wasmtime 15.0.1 → 16.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/cranelift-codegen-0.103.0/src/ir/dfg.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1735 @@
+//! Data flow graph tracking Instructions, Values, and blocks.
+
+use crate::entity::{self, PrimaryMap, SecondaryMap};
+use crate::ir;
+use crate::ir::builder::ReplaceBuilder;
+use crate::ir::dynamic_type::{DynamicTypeData, DynamicTypes};
+use crate::ir::instructions::{CallInfo, InstructionData};
+use crate::ir::pcc::Fact;
+use crate::ir::{
+    types, Block, BlockCall, ConstantData, ConstantPool, DynamicType, ExtFuncData, FuncRef,
+    Immediate, Inst, JumpTables, RelSourceLoc, SigRef, Signature, Type, Value,
+    ValueLabelAssignments, ValueList, ValueListPool,
+};
+use crate::packed_option::ReservedValue;
+use crate::write::write_operands;
+use core::fmt;
+use core::iter;
+use core::mem;
+use core::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
+use core::u16;
+
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+#[cfg(feature = "enable-serde")]
+use serde_derive::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+
+/// Storage for instructions within the DFG.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "enable-serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct Insts(PrimaryMap<Inst, InstructionData>);
+
+/// Allow immutable access to instructions via indexing.
+impl Index<Inst> for Insts {
+    type Output = InstructionData;
+
+    fn index(&self, inst: Inst) -> &InstructionData {
+        self.0.index(inst)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Allow mutable access to instructions via indexing.
+impl IndexMut<Inst> for Insts {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, inst: Inst) -> &mut InstructionData {
+        self.0.index_mut(inst)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Storage for basic blocks within the DFG.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "enable-serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct Blocks(PrimaryMap<Block, BlockData>);
+
+impl Blocks {
+    /// Create a new basic block.
+    pub fn add(&mut self) -> Block {
+        self.0.push(BlockData::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total number of basic blocks created in this function, whether they are
+    /// currently inserted in the layout or not.
+    ///
+    /// This is intended for use with `SecondaryMap::with_capacity`.
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the given block reference is valid.
+    pub fn is_valid(&self, block: Block) -> bool {
+        self.0.is_valid(block)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Index<Block> for Blocks {
+    type Output = BlockData;
+
+    fn index(&self, block: Block) -> &BlockData {
+        &self.0[block]
+    }
+}
+
+impl IndexMut<Block> for Blocks {
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, block: Block) -> &mut BlockData {
+        &mut self.0[block]
+    }
+}
+
+/// A data flow graph defines all instructions and basic blocks in a function as well as
+/// the data flow dependencies between them. The DFG also tracks values which can be either
+/// instruction results or block parameters.
+///
+/// The layout of blocks in the function and of instructions in each block is recorded by the
+/// `Layout` data structure which forms the other half of the function representation.
+///
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "enable-serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct DataFlowGraph {
+    /// Data about all of the instructions in the function, including opcodes and operands.
+    /// The instructions in this map are not in program order. That is tracked by `Layout`, along
+    /// with the block containing each instruction.
+    pub insts: Insts,
+
+    /// List of result values for each instruction.
+    ///
+    /// This map gets resized automatically by `make_inst()` so it is always in sync with the
+    /// primary `insts` map.
+    results: SecondaryMap<Inst, ValueList>,
+
+    /// basic blocks in the function and their parameters.
+    ///
+    /// This map is not in program order. That is handled by `Layout`, and so is the sequence of
+    /// instructions contained in each block.
+    pub blocks: Blocks,
+
+    /// Dynamic types created.
+    pub dynamic_types: DynamicTypes,
+
+    /// Memory pool of value lists.
+    ///
+    /// The `ValueList` references into this pool appear in many places:
+    ///
+    /// - Instructions in `insts` that don't have room for their entire argument list inline.
+    /// - Instruction result values in `results`.
+    /// - block parameters in `blocks`.
+    pub value_lists: ValueListPool,
+
+    /// Primary value table with entries for all values.
+    values: PrimaryMap<Value, ValueDataPacked>,
+
+    /// Facts: proof-carrying-code assertions about values.
+    pub facts: SecondaryMap<Value, Option<Fact>>,
+
+    /// Function signature table. These signatures are referenced by indirect call instructions as
+    /// well as the external function references.
+    pub signatures: PrimaryMap<SigRef, Signature>,
+
+    /// The pre-legalization signature for each entry in `signatures`, if any.
+    pub old_signatures: SecondaryMap<SigRef, Option<Signature>>,
+
+    /// External function references. These are functions that can be called directly.
+    pub ext_funcs: PrimaryMap<FuncRef, ExtFuncData>,
+
+    /// Saves Value labels.
+    pub values_labels: Option<BTreeMap<Value, ValueLabelAssignments>>,
+
+    /// Constants used within the function.
+    pub constants: ConstantPool,
+
+    /// Stores large immediates that otherwise will not fit on InstructionData.
+    pub immediates: PrimaryMap<Immediate, ConstantData>,
+
+    /// Jump tables used in this function.
+    pub jump_tables: JumpTables,
+}
+
+impl DataFlowGraph {
+    /// Create a new empty `DataFlowGraph`.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            insts: Insts(PrimaryMap::new()),
+            results: SecondaryMap::new(),
+            blocks: Blocks(PrimaryMap::new()),
+            dynamic_types: DynamicTypes::new(),
+            value_lists: ValueListPool::new(),
+            values: PrimaryMap::new(),
+            facts: SecondaryMap::new(),
+            signatures: PrimaryMap::new(),
+            old_signatures: SecondaryMap::new(),
+            ext_funcs: PrimaryMap::new(),
+            values_labels: None,
+            constants: ConstantPool::new(),
+            immediates: PrimaryMap::new(),
+            jump_tables: JumpTables::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clear everything.
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.insts.0.clear();
+        self.results.clear();
+        self.blocks.0.clear();
+        self.dynamic_types.clear();
+        self.value_lists.clear();
+        self.values.clear();
+        self.signatures.clear();
+        self.old_signatures.clear();
+        self.ext_funcs.clear();
+        self.values_labels = None;
+        self.constants.clear();
+        self.immediates.clear();
+        self.jump_tables.clear();
+        self.facts.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total number of instructions created in this function, whether they are currently
+    /// inserted in the layout or not.
+    ///
+    /// This is intended for use with `SecondaryMap::with_capacity`.
+    pub fn num_insts(&self) -> usize {
+        self.insts.0.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the given instruction reference is valid.
+    pub fn inst_is_valid(&self, inst: Inst) -> bool {
+        self.insts.0.is_valid(inst)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total number of basic blocks created in this function, whether they are
+    /// currently inserted in the layout or not.
+    ///
+    /// This is intended for use with `SecondaryMap::with_capacity`.
+    pub fn num_blocks(&self) -> usize {
+        self.blocks.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the given block reference is valid.
+    pub fn block_is_valid(&self, block: Block) -> bool {
+        self.blocks.is_valid(block)
+    }
+
+    /// Make a BlockCall, bundling together the block and its arguments.
+    pub fn block_call(&mut self, block: Block, args: &[Value]) -> BlockCall {
+        BlockCall::new(block, args, &mut self.value_lists)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the total number of values.
+    pub fn num_values(&self) -> usize {
+        self.values.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Get an iterator over all values and their definitions.
