory.
+            func_args[2]
+        };
+        builder.ins().call(check_free, &[vmctx, ptr]);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_ptr(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(builder.func);
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let base = builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmctx_epoch_ptr());
+        let epoch_ptr = builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+        epoch_ptr
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_load_current(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) -> ir::Value {
+        let addr = builder.use_var(self.epoch_ptr_var);
+        builder.ins().load(
+            ir::types::I64,
+            ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+            addr,
+            ir::immediates::Offset32::new(0),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_check(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>) {
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+
+        // Load new epoch and check against the cached deadline.
+        let cur_epoch_value = self.epoch_load_current(builder);
+        self.epoch_check_cached(builder, cur_epoch_value, continuation_block);
+
+        // At this point we've noticed that the epoch has exceeded our
+        // cached deadline. However the real deadline may have been
+        // updated (within another yield) during some function that we
+        // called in the meantime, so reload the cache and check again.
+        self.epoch_check_full(builder, cur_epoch_value, continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_check_cached(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        cur_epoch_value: ir::Value,
+        continuation_block: ir::Block,
+    ) {
+        let new_epoch_block = builder.create_block();
+        builder.set_cold_block(new_epoch_block);
+
+        let epoch_deadline = builder.use_var(self.epoch_deadline_var);
+        let cmp = builder.ins().icmp(
+            IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+            cur_epoch_value,
+            epoch_deadline,
+        );
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp, new_epoch_block, &[], continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(new_epoch_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(new_epoch_block);
+    }
+
+    fn epoch_check_full(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        cur_epoch_value: ir::Value,
+        continuation_block: ir::Block,
+    ) {
+        // We keep the deadline cached in a register to speed the checks
+        // in the common case (between epoch ticks) but we want to do a
+        // precise check here by reloading the cache first.
+        let deadline =
+            builder.ins().load(
+                ir::types::I64,
+                ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                self.vmruntime_limits_ptr,
+                ir::immediates::Offset32::new(
+                    self.offsets.ptr.vmruntime_limits_epoch_deadline() as i32
+                ),
+            );
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, deadline);
+        self.epoch_check_cached(builder, cur_epoch_value, continuation_block);
+
+        let new_epoch = self.builtin_functions.new_epoch(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        // new_epoch() returns the new deadline, so we don't have to
+        // reload it.
+        let call = builder.ins().call(new_epoch, &[vmctx]);
+        let new_deadline = *builder.func.dfg.inst_results(call).first().unwrap();
+        builder.def_var(self.epoch_deadline_var, new_deadline);
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    /// Get the Memory for the given index.
+    fn memory(&self, index: MemoryIndex) -> Memory {
+        self.module.memories[index]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the Table for the given index.
+    fn table(&self, index: TableIndex) -> Table {
+        self.module.tables[index]
+    }
+
+    /// Cast the value to I64 and sign extend if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the value casted to I64.
+    fn cast_index_to_i64(
+        &self,
+        pos: &mut FuncCursor<'_>,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        index_type: IndexType,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        match index_type {
+            IndexType::I32 => pos.ins().uextend(I64, val),
+            IndexType::I64 => val,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the target pointer-sized integer `val` into the memory/table's index type.
+    ///
+    /// For memory, `val` is holding a memory length (or the `-1` `memory.grow`-failed sentinel).
+    /// For table, `val` is holding a table length.
+    ///
+    /// This might involve extending or truncating it depending on the memory/table's
+    /// index type and the target's pointer type.
+    fn convert_pointer_to_index_type(
+        &self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        index_type: IndexType,
+        // When it is a memory and the memory is using single-byte pages,
+        // we need to handle the tuncation differently. See comments below.
+        //
+        // When it is a table, this should be set to false.
+        single_byte_pages: bool,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let desired_type = index_type_to_ir_type(index_type);
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.value_type(val), pointer_type);
+
+        // The current length is of type `pointer_type` but we need to fit it
+        // into `desired_type`. We are guaranteed that the result will always
+        // fit, so we just need to do the right ireduce/sextend here.
+        if pointer_type == desired_type {
+            val
+        } else if pointer_type.bits() > desired_type.bits() {
+            pos.ins().ireduce(desired_type, val)
+        } else {
+            // We have a 64-bit memory/table on a 32-bit host -- this combo doesn't
+            // really make a whole lot of sense to do from a user perspective
+            // but that is neither here nor there. We want to logically do an
+            // unsigned extend *except* when we are given the `-1` sentinel,
+            // which we must preserve as `-1` in the wider type.
+            match single_byte_pages {
+                false => {
+                    // In the case that we have default page sizes, we can
+                    // always sign extend, since valid memory lengths (in pages)
+                    // never have their sign bit set, and so if the sign bit is
+                    // set then this must be the `-1` sentinel, which we want to
+                    // preserve through the extension.
+                    //
+                    // When it comes to table, `single_byte_pages` should have always been set to false.
+                    // Then we simply do a signed extension.
+                    pos.ins().sextend(desired_type, val)
+                }
+                true => {
+                    // For single-byte pages, we have to explicitly check for
+                    // `-1` and choose whether to do an unsigned extension or
+                    // return a larger `-1` because there are valid memory
+                    // lengths (in pages) that have the sign bit set.
+                    let extended = pos.ins().uextend(desired_type, val);
+                    let neg_one = pos.ins().iconst(desired_type, -1);
+                    let is_failure = pos.ins().icmp_imm(IntCC::Equal, val, -1);
+                    pos.ins().select(is_failure, neg_one, extended)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set up the necessary preamble definitions in `func` to access the table identified
+    /// by `index`.
+    ///
+    /// The index space covers both imported and locally declared tables.
+    fn ensure_table_exists(&mut self, func: &mut ir::Function, index: TableIndex) {
+        if self.tables[index].is_some() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+
+        let (ptr, base_offset, current_elements_offset) = {
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+            if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_table_index(index) {
+                let base_offset =
+                    i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmtable_definition_base(def_index)).unwrap();
+                let current_elements_offset = i32::try_from(
+                    self.offsets
+                        .vmctx_vmtable_definition_current_elements(def_index),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
+                (vmctx, base_offset, current_elements_offset)
+            } else {
+                let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmtable_import_from(index);
+                let table = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                    base: vmctx,
+                    offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(from_offset).unwrap()),
+                    global_type: pointer_type,
+                    flags: MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly(),
+                });
+                let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.vmtable_definition_base());
+                let current_elements_offset =
+                    i32::from(self.offsets.vmtable_definition_current_elements());
+                (table, base_offset, current_elements_offset)
+            }
+        };
+
+        let table = &self.module.tables[index];
+        let element_size = if table.ref_type.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            // For GC-managed references, tables store `Option<VMGcRef>`s.
+            ir::types::I32.bytes()
+        } else {
+            self.reference_type(table.ref_type.heap_type).0.bytes()
+        };
+
+        let base_gv = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(base_offset),
+            global_type: pointer_type,
+            flags: if Some(table.limits.min) == table.limits.max {
+                // A fixed-size table can't be resized so its base address won't
+                // change.
+                MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly()
+            } else {
+                MemFlags::trusted()
+            },
+        });
+
+        let bound = if Some(table.limits.min) == table.limits.max {
+            TableSize::Static {
+                bound: table.limits.min,
+            }
+        } else {
+            TableSize::Dynamic {
+                bound_gv: func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+                    base: ptr,
+                    offset: Offset32::new(current_elements_offset),
+                    global_type: ir::Type::int(
+                        u16::from(self.offsets.size_of_vmtable_definition_current_elements()) * 8,
+                    )
+                    .unwrap(),
+                    flags: MemFlags::trusted(),
+                }),
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.tables[index] = Some(TableData {
+            base_gv,
+            bound,
+            element_size,
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        index: ir::Value,
+        cold_blocks: bool,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        self.ensure_table_exists(builder.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].clone().unwrap();
+
+        // To support lazy initialization of table
+        // contents, we check for a null entry here, and
+        // if null, we take a slow-path that invokes a
+        // libcall.
+        let (table_entry_addr, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(self, builder, index);
+        let value = builder.ins().load(pointer_type, flags, table_entry_addr, 0);
+
+        if !self.tunables.table_lazy_init {
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        // Mask off the "initialized bit". See documentation on
+        // FUNCREF_INIT_BIT in crates/environ/src/ref_bits.rs for more
+        // details. Note that `FUNCREF_MASK` has type `usize` which may not be
+        // appropriate for the target architecture. Right now its value is
+        // always -2 so assert that part doesn't change and then thread through
+        // -2 as the immediate.
+        assert_eq!(FUNCREF_MASK as isize, -2);
+        let value_masked = builder.ins().band_imm(value, Imm64::from(-2));
+
+        let null_block = builder.create_block();
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+        if cold_blocks {
+            builder.set_cold_block(null_block);
+            builder.set_cold_block(continuation_block);
+        }
+        let result_param = builder.append_block_param(continuation_block, pointer_type);
+        builder.set_cold_block(null_block);
+
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(value, continuation_block, &[value_masked], null_block, &[]);
+        builder.seal_block(null_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(null_block);
+        let index_type = self.table(table_index).idx_type;
+        let table_index = builder.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.index() as i64);
+        let lazy_init = self
+            .builtin_functions
+            .table_get_lazy_init_func_ref(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let index = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut builder.cursor(), index, index_type);
+        let call_inst = builder.ins().call(lazy_init, &[vmctx, table_index, index]);
+        let returned_entry = builder.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst)[0];
+        builder.ins().jump(continuation_block, &[returned_entry]);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+        result_param
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn check_malloc_start(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        let malloc_start = self.builtin_functions.malloc_start(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        builder.ins().call(malloc_start, &[vmctx]);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn check_free_start(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        let free_start = self.builtin_functions.free_start(builder.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        builder.ins().call(free_start, &[vmctx]);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+    fn current_func_name(&self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) -> Option<&str> {
+        let func_index = match &builder.func.name {
+            ir::UserFuncName::User(user) => FuncIndex::from_u32(user.index),
+            _ => {
+                panic!("function name not a UserFuncName::User as expected")
+            }
+        };
+        self.translation
+            .debuginfo
+            .name_section
+            .func_names
+            .get(&func_index)
+            .copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Proof-carrying code: create a memtype describing an empty
+    /// runtime struct (to be updated later).
