spikard 0.5.0 → 0.6.1

data/vendor/crates/spikard-rb/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,1810 +1,1806 @@
-#![allow(deprecated)]
-#![deny(clippy::unwrap_used)]
-
-//! Spikard Ruby bindings using Magnus FFI.
-//!
-//! This crate provides Ruby bindings for the Spikard HTTP toolkit, allowing
-//! Ruby developers to build and test HTTP services with Rust performance.
-//!
-//! ## Modules
-//!
-//! - `testing`: Testing utilities (client, SSE, WebSocket)
-//! - `handler`: RubyHandler trait implementation
-//! - `di`: Dependency injection bridge for Ruby types
-//! - `config`: ServerConfig extraction from Ruby objects
-//! - `conversion`: Ruby ↔ Rust type conversions
-//! - `server`: HTTP server setup and lifecycle management
-//! - `background`: Background task management
-//! - `lifecycle`: Lifecycle hook implementations
-//! - `sse`: Server-Sent Events support
-//! - `websocket`: WebSocket support
-
-mod background;
-mod config;
-mod conversion;
-mod di;
-mod gvl;
-mod handler;
-mod integration;
-mod lifecycle;
-mod metadata;
-mod request;
-mod runtime;
-mod server;
-mod sse;
-mod testing;
-mod websocket;
-
-use async_stream::stream;
-use axum::body::Body;
-use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, Method, StatusCode};
-use axum_test::{TestServer, TestServerConfig, Transport};
-use bytes::Bytes;
-use cookie::Cookie;
-use magnus::prelude::*;
-use magnus::value::{InnerValue, Opaque};
-use magnus::{
-    Error, Module, RArray, RHash, RString, Ruby, TryConvert, Value, function, gc::Marker, method, r_hash::ForEach,
-};
-use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
-use spikard_http::ProblemDetails;
-use spikard_http::testing::{
-    MultipartFilePart, ResponseSnapshot, SnapshotError, build_multipart_body, encode_urlencoded_body,
-    snapshot_response,
-};
-use spikard_http::{Handler, HandlerResponse, HandlerResult, RequestData};
-use spikard_http::{Route, RouteMetadata, SchemaValidator};
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::io;
-use std::mem;
-use std::pin::Pin;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-use std::time::Duration;
-use url::Url;
-
-use crate::config::extract_server_config;
-use crate::conversion::{extract_files, problem_to_json};
-use crate::integration::build_dependency_container;
-use crate::metadata::{build_route_metadata, ruby_value_to_json};
-use crate::request::NativeRequest;
-use crate::runtime::{normalize_route_metadata, run_server};
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::TestClient", free_immediately, mark)]
-struct NativeTestClient {
-    inner: RefCell<Option<ClientInner>>,
-}
-
-struct ClientInner {
-    http_server: Arc<TestServer>,
-    transport_server: Arc<TestServer>,
-    /// Keep Ruby handler closures alive for GC; accessed via the `mark` hook.
-    _handlers: Vec<RubyHandler>,
-}
-
-struct RequestConfig {
-    query: Option<JsonValue>,
-    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
-    cookies: HashMap<String, String>,
-    body: Option<RequestBody>,
-}
-
-enum RequestBody {
-    Json(JsonValue),
-    Form(JsonValue),
-    Raw(String),
-    Multipart {
-        form_data: Vec<(String, String)>,
-        files: Vec<MultipartFilePart>,
-    },
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-struct RubyHandler {
-    inner: Arc<RubyHandlerInner>,
-}
-
-struct RubyHandlerInner {
-    handler_proc: Opaque<Value>,
-    handler_name: String,
-    json_module: Opaque<Value>,
-    response_validator: Option<Arc<SchemaValidator>>,
-    #[cfg(feature = "di")]
-    handler_dependencies: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-struct HandlerResponsePayload {
-    status: u16,
-    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
-    body: Option<JsonValue>,
-    raw_body: Option<Vec<u8>>,
-}
-
-struct NativeResponseParts {
-    response: HandlerResponse,
-    body_json: Option<JsonValue>,
-}
-
-enum RubyHandlerResult {
-    Payload(HandlerResponsePayload),
-    Streaming(StreamingResponsePayload),
-    Native(NativeResponseParts),
-}
-
-struct StreamingResponsePayload {
-    enumerator: Arc<Opaque<Value>>,
-    status: u16,
-    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
-}
-
-#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::BuiltResponse", free_immediately, mark)]
-struct NativeBuiltResponse {
-    response: RefCell<