trackler 2.2.0.4 → 2.2.0.5

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/saddle-points/README.md

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+# Saddle Points
+
+Detect saddle points in a matrix.
+
+So say you have a matrix like so:
+
+```plain
+    0  1  2
+  |---------
+0 | 9  8  7
+1 | 5  3  2     <--- saddle point at (1,0)
+2 | 6  6  7
+```
+
+It has a saddle point at (1, 0).
+
+It's called a "saddle point" because it is greater than or equal to
+every element in its row and the less than or equal to every element in
+its column.
+
+A matrix may have zero or more saddle points.
+
+Your code should be able to provide the (possibly empty) list of all the
+saddle points for any given matrix.
+
+Note that you may find other definitions of matrix saddle points online,
+but the tests for this exercise follow the above unambiguous definition.
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+J Dalbey's Programming Practice problems [http://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~jdalbey/103/Projects/ProgrammingPractice.html](http://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~jdalbey/103/Projects/ProgrammingPractice.html)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/say/README.md

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+# Say
+
+Given a number from 0 to 999,999,999,999, spell out that number in English.
+
+## Step 1
+
+Handle the basic case of 0 through 99.
+
+If the input to the program is `22`, then the output should be
+`'twenty-two'`.
+
+Your program should complain loudly if given a number outside the
+blessed range.
+
+Some good test cases for this program are:
+
+- 0
+- 14
+- 50
+- 98
+- -1
+- 100
+
+### Extension
+
+If you're on a Mac, shell out to Mac OS X's `say` program to talk out
+loud.
+
+## Step 2
+
+Implement breaking a number up into chunks of thousands.
+
+So `1234567890` should yield a list like 1, 234, 567, and 890, while the
+far simpler `1000` should yield just 1 and 0.
+
+The program must also report any values that are out of range.
+
+## Step 3
+
+Now handle inserting the appropriate scale word between those chunks.
+
+So `1234567890` should yield `'1 billion 234 million 567 thousand 890'`
+
+The program must also report any values that are out of range.  It's
+fine to stop at "trillion".
+
+## Step 4
+
+Put it all together to get nothing but plain English.
+
+`12345` should give `twelve thousand three hundred forty-five`.
+
+The program must also report any values that are out of range.
+
+### Extensions
+
+Use _and_ (correctly) when spelling out the number in English:
+
+- 14 becomes "fourteen".
+- 100 becomes "one hundred".
+- 120 becomes "one hundred and twenty".
+- 1002 becomes "one thousand and two".
+- 1323 becomes "one thousand three hundred and twenty-three".
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+A variation on JavaRanch CattleDrive, exercise 4a [http://www.javaranch.com/say.jsp](http://www.javaranch.com/say.jsp)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/scale-generator/README.md

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+# Scale Generator
+
+Given a tonic, or starting note, and a set of intervals, generate
+the musical scale starting with the tonic and following the
+specified interval pattern.
+
+Scales in Western music are based on the chromatic (12-note) scale.This
+scale can be expressed as the following group of pitches:
+
+A, A#, B, C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#
+
+A given sharp note (indicated by a #), can also be expressed as the flat
+of the note above it (indicated by a b), so the chromatic scale can also be
+written like this:
+
+A, Bb, B, C, Db, D, Eb, E, F, Gb, G, Ab
+
+The major and minor scale and modes are subsets of this twelve-pitch
+collection. They have seven pitches, and are called diatonic scales.
+The collection of notes in these scales is written with either sharps or
+flats, depending on the tonic. Here is a list of which are which:
+
+No Accidentals:
+C major
+A minor
+
+Use Sharps:
+G, D, A, E, B, F# major
+e, b, f#, c#, g#, d# minor
+
+Use Flats:
+F, Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb major
+d, g, c, f, bb, eb minor
+
+
+The diatonic scales, and all other scales that derive from the
+chromatic scale, are built upon intervals. An interval is the space
+between two pitches.
+
+The simplest interval is between two adjacent notes, and is called a
+"half step", or "minor second" (sometimes written as a lower-case "m").
+The interval between two notes that have an interceding note is called
+a "whole step" or "major second" (written as an upper-case "M"). The
+diatonic scales are built using only these two intervals between
+adjacent notes.
+
+Non-diatonic scales can contain the same letter twice, and can contain other intervals.
+Sometimes they may be smaller than usual (diminished, written "D"), or larger
+(augmented, written "A").  Intervals larger than an augmented second have other names.
+
+Here is a table of pitches with the names of their interval distance from the tonic (A).
+
+|   A    |    A#   |    B    |    C    |    C#   |    D    |    D#   |    E    |    F    |    F#   |    G    |    G#   |    A   |
+|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:------:|
+| Unison | Min 2nd | Maj 2nd | Min 3rd | Maj 3rd | Per 4th | Tritone | Per 5th | Min 6th | Maj 6th | Min 7th | Maj 7th | Octave |
+|        |         | Dim 3rd | Aug 2nd | Dim 4th |         | Aug 4th | Dim 5th | Aug 5th | Dim 7th | Aug 6th | Dim 8ve |        |
+|        |         |         |         |         |         | Dim 5th |         |         |         |         |         |        |
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/scrabble-score/README.md