+    fn create_empty_struct_memtype(&self, func: &mut ir::Function) -> ir::MemoryType {
+        func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct {
+            size: 0,
+            fields: vec![],
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Proof-carrying code: add a new field to a memtype used to
+    /// describe a runtime struct. A memory region of type `memtype`
+    /// will have a pointer at `offset` pointing to another memory
+    /// region of type `pointee`. `readonly` indicates whether the
+    /// PCC-checked code is expected to update this field or not.
+    fn add_field_to_memtype(
+        &self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        memtype: ir::MemoryType,
+        offset: u32,
+        pointee: ir::MemoryType,
+        readonly: bool,
+    ) {
+        let ptr_size = self.pointer_type().bytes();
+        match &mut func.memory_types[memtype] {
+            ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct { size, fields } => {
+                *size = std::cmp::max(*size, offset.checked_add(ptr_size).unwrap().into());
+                fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                    ty: self.pointer_type(),
+                    offset: offset.into(),
+                    readonly,
+                    fact: Some(ir::Fact::Mem {
+                        ty: pointee,
+                        min_offset: 0,
+                        max_offset: 0,
+                        nullable: false,
+                    }),
+                });
+
+                // Sort fields by offset -- we need to do this now
+                // because we may create an arbitrary number of
+                // memtypes for imported memories and we don't
+                // otherwise track them.
+                fields.sort_by_key(|f| f.offset);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("Cannot add field to non-struct memtype"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add one level of indirection to a pointer-and-memtype pair:
+    /// generate a load in the code at the specified offset, and if
+    /// memtypes are in use, add a field to the original struct and
+    /// generate a new memtype for the pointee.
+    fn load_pointer_with_memtypes(
+        &self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        value: ir::GlobalValue,
+        offset: u32,
+        readonly: bool,
+        memtype: Option<ir::MemoryType>,
+    ) -> (ir::GlobalValue, Option<ir::MemoryType>) {
+        let pointee = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: value,
+            offset: Offset32::new(i32::try_from(offset).unwrap()),
+            global_type: self.pointer_type(),
+            flags: MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly(),
+        });
+
+        let mt = memtype.map(|mt| {
+            let pointee_mt = self.create_empty_struct_memtype(func);
+            self.add_field_to_memtype(func, mt, offset, pointee_mt, readonly);
+            func.global_value_facts[pointee] = Some(Fact::Mem {
+                ty: pointee_mt,
+                min_offset: 0,
+                max_offset: 0,
+                nullable: false,
+            });
+            pointee_mt
+        });
+        (pointee, mt)
+    }
+
+    /// Helper to emit a conditional trap based on `trap_cond`.
+    ///
+    /// This should only be used if `self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled()` is
+    /// false, otherwise native CLIF instructions should be used instead.
+    pub fn conditionally_trap(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        trap_cond: ir::Value,
+        trap: ir::TrapCode,
+    ) {
+        assert!(!self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled());
+
+        let trap_block = builder.create_block();
+        builder.set_cold_block(trap_block);
+        let continuation_block = builder.create_block();
+
+        builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(trap_cond, trap_block, &[], continuation_block, &[]);
+
+        builder.seal_block(trap_block);
+        builder.seal_block(continuation_block);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(trap_block);
+        self.trap(builder, trap);
+        builder.switch_to_block(continuation_block);
+    }
+
+    /// Helper used when `!self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled()` is enabled to
+    /// test whether the divisor is zero.
+    fn guard_zero_divisor(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder, rhs: ir::Value) {
+        if self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled() {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.trapz(builder, rhs, ir::TrapCode::INTEGER_DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
+    }
+
+    /// Helper used when `!self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled()` is enabled to
+    /// test whether a signed division operation will raise a trap.
+    fn guard_signed_divide(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        lhs: ir::Value,
+        rhs: ir::Value,
+    ) {
+        if self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled() {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.trapz(builder, rhs, ir::TrapCode::INTEGER_DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
+
+        let ty = builder.func.dfg.value_type(rhs);
+        let minus_one = builder.ins().iconst(ty, -1);
+        let rhs_is_minus_one = builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, rhs, minus_one);
+        let int_min = builder.ins().iconst(
+            ty,
+            match ty {
+                I32 => i64::from(i32::MIN),
+                I64 => i64::MIN,
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+        );
+        let lhs_is_int_min = builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, lhs, int_min);
+        let is_integer_overflow = builder.ins().band(rhs_is_minus_one, lhs_is_int_min);
+        self.conditionally_trap(builder, is_integer_overflow, ir::TrapCode::INTEGER_OVERFLOW);
+    }
+
+    /// Helper used when `!self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled()` is enabled to
+    /// guard the traps from float-to-int conversions.
+    fn guard_fcvt_to_int(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        ty: ir::Type,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        range32: (f64, f64),
+        range64: (f64, f64),
+    ) {
+        assert!(!self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled());
+        let val_ty = builder.func.dfg.value_type(val);
+        let val = if val_ty == F64 {
+            val
+        } else {
+            builder.ins().fpromote(F64, val)
+        };
+        let isnan = builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::NotEqual, val, val);
+        self.trapnz(builder, isnan, ir::TrapCode::BAD_CONVERSION_TO_INTEGER);
+        let val = builder.ins().trunc(val);
+        let (lower_bound, upper_bound) = match ty {
+            I32 => range32,
+            I64 => range64,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let lower_bound = builder.ins().f64const(lower_bound);
+        let too_small = builder
+            .ins()
+            .fcmp(FloatCC::LessThanOrEqual, val, lower_bound);
+        self.trapnz(builder, too_small, ir::TrapCode::INTEGER_OVERFLOW);
+        let upper_bound = builder.ins().f64const(upper_bound);
+        let too_large = builder
+            .ins()
+            .fcmp(FloatCC::GreaterThanOrEqual, val, upper_bound);
+        self.trapnz(builder, too_large, ir::TrapCode::INTEGER_OVERFLOW);
+    }
+
+    /// Get the `ir::Type` for a `VMSharedTypeIndex`.
+    pub(crate) fn vmshared_type_index_ty(&self) -> Type {
+        Type::int_with_byte_size(self.offsets.size_of_vmshared_type_index().into()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Given a `ModuleInternedTypeIndex`, emit code to get the corresponding
+    /// `VMSharedTypeIndex` at runtime.
+    pub(crate) fn module_interned_to_shared_ty(
+        &mut self,
+        pos: &mut FuncCursor,
+        interned_ty: ModuleInternedTypeIndex,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(pos);
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+
+        // Load the base pointer of the array of `VMSharedTypeIndex`es.
+        let shared_indices = pos.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            mem_flags,
+            vmctx,
+            i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmctx_type_ids_array()),
+        );
+
+        // Calculate the offset in that array for this type's entry.
+        let ty = self.vmshared_type_index_ty();
+        let offset = i32::try_from(interned_ty.as_u32().checked_mul(ty.bytes()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        // Load the`VMSharedTypeIndex` that this `ModuleInternedTypeIndex` is
+        // associated with at runtime from the array.
+        pos.ins().load(ty, mem_flags, shared_indices, offset)
+    }
+
+    /// Load the associated `VMSharedTypeIndex` from inside a `*const VMFuncRef`.
+    ///
+    /// Does not check for null; just assumes that the `funcref` is a valid
+    /// pointer.
+    pub(crate) fn load_funcref_type_index(
+        &mut self,
+        pos: &mut FuncCursor,
+        mem_flags: ir::MemFlags,
+        funcref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        let ty = self.vmshared_type_index_ty();
+        pos.ins().load(
+            ty,
+            mem_flags,
+            funcref,
+            i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_type_index()),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+struct Call<'a, 'func, 'module_env> {
+    builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+    env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    tail: bool,
+}
+
+enum CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature {
+    Runtime,
+    StaticMatch {
+        /// Whether or not the funcref may be null or if it's statically known
+        /// to not be null.
+        may_be_null: bool,
+    },
+    StaticTrap,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'func, 'module_env> Call<'a, 'func, 'module_env> {
+    /// Create a new `Call` site that will do regular, non-tail calls.
+    pub fn new(
+        builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+        env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            builder,
+            env,
+            tail: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new `Call` site that will perform tail calls.
+    pub fn new_tail(
+        builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'func>,
+        env: &'a mut FuncEnvironment<'module_env>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            builder,
+            env,
+            tail: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Do a direct call to the given callee function.
+    pub fn direct_call(
+        mut self,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let mut real_call_args = Vec::with_capacity(call_args.len() + 2);
+        let caller_vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .func
+            .special_param(ArgumentPurpose::VMContext)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // Handle direct calls to locally-defined functions.
+        if !self.env.module.is_imported_function(callee_index) {
+            // First append the callee vmctx address, which is the same as the caller vmctx in
+            // this case.