+    pub fn values_and_defs(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Value, ValueDef)> + '_ {
+        self.values().map(|value| (value, self.value_def(value)))
+    }
+
+    /// Starts collection of debug information.
+    pub fn collect_debug_info(&mut self) {
+        if self.values_labels.is_none() {
+            self.values_labels = Some(Default::default());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a `ValueLabelAssignments::Alias` for `to_alias` if debug info
+    /// collection is enabled.
+    pub fn add_value_label_alias(&mut self, to_alias: Value, from: RelSourceLoc, value: Value) {
+        if let Some(values_labels) = self.values_labels.as_mut() {
+            values_labels.insert(to_alias, ir::ValueLabelAssignments::Alias { from, value });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve value aliases.
+///
+/// Find the original SSA value that `value` aliases, or None if an
+/// alias cycle is detected.
+fn maybe_resolve_aliases(
+    values: &PrimaryMap<Value, ValueDataPacked>,
+    value: Value,
+) -> Option<Value> {
+    let mut v = value;
+
+    // Note that values may be empty here.
+    for _ in 0..=values.len() {
+        if let ValueData::Alias { original, .. } = ValueData::from(values[v]) {
+            v = original;
+        } else {
+            return Some(v);
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+/// Resolve value aliases.
+///
+/// Find the original SSA value that `value` aliases.
+fn resolve_aliases(values: &PrimaryMap<Value, ValueDataPacked>, value: Value) -> Value {
+    if let Some(v) = maybe_resolve_aliases(values, value) {
+        v
+    } else {
+        panic!("Value alias loop detected for {}", value);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Iterator over all Values in a DFG.
+pub struct Values<'a> {
+    inner: entity::Iter<'a, Value, ValueDataPacked>,
+}
+
+/// Check for non-values.
+fn valid_valuedata(data: ValueDataPacked) -> bool {
+    let data = ValueData::from(data);
+    if let ValueData::Alias {
+        ty: types::INVALID,
+        original,
+    } = ValueData::from(data)
+    {
+        if original == Value::reserved_value() {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for Values<'a> {
+    type Item = Value;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.inner
+            .by_ref()
+            .find(|kv| valid_valuedata(*kv.1))
+            .map(|kv| kv.0)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Handling values.
+///
+/// Values are either block parameters or instruction results.
+impl DataFlowGraph {
+    /// Allocate an extended value entry.
+    fn make_value(&mut self, data: ValueData) -> Value {
+        self.values.push(data.into())
+    }
+
+    /// Get an iterator over all values.
+    pub fn values<'a>(&'a self) -> Values {
+        Values {
+            inner: self.values.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a value reference is valid.
+    pub fn value_is_valid(&self, v: Value) -> bool {
+        self.values.is_valid(v)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the type of a value.
+    pub fn value_type(&self, v: Value) -> Type {
+        self.values[v].ty()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the definition of a value.
+    ///
+    /// This is either the instruction that defined it or the Block that has the value as an
+    /// parameter.
+    pub fn value_def(&self, v: Value) -> ValueDef {
+        match ValueData::from(self.values[v]) {
+            ValueData::Inst { inst, num, .. } => ValueDef::Result(inst, num as usize),
+            ValueData::Param { block, num, .. } => ValueDef::Param(block, num as usize),
+            ValueData::Alias { original, .. } => {
+                // Make sure we only recurse one level. `resolve_aliases` has safeguards to
+                // detect alias loops without overrunning the stack.
+                self.value_def(self.resolve_aliases(original))
+            }
+            ValueData::Union { x, y, .. } => ValueDef::Union(x, y),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Determine if `v` is an attached instruction result / block parameter.
+    ///
+    /// An attached value can't be attached to something else without first being detached.
+    ///
+    /// Value aliases are not considered to be attached to anything. Use `resolve_aliases()` to
+    /// determine if the original aliased value is attached.
+    pub fn value_is_attached(&self, v: Value) -> bool {
+        use self::ValueData::*;
+        match ValueData::from(self.values[v]) {
+            Inst { inst, num, .. } => Some(&v) == self.inst_results(inst).get(num as usize),
+            Param { block, num, .. } => Some(&v) == self.block_params(block).get(num as usize),
+            Alias { .. } => false,
+            Union { .. } => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve value aliases.
+    ///
+    /// Find the original SSA value that `value` aliases.
+    pub fn resolve_aliases(&self, value: Value) -> Value {
+        resolve_aliases(&self.values, value)
+    }
+
+    /// Resolve all aliases among inst's arguments.
+    ///
+    /// For each argument of inst which is defined by an alias, replace the
+    /// alias with the aliased value.
+    pub fn resolve_aliases_in_arguments(&mut self, inst: Inst) {
+        self.map_inst_values(inst, |dfg, arg| resolve_aliases(&dfg.values, arg));
+    }
+
+    /// Turn a value into an alias of another.
+    ///
+    /// Change the `dest` value to behave as an alias of `src`. This means that all uses of `dest`
+    /// will behave as if they used that value `src`.
+    ///
+    /// The `dest` value can't be attached to an instruction or block.
+    pub fn change_to_alias(&mut self, dest: Value, src: Value) {
+        debug_assert!(!self.value_is_attached(dest));
+        // Try to create short alias chains by finding the original source value.
+        // This also avoids the creation of loops.
+        let original = self.resolve_aliases(src);
+        debug_assert_ne!(
+            dest, original,
+            "Aliasing {} to {} would create a loop",
+            dest, src
+        );
+        let ty = self.value_type(original);
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            self.value_type(dest),
+            ty,
+            "Aliasing {} to {} would change its type {} to {}",
+            dest,
+            src,
+            self.value_type(dest),
+            ty
+        );
+        debug_assert_ne!(ty, types::INVALID);
+
+        self.values[dest] = ValueData::Alias { ty, original }.into();
+    }
+
+    /// Replace the results of one instruction with aliases to the results of another.
+    ///
+    /// Change all the results of `dest_inst` to behave as aliases of
+    /// corresponding results of `src_inst`, as if calling change_to_alias for
+    /// each.
+    ///
+    /// After calling this instruction, `dest_inst` will have had its results
+    /// cleared, so it likely needs to be removed from the graph.
+    ///
+    pub fn replace_with_aliases(&mut self, dest_inst: Inst, src_inst: Inst) {
+        debug_assert_ne!(
+            dest_inst, src_inst,
+            "Replacing {} with itself would create a loop",
+            dest_inst
+        );
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            self.results[dest_inst].len(&self.value_lists),
+            self.results[src_inst].len(&self.value_lists),
+            "Replacing {} with {} would produce a different number of results.",
+            dest_inst,
+            src_inst
+        );
+
+        for (&dest, &src) in self.results[dest_inst]
+            .as_slice(&self.value_lists)
+            .iter()
+            .zip(self.results[src_inst].as_slice(&self.value_lists))
+        {
+            let original = src;
+            let ty = self.value_type(original);
+            debug_assert_eq!(
+                self.value_type(dest),
+                ty,
+                "Aliasing {} to {} would change its type {} to {}",
+                dest,
+                src,
+                self.value_type(dest),
+                ty
+            );
+            debug_assert_ne!(ty, types::INVALID);
+
+            self.values[dest] = ValueData::Alias { ty, original }.into();
+        }
+
+        self.clear_results(dest_inst);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where did a value come from?
