trackler 2.2.0.4 → 2.2.0.5

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/binary-search-tree/README.md

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+# Binary Search Tree
+
+Insert and search for numbers in a binary tree.
+
+When we need to represent sorted data, an array does not make a good
+data structure.
+
+Say we have the array `[1, 3, 4, 5]`, and we add 2 to it so it becomes
+`[1, 3, 4, 5, 2]` now we must sort the entire array again! We can
+improve on this by realizing that we only need to make space for the new
+item `[1, nil, 3, 4, 5]`, and then adding the item in the space we
+added. But this still requires us to shift many elements down by one.
+
+Binary Search Trees, however, can operate on sorted data much more
+efficiently.
+
+A binary search tree consists of a series of connected nodes. Each node
+contains a piece of data (e.g. the number 3), a variable named `left`,
+and a variable named `right`. The `left` and `right` variables point at
+`nil`, or other nodes. Since these other nodes in turn have other nodes
+beneath them, we say that the left and right variables are pointing at
+subtrees. All data in the left subtree is less than or equal to the
+current node's data, and all data in the right subtree is greater than
+the current node's data.
+
+For example, if we had a node containing the data 4, and we added the
+data 2, our tree would look like this:
+
+      4
+     /
+    2
+
+If we then added 6, it would look like this:
+
+      4
+     / \
+    2   6
+
+If we then added 3, it would look like this
+
+       4
+     /   \
+    2     6
+     \
+      3
+
+And if we then added 1, 5, and 7, it would look like this
+
+          4
+        /   \
+       /     \
+      2       6
+     / \     / \
+    1   3   5   7
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Josh Cheek [https://twitter.com/josh_cheek](https://twitter.com/josh_cheek)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/bob/README.md

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+# Bob
+
+Bob is a lackadaisical teenager. In conversation, his responses are very limited.
+
+Bob answers 'Sure.' if you ask him a question.
+
+He answers 'Whoa, chill out!' if you yell at him.
+
+He says 'Fine. Be that way!' if you address him without actually saying
+anything.
+
+He answers 'Whatever.' to anything else.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Inspired by the 'Deaf Grandma' exercise in Chris Pine's Learn to Program tutorial. [http://pine.fm/LearnToProgram/?Chapter=06](http://pine.fm/LearnToProgram/?Chapter=06)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/bracket-push/README.md

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+# Bracket Push
+
+Given a string containing brackets `[]`, braces `{}` and parentheses `()`,
+verify that all the pairs are matched and nested correctly.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Ginna Baker
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/difference-of-squares/README.md

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+# Difference Of Squares
+
+Find the difference between the square of the sum and the sum of the squares of the first N natural numbers.
+
+The square of the sum of the first ten natural numbers is
+(1 + 2 + ... + 10)² = 55² = 3025.
+
+The sum of the squares of the first ten natural numbers is
+1² + 2² + ... + 10² = 385.
+
+Hence the difference between the square of the sum of the first
+ten natural numbers and the sum of the squares of the first ten
+natural numbers is 3025 - 385 = 2640.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Problem 6 at Project Euler [http://projecteuler.net/problem=6](http://projecteuler.net/problem=6)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/flatten-array/README.md

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+# Flatten Array
+
+Take a nested list and return a single flattened list with all values except nil/null.
+
+The challenge is to write a function that accepts an arbitrarily-deep nested list-like structure and returns a flattened structure without any nil/null values.
+ 
+For Example
+
+input: [1,[2,3,null,4],[null],5]
+
+output: [1,2,3,4,5]
+
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Interview Question [https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Flatten.html](https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Flatten.html)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/forth/README.md

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+# Forth
+
+Implement an evaluator for a very simple subset of Forth.
+
+[Forth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_%28programming_language%29)
+is a stack-based programming language. Implement a very basic evaluator
+for a small subset of Forth.
+
+Your evaluator has to support the following words:
+
+- `+`, `-`, `*`, `/` (integer arithmetic)
+- `DUP`, `DROP`, `SWAP`, `OVER` (stack manipulation)
+
+Your evaluator also has to support defining new words using the
+customary syntax: `: word-name definition ;`.
+
+To keep things simple the only data type you need to support is signed
+integers of at least 16 bits size.
+
+You should use the following rules for the syntax: a number is a
+sequence of one or more (ASCII) digits, a word is a sequence of one or
+more letters, digits, symbols or punctuation that is not a number.
+(Forth probably uses slightly different rules, but this is close
+enough.)
+
+Words are case-insensitive.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/gigasecond/README.md

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+# Gigasecond
+
+Calculate the moment when someone has lived for 10^9 seconds.
+
+A gigasecond is 10^9 (1,000,000,000) seconds.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Chapter 9 in Chris Pine's online Learn to Program tutorial. [http://pine.fm/LearnToProgram/?Chapter=09](http://pine.fm/LearnToProgram/?Chapter=09)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/hamming/README.md