+            real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+            // Then append the caller vmctx address.
+            real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+            // Then append the regular call arguments.
+            real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+            // Finally, make the direct call!
+            return Ok(self.direct_call_inst(callee, &real_call_args));
+        }
+
+        // Handle direct calls to imported functions. We use an indirect call
+        // so that we don't have to patch the code at runtime.
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+        let sig_ref = self.builder.func.dfg.ext_funcs[callee].signature;
+        let vmctx = self.env.vmctx(self.builder.func);
+        let base = self.builder.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+
+        // Load the callee address.
+        let body_offset = i32::try_from(
+            self.env
+                .offsets
+                .vmctx_vmfunction_import_wasm_call(callee_index),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let func_addr = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, mem_flags, base, body_offset);
+
+        // First append the callee vmctx address.
+        let vmctx_offset =
+            i32::try_from(self.env.offsets.vmctx_vmfunction_import_vmctx(callee_index)).unwrap();
+        let vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .load(pointer_type, mem_flags, base, vmctx_offset);
+        real_call_args.push(vmctx);
+        real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+        // Then append the regular call arguments.
+        real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+        // Finally, make the indirect call!
+        Ok(self.indirect_call_inst(sig_ref, func_addr, &real_call_args))
+    }
+
+    /// Do an indirect call through the given funcref table.
+    pub fn indirect_call(
+        mut self,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<Option<ir::Inst>> {
+        let (code_ptr, callee_vmctx) = match self.check_and_load_code_and_callee_vmctx(
+            features,
+            table_index,
+            ty_index,
+            callee,
+            false,
+        )? {
+            Some(pair) => pair,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
+
+        self.unchecked_call_impl(sig_ref, code_ptr, callee_vmctx, call_args)
+            .map(Some)
+    }
+
+    fn check_and_load_code_and_callee_vmctx(
+        &mut self,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        cold_blocks: bool,
+    ) -> WasmResult<Option<(ir::Value, ir::Value)>> {
+        // Get the funcref pointer from the table.
+        let funcref_ptr = self.env.get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(
+            self.builder,
+            table_index,
+            callee,
+            cold_blocks,
+        );
+
+        // If necessary, check the signature.
+        let check =
+            self.check_indirect_call_type_signature(features, table_index, ty_index, funcref_ptr);
+
+        let trap_code = match check {
+            // `funcref_ptr` is checked at runtime that its type matches,
+            // meaning that if code gets this far it's guaranteed to not be
+            // null. That means nothing in `unchecked_call` can fail.
+            CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::Runtime => None,
+
+            // No type check was performed on `funcref_ptr` because it's
+            // statically known to have the right type. Note that whether or
+            // not the function is null is not necessarily tested so far since
+            // no type information was inspected.
+            //
+            // If the table may hold null functions, then further loads in
+            // `unchecked_call` may fail. If the table only holds non-null
+            // functions, though, then there's no possibility of a trap.
+            CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticMatch { may_be_null } => {
+                if may_be_null {
+                    Some(crate::TRAP_INDIRECT_CALL_TO_NULL)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Code has already trapped, so return nothing indicating that this
+            // is now unreachable code.
+            CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticTrap => return Ok(None),
+        };
+
+        Ok(Some(self.load_code_and_vmctx(funcref_ptr, trap_code)))
+    }
+
+    fn check_indirect_call_type_signature(
+        &mut self,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        funcref_ptr: ir::Value,
+    ) -> CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature {
+        let table = &self.env.module.tables[table_index];
+        let sig_id_size = self.env.offsets.size_of_vmshared_type_index();
+        let sig_id_type = Type::int(u16::from(sig_id_size) * 8).unwrap();
+
+        // Test if a type check is necessary for this table. If this table is a
+        // table of typed functions and that type matches `ty_index`, then
+        // there's no need to perform a typecheck.
+        match table.ref_type.heap_type {
+            // Functions do not have a statically known type in the table, a
+            // typecheck is required. Fall through to below to perform the
+            // actual typecheck.
+            WasmHeapType::Func => {}
+
+            // Functions that have a statically known type are either going to
+            // always succeed or always fail. Figure out by inspecting the types
+            // further.
+            WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Module(table_ty)) => {
+                // If `ty_index` matches `table_ty`, then this call is
+                // statically known to have the right type, so no checks are
+                // necessary.
+                let specified_ty = self.env.module.types[ty_index];
+                if specified_ty == table_ty {
+                    return CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticMatch {
+                        may_be_null: table.ref_type.nullable,
+                    };
+                }
+
+                if features.gc() {
+                    // If we are in the Wasm GC world, then we need to perform
+                    // an actual subtype check at runtime. Fall through to below
+                    // to do that.
+                } else {
+                    // Otherwise if the types don't match then either (a) this
+                    // is a null pointer or (b) it's a pointer with the wrong
+                    // type. Figure out which and trap here.
+                    //
+                    // If it's possible to have a null here then try to load the
+                    // type information. If that fails due to the function being
+                    // a null pointer, then this was a call to null. Otherwise
+                    // if it succeeds then we know it won't match, so trap
+                    // anyway.
+                    if table.ref_type.nullable {
+                        if self.env.clif_memory_traps_enabled() {
+                            let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+                            self.builder.ins().load(
+                                sig_id_type,
+                                mem_flags.with_trap_code(Some(crate::TRAP_INDIRECT_CALL_TO_NULL)),
+                                funcref_ptr,
+                                i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_type_index()),
+                            );
+                        } else {
+                            self.env.trapz(
+                                self.builder,
+                                funcref_ptr,
+                                crate::TRAP_INDIRECT_CALL_TO_NULL,
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    self.env.trap(self.builder, crate::TRAP_BAD_SIGNATURE);
+                    return CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticTrap;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Tables of `nofunc` can only be inhabited by null, so go ahead and
+            // trap with that.
+            WasmHeapType::NoFunc => {
+                assert!(table.ref_type.nullable);
+                self.env
+                    .trap(self.builder, crate::TRAP_INDIRECT_CALL_TO_NULL);
+                return CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::StaticTrap;
+            }
+
+            // Engine-indexed types don't show up until runtime and it's a Wasm
+            // validation error to perform a call through a non-function table,
+            // so these cases are dynamically not reachable.
+            WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::Engine(_))
+            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteFunc(EngineOrModuleTypeIndex::RecGroup(_))
+            | WasmHeapType::Extern
+            | WasmHeapType::NoExtern
+            | WasmHeapType::Any
+            | WasmHeapType::Eq
+            | WasmHeapType::I31
+            | WasmHeapType::Array
+            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteArray(_)
+            | WasmHeapType::Struct
+            | WasmHeapType::ConcreteStruct(_)
+            | WasmHeapType::None => {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Load the caller's `VMSharedTypeIndex.
+        let interned_ty = self.env.module.types[ty_index];
+        let caller_sig_id = self
+            .env
+            .module_interned_to_shared_ty(&mut self.builder.cursor(), interned_ty);
+
+        // Load the callee's `VMSharedTypeIndex`.
+        //
+        // Note that the callee may be null in which case this load may
+        // trap. If so use the `TRAP_INDIRECT_CALL_TO_NULL` trap code.
+        let mut mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+        if self.env.clif_memory_traps_enabled() {
+            mem_flags = mem_flags.with_trap_code(Some(crate::TRAP_INDIRECT_CALL_TO_NULL));
+        } else {
+            self.env
+                .trapz(self.builder, funcref_ptr, crate::TRAP_INDIRECT_CALL_TO_NULL);
+        }
+        let callee_sig_id =
+            self.env
+                .load_funcref_type_index(&mut self.builder.cursor(), mem_flags, funcref_ptr);
+
+        // Check that they match: in the case of Wasm GC, this means doing a
+        // full subtype check. Otherwise, we do a simple equality check.
+        let matches = if features.gc() {
+            #[cfg(feature = "gc")]
+            {
+                self.env
+                    .is_subtype(self.builder, callee_sig_id, caller_sig_id)
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "gc"))]
+            {
+                unreachable!()
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.builder
+                .ins()
+                .icmp(IntCC::Equal, callee_sig_id, caller_sig_id)
+        };
+        self.env
+            .trapz(self.builder, matches, crate::TRAP_BAD_SIGNATURE);
+        CheckIndirectCallTypeSignature::Runtime
+    }
+
+    /// Call a typed function reference.
+    pub fn call_ref(
+        mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        // FIXME: the wasm type system tracks enough information to know whether
+        // `callee` is a null reference or not. In some situations it can be
+        // statically known here that `callee` cannot be null in which case this
+        // can be `None` instead. This requires feeding type information from
+        // wasmparser's validator into this function, however, which is not
+        // easily done at this time.
+        let callee_load_trap_code = Some(crate::TRAP_NULL_REFERENCE);
+
+        self.unchecked_call(sig_ref, callee, callee_load_trap_code, args)
+    }
+
+    /// This calls a function by reference without checking the signature.
+    ///
+    /// It gets the function address, sets relevant flags, and passes the
+    /// special callee/caller vmctxs. It is used by both call_indirect (which
+    /// checks the signature) and call_ref (which doesn't).
+    fn unchecked_call(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        callee_load_trap_code: Option<ir::TrapCode>,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let (func_addr, callee_vmctx) = self.load_code_and_vmctx(callee, callee_load_trap_code);
+        self.unchecked_call_impl(sig_ref, func_addr, callee_vmctx, call_args)
+    }
+
+    fn load_code_and_vmctx(
+        &mut self,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        callee_load_trap_code: Option<ir::TrapCode>,
+    ) -> (ir::Value, ir::Value) {
+        let pointer_type = self.env.pointer_type();
+
+        // Dereference callee pointer to get the function address.