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ValueDef {
+    /// Value is the n'th result of an instruction.
+    Result(Inst, usize),
+    /// Value is the n'th parameter to a block.
+    Param(Block, usize),
+    /// Value is a union of two other values.
+    Union(Value, Value),
+}
+
+impl ValueDef {
+    /// Unwrap the instruction where the value was defined, or panic.
+    pub fn unwrap_inst(&self) -> Inst {
+        self.inst().expect("Value is not an instruction result")
+    }
+
+    /// Get the instruction where the value was defined, if any.
+    pub fn inst(&self) -> Option<Inst> {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Result(inst, _) => Some(inst),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Unwrap the block there the parameter is defined, or panic.
+    pub fn unwrap_block(&self) -> Block {
+        match *self {
+            Self::Param(block, _) => block,
+            _ => panic!("Value is not a block parameter"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number component of this definition.
+    ///
+    /// When multiple values are defined at the same program point, this indicates the index of
+    /// this value.
+    pub fn num(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Result(_, n) | Self::Param(_, n) => n,
+            Self::Union(_, _) => 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Internal table storage for extended values.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "enable-serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+enum ValueData {
+    /// Value is defined by an instruction.
+    Inst { ty: Type, num: u16, inst: Inst },
+
+    /// Value is a block parameter.
+    Param { ty: Type, num: u16, block: Block },
+
+    /// Value is an alias of another value.
+    /// An alias value can't be linked as an instruction result or block parameter. It is used as a
+    /// placeholder when the original instruction or block has been rewritten or modified.
+    Alias { ty: Type, original: Value },
+
+    /// Union is a "fork" in representation: the value can be
+    /// represented as either of the values named here. This is used
+    /// for aegraph (acyclic egraph) representation in the DFG.
+    Union { ty: Type, x: Value, y: Value },
+}
+
+/// Bit-packed version of ValueData, for efficiency.
+///
+/// Layout:
+///
+/// ```plain
+///        | tag:2 |  type:14        |    x:24       | y:24          |
+///
+/// Inst       00     ty               inst output     inst index
+/// Param      01     ty               blockparam num  block index
+/// Alias      10     ty               0               value index
+/// Union      11     ty               first value     second value
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "enable-serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+struct ValueDataPacked(u64);
+
+/// Encodes a value in 0..2^32 into 0..2^n, where n is less than 32
+/// (and is implied by `mask`), by translating 2^32-1 (0xffffffff)
+/// into 2^n-1 and panic'ing on 2^n..2^32-1.
+fn encode_narrow_field(x: u32, bits: u8) -> u32 {
+    let max = (1 << bits) - 1;
+    if x == 0xffff_ffff {
+        max
+    } else {
+        debug_assert!(
+            x < max,
+            "{x} does not fit into {bits} bits (must be less than {max} to \
+             allow for a 0xffffffff sentinal)"
+        );
+        x
+    }
+}
+
+/// The inverse of the above `encode_narrow_field`: unpacks 2^n-1 into
+/// 2^32-1.
+fn decode_narrow_field(x: u32, bits: u8) -> u32 {
+    if x == (1 << bits) - 1 {
+        0xffff_ffff
+    } else {
+        x
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValueDataPacked {
+    const Y_SHIFT: u8 = 0;
+    const Y_BITS: u8 = 24;
+    const X_SHIFT: u8 = Self::Y_SHIFT + Self::Y_BITS;
+    const X_BITS: u8 = 24;
+    const TYPE_SHIFT: u8 = Self::X_SHIFT + Self::X_BITS;
+    const TYPE_BITS: u8 = 14;
+    const TAG_SHIFT: u8 = Self::TYPE_SHIFT + Self::TYPE_BITS;
+    const TAG_BITS: u8 = 2;
+
+    const TAG_INST: u64 = 0;
+    const TAG_PARAM: u64 = 1;
+    const TAG_ALIAS: u64 = 2;
+    const TAG_UNION: u64 = 3;
+
+    fn make(tag: u64, ty: Type, x: u32, y: u32) -> ValueDataPacked {
+        debug_assert!(tag < (1 << Self::TAG_BITS));
+        debug_assert!(ty.repr() < (1 << Self::TYPE_BITS));
+
+        let x = encode_narrow_field(x, Self::X_BITS);
+        let y = encode_narrow_field(y, Self::Y_BITS);
+
+        ValueDataPacked(
+            (tag << Self::TAG_SHIFT)
+                | ((ty.repr() as u64) << Self::TYPE_SHIFT)
+                | ((x as u64) << Self::X_SHIFT)
+                | ((y as u64) << Self::Y_SHIFT),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn field(self, shift: u8, bits: u8) -> u64 {
+        (self.0 >> shift) & ((1 << bits) - 1)
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn ty(self) -> Type {
+        let ty = self.field(ValueDataPacked::TYPE_SHIFT, ValueDataPacked::TYPE_BITS) as u16;
+        Type::from_repr(ty)
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn set_type(&mut self, ty: Type) {
+        self.0 &= !(((1 << Self::TYPE_BITS) - 1) << Self::TYPE_SHIFT);
+        self.0 |= (ty.repr() as u64) << Self::TYPE_SHIFT;
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ValueData> for ValueDataPacked {
+    fn from(data: ValueData) -> Self {
+        match data {
+            ValueData::Inst { ty, num, inst } => {
+                Self::make(Self::TAG_INST, ty, num.into(), inst.as_bits())
+            }
+            ValueData::Param { ty, num, block } => {
+                Self::make(Self::TAG_PARAM, ty, num.into(), block.as_bits())
+            }
+            ValueData::Alias { ty, original } => {
+                Self::make(Self::TAG_ALIAS, ty, 0, original.as_bits())
+            }
+            ValueData::Union { ty, x, y } => {
+                Self::make(Self::TAG_UNION, ty, x.as_bits(), y.as_bits())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ValueDataPacked> for ValueData {
+    fn from(data: ValueDataPacked) -> Self {
+        let tag = data.field(ValueDataPacked::TAG_SHIFT, ValueDataPacked::TAG_BITS);
+        let ty = u16::try_from(data.field(ValueDataPacked::TYPE_SHIFT, ValueDataPacked::TYPE_BITS))
+            .expect("Mask should ensure result fits in a u16");
+        let x = u32::try_from(data.field(ValueDataPacked::X_SHIFT, ValueDataPacked::X_BITS))
+            .expect("Mask should ensure result fits in a u32");
+        let y = u32::try_from(data.field(ValueDataPacked::Y_SHIFT, ValueDataPacked::Y_BITS))
+            .expect("Mask should ensure result fits in a u32");
+
+        let ty = Type::from_repr(ty);
+        match tag {
+            ValueDataPacked::TAG_INST => ValueData::Inst {
+                ty,
+                num: u16::try_from(x).expect("Inst result num should fit in u16"),
+                inst: Inst::from_bits(decode_narrow_field(y, ValueDataPacked::Y_BITS)),
+            },
+            ValueDataPacked::TAG_PARAM => ValueData::Param {
+                ty,
+                num: u16::try_from(x).expect("Blockparam index should fit in u16"),
+                block: Block::from_bits(decode_narrow_field(y, ValueDataPacked::Y_BITS)),
+            },
+            ValueDataPacked::TAG_ALIAS => ValueData::Alias {
+                ty,
+                original: Value::from_bits(decode_narrow_field(y, ValueDataPacked::Y_BITS)),
+            },
+            ValueDataPacked::TAG_UNION => ValueData::Union {
+                ty,
+                x: Value::from_bits(decode_narrow_field(x, ValueDataPacked::X_BITS)),
+                y: Value::from_bits(decode_narrow_field(y, ValueDataPacked::Y_BITS)),
+            },
+            _ => panic!("Invalid tag {} in ValueDataPacked 0x{:x}", tag, data.0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Instructions.