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+# Scrabble Score
+
+Given a word, compute the scrabble score for that word.
+
+## Letter Values
+
+You'll need these:
+
+```plain
+Letter                           Value
+A, E, I, O, U, L, N, R, S, T       1
+D, G                               2
+B, C, M, P                         3
+F, H, V, W, Y                      4
+K                                  5
+J, X                               8
+Q, Z                               10
+```
+
+## Examples
+"cabbage" should be scored as worth 14 points:
+
+- 3 points for C
+- 1 point for A, twice
+- 3 points for B, twice
+- 2 points for G
+- 1 point for E
+
+And to total:
+
+- `3 + 2*1 + 2*3 + 2 + 1`
+- = `3 + 2 + 6 + 3`
+- = `5 + 9`
+- = 14
+
+## Extensions
+- You can play a double or a triple letter.
+- You can play a double or a triple word.
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+Inspired by the Extreme Startup game [https://github.com/rchatley/extreme_startup](https://github.com/rchatley/extreme_startup)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/secret-handshake/README.md

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+# Secret Handshake
+
+> There are 10 types of people in the world: Those who understand
+> binary, and those who don't.
+
+You and your fellow cohort of those in the "know" when it comes to
+binary decide to come up with a secret "handshake".
+
+```
+1 = wink
+10 = double blink
+100 = close your eyes
+1000 = jump
+
+
+10000 = Reverse the order of the operations in the secret handshake.
+```
+
+Given a decimal number, convert it to the appropriate sequence of events for a secret handshake.
+
+Here's a couple of examples:
+
+Given the input 3, the function would return the array
+["wink", "double blink"] because 3 is 11 in binary.
+
+Given the input 19, the function would return the array
+["double blink", "wink"] because 19 is 10011 in binary.
+Notice that the addition of 16 (10000 in binary)
+has caused the array to be reversed.
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+Bert, in Mary Poppins [http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0011238/quotes](http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0011238/quotes)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/series/README.md

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+# Series
+
+Given a string of digits, output all the contiguous substrings of length `n` in
+that string.
+
+For example, the string "49142" has the following 3-digit series:
+
+- 491
+- 914
+- 142
+
+And the following 4-digit series:
+
+- 4914
+- 9142
+
+And if you ask for a 6-digit series from a 5-digit string, you deserve
+whatever you get.
+
+Note that these series are only required to occupy *adjacent positions*
+in the input; the digits need not be *numerically consecutive*.
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+A subset of the Problem 8 at Project Euler [http://projecteuler.net/problem=8](http://projecteuler.net/problem=8)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/sieve/README.md

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+# Sieve
+
+Use the Sieve of Eratosthenes to find all the primes from 2 up to a given
+number.
+
+The Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all
+prime numbers up to any given limit. It does so by iteratively marking as
+composite (i.e. not prime) the multiples of each prime,
+starting with the multiples of 2.
+
+Create your range, starting at two and continuing up to and including the given limit. (i.e. [2, limit])
+
+The algorithm consists of repeating the following over and over:
+
+- take the next available unmarked number in your list (it is prime)
+- mark all the multiples of that number (they are not prime)
+
+Repeat until you have processed each number in your range.
+
+When the algorithm terminates, all the numbers in the list that have not
+been marked are prime.
+
+The wikipedia article has a useful graphic that explains the algorithm:
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
+
+Notice that this is a very specific algorithm, and the tests don't check
+that you've implemented the algorithm, only that you've come up with the
+correct list of primes.
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+Sieve of Eratosthenes at Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/simple-cipher/README.md