+        //
+        // Note that this may trap if `callee` hasn't previously been verified
+        // to be non-null. This means that this load is annotated with an
+        // optional trap code provided by the caller of `unchecked_call` which
+        // will handle the case where this is either already known to be
+        // non-null or may trap.
+        let mem_flags = ir::MemFlags::trusted().with_readonly();
+        let mut callee_flags = mem_flags;
+        if self.env.clif_memory_traps_enabled() {
+            callee_flags = callee_flags.with_trap_code(callee_load_trap_code);
+        } else {
+            if let Some(trap) = callee_load_trap_code {
+                self.env.trapz(self.builder, callee, trap);
+            }
+        }
+        let func_addr = self.builder.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            callee_flags,
+            callee,
+            i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_wasm_call()),
+        );
+        let callee_vmctx = self.builder.ins().load(
+            pointer_type,
+            mem_flags,
+            callee,
+            i32::from(self.env.offsets.ptr.vm_func_ref_vmctx()),
+        );
+
+        (func_addr, callee_vmctx)
+    }
+
+    /// This calls a function by reference without checking the
+    /// signature, given the raw code pointer to the
+    /// Wasm-calling-convention entry point and the callee vmctx.
+    fn unchecked_call_impl(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        func_addr: ir::Value,
+        callee_vmctx: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        let mut real_call_args = Vec::with_capacity(call_args.len() + 2);
+        let caller_vmctx = self
+            .builder
+            .func
+            .special_param(ArgumentPurpose::VMContext)
+            .unwrap();
+
+        // First append the callee and caller vmctx addresses.
+        real_call_args.push(callee_vmctx);
+        real_call_args.push(caller_vmctx);
+
+        // Then append the regular call arguments.
+        real_call_args.extend_from_slice(call_args);
+
+        Ok(self.indirect_call_inst(sig_ref, func_addr, &real_call_args))
+    }
+
+    fn direct_call_inst(&mut self, callee: ir::FuncRef, args: &[ir::Value]) -> ir::Inst {
+        if self.tail {
+            self.builder.ins().return_call(callee, args)
+        } else {
+            let inst = self.builder.ins().call(callee, args);
+            let results: SmallVec<[_; 4]> = self
+                .builder
+                .func
+                .dfg
+                .inst_results(inst)
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .collect();
+            for (i, val) in results.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                if self
+                    .env
+                    .func_ref_result_needs_stack_map(&self.builder.func, callee, i)
+                {
+                    self.builder.declare_value_needs_stack_map(val);
+                }
+            }
+            inst
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn indirect_call_inst(
+        &mut self,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        func_addr: ir::Value,
+        args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> ir::Inst {
+        if self.tail {
+            self.builder
+                .ins()
+                .return_call_indirect(sig_ref, func_addr, args)
+        } else {
+            let inst = self.builder.ins().call_indirect(sig_ref, func_addr, args);
+            let results: SmallVec<[_; 4]> = self
+                .builder
+                .func
+                .dfg
+                .inst_results(inst)
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .collect();
+            for (i, val) in results.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                if self.env.sig_ref_result_needs_stack_map(sig_ref, i) {
+                    self.builder.declare_value_needs_stack_map(val);
+                }
+            }
+            inst
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TypeConvert for FuncEnvironment<'_> {
+    fn lookup_heap_type(&self, ty: wasmparser::UnpackedIndex) -> WasmHeapType {
+        wasmtime_environ::WasmparserTypeConverter::new(self.types, |idx| self.module.types[idx])
+            .lookup_heap_type(ty)
+    }
+
+    fn lookup_type_index(&self, index: wasmparser::UnpackedIndex) -> EngineOrModuleTypeIndex {
+        wasmtime_environ::WasmparserTypeConverter::new(self.types, |idx| self.module.types[idx])
+            .lookup_type_index(index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'module_environment> TargetEnvironment for FuncEnvironment<'module_environment> {
+    fn target_config(&self) -> TargetFrontendConfig {
+        self.isa.frontend_config()
+    }
+
+    fn reference_type(&self, wasm_ty: WasmHeapType) -> (ir::Type, bool) {
+        let ty = crate::reference_type(wasm_ty, self.pointer_type());
+        let needs_stack_map = match wasm_ty.top() {
+            WasmHeapTopType::Extern | WasmHeapTopType::Any => true,
+            WasmHeapTopType::Func => false,
+        };
+        (ty, needs_stack_map)
+    }
+
+    fn heap_access_spectre_mitigation(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.flags().enable_heap_access_spectre_mitigation()
+    }
+
+    fn proof_carrying_code(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.flags().enable_pcc()
+    }
+
+    fn tunables(&self) -> &Tunables {
+        self.compiler.tunables()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FuncEnvironment<'_> {
+    pub fn heaps(&self) -> &PrimaryMap<Heap, HeapData> {
+        &self.heaps
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_wasm_parameter(&self, _signature: &ir::Signature, index: usize) -> bool {
+        // The first two parameters are the vmctx and caller vmctx. The rest are
+        // the wasm parameters.
+        index >= 2
+    }
+
+    pub fn param_needs_stack_map(&self, _signature: &ir::Signature, index: usize) -> bool {
+        // Skip the caller and callee vmctx.
+        if index < 2 {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.wasm_func_ty.params()[index - 2].is_vmgcref_type_and_not_i31()
+    }
+
+    pub fn sig_ref_result_needs_stack_map(&self, sig_ref: ir::SigRef, index: usize) -> bool {
+        let wasm_func_ty = self.sig_ref_to_ty[sig_ref].as_ref().unwrap();
+        wasm_func_ty.returns()[index].is_vmgcref_type_and_not_i31()
+    }
+
+    pub fn func_ref_result_needs_stack_map(
+        &self,
+        func: &ir::Function,
+        func_ref: ir::FuncRef,
+        index: usize,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let sig_ref = func.dfg.ext_funcs[func_ref].signature;
+        let wasm_func_ty = self.sig_ref_to_ty[sig_ref].as_ref().unwrap();
+        wasm_func_ty.returns()[index].is_vmgcref_type_and_not_i31()
+    }
+
+    pub fn after_locals(&mut self, num_locals: usize) {
+        self.fuel_var = Variable::new(num_locals);
+        self.epoch_deadline_var = Variable::new(num_locals + 1);
+        self.epoch_ptr_var = Variable::new(num_locals + 2);
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_table_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        delta: ir::Value,
+        init_value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let table = self.table(table_index);
+        let ty = table.ref_type.heap_type;
+        let grow = if ty.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            gc::builtins::table_grow_gc_ref(self, &mut pos.func)?
+        } else {
+            debug_assert_eq!(ty.top(), WasmHeapTopType::Func);
+            self.builtin_functions.table_grow_func_ref(&mut pos.func)
+        };
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let index_type = table.idx_type;
+        let delta = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, delta, index_type);
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let call_inst = pos
+            .ins()
+            .call(grow, &[vmctx, table_index_arg, delta, init_value]);
+        let result = pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst);
+        Ok(self.convert_pointer_to_index_type(builder.cursor(), result, index_type, false))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_table_get(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let table = self.module.tables[table_index];
+        self.ensure_table_exists(builder.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].clone().unwrap();
+        let heap_ty = table.ref_type.heap_type;
+        match heap_ty.top() {
+            // GC-managed types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any | WasmHeapTopType::Extern => {
+                let (src, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(self, builder, index);
+                gc::gc_compiler(self)?.translate_read_gc_reference(
+                    self,
+                    builder,
+                    table.ref_type,
+                    src,
+                    flags,
+                )
+            }
+
+            // Function types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Func => {
+                Ok(self.get_or_init_func_ref_table_elem(builder, table_index, index, false))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_table_set(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        value: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let table = self.module.tables[table_index];
+        self.ensure_table_exists(builder.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].clone().unwrap();
+        let heap_ty = table.ref_type.heap_type;
+        match heap_ty.top() {
+            // GC-managed types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any | WasmHeapTopType::Extern => {
+                let (dst, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(self, builder, index);
+                gc::gc_compiler(self)?.translate_write_gc_reference(
+                    self,
+                    builder,
+                    table.ref_type,
+                    dst,
+                    value,
+                    flags,
+                )
+            }
+
+            // Function types.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Func => {
+                let (elem_addr, flags) = table_data.prepare_table_addr(self, builder, index);
+                // Set the "initialized bit". See doc-comment on
+                // `FUNCREF_INIT_BIT` in
+                // crates/environ/src/ref_bits.rs for details.
+                let value_with_init_bit = if self.tunables.table_lazy_init {
+                    builder
+                        .ins()
+                        .bor_imm(value, Imm64::from(FUNCREF_INIT_BIT as i64))
+                } else {
+                    value
+                };
+                builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .store(flags, value_with_init_bit, elem_addr, 0);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_table_fill(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let table = self.table(table_index);
+        let index_type = table.idx_type;
+        let dst = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, index_type);
+        let len = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, len, index_type);
+        let ty = table.ref_type.heap_type;
+        let libcall = if ty.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            gc::builtins::table_fill_gc_ref(self, &mut pos.func)?