+///
+impl DataFlowGraph {
+    /// Create a new instruction.
+    ///
+    /// The type of the first result is indicated by `data.ty`. If the
+    /// instruction produces multiple results, also call
+    /// `make_inst_results` to allocate value table entries. (It is
+    /// always safe to call `make_inst_results`, regardless of how
+    /// many results the instruction has.)
+    pub fn make_inst(&mut self, data: InstructionData) -> Inst {
+        let n = self.num_insts() + 1;
+        self.results.resize(n);
+        self.insts.0.push(data)
+    }
+
+    /// Declares a dynamic vector type
+    pub fn make_dynamic_ty(&mut self, data: DynamicTypeData) -> DynamicType {
+        self.dynamic_types.push(data)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an object that displays `inst`.
+    pub fn display_inst<'a>(&'a self, inst: Inst) -> DisplayInst<'a> {
+        DisplayInst(self, inst)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an object that displays the given `value`'s defining instruction.
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the value is not defined by an instruction (i.e. it is a basic
+    /// block argument).
+    pub fn display_value_inst(&self, value: Value) -> DisplayInst<'_> {
+        match self.value_def(value) {
+            ir::ValueDef::Result(inst, _) => self.display_inst(inst),
+            ir::ValueDef::Param(_, _) => panic!("value is not defined by an instruction"),
+            ir::ValueDef::Union(_, _) => panic!("value is a union of two other values"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a read-only visitor context for the values of this instruction.
+    pub fn inst_values<'dfg>(
+        &'dfg self,
+        inst: Inst,
+    ) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = Value> + 'dfg {
+        self.inst_args(inst)
+            .iter()
+            .chain(
+                self.insts[inst]
+                    .branch_destination(&self.jump_tables)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .flat_map(|branch| branch.args_slice(&self.value_lists).iter()),
+            )
+            .copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Map a function over the values of the instruction.
+    pub fn map_inst_values<F>(&mut self, inst: Inst, mut body: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut DataFlowGraph, Value) -> Value,
+    {
+        for i in 0..self.inst_args(inst).len() {
+            let arg = self.inst_args(inst)[i];
+            self.inst_args_mut(inst)[i] = body(self, arg);
+        }
+
+        for block_ix in 0..self.insts[inst].branch_destination(&self.jump_tables).len() {
+            // We aren't changing the size of the args list, so we won't need to write the branch
+            // back to the instruction.
+            let mut block = self.insts[inst].branch_destination(&self.jump_tables)[block_ix];
+            for i in 0..block.args_slice(&self.value_lists).len() {
+                let arg = block.args_slice(&self.value_lists)[i];
+                block.args_slice_mut(&mut self.value_lists)[i] = body(self, arg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Overwrite the instruction's value references with values from the iterator.
+    /// NOTE: the iterator provided is expected to yield at least as many values as the instruction
+    /// currently has.
+    pub fn overwrite_inst_values<I>(&mut self, inst: Inst, mut values: I)
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = Value>,
+    {
+        for arg in self.inst_args_mut(inst) {
+            *arg = values.next().unwrap();
+        }
+
+        for block_ix in 0..self.insts[inst].branch_destination(&self.jump_tables).len() {
+            let mut block = self.insts[inst].branch_destination(&self.jump_tables)[block_ix];
+            for arg in block.args_slice_mut(&mut self.value_lists) {
+                *arg = values.next().unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get all value arguments on `inst` as a slice.
+    pub fn inst_args(&self, inst: Inst) -> &[Value] {
+        self.insts[inst].arguments(&self.value_lists)
+    }
+
+    /// Get all value arguments on `inst` as a mutable slice.
+    pub fn inst_args_mut(&mut self, inst: Inst) -> &mut [Value] {
+        self.insts[inst].arguments_mut(&mut self.value_lists)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the fixed value arguments on `inst` as a slice.
+    pub fn inst_fixed_args(&self, inst: Inst) -> &[Value] {
+        let num_fixed_args = self.insts[inst]
+            .opcode()
+            .constraints()
+            .num_fixed_value_arguments();
+        &self.inst_args(inst)[..num_fixed_args]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the fixed value arguments on `inst` as a mutable slice.
+    pub fn inst_fixed_args_mut(&mut self, inst: Inst) -> &mut [Value] {
+        let num_fixed_args = self.insts[inst]
+            .opcode()
+            .constraints()
+            .num_fixed_value_arguments();
+        &mut self.inst_args_mut(inst)[..num_fixed_args]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the variable value arguments on `inst` as a slice.
+    pub fn inst_variable_args(&self, inst: Inst) -> &[Value] {
+        let num_fixed_args = self.insts[inst]
+            .opcode()
+            .constraints()
+            .num_fixed_value_arguments();
+        &self.inst_args(inst)[num_fixed_args..]
+    }
+
+    /// Get the variable value arguments on `inst` as a mutable slice.
+    pub fn inst_variable_args_mut(&mut self, inst: Inst) -> &mut [Value] {
+        let num_fixed_args = self.insts[inst]
+            .opcode()
+            .constraints()
+            .num_fixed_value_arguments();
+        &mut self.inst_args_mut(inst)[num_fixed_args..]
+    }
+
+    /// Create result values for an instruction that produces multiple results.
+    ///
+    /// Instructions that produce no result values only need to be created with `make_inst`,
+    /// otherwise call `make_inst_results` to allocate value table entries for the results.
+    ///
+    /// The result value types are determined from the instruction's value type constraints and the
+    /// provided `ctrl_typevar` type for polymorphic instructions. For non-polymorphic
+    /// instructions, `ctrl_typevar` is ignored, and `INVALID` can be used.
+    ///
+    /// The type of the first result value is also set, even if it was already set in the
+    /// `InstructionData` passed to `make_inst`. If this function is called with a single-result
+    /// instruction, that is the only effect.
+    pub fn make_inst_results(&mut self, inst: Inst, ctrl_typevar: Type) -> usize {
+        self.make_inst_results_reusing(inst, ctrl_typevar, iter::empty())
+    }
+
+    /// Create result values for `inst`, reusing the provided detached values.
+    ///
+    /// Create a new set of result values for `inst` using `ctrl_typevar` to determine the result
+    /// types. Any values provided by `reuse` will be reused. When `reuse` is exhausted or when it
+    /// produces `None`, a new value is created.