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+# Simple Cipher
+
+Implement a simple shift cipher like Caesar and a more secure substitution cipher.
+
+## Step 1
+
+"If he had anything confidential to say, he wrote it in cipher, that is,
+by so changing the order of the letters of the alphabet, that not a word
+could be made out. If anyone wishes to decipher these, and get at their
+meaning, he must substitute the fourth letter of the alphabet, namely D,
+for A, and so with the others."
+—Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar
+
+Ciphers are very straight-forward algorithms that allow us to render
+text less readable while still allowing easy deciphering. They are
+vulnerable to many forms of cryptoanalysis, but we are lucky that
+generally our little sisters are not cryptoanalysts.
+
+The Caesar Cipher was used for some messages from Julius Caesar that
+were sent afield. Now Caesar knew that the cipher wasn't very good, but
+he had one ally in that respect: almost nobody could read well. So even
+being a couple letters off was sufficient so that people couldn't
+recognize the few words that they did know.
+
+Your task is to create a simple shift cipher like the Caesar Cipher.
+This image is a great example of the Caesar Cipher:
+
+![Caesar Cipher][1]
+
+For example:
+
+Giving "iamapandabear" as input to the encode function returns the cipher "ldpdsdqgdehdu". Obscure enough to keep our message secret in transit.
+
+When "ldpdsdqgdehdu" is put into the decode function it would return
+the original "iamapandabear" letting your friend read your original
+message.
+
+## Step 2
+
+Shift ciphers are no fun though when your kid sister figures it out. Try
+amending the code to allow us to specify a key and use that for the
+shift distance. This is called a substitution cipher.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+Given the key "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", encoding the string "iamapandabear"
+would return the original "iamapandabear".
+
+Given the key "ddddddddddddddddd", encoding our string "iamapandabear"
+would return the obscured "lpdsdqgdehdu"
+
+In the example above, we've set a = 0 for the key value. So when the
+plaintext is added to the key, we end up with the same message coming
+out. So "aaaa" is not an ideal key. But if we set the key to "dddd", we
+would get the same thing as the Caesar Cipher.
+
+## Step 3
+
+The weakest link in any cipher is the human being. Let's make your
+substitution cipher a little more fault tolerant by providing a source
+of randomness and ensuring that the key is not composed of numbers or
+capital letters.
+
+If someone doesn't submit a key at all, generate a truly random key of
+at least 100 characters in length, accessible via Cipher#key (the #
+syntax means instance variable)
+
+If the key submitted has capital letters or numbers, throw an
+ArgumentError with a message to that effect.
+
+## Extensions
+
+Shift ciphers work by making the text slightly odd, but are vulnerable
+to frequency analysis. Substitution ciphers help that, but are still
+very vulnerable when the key is short or if spaces are preserved. Later
+on you'll see one solution to this problem in the exercise
+"crypto-square".
+
+If you want to go farther in this field, the questions begin to be about
+how we can exchange keys in a secure way. Take a look at [Diffie-Hellman
+on Wikipedia][dh] for one of the first implementations of this scheme.
+
+[1]: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg/320px-Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg.png
+[dh]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+Substitution Cipher at Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.

data/tracks/ruby/exercises/simple-linked-list/README.md

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+# Simple Linked List
+
+Write a simple linked list implementation that uses Elements and a List.
+
+The linked list is a fundamental data structure in computer science,
+often used in the implementation of other data structures. They're
+pervasive in functional programming languages, such as Clojure, Erlang,
+or Haskell, but far less common in imperative languages such as Ruby or
+Python.
+
+The simplest kind of linked list is a singly linked list. Each element in the
+list contains data and a "next" field pointing to the next element in the list
+of elements.
+
+This variant of linked lists is often used to represent sequences or
+push-down stacks (also called a LIFO stack; Last In, First Out).
+
+As a first take, lets create a singly linked list to contain the range (1..10),
+and provide functions to reverse a linked list and convert to and from arrays.
+
+When implementing this in a language with built-in linked lists,
+implement your own abstract data type.
+
+* * * *
+
+For installation and learning resources, refer to the
+[exercism help page](http://exercism.io/languages/ruby).
+
+For running the tests provided, you will need the Minitest gem. Open a
+terminal window and run the following command to install minitest:
+
+    gem install minitest
+
+If you would like color output, you can `require 'minitest/pride'` in
+the test file, or note the alternative instruction, below, for running
+the test file.
+
+In order to run the test, you can run the test file from the exercise
+directory. For example, if the test suite is called
+`hello_world_test.rb`, you can run the following command:
+
+    ruby hello_world_test.rb
+
+To include color from the command line:
+
+    ruby -r minitest/pride hello_world_test.rb
+
+
+## Source
+
+Inspired by 'Data Structures and Algorithms with Object-Oriented Design Patterns in Ruby', singly linked-lists. [http://www.brpreiss.com/books/opus8/html/page96.html#SECTION004300000000000000000](http://www.brpreiss.com/books/opus8/html/page96.html#SECTION004300000000000000000)
+
+## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
+It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.