+        } else {
+            debug_assert_eq!(ty.top(), WasmHeapTopType::Func);
+            self.builtin_functions.table_fill_func_ref(&mut pos.func)
+        };
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, table_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        pos.ins()
+            .call(libcall, &[vmctx, table_index_arg, dst, val, len]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_ref_i31(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor,
+        val: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.value_type(val), ir::types::I32);
+        let shifted = pos.ins().ishl_imm(val, 1);
+        let tagged = pos
+            .ins()
+            .bor_imm(shifted, i64::from(crate::I31_REF_DISCRIMINANT));
+        let (ref_ty, _needs_stack_map) = self.reference_type(WasmHeapType::I31);
+        debug_assert_eq!(ref_ty, ir::types::I32);
+        Ok(tagged)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_i31_get_s(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        i31ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        // TODO: If we knew we have a `(ref i31)` here, instead of maybe a `(ref
+        // null i31)`, we could omit the `trapz`. But plumbing that type info
+        // from `wasmparser` and through to here is a bit funky.
+        self.trapz(builder, i31ref, crate::TRAP_NULL_REFERENCE);
+        Ok(builder.ins().sshr_imm(i31ref, 1))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_i31_get_u(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        i31ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        // TODO: If we knew we have a `(ref i31)` here, instead of maybe a `(ref
+        // null i31)`, we could omit the `trapz`. But plumbing that type info
+        // from `wasmparser` and through to here is a bit funky.
+        self.trapz(builder, i31ref, crate::TRAP_NULL_REFERENCE);
+        Ok(builder.ins().ushr_imm(i31ref, 1))
+    }
+
+    pub fn struct_fields_len(&mut self, struct_type_index: TypeIndex) -> WasmResult<usize> {
+        let ty = self.module.types[struct_type_index];
+        match &self.types[ty].composite_type.inner {
+            WasmCompositeInnerType::Struct(s) => Ok(s.fields.len()),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_struct_new(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        struct_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        fields: StructFieldsVec,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_struct_new(self, builder, struct_type_index, &fields)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_struct_new_default(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        struct_type_index: TypeIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_struct_new_default(self, builder, struct_type_index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_struct_get(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        struct_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        field_index: u32,
+        struct_ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_struct_get(self, builder, struct_type_index, field_index, struct_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_struct_get_s(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        struct_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        field_index: u32,
+        struct_ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_struct_get_s(self, builder, struct_type_index, field_index, struct_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_struct_get_u(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        struct_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        field_index: u32,
+        struct_ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_struct_get_u(self, builder, struct_type_index, field_index, struct_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_struct_set(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        struct_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        field_index: u32,
+        struct_ref: ir::Value,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        gc::translate_struct_set(
+            self,
+            builder,
+            struct_type_index,
+            field_index,
+            struct_ref,
+            value,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_new(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        elem: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_array_new(self, builder, array_type_index, elem, len)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_new_default(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_array_new_default(self, builder, array_type_index, len)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_new_fixed(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        elems: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_array_new_fixed(self, builder, array_type_index, elems)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_new_data(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        data_index: DataIndex,
+        data_offset: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let libcall = gc::builtins::array_new_data(self, builder.func)?;
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let interned_type_index = self.module.types[array_type_index];
+        let interned_type_index = builder
+            .ins()
+            .iconst(I32, i64::from(interned_type_index.as_u32()));
+        let data_index = builder.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(data_index.as_u32()));
+        let call_inst = builder.ins().call(
+            libcall,
+            &[vmctx, interned_type_index, data_index, data_offset, len],
+        );
+        let result = builder.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst);
+        Ok(builder.ins().ireduce(ir::types::I32, result))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_new_elem(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        elem_index: ElemIndex,
+        elem_offset: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let libcall = gc::builtins::array_new_elem(self, builder.func)?;
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let interned_type_index = self.module.types[array_type_index];
+        let interned_type_index = builder
+            .ins()
+            .iconst(I32, i64::from(interned_type_index.as_u32()));
+        let elem_index = builder.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(elem_index.as_u32()));
+        let call_inst = builder.ins().call(
+            libcall,
+            &[vmctx, interned_type_index, elem_index, elem_offset, len],
+        );
+        let result = builder.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst);
+        Ok(builder.ins().ireduce(ir::types::I32, result))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        _dst_array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        dst_array: ir::Value,
+        dst_index: ir::Value,
+        _src_array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        src_array: ir::Value,
+        src_index: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let libcall = gc::builtins::array_copy(self, builder.func)?;
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        builder.ins().call(
+            libcall,
+            &[vmctx, dst_array, dst_index, src_array, src_index, len],
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_fill(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        array: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+        value: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        gc::translate_array_fill(self, builder, array_type_index, array, index, value, len)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_init_data(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        array: ir::Value,
+        dst_index: ir::Value,
+        data_index: DataIndex,
+        data_offset: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let libcall = gc::builtins::array_init_data(self, builder.func)?;
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let interned_type_index = self.module.types[array_type_index];
+        let interned_type_index = builder
+            .ins()
+            .iconst(I32, i64::from(interned_type_index.as_u32()));
+        let data_index = builder.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(data_index.as_u32()));
+        builder.ins().call(
+            libcall,
+            &[
+                vmctx,
+                interned_type_index,
+                array,
+                dst_index,
+                data_index,
+                data_offset,
+                len,
+            ],
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_init_elem(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        array: ir::Value,
+        dst_index: ir::Value,
+        elem_index: ElemIndex,
+        elem_offset: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let libcall = gc::builtins::array_init_elem(self, builder.func)?;
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+        let interned_type_index = self.module.types[array_type_index];
+        let interned_type_index = builder
+            .ins()
+            .iconst(I32, i64::from(interned_type_index.as_u32()));
+        let elem_index = builder.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(elem_index.as_u32()));
+        builder.ins().call(
+            libcall,
+            &[
+                vmctx,
+                interned_type_index,
+                array,
+                dst_index,
+                elem_index,
+                elem_offset,
+                len,
+            ],
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_len(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_array_len(self, builder, array)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_get(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        array: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_array_get(self, builder, array_type_index, array, index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_get_s(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        array: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_array_get_s(self, builder, array_type_index, array, index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_get_u(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        array: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_array_get_u(self, builder, array_type_index, array, index)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_array_set(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        array_type_index: TypeIndex,
+        array: ir::Value,
+        index: ir::Value,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        gc::translate_array_set(self, builder, array_type_index, array, index, value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_ref_test(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        ref_ty: WasmRefType,
+        gc_ref: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        gc::translate_ref_test(self, builder, ref_ty, gc_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_ref_null(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor,
+        ht: WasmHeapType,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        Ok(match ht.top() {
+            WasmHeapTopType::Func => pos.ins().iconst(self.pointer_type(), 0),
+            // NB: null GC references don't need to be in stack maps.
+            WasmHeapTopType::Any | WasmHeapTopType::Extern => pos.ins().iconst(types::I32, 0),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_ref_is_null(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let byte_is_null =
+            pos.ins()
+                .icmp_imm(cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::IntCC::Equal, value, 0);
+        Ok(pos.ins().uextend(ir::types::I32, byte_is_null))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_ref_func(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: cranelift_codegen::cursor::FuncCursor<'_>,
+        func_index: FuncIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let func_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, func_index.as_u32() as i64);
+        let ref_func = self.builtin_functions.ref_func(&mut pos.func);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call(ref_func, &[vmctx, func_index]);
+        Ok(pos.func.dfg.first_result(call_inst))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_custom_global_get(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let ty = self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty;
+        debug_assert!(
+            ty.is_vmgcref_type(),
+            "We only use GlobalVariable::Custom for VMGcRef types"
+        );
+        let WasmValType::Ref(ty) = ty else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        let (gv, offset) = self.get_global_location(builder.func, index);
+        let gv = builder.ins().global_value(self.pointer_type(), gv);
+        let src = builder.ins().iadd_imm(gv, i64::from(offset));
+
+        gc::gc_compiler(self)?.translate_read_gc_reference(
+            self,
+            builder,
+            ty,
+            src,
+            ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_custom_global_set(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let ty = self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty;
+        debug_assert!(
+            ty.is_vmgcref_type(),
+            "We only use GlobalVariable::Custom for VMGcRef types"
+        );
+        let WasmValType::Ref(ty) = ty else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        let (gv, offset) = self.get_global_location(builder.func, index);
+        let gv = builder.ins().global_value(self.pointer_type(), gv);
+        let src = builder.ins().iadd_imm(gv, i64::from(offset));
+
+        gc::gc_compiler(self)?.translate_write_gc_reference(
+            self,
+            builder,
+            ty,
+            src,
+            value,
+            ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_heap(&mut self, func: &mut ir::Function, index: MemoryIndex) -> WasmResult<Heap> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let memory = self.module.memories[index];
+        let is_shared = memory.shared;
+
+        let (ptr, base_offset, current_length_offset, ptr_memtype) = {
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx(func);
+            if let Some(def_index) = self.module.defined_memory_index(index) {
+                if is_shared {
+                    // As with imported memory, the `VMMemoryDefinition` for a
+                    // shared memory is stored elsewhere. We store a `*mut
+                    // VMMemoryDefinition` to it and dereference that when
+                    // atomically growing it.