+    pub fn make_inst_results_reusing<I>(
+        &mut self,
+        inst: Inst,
+        ctrl_typevar: Type,
+        reuse: I,
+    ) -> usize
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = Option<Value>>,
+    {
+        self.results[inst].clear(&mut self.value_lists);
+
+        let mut reuse = reuse.fuse();
+        let result_tys: SmallVec<[_; 16]> = self.inst_result_types(inst, ctrl_typevar).collect();
+        let num_results = result_tys.len();
+
+        for ty in result_tys {
+            if let Some(Some(v)) = reuse.next() {
+                debug_assert_eq!(self.value_type(v), ty, "Reused {} is wrong type", ty);
+                self.attach_result(inst, v);
+            } else {
+                self.append_result(inst, ty);
+            }
+        }
+
+        num_results
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `ReplaceBuilder` that will replace `inst` with a new instruction in place.
+    pub fn replace(&mut self, inst: Inst) -> ReplaceBuilder {
+        ReplaceBuilder::new(self, inst)
+    }
+
+    /// Detach the list of result values from `inst` and return it.
+    ///
+    /// This leaves `inst` without any result values. New result values can be created by calling
+    /// `make_inst_results` or by using a `replace(inst)` builder.
+    pub fn detach_results(&mut self, inst: Inst) -> ValueList {
+        self.results[inst].take()
+    }
+
+    /// Clear the list of result values from `inst`.
+    ///
+    /// This leaves `inst` without any result values. New result values can be created by calling
+    /// `make_inst_results` or by using a `replace(inst)` builder.
+    pub fn clear_results(&mut self, inst: Inst) {
+        self.results[inst].clear(&mut self.value_lists)
+    }
+
+    /// Attach an existing value to the result value list for `inst`.
+    ///
+    /// The `res` value is appended to the end of the result list.
+    ///
+    /// This is a very low-level operation. Usually, instruction results with the correct types are
+    /// created automatically. The `res` value must not be attached to anything else.
+    pub fn attach_result(&mut self, inst: Inst, res: Value) {
+        debug_assert!(!self.value_is_attached(res));
+        let num = self.results[inst].push(res, &mut self.value_lists);
+        debug_assert!(num <= u16::MAX as usize, "Too many result values");
+        let ty = self.value_type(res);
+        self.values[res] = ValueData::Inst {
+            ty,
+            num: num as u16,
+            inst,
+        }
+        .into();
+    }
+
+    /// Replace an instruction result with a new value of type `new_type`.
+    ///
+    /// The `old_value` must be an attached instruction result.
+    ///
+    /// The old value is left detached, so it should probably be changed into something else.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the new value.
+    pub fn replace_result(&mut self, old_value: Value, new_type: Type) -> Value {
+        let (num, inst) = match ValueData::from(self.values[old_value]) {
+            ValueData::Inst { num, inst, .. } => (num, inst),
+            _ => panic!("{} is not an instruction result value", old_value),
+        };
+        let new_value = self.make_value(ValueData::Inst {
+            ty: new_type,
+            num,
+            inst,
+        });
+        let num = num as usize;
+        let attached = mem::replace(
+            self.results[inst]
+                .get_mut(num, &mut self.value_lists)
+                .expect("Replacing detached result"),
+            new_value,
+        );
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            attached,
+            old_value,
+            "{} wasn't detached from {}",
+            old_value,
+            self.display_inst(inst)
+        );
+        new_value
+    }
+
+    /// Append a new instruction result value to `inst`.
+    pub fn append_result(&mut self, inst: Inst, ty: Type) -> Value {
+        let res = self.values.next_key();
+        let num = self.results[inst].push(res, &mut self.value_lists);
+        debug_assert!(num <= u16::MAX as usize, "Too many result values");
+        self.make_value(ValueData::Inst {
+            ty,
+            inst,
+            num: num as u16,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Clone an instruction, attaching new result `Value`s and
+    /// returning them.
+    pub fn clone_inst(&mut self, inst: Inst) -> Inst {
+        // First, add a clone of the InstructionData.
+        let inst_data = self.insts[inst].clone();
+        // If the `inst_data` has a reference to a ValueList, clone it
+        // as well, because we can't share these (otherwise mutating
+        // one would affect the other).
+        let inst_data = inst_data.deep_clone(&mut self.value_lists);
+        let new_inst = self.make_inst(inst_data);
+        // Get the controlling type variable.
+        let ctrl_typevar = self.ctrl_typevar(inst);
+        // Create new result values.
+        let num_results = self.make_inst_results(new_inst, ctrl_typevar);
+        // Copy over PCC facts, if any.
+        for i in 0..num_results {
+            let old_result = self.inst_results(inst)[i];
+            let new_result = self.inst_results(new_inst)[i];
+            self.facts[new_result] = self.facts[old_result].clone();
+        }
+        new_inst
+    }
+
+    /// Get the first result of an instruction.
+    ///
+    /// This function panics if the instruction doesn't have any result.
+    pub fn first_result(&self, inst: Inst) -> Value {
+        self.results[inst]
+            .first(&self.value_lists)
+            .expect("Instruction has no results")
+    }
+
+    /// Test if `inst` has any result values currently.
+    pub fn has_results(&self, inst: Inst) -> bool {
+        !self.results[inst].is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Return all the results of an instruction.
+    pub fn inst_results(&self, inst: Inst) -> &[Value] {
+        self.results[inst].as_slice(&self.value_lists)
+    }
+
+    /// Return all the results of an instruction as ValueList.
+    pub fn inst_results_list(&self, inst: Inst) -> ValueList {
+        self.results[inst]
+    }
+
+    /// Create a union of two values.
+    pub fn union(&mut self, x: Value, y: Value) -> Value {
+        // Get the type.
+        let ty = self.value_type(x);
+        debug_assert_eq!(ty, self.value_type(y));
+        self.make_value(ValueData::Union { ty, x, y })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the call signature of a direct or indirect call instruction.
+    /// Returns `None` if `inst` is not a call instruction.
+    pub fn call_signature(&self, inst: Inst) -> Option<SigRef> {
+        match self.insts[inst].analyze_call(&self.value_lists) {
+            CallInfo::NotACall => None,
+            CallInfo::Direct(f, _) => Some(self.ext_funcs[f].signature),
+            CallInfo::Indirect(s, _) => Some(s),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Like `call_signature` but returns none for tail call instructions.
+    fn non_tail_call_signature(&self, inst: Inst) -> Option<SigRef> {
+        let sig = self.call_signature(inst)?;
+        match self.insts[inst].opcode() {
+            ir::Opcode::ReturnCall | ir::Opcode::ReturnCallIndirect => None,
+            _ => Some(sig),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Only for use by the verifier. Everyone else should just use
+    // `dfg.inst_results(inst).len()`.
+    pub(crate) fn num_expected_results_for_verifier(&self, inst: Inst) -> usize {
+        match self.non_tail_call_signature(inst) {
+            Some(sig) => self.signatures[sig].returns.len(),
+            None => {
+                let constraints = self.insts[inst].opcode().constraints();
+                constraints.num_fixed_results()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the result types of the given instruction.