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+# Hamming
+
+Calculate the Hamming difference between two DNA strands.
+
+A mutation is simply a mistake that occurs during the creation or
+copying of a nucleic acid, in particular DNA. Because nucleic acids are
+vital to cellular functions, mutations tend to cause a ripple effect
+throughout the cell. Although mutations are technically mistakes, a very
+rare mutation may equip the cell with a beneficial attribute. In fact,
+the macro effects of evolution are attributable by the accumulated
+result of beneficial microscopic mutations over many generations.
+
+The simplest and most common type of nucleic acid mutation is a point
+mutation, which replaces one base with another at a single nucleotide.
+
+By counting the number of differences between two homologous DNA strands
+taken from different genomes with a common ancestor, we get a measure of
+the minimum number of point mutations that could have occurred on the
+evolutionary path between the two strands.
+
+This is called the 'Hamming distance'.
+
+It is found by comparing two DNA strands and counting how many of the
+nucleotides are different from their equivalent in the other string.
+
+    GAGCCTACTAACGGGAT
+    CATCGTAATGACGGCCT
+    ^ ^ ^  ^ ^    ^^
+
+The Hamming distance between these two DNA strands is 7.
+
+# Implementation notes
+
+The Hamming distance is only defined for sequences of equal length. This means
+that based on the definition, each language could deal with getting sequences
+of equal length differently.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+The Calculating Point Mutations problem at Rosalind [http://rosalind.info/problems/hamm/](http://rosalind.info/problems/hamm/)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/hello-world/README.md

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+# Hello World
+
+The classical introductory exercise. Just say "Hello, World!".
+
+["Hello, World!"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_world!%22_program) is
+the traditional first program for beginning programming in a new language
+or environment.
+
+The objectives are simple:
+
+- Write a function that returns the string "Hello, World!".
+- Run the test suite and make sure that it succeeds.
+- Submit your solution and check it at the website.
+
+If everything goes well, you will be ready to fetch your first real exercise.
+
+## Project Structure
+
+* `src` contains your solution to the exercise
+* `spec` contains the tests to run for the exercise
+
+## Running Tests
+
+If you're in the right directory (i.e. the one containing `src` and `spec`), you can run the tests for that exercise by running `crystal spec`:
+
+```bash
+$ pwd
+/Users/johndoe/Code/exercism/crystal/hello-world
+
+$ ls
+GETTING_STARTED.md README.md          spec               src
+
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+This will run all of the test files in the `spec` directory.
+
+In each test file, all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Submitting Your Solution
+
+Be sure to submit the source file in the `src` directory when submitting your solution:
+
+```bash
+$ exercism submit src/hello_world.cr
+```
+
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+This is an exercise to introduce users to using Exercism [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_world!%22_program](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_world!%22_program)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/largest-series-product/README.md

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+# Largest Series Product
+
+Given a string of digits, calculate the largest product for a contiguous
+substring of digits of length n.
+
+For example, for the input `'1027839564'`, the largest product for a
+series of 3 digits is 270 (9 * 5 * 6), and the largest product for a
+series of 5 digits is 7560 (7 * 8 * 3 * 9 * 5).
+
+Note that these series are only required to occupy *adjacent positions*
+in the input; the digits need not be *numerically consecutive*.
+
+For the input `'73167176531330624919225119674426574742355349194934'`,
+the largest product for a series of 6 digits is 23520.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+A variation on Problem 8 at Project Euler [http://projecteuler.net/problem=8](http://projecteuler.net/problem=8)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/leap/README.md

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+# Leap
+
+Given a year, report if it is a leap year.
+
+The tricky thing here is that a leap year in the Gregorian calendar occurs:
+
+```plain
+on every year that is evenly divisible by 4
+  except every year that is evenly divisible by 100
+    unless the year is also evenly divisible by 400
+```
+
+For example, 1997 is not a leap year, but 1996 is.  1900 is not a leap
+year, but 2000 is.
+
+If your language provides a method in the standard library that does
+this look-up, pretend it doesn't exist and implement it yourself.
+
+## Notes
+
+Though our exercise adopts some very simple rules, there is more to
+learn!
+
+For a delightful, four minute explanation of the whole leap year
+phenomenon, go watch [this youtube video][video].
+
+[video]: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX96xng7sAE
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+JavaRanch Cattle Drive, exercise 3 [http://www.javaranch.com/leap.jsp](http://www.javaranch.com/leap.jsp)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/pangram/README.md

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+# Pangram
+
+Determine if a sentence is a pangram. A pangram (Greek: παν γράμμα, pan gramma,
+"every letter") is a sentence using every letter of the alphabet at least once.
+The best known English pangram is: 
+> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
+
+The alphabet used consists of ASCII letters `a` to `z`, inclusive, and is case
+insensitive. Input will not contain non-ASCII symbols.
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangram)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/crystal/exercises/pascals-triangle/README.md

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+# Pascals Triangle
+
+Compute Pascal's triangle up to a given number of rows.
+
+In Pascal's Triangle each number is computed by adding the numbers to
+the right and left of the current position in the previous row.
+
+```plain
+    1
+   1 1
+  1 2 1
+ 1 3 3 1
+1 4 6 4 1
+# ... etc
+```
+
+## Setup
+
+Follow the setup instructions for Crystal here:
+
+http://exercism.io/languages/crystal
+
+More help installing can be found here:
+
+http://crystal-lang.org/docs/installation/index.html
+
+## Making the Test Suit Pass
+
+Execute the tests with:
+
+```bash
+$ crystal spec
+```
+
+In each test suite all but the first test have been skipped.
+
+Once you get a test passing, you can unskip the next one by changing `pending` to `it`.
+
+## Source
+
+Pascal's Triangle at Wolfram Math World [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PascalsTriangle.html](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PascalsTriangle.html)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.