+                    let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_pointer(def_index);
+                    let (memory, def_mt) = self.load_pointer_with_memtypes(
+                        func,
+                        vmctx,
+                        from_offset,
+                        true,
+                        self.pcc_vmctx_memtype,
+                    );
+                    let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_base());
+                    let current_length_offset =
+                        i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    (memory, base_offset, current_length_offset, def_mt)
+                } else {
+                    let owned_index = self.module.owned_memory_index(def_index);
+                    let owned_base_offset =
+                        self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_definition_base(owned_index);
+                    let owned_length_offset = self
+                        .offsets
+                        .vmctx_vmmemory_definition_current_length(owned_index);
+                    let current_base_offset = i32::try_from(owned_base_offset).unwrap();
+                    let current_length_offset = i32::try_from(owned_length_offset).unwrap();
+                    (
+                        vmctx,
+                        current_base_offset,
+                        current_length_offset,
+                        self.pcc_vmctx_memtype,
+                    )
+                }
+            } else {
+                let from_offset = self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_import_from(index);
+                let (memory, def_mt) = self.load_pointer_with_memtypes(
+                    func,
+                    vmctx,
+                    from_offset,
+                    true,
+                    self.pcc_vmctx_memtype,
+                );
+                let base_offset = i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_base());
+                let current_length_offset =
+                    i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                (memory, base_offset, current_length_offset, def_mt)
+            }
+        };
+
+        let heap_bound = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(current_length_offset),
+            global_type: pointer_type,
+            flags: MemFlags::trusted(),
+        });
+
+        // If we have a declared maximum, we can make this a "static" heap, which is
+        // allocated up front and never moved.
+        let host_page_size_log2 = self.target_config().page_size_align_log2;
+        let (base_fact, memory_type) = if !memory
+            .can_elide_bounds_check(self.tunables, host_page_size_log2)
+        {
+            if let Some(ptr_memtype) = ptr_memtype {
+                // Create a memtype representing the untyped memory region.
+                let data_mt = func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::DynamicMemory {
+                    gv: heap_bound,
+                    size: self.tunables.memory_guard_size,
+                });
+                // This fact applies to any pointer to the start of the memory.
+                let base_fact = ir::Fact::dynamic_base_ptr(data_mt);
+                // This fact applies to the length.
+                let length_fact = ir::Fact::global_value(
+                    u16::try_from(self.isa.pointer_type().bits()).unwrap(),
+                    heap_bound,
+                );
+                // Create a field in the vmctx for the base pointer.
+                match &mut func.memory_types[ptr_memtype] {
+                    ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct { size, fields } => {
+                        let base_offset = u64::try_from(base_offset).unwrap();
+                        fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                            offset: base_offset,
+                            ty: self.isa.pointer_type(),
+                            // Read-only field from the PoV of PCC checks:
+                            // don't allow stores to this field. (Even if
+                            // it is a dynamic memory whose base can
+                            // change, that update happens inside the
+                            // runtime, not in generated code.)
+                            readonly: true,
+                            fact: Some(base_fact.clone()),
+                        });
+                        let current_length_offset = u64::try_from(current_length_offset).unwrap();
+                        fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                            offset: current_length_offset,
+                            ty: self.isa.pointer_type(),
+                            // As above, read-only; only the runtime modifies it.
+                            readonly: true,
+                            fact: Some(length_fact),
+                        });
+
+                        let pointer_size = u64::from(self.isa.pointer_type().bytes());
+                        let fields_end = std::cmp::max(
+                            base_offset + pointer_size,
+                            current_length_offset + pointer_size,
+                        );
+                        *size = std::cmp::max(*size, fields_end);
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        panic!("Bad memtype");
+                    }
+                }
+                // Apply a fact to the base pointer.
+                (Some(base_fact), Some(data_mt))
+            } else {
+                (None, None)
+            }
+        } else {
+            if let Some(ptr_memtype) = ptr_memtype {
+                // Create a memtype representing the untyped memory region.
+                let data_mt = func.create_memory_type(ir::MemoryTypeData::Memory {
+                    size: self
+                        .tunables
+                        .memory_reservation
+                        .checked_add(self.tunables.memory_guard_size)
+                        .expect("Memory plan has overflowing size plus guard"),
+                });
+                // This fact applies to any pointer to the start of the memory.
+                let base_fact = Fact::Mem {
+                    ty: data_mt,
+                    min_offset: 0,
+                    max_offset: 0,
+                    nullable: false,
+                };
+                // Create a field in the vmctx for the base pointer.
+                match &mut func.memory_types[ptr_memtype] {
+                    ir::MemoryTypeData::Struct { size, fields } => {
+                        let offset = u64::try_from(base_offset).unwrap();
+                        fields.push(ir::MemoryTypeField {
+                            offset,
+                            ty: self.isa.pointer_type(),
+                            // Read-only field from the PoV of PCC checks:
+                            // don't allow stores to this field. (Even if
+                            // it is a dynamic memory whose base can
+                            // change, that update happens inside the
+                            // runtime, not in generated code.)
+                            readonly: true,
+                            fact: Some(base_fact.clone()),
+                        });
+                        *size = std::cmp::max(
+                            *size,
+                            offset + u64::from(self.isa.pointer_type().bytes()),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        panic!("Bad memtype");
+                    }
+                }
+                // Apply a fact to the base pointer.
+                (Some(base_fact), Some(data_mt))
+            } else {
+                (None, None)
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut flags = MemFlags::trusted().with_checked();
+        if !memory.memory_may_move(self.tunables) {
+            flags.set_readonly();
+        }
+        let heap_base = func.create_global_value(ir::GlobalValueData::Load {
+            base: ptr,
+            offset: Offset32::new(base_offset),
+            global_type: pointer_type,
+            flags,
+        });
+        func.global_value_facts[heap_base] = base_fact;
+
+        Ok(self.heaps.push(HeapData {
+            base: heap_base,
+            bound: heap_bound,
+            pcc_memory_type: memory_type,
+            memory,
+        }))
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_global(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: GlobalIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<GlobalVariable> {
+        let ty = self.module.globals[index].wasm_ty;
+
+        if ty.is_vmgcref_type() {
+            // Although reference-typed globals live at the same memory location as
+            // any other type of global at the same index would, getting or
+            // setting them requires ref counting barriers. Therefore, we need
+            // to use `GlobalVariable::Custom`, as that is the only kind of
+            // `GlobalVariable` for which translation supports custom
+            // access translation.
+            return Ok(GlobalVariable::Custom);
+        }
+
+        let (gv, offset) = self.get_global_location(func, index);
+        Ok(GlobalVariable::Memory {
+            gv,
+            offset: offset.into(),
+            ty: super::value_type(self.isa, ty),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_indirect_sig(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: TypeIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::SigRef> {
+        let interned_index = self.module.types[index];
+        let wasm_func_ty = self.types[interned_index].unwrap_func();
+        let sig = crate::wasm_call_signature(self.isa, wasm_func_ty, &self.tunables);
+        let sig_ref = func.import_signature(sig);
+        self.sig_ref_to_ty[sig_ref] = Some(wasm_func_ty);
+        Ok(sig_ref)
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_direct_func(
+        &mut self,
+        func: &mut ir::Function,
+        index: FuncIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::FuncRef> {
+        let sig = self.module.functions[index].signature;
+        let wasm_func_ty = self.types[sig].unwrap_func();
+        let sig = crate::wasm_call_signature(self.isa, wasm_func_ty, &self.tunables);
+        let signature = func.import_signature(sig);
+        self.sig_ref_to_ty[signature] = Some(wasm_func_ty);
+        let name =
+            ir::ExternalName::User(func.declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: crate::NS_WASM_FUNC,
+                index: index.as_u32(),
+            }));
+        Ok(func.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name,
+            signature,
+
+            // the value of this flag determines the codegen for calls to this
+            // function. if this flag is `false` then absolute relocations will
+            // be generated for references to the function, which requires
+            // load-time relocation resolution. if this flag is set to `true`
+            // then relative relocations are emitted which can be resolved at
+            // object-link-time, just after all functions are compiled.
+            //
+            // this flag is set to `true` for functions defined in the object
+            // we'll be defining in this compilation unit, or everything local
+            // to the wasm module. this means that between functions in a wasm
+            // module there's relative calls encoded. all calls external to a
+            // wasm module (e.g. imports or libcalls) are either encoded through
+            // the `vmcontext` as relative jumps (hence no relocations) or
+            // they're libcalls with absolute relocations.
+            colocated: self.module.defined_func_index(index).is_some(),
+        }))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_call_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<Option<ir::Inst>> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).indirect_call(
+            features,
+            table_index,
+            ty_index,
+            sig_ref,
+            callee,
+            call_args,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_call(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).direct_call(callee_index, callee, call_args)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_call_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Inst> {
+        Call::new(builder, self).call_ref(sig_ref, callee, call_args)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_return_call(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        callee_index: FuncIndex,
+        callee: ir::FuncRef,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).direct_call(callee_index, callee, call_args)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_return_call_indirect(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        features: &WasmFeatures,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        ty_index: TypeIndex,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).indirect_call(
+            features,
+            table_index,
+            ty_index,
+            sig_ref,
+            callee,
+            call_args,
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_return_call_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        sig_ref: ir::SigRef,
+        callee: ir::Value,
+        call_args: &[ir::Value],
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        Call::new_tail(builder, self).call_ref(sig_ref, callee, call_args)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_memory_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        val: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let memory_grow = self.builtin_functions.memory32_grow(&mut pos.func);
+        let index_arg = index.index();
+
+        let memory_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, index_arg as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let index_type = self.memory(index).idx_type;
+        let val = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, val, index_type);
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call(memory_grow, &[vmctx, val, memory_index]);
+        let result = *pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst).first().unwrap();
+        let single_byte_pages = match self.memory(index).page_size_log2 {
+            16 => false,
+            0 => true,
+            _ => unreachable!("only page sizes 2**0 and 2**16 are currently valid"),
+        };
+        Ok(self.convert_pointer_to_index_type(
+            builder.cursor(),
+            result,
+            index_type,
+            single_byte_pages,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_memory_size(
+        &mut self,
+        mut pos: FuncCursor<'_>,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        let pointer_type = self.pointer_type();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx(&mut pos.func);
+        let is_shared = self.module.memories[index].shared;
+        let base = pos.ins().global_value(pointer_type, vmctx);
+        let current_length_in_bytes = match self.module.defined_memory_index(index) {
+            Some(def_index) => {
+                if is_shared {
+                    let offset =
+                        i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_pointer(def_index)).unwrap();
+                    let vmmemory_ptr =
+                        pos.ins()
+                            .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+                    let vmmemory_definition_offset =
+                        i64::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    let vmmemory_definition_ptr =
+                        pos.ins().iadd_imm(vmmemory_ptr, vmmemory_definition_offset);
+                    // This atomic access of the
+                    // `VMMemoryDefinition::current_length` is direct; no bounds
+                    // check is needed. This is possible because shared memory
+                    // has a static size (the maximum is always known). Shared
+                    // memory is thus built with a static memory plan and no
+                    // bounds-checked version of this is implemented.