+    pub fn inst_result_types<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        inst: Inst,
+        ctrl_typevar: Type,
+    ) -> impl iter::ExactSizeIterator<Item = Type> + 'a {
+        return match self.non_tail_call_signature(inst) {
+            Some(sig) => InstResultTypes::Signature(self, sig, 0),
+            None => {
+                let constraints = self.insts[inst].opcode().constraints();
+                InstResultTypes::Constraints(constraints, ctrl_typevar, 0)
+            }
+        };
+
+        enum InstResultTypes<'a> {
+            Signature(&'a DataFlowGraph, SigRef, usize),
+            Constraints(ir::instructions::OpcodeConstraints, Type, usize),
+        }
+
+        impl Iterator for InstResultTypes<'_> {
+            type Item = Type;
+
+            fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Type> {
+                match self {
+                    InstResultTypes::Signature(dfg, sig, i) => {
+                        let param = dfg.signatures[*sig].returns.get(*i)?;
+                        *i += 1;
+                        Some(param.value_type)
+                    }
+                    InstResultTypes::Constraints(constraints, ctrl_ty, i) => {
+                        if *i < constraints.num_fixed_results() {
+                            let ty = constraints.result_type(*i, *ctrl_ty);
+                            *i += 1;
+                            Some(ty)
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+                let len = match self {
+                    InstResultTypes::Signature(dfg, sig, i) => {
+                        dfg.signatures[*sig].returns.len() - *i
+                    }
+                    InstResultTypes::Constraints(constraints, _, i) => {
+                        constraints.num_fixed_results() - *i
+                    }
+                };
+                (len, Some(len))
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl ExactSizeIterator for InstResultTypes<'_> {}
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the type of an instruction result from opcode constraints and call signatures.
+    ///
+    /// This computes the same sequence of result types that `make_inst_results()` above would
+    /// assign to the created result values, but it does not depend on `make_inst_results()` being
+    /// called first.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if asked about a result index that is too large.
+    pub fn compute_result_type(
+        &self,
+        inst: Inst,
+        result_idx: usize,
+        ctrl_typevar: Type,
+    ) -> Option<Type> {
+        self.inst_result_types(inst, ctrl_typevar).nth(result_idx)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the controlling type variable, or `INVALID` if `inst` isn't polymorphic.
+    pub fn ctrl_typevar(&self, inst: Inst) -> Type {
+        let constraints = self.insts[inst].opcode().constraints();
+
+        if !constraints.is_polymorphic() {
+            types::INVALID
+        } else if constraints.requires_typevar_operand() {
+            // Not all instruction formats have a designated operand, but in that case
+            // `requires_typevar_operand()` should never be true.
+            self.value_type(
+                self.insts[inst]
+                    .typevar_operand(&self.value_lists)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        panic!(
+                            "Instruction format for {:?} doesn't have a designated operand",
+                            self.insts[inst]
+                        )
+                    }),
+            )
+        } else {
+            self.value_type(self.first_result(inst))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// basic blocks.
+impl DataFlowGraph {
+    /// Create a new basic block.
+    pub fn make_block(&mut self) -> Block {
+        self.blocks.add()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of parameters on `block`.
+    pub fn num_block_params(&self, block: Block) -> usize {
+        self.blocks[block].params(&self.value_lists).len()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the parameters on `block`.
+    pub fn block_params(&self, block: Block) -> &[Value] {
+        self.blocks[block].params(&self.value_lists)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the types of the parameters on `block`.
+    pub fn block_param_types(&self, block: Block) -> impl Iterator<Item = Type> + '_ {
+        self.block_params(block).iter().map(|&v| self.value_type(v))
+    }
+
+    /// Append a parameter with type `ty` to `block`.
+    pub fn append_block_param(&mut self, block: Block, ty: Type) -> Value {
+        let param = self.values.next_key();
+        let num = self.blocks[block].params.push(param, &mut self.value_lists);
+        debug_assert!(num <= u16::MAX as usize, "Too many parameters on block");
+        self.make_value(ValueData::Param {
+            ty,
+            num: num as u16,
+            block,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Removes `val` from `block`'s parameters by swapping it with the last parameter on `block`.
+    /// Returns the position of `val` before removal.
+    ///
+    /// *Important*: to ensure O(1) deletion, this method swaps the removed parameter with the
+    /// last `block` parameter. This can disrupt all the branch instructions jumping to this
+    /// `block` for which you have to change the branch argument order if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `val` is not a block parameter.
+    pub fn swap_remove_block_param(&mut self, val: Value) -> usize {
+        let (block, num) =
+            if let ValueData::Param { num, block, .. } = ValueData::from(self.values[val]) {
+                (block, num)
+            } else {
+                panic!("{} must be a block parameter", val);
+            };
+        self.blocks[block]
+            .params
+            .swap_remove(num as usize, &mut self.value_lists);
+        if let Some(last_arg_val) = self.blocks[block]
+            .params
+            .get(num as usize, &self.value_lists)
+        {
+            // We update the position of the old last arg.
+            let mut last_arg_data = ValueData::from(self.values[last_arg_val]);
+            if let ValueData::Param {
+                num: ref mut old_num,
+                ..
+            } = &mut last_arg_data
+            {
+                *old_num = num;
+                self.values[last_arg_val] = last_arg_data.into();
+            } else {
+                panic!("{} should be a Block parameter", last_arg_val);
+            }
+        }
+        num as usize
+    }
+
+    /// Removes `val` from `block`'s parameters by a standard linear time list removal which
+    /// preserves ordering. Also updates the values' data.
+    pub fn remove_block_param(&mut self, val: Value) {
+        let (block, num) =
+            if let ValueData::Param { num, block, .. } = ValueData::from(self.values[val]) {
+                (block, num)
+            } else {
+                panic!("{} must be a block parameter", val);
+            };
+        self.blocks[block]
+            .params
+            .remove(num as usize, &mut self.value_lists);
+        for index in num..(self.num_block_params(block) as u16) {
+            let packed = &mut self.values[self.blocks[block]
+                .params
+                .get(index as usize, &self.value_lists)
+                .unwrap()];
+            let mut data = ValueData::from(*packed);
+            match &mut data {
+                ValueData::Param { ref mut num, .. } => {
+                    *num -= 1;
+                    *packed = data.into();
+                }
+                _ => panic!(
+                    "{} must be a block parameter",
+                    self.blocks[block]
+                        .params
+                        .get(index as usize, &self.value_lists)
+                        .unwrap()
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Append an existing value to `block`'s parameters.
+    ///
+    /// The appended value can't already be attached to something else.
+    ///
+    /// In almost all cases, you should be using `append_block_param()` instead of this method.
+    pub fn attach_block_param(&mut self, block: Block, param: Value) {
+        debug_assert!(!self.value_is_attached(param));
+        let num = self.blocks[block].params.push(param, &mut self.value_lists);
+        debug_assert!(num <= u16::MAX as usize, "Too many parameters on block");
+        let ty = self.value_type(param);
+        self.values[param] = ValueData::Param {
+            ty,
+            num: num as u16,
+            block,
+        }
+        .into();
+    }
+
+    /// Replace a block parameter with a new value of type `ty`.
+    ///
+    /// The `old_value` must be an attached block parameter. It is removed from its place in the list
+    /// of parameters and replaced by a new value of type `new_type`. The new value gets the same
+    /// position in the list, and other parameters are not disturbed.
+    ///
+    /// The old value is left detached, so it should probably be changed into something else.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the new value.
+    pub fn replace_block_param(&mut self, old_value: Value, new_type: Type) -> Value {
+        // Create new value identical to the old one except for the type.