+                    pos.ins().atomic_load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_definition_ptr,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    let owned_index = self.module.owned_memory_index(def_index);
+                    let offset = i32::try_from(
+                        self.offsets
+                            .vmctx_vmmemory_definition_current_length(owned_index),
+                    )
+                    .unwrap();
+                    pos.ins()
+                        .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset)
+                }
+            }
+            None => {
+                let offset = i32::try_from(self.offsets.vmctx_vmmemory_import_from(index)).unwrap();
+                let vmmemory_ptr =
+                    pos.ins()
+                        .load(pointer_type, ir::MemFlags::trusted(), base, offset);
+                if is_shared {
+                    let vmmemory_definition_offset =
+                        i64::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length());
+                    let vmmemory_definition_ptr =
+                        pos.ins().iadd_imm(vmmemory_ptr, vmmemory_definition_offset);
+                    pos.ins().atomic_load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_definition_ptr,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    pos.ins().load(
+                        pointer_type,
+                        ir::MemFlags::trusted(),
+                        vmmemory_ptr,
+                        i32::from(self.offsets.ptr.vmmemory_definition_current_length()),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let page_size_log2 = i64::from(self.module.memories[index].page_size_log2);
+        let current_length_in_pages = pos.ins().ushr_imm(current_length_in_bytes, page_size_log2);
+        let single_byte_pages = match page_size_log2 {
+            16 => false,
+            0 => true,
+            _ => unreachable!("only page sizes 2**0 and 2**16 are currently valid"),
+        };
+        Ok(self.convert_pointer_to_index_type(
+            pos,
+            current_length_in_pages,
+            self.memory(index).idx_type,
+            single_byte_pages,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_memory_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        src_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _src_heap: Heap,
+        dst_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _dst_heap: Heap,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let memory_copy = self.builtin_functions.memory_copy(&mut pos.func);
+        let dst = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, self.memory(dst_index).idx_type);
+        let src = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, src, self.memory(src_index).idx_type);
+        // The length is 32-bit if either memory is 32-bit, but if they're both
+        // 64-bit then it's 64-bit. Our intrinsic takes a 64-bit length for
+        // compatibility across all memories, so make sure that it's cast
+        // correctly here (this is a bit special so no generic helper unlike for
+        // `dst`/`src` above)
+        let len = if index_type_to_ir_type(self.memory(dst_index).idx_type) == I64
+            && index_type_to_ir_type(self.memory(src_index).idx_type) == I64
+        {
+            len
+        } else {
+            pos.ins().uextend(I64, len)
+        };
+        let src_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(src_index.as_u32()));
+        let dst_index = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(dst_index.as_u32()));
+        pos.ins()
+            .call(memory_copy, &[vmctx, dst_index, dst, src_index, src, len]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_memory_fill(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        val: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let memory_fill = self.builtin_functions.memory_fill(&mut pos.func);
+        let dst = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, self.memory(memory_index).idx_type);
+        let len = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, len, self.memory(memory_index).idx_type);
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(memory_index.as_u32()));
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        pos.ins()
+            .call(memory_fill, &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, dst, val, len]);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_memory_init(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        seg_index: u32,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let memory_init = self.builtin_functions.memory_init(&mut pos.func);
+
+        let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index.index() as i64);
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, seg_index as i64);
+
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+        let dst = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, self.memory(memory_index).idx_type);
+
+        pos.ins().call(
+            memory_init,
+            &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, seg_index_arg, dst, src, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_data_drop(&mut self, mut pos: FuncCursor, seg_index: u32) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let data_drop = self.builtin_functions.data_drop(&mut pos.func);
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, seg_index as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        pos.ins().call(data_drop, &[vmctx, seg_index_arg]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_table_size(
+        &mut self,
+        pos: FuncCursor,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        self.ensure_table_exists(pos.func, table_index);
+        let table_data = self.tables[table_index].as_ref().unwrap();
+        let index_type = index_type_to_ir_type(self.table(table_index).idx_type);
+        Ok(table_data.bound.bound(&*self.isa, pos, index_type))
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_table_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        dst_table_index: TableIndex,
+        src_table_index: TableIndex,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let (table_copy, dst_table_index_arg, src_table_index_arg) =
+            self.get_table_copy_func(&mut builder.func, dst_table_index, src_table_index);
+
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let dst = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, self.table(dst_table_index).idx_type);
+        let src = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, src, self.table(src_table_index).idx_type);
+        let len = if index_type_to_ir_type(self.table(dst_table_index).idx_type) == I64
+            && index_type_to_ir_type(self.table(src_table_index).idx_type) == I64
+        {
+            len
+        } else {
+            pos.ins().uextend(I64, len)
+        };
+        let dst_table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, dst_table_index_arg as i64);
+        let src_table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, src_table_index_arg as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        pos.ins().call(
+            table_copy,
+            &[
+                vmctx,
+                dst_table_index_arg,
+                src_table_index_arg,
+                dst,
+                src,
+                len,
+            ],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_table_init(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        seg_index: u32,
+        table_index: TableIndex,
+        dst: ir::Value,
+        src: ir::Value,
+        len: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+        let table_init = self.builtin_functions.table_init(&mut pos.func);
+        let table_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(table_index.as_u32()));
+        let seg_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, i64::from(seg_index));
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        let index_type = self.table(table_index).idx_type;
+        let dst = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, dst, index_type);
+        let src = pos.ins().uextend(I64, src);
+        let len = pos.ins().uextend(I64, len);
+
+        pos.ins().call(
+            table_init,
+            &[vmctx, table_index_arg, seg_index_arg, dst, src, len],
+        );
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_elem_drop(&mut self, mut pos: FuncCursor, elem_index: u32) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        let elem_drop = self.builtin_functions.elem_drop(&mut pos.func);
+        let elem_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, elem_index as i64);
+        let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+        pos.ins().call(elem_drop, &[vmctx, elem_index_arg]);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_atomic_wait(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        expected: ir::Value,
+        timeout: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "threads")]
+        {
+            let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+            let addr = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, addr, self.memory(memory_index).idx_type);
+            let implied_ty = pos.func.dfg.value_type(expected);
+            let (wait_func, memory_index) =
+                self.get_memory_atomic_wait(&mut pos.func, memory_index, implied_ty);
+
+            let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index as i64);
+
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+
+            let call_inst = pos.ins().call(
+                wait_func,
+                &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, addr, expected, timeout],
+            );
+            let ret = pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst)[0];
+            Ok(builder.ins().ireduce(ir::types::I32, ret))
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "threads"))]
+        {
+            let _ = (builder, memory_index, addr, expected, timeout);
+            Err(wasmtime_environ::WasmError::Unsupported(
+                "threads support disabled at compile time".to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_atomic_notify(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder<'_>,
+        memory_index: MemoryIndex,
+        _heap: Heap,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        count: ir::Value,
+    ) -> WasmResult<ir::Value> {
+        #[cfg(feature = "threads")]
+        {
+            let mut pos = builder.cursor();
+            let addr = self.cast_index_to_i64(&mut pos, addr, self.memory(memory_index).idx_type);
+            let atomic_notify = self.builtin_functions.memory_atomic_notify(&mut pos.func);
+
+            let memory_index_arg = pos.ins().iconst(I32, memory_index.index() as i64);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut pos);
+            let call_inst = pos
+                .ins()
+                .call(atomic_notify, &[vmctx, memory_index_arg, addr, count]);
+            let ret = pos.func.dfg.inst_results(call_inst)[0];
+            Ok(builder.ins().ireduce(ir::types::I32, ret))
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "threads"))]
+        {
+            let _ = (builder, memory_index, addr, count);
+            Err(wasmtime_environ::WasmError::Unsupported(
+                "threads support disabled at compile time".to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_loop_header(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        // Additionally if enabled check how much fuel we have remaining to see
+        // if we've run out by this point.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_check(builder);
+        }
+
+        // If we are performing epoch-based interruption, check to see
+        // if the epoch counter has changed.
+        if self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.epoch_check(builder);
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn before_translate_operator(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_before_op(op, builder, state.reachable());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn after_translate_operator(
+        &mut self,
+        op: &Operator,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel && state.reachable() {
+            self.fuel_after_op(op, builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn before_unconditionally_trapping_memory_access(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_increment_var(builder);
+            self.fuel_save_from_var(builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn before_translate_function(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        _state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        // If an explicit stack limit is requested, emit one here at the start
+        // of the function.
+        if let Some(gv) = self.stack_limit_at_function_entry {
+            let limit = builder.ins().global_value(self.pointer_type(), gv);
+            let sp = builder.ins().get_stack_pointer(self.pointer_type());
+            let overflow = builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::UnsignedLessThan, sp, limit);
+            self.conditionally_trap(builder, overflow, ir::TrapCode::STACK_OVERFLOW);
+        }
+
+        // If the `vmruntime_limits_ptr` variable will get used then we initialize
+        // it here.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel || self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.declare_vmruntime_limits_ptr(builder);
+        }
+        // Additionally we initialize `fuel_var` if it will get used.
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel {
+            self.fuel_function_entry(builder);
+        }
+        // Initialize `epoch_var` with the current epoch.
+        if self.tunables.epoch_interruption {
+            self.epoch_function_entry(builder);
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+        if self.compiler.wmemcheck {
+            let func_name = self.current_func_name(builder);
+            if func_name == Some("malloc") {
+                self.check_malloc_start(builder);
+            } else if func_name == Some("free") {
+                self.check_free_start(builder);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn after_translate_function(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        state: &FuncTranslationState,
+    ) -> WasmResult<()> {
+        if self.tunables.consume_fuel && state.reachable() {
+            self.fuel_function_exit(builder);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn relaxed_simd_deterministic(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tunables.relaxed_simd_deterministic
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_native_fma(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_native_fma()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_x86(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.triple().architecture == target_lexicon::Architecture::X86_64
+    }
+
+    pub fn use_x86_blendv_for_relaxed_laneselect(&self, ty: Type) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_blendv_lowering(ty)
+    }
+
+    pub fn use_x86_pshufb_for_relaxed_swizzle(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pshufb_lowering()
+    }
+
+    pub fn use_x86_pmulhrsw_for_relaxed_q15mul(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pmulhrsw_lowering()
+    }
+
+    pub fn use_x86_pmaddubsw_for_dot(&self) -> bool {
+        self.isa.has_x86_pmaddubsw_lowering()
+    }
+
+    pub fn handle_before_return(&mut self, retvals: &[ir::Value], builder: &mut FunctionBuilder) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+        if self.compiler.wmemcheck {
+            let func_name = self.current_func_name(builder);
+            if func_name == Some("malloc") {
+                self.hook_malloc_exit(builder, retvals);
+            } else if func_name == Some("free") {
+                self.hook_free_exit(builder);
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "wmemcheck"))]
+        let _ = (retvals, builder);
+    }
+
+    pub fn before_load(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        val_size: u8,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        offset: u64,
+    ) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+        if self.compiler.wmemcheck {
+            let check_load = self.builtin_functions.check_load(builder.func);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+            let num_bytes = builder.ins().iconst(I32, val_size as i64);
+            let offset_val = builder.ins().iconst(I64, offset as i64);
+            builder
+                .ins()
+                .call(check_load, &[vmctx, num_bytes, addr, offset_val]);
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "wmemcheck"))]
+        let _ = (builder, val_size, addr, offset);
+    }
+
+    pub fn before_store(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        val_size: u8,
+        addr: ir::Value,
+        offset: u64,
+    ) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+        if self.compiler.wmemcheck {
+            let check_store = self.builtin_functions.check_store(builder.func);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+            let num_bytes = builder.ins().iconst(I32, val_size as i64);
+            let offset_val = builder.ins().iconst(I64, offset as i64);
+            builder
+                .ins()
+                .call(check_store, &[vmctx, num_bytes, addr, offset_val]);
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "wmemcheck"))]
+        let _ = (builder, val_size, addr, offset);
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_global(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        global_index: u32,
+        value: ir::Value,
+    ) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+        if self.compiler.wmemcheck {
+            if global_index == 0 {
+                // We are making the assumption that global 0 is the auxiliary stack pointer.
+                let update_stack_pointer =
+                    self.builtin_functions.update_stack_pointer(builder.func);
+                let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+                builder.ins().call(update_stack_pointer, &[vmctx, value]);
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "wmemcheck"))]
+        let _ = (builder, global_index, value);
+    }
+
+    pub fn before_memory_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        num_pages: ir::Value,
+        mem_index: MemoryIndex,
+    ) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "wmemcheck")]
+        if self.compiler.wmemcheck && mem_index.as_u32() == 0 {
+            let update_mem_size = self.builtin_functions.update_mem_size(builder.func);
+            let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+            builder.ins().call(update_mem_size, &[vmctx, num_pages]);
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "wmemcheck"))]
+        let _ = (builder, num_pages, mem_index);
+    }
+
+    pub fn isa(&self) -> &dyn TargetIsa {
+        &*self.isa
+    }
+
+    pub fn trap(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder, trap: ir::TrapCode) {
+        match (
+            self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled(),
+            crate::clif_trap_to_env_trap(trap),
+        ) {
+            // If libcall traps are disabled or there's no wasmtime-defined trap
+            // code for this, then emit a native trap instruction.
+            (true, _) | (_, None) => {
+                builder.ins().trap(trap);
+            }
+            // ... otherwise with libcall traps explicitly enabled and a
+            // wasmtime-based trap code invoke the libcall to raise a trap and
+            // pass in our trap code. Leave a debug `unreachable` in place
+            // afterwards as a defense-in-depth measure.
+            (false, Some(trap)) => {
+                let libcall = self.builtin_functions.trap(&mut builder.func);
+                let vmctx = self.vmctx_val(&mut builder.cursor());
+                let trap_code = builder.ins().iconst(I8, i64::from(trap as u8));
+                builder.ins().call(libcall, &[vmctx, trap_code]);
+                let raise = self.builtin_functions.raise(&mut builder.func);
+                builder.ins().call(raise, &[vmctx]);
+                builder.ins().trap(TRAP_INTERNAL_ASSERT);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn trapz(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder, value: ir::Value, trap: ir::TrapCode) {
+        if self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled() {
+            builder.ins().trapz(value, trap);
+        } else {
+            let ty = builder.func.dfg.value_type(value);
+            let zero = builder.ins().iconst(ty, 0);
+            let cmp = builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, value, zero);
+            self.conditionally_trap(builder, cmp, trap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn trapnz(&mut self, builder: &mut FunctionBuilder, value: ir::Value, trap: ir::TrapCode) {
+        if self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled() {
+            builder.ins().trapnz(value, trap);
+        } else {
+            let ty = builder.func.dfg.value_type(value);
+            let zero = builder.ins().iconst(ty, 0);
+            let cmp = builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::NotEqual, value, zero);
+            self.conditionally_trap(builder, cmp, trap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn uadd_overflow_trap(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        lhs: ir::Value,
+        rhs: ir::Value,
+        trap: ir::TrapCode,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        if self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled() {
+            builder.ins().uadd_overflow_trap(lhs, rhs, trap)
+        } else {
+            let (ret, overflow) = builder.ins().uadd_overflow(lhs, rhs);
+            self.conditionally_trap(builder, overflow, trap);
+            ret
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_sdiv(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        lhs: ir::Value,
+        rhs: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        self.guard_signed_divide(builder, lhs, rhs);
+        builder.ins().sdiv(lhs, rhs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_udiv(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        lhs: ir::Value,
+        rhs: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        self.guard_zero_divisor(builder, rhs);
+        builder.ins().udiv(lhs, rhs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_srem(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        lhs: ir::Value,
+        rhs: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        self.guard_zero_divisor(builder, rhs);
+        builder.ins().srem(lhs, rhs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_urem(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        lhs: ir::Value,
+        rhs: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        self.guard_zero_divisor(builder, rhs);
+        builder.ins().urem(lhs, rhs)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_fcvt_to_sint(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        ty: ir::Type,
+        val: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        // NB: for now avoid translating this entire instruction to CLIF and
+        // just do it in a libcall.
+        if !self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled() {
+            self.guard_fcvt_to_int(
+                builder,
+                ty,
+                val,
+                (-2147483649.0, 2147483648.0),
+                (-9223372036854777856.0, 9223372036854775808.0),
+            );
+        }
+        builder.ins().fcvt_to_sint(ty, val)
+    }
+
+    pub fn translate_fcvt_to_uint(
+        &mut self,
+        builder: &mut FunctionBuilder,
+        ty: ir::Type,
+        val: ir::Value,
+    ) -> ir::Value {
+        if !self.clif_instruction_traps_enabled() {
+            self.guard_fcvt_to_int(
+                builder,
+                ty,
+                val,
+                (-1.0, 4294967296.0),
+                (-1.0, 18446744073709551616.0),
+            );
+        }
+        builder.ins().fcvt_to_uint(ty, val)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether it's acceptable to rely on traps in CLIF memory-related
+    /// instructions (e.g. loads and stores).
+    ///
+    /// This is enabled if `signals_based_traps` is `true` since signal handlers
+    /// are available, but this is additionally forcibly disabled if Pulley is
+    /// being targeted since the Pulley runtime doesn't catch segfaults for
+    /// itself.
+    pub fn clif_memory_traps_enabled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tunables.signals_based_traps && !self.isa.triple().is_pulley()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether it's acceptable to have CLIF instructions natively trap,
+    /// such as division-by-zero.
+    ///
+    /// This enabled if `signals_based_traps` is `true` or on Pulley
+    /// unconditionally since Pulley doesn't use hardware-based traps in its
+    /// runtime.
+    pub fn clif_instruction_traps_enabled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.tunables.signals_based_traps || self.isa.triple().is_pulley()
+    }
+}
+
+// Helper function to convert an `IndexType` to an `ir::Type`.
+//
+// Implementing From/Into trait for `IndexType` or `ir::Type` would
+// introduce an extra dependency between `wasmtime_types` and `cranelift_codegen`.
+fn index_type_to_ir_type(index_type: IndexType) -> ir::Type {
+    match index_type {
+        IndexType::I32 => I32,
+        IndexType::I64 => I64,
+    }
+}