+        let (block, num) =
+            if let ValueData::Param { num, block, .. } = ValueData::from(self.values[old_value]) {
+                (block, num)
+            } else {
+                panic!("{} must be a block parameter", old_value);
+            };
+        let new_arg = self.make_value(ValueData::Param {
+            ty: new_type,
+            num,
+            block,
+        });
+
+        self.blocks[block]
+            .params
+            .as_mut_slice(&mut self.value_lists)[num as usize] = new_arg;
+        new_arg
+    }
+
+    /// Detach all the parameters from `block` and return them as a `ValueList`.
+    ///
+    /// This is a quite low-level operation. Sensible things to do with the detached block parameters
+    /// is to put them back on the same block with `attach_block_param()` or change them into aliases
+    /// with `change_to_alias()`.
+    pub fn detach_block_params(&mut self, block: Block) -> ValueList {
+        self.blocks[block].params.take()
+    }
+
+    /// Merge the facts for two values. If both values have facts and
+    /// they differ, both values get a special "conflict" fact that is
+    /// never satisfied.
+    pub fn merge_facts(&mut self, a: Value, b: Value) {
+        let a = self.resolve_aliases(a);
+        let b = self.resolve_aliases(b);
+        match (&self.facts[a], &self.facts[b]) {
+            (Some(a), Some(b)) if a == b => { /* nothing */ }
+            (None, None) => { /* nothing */ }
+            (Some(a), None) => {
+                self.facts[b] = Some(a.clone());
+            }
+            (None, Some(b)) => {
+                self.facts[a] = Some(b.clone());
+            }
+            (Some(a_fact), Some(b_fact)) => {
+                assert_eq!(self.value_type(a), self.value_type(b));
+                let merged = Fact::intersect(a_fact, b_fact);
+                crate::trace!(
+                    "facts merge on {} and {}: {:?}, {:?} -> {:?}",
+                    a,
+                    b,
+                    a_fact,
+                    b_fact,
+                    merged,
+                );
+                self.facts[a] = Some(merged.clone());
+                self.facts[b] = Some(merged);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Contents of a basic block.
+///
+/// Parameters on a basic block are values that dominate everything in the block. All
+/// branches to this block must provide matching arguments, and the arguments to the entry block must
+/// match the function arguments.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Hash)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "enable-serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+pub struct BlockData {
+    /// List of parameters to this block.
+    params: ValueList,
+}
+
+impl BlockData {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            params: ValueList::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the parameters on `block`.
+    pub fn params<'a>(&self, pool: &'a ValueListPool) -> &'a [Value] {
+        self.params.as_slice(pool)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Object that can display an instruction.
+pub struct DisplayInst<'a>(&'a DataFlowGraph, Inst);
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for DisplayInst<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let dfg = self.0;
+        let inst = self.1;
+
+        if let Some((first, rest)) = dfg.inst_results(inst).split_first() {
+            write!(f, "{}", first)?;
+            for v in rest {
+                write!(f, ", {}", v)?;
+            }
+            write!(f, " = ")?;
+        }
+
+        let typevar = dfg.ctrl_typevar(inst);
+        if typevar.is_invalid() {
+            write!(f, "{}", dfg.insts[inst].opcode())?;
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "{}.{}", dfg.insts[inst].opcode(), typevar)?;
+        }
+        write_operands(f, dfg, inst)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parser routines. These routines should not be used outside the parser.
+impl DataFlowGraph {
+    /// Set the type of a value. This is only for use in the parser, which needs
+    /// to create invalid values for index padding which may be reassigned later.
+    #[cold]
+    fn set_value_type_for_parser(&mut self, v: Value, t: Type) {
+        assert_eq!(
+            self.value_type(v),
+            types::INVALID,
+            "this function is only for assigning types to previously invalid values"
+        );
+        self.values[v].set_type(t);
+    }
+
+    /// Check that the given concrete `Type` has been defined in the function.
+    pub fn check_dynamic_type(&mut self, ty: Type) -> Option<Type> {
+        debug_assert!(ty.is_dynamic_vector());
+        if self
+            .dynamic_types
+            .values()
+            .any(|dyn_ty_data| dyn_ty_data.concrete().unwrap() == ty)
+        {
+            Some(ty)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create result values for `inst`, reusing the provided detached values.
+    /// This is similar to `make_inst_results_reusing` except it's only for use
+    /// in the parser, which needs to reuse previously invalid values.
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn make_inst_results_for_parser(
+        &mut self,
+        inst: Inst,
+        ctrl_typevar: Type,
+        reuse: &[Value],
+    ) -> usize {
+        let mut reuse_iter = reuse.iter().copied();
+        let result_tys: SmallVec<[_; 16]> = self.inst_result_types(inst, ctrl_typevar).collect();
+        for ty in result_tys {
+            if ty.is_dynamic_vector() {
+                self.check_dynamic_type(ty)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Use of undeclared dynamic type: {}", ty));
+            }
+            if let Some(v) = reuse_iter.next() {
+                self.set_value_type_for_parser(v, ty);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.make_inst_results_reusing(inst, ctrl_typevar, reuse.iter().map(|x| Some(*x)))
+    }
+
+    /// Similar to `append_block_param`, append a parameter with type `ty` to
+    /// `block`, but using value `val`. This is only for use by the parser to
+    /// create parameters with specific values.
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn append_block_param_for_parser(&mut self, block: Block, ty: Type, val: Value) {
+        let num = self.blocks[block].params.push(val, &mut self.value_lists);
+        assert!(num <= u16::MAX as usize, "Too many parameters on block");
+        self.values[val] = ValueData::Param {
+            ty,
+            num: num as u16,
+            block,
+        }
+        .into();
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new value alias. This is only for use by the parser to create
+    /// aliases with specific values, and the printer for testing.
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn make_value_alias_for_serialization(&mut self, src: Value, dest: Value) {
+        assert_ne!(src, Value::reserved_value());
+        assert_ne!(dest, Value::reserved_value());
+
+        let ty = if self.values.is_valid(src) {
+            self.value_type(src)
+        } else {
+            // As a special case, if we can't resolve the aliasee yet, use INVALID
+            // temporarily. It will be resolved later in parsing.
+            types::INVALID
+        };
+        let data = ValueData::Alias { ty, original: src };
+        self.values[dest] = data.into();
+    }
+
+    /// If `v` is already defined as an alias, return its destination value.
+    /// Otherwise return None. This allows the parser to coalesce identical
+    /// alias definitions, and the printer to identify an alias's immediate target.
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn value_alias_dest_for_serialization(&self, v: Value) -> Option<Value> {
+        if let ValueData::Alias { original, .. } = ValueData::from(self.values[v]) {
+            Some(original)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Compute the type of an alias. This is only for use in the parser.
+    /// Returns false if an alias cycle was encountered.
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn set_alias_type_for_parser(&mut self, v: Value) -> bool {
+        if let Some(resolved) = maybe_resolve_aliases(&self.values, v) {
+            let old_ty = self.value_type(v);
+            let new_ty = self.value_type(resolved);
+            if old_ty == types::INVALID {
+                self.set_value_type_for_parser(v, new_ty);
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(old_ty, new_ty);
+            }
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create an invalid value, to pad the index space. This is only for use by
+    /// the parser to pad out the value index space.
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn make_invalid_value_for_parser(&mut self) {
+        let data = ValueData::Alias {
+            ty: types::INVALID,
+            original: Value::reserved_value(),
+        };
+        self.make_value(data);
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a value reference is valid, while being aware of aliases which
+    /// may be unresolved while parsing.
+    #[cold]
+    pub fn value_is_valid_for_parser(&self, v: Value) -> bool {
+        if !self.value_is_valid(v) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if let ValueData::Alias { ty, .. } = ValueData::from(self.values[v]) {
+            ty != types::INVALID
+        } else {
+            true
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::cursor::{Cursor, FuncCursor};
+    use crate::ir::types;
+    use crate::ir::{Function, InstructionData, Opcode, TrapCode};
+    use alloc::string::ToString;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn make_inst() {
+        let mut dfg = DataFlowGraph::new();
+
+        let idata = InstructionData::UnaryImm {
+            opcode: Opcode::Iconst,
+            imm: 0.into(),
+        };
+        let inst = dfg.make_inst(idata);
+
+        dfg.make_inst_results(inst, types::I32);
+        assert_eq!(inst.to_string(), "inst0");
+        assert_eq!(dfg.display_inst(inst).to_string(), "v0 = iconst.i32 0");
+
+        // Immutable reference resolution.
+        {
+            let immdfg = &dfg;
+            let ins = &immdfg.insts[inst];
+            assert_eq!(ins.opcode(), Opcode::Iconst);
+        }
+
+        // Results.
+        let val = dfg.first_result(inst);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.inst_results(inst), &[val]);
+
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_def(val), ValueDef::Result(inst, 0));
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(val), types::I32);
+
+        // Replacing results.
+        assert!(dfg.value_is_attached(val));
+        let v2 = dfg.replace_result(val, types::F64);
+        assert!(!dfg.value_is_attached(val));
+        assert!(dfg.value_is_attached(v2));
+        assert_eq!(dfg.inst_results(inst), &[v2]);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_def(v2), ValueDef::Result(inst, 0));
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(v2), types::F64);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_results() {
+        let mut dfg = DataFlowGraph::new();
+
+        let idata = InstructionData::Trap {
+            opcode: Opcode::Trap,
+            code: TrapCode::User(0),
+        };
+        let inst = dfg.make_inst(idata);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.display_inst(inst).to_string(), "trap user0");
+
+        // Result slice should be empty.
+        assert_eq!(dfg.inst_results(inst), &[]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn block() {
+        let mut dfg = DataFlowGraph::new();
+
+        let block = dfg.make_block();
+        assert_eq!(block.to_string(), "block0");
+        assert_eq!(dfg.num_block_params(block), 0);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[]);
+        assert!(dfg.detach_block_params(block).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(dfg.num_block_params(block), 0);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[]);
+
+        let arg1 = dfg.append_block_param(block, types::F32);
+        assert_eq!(arg1.to_string(), "v0");
+        assert_eq!(dfg.num_block_params(block), 1);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[arg1]);
+
+        let arg2 = dfg.append_block_param(block, types::I16);
+        assert_eq!(arg2.to_string(), "v1");
+        assert_eq!(dfg.num_block_params(block), 2);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[arg1, arg2]);
+
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_def(arg1), ValueDef::Param(block, 0));
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_def(arg2), ValueDef::Param(block, 1));
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(arg1), types::F32);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(arg2), types::I16);
+
+        // Swap the two block parameters.
+        let vlist = dfg.detach_block_params(block);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.num_block_params(block), 0);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[]);
+        assert_eq!(vlist.as_slice(&dfg.value_lists), &[arg1, arg2]);
+        dfg.attach_block_param(block, arg2);
+        let arg3 = dfg.append_block_param(block, types::I32);
+        dfg.attach_block_param(block, arg1);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[arg2, arg3, arg1]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn replace_block_params() {
+        let mut dfg = DataFlowGraph::new();
+
+        let block = dfg.make_block();
+        let arg1 = dfg.append_block_param(block, types::F32);
+
+        let new1 = dfg.replace_block_param(arg1, types::I64);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(arg1), types::F32);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(new1), types::I64);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[new1]);
+
+        dfg.attach_block_param(block, arg1);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[new1, arg1]);
+
+        let new2 = dfg.replace_block_param(arg1, types::I8);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(arg1), types::F32);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(new2), types::I8);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[new1, new2]);
+
+        dfg.attach_block_param(block, arg1);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[new1, new2, arg1]);
+
+        let new3 = dfg.replace_block_param(new2, types::I16);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(new1), types::I64);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(new2), types::I8);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_type(new3), types::I16);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[new1, new3, arg1]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn swap_remove_block_params() {
+        let mut dfg = DataFlowGraph::new();
+
+        let block = dfg.make_block();
+        let arg1 = dfg.append_block_param(block, types::F32);
+        let arg2 = dfg.append_block_param(block, types::F32);
+        let arg3 = dfg.append_block_param(block, types::F32);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[arg1, arg2, arg3]);
+
+        dfg.swap_remove_block_param(arg1);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_is_attached(arg1), false);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_is_attached(arg2), true);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_is_attached(arg3), true);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[arg3, arg2]);
+        dfg.swap_remove_block_param(arg2);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_is_attached(arg2), false);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_is_attached(arg3), true);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[arg3]);
+        dfg.swap_remove_block_param(arg3);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.value_is_attached(arg3), false);
+        assert_eq!(dfg.block_params(block), &[]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aliases() {
+        use crate::ir::condcodes::IntCC;
+        use crate::ir::InstBuilder;
+
+        let mut func = Function::new();
+        let block0 = func.dfg.make_block();
+        let mut pos = FuncCursor::new(&mut func);
+        pos.insert_block(block0);
+
+        // Build a little test program.
+        let v1 = pos.ins().iconst(types::I32, 42);
+
+        // Make sure we can resolve value aliases even when values is empty.
+        assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.resolve_aliases(v1), v1);
+
+        let arg0 = pos.func.dfg.append_block_param(block0, types::I32);
+        let (s, c) = pos.ins().uadd_overflow(v1, arg0);
+        let iadd = match pos.func.dfg.value_def(s) {
+            ValueDef::Result(i, 0) => i,
+            _ => panic!(),
+        };
+
+        // Remove `c` from the result list.
+        pos.func.dfg.clear_results(iadd);
+        pos.func.dfg.attach_result(iadd, s);
+
+        // Replace `uadd_overflow` with a normal `iadd` and an `icmp`.
+        pos.func.dfg.replace(iadd).iadd(v1, arg0);
+        let c2 = pos.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, s, v1);
+        pos.func.dfg.change_to_alias(c, c2);
+
+        assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.resolve_aliases(c2), c2);
+        assert_eq!(pos.func.dfg.resolve_aliases(c), c2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cloning() {
+        use crate::ir::InstBuilder;
+
+        let mut func = Function::new();
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(crate::isa::CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(ir::AbiParam::new(types::I32));
+        let sig = func.import_signature(sig);
+        let block0 = func.dfg.make_block();
+        let mut pos = FuncCursor::new(&mut func);
+        pos.insert_block(block0);
+        let v1 = pos.ins().iconst(types::I32, 0);
+        let v2 = pos.ins().iconst(types::I32, 1);
+        let call_inst = pos.ins().call_indirect(sig, v1, &[v1]);
+        let func = pos.func;
+
+        let call_inst_dup = func.dfg.clone_inst(call_inst);
+        func.dfg.inst_args_mut(call_inst)[0] = v2;
+        assert_eq!(v1, func.dfg.inst_args(call_inst_dup)[0]);
+    }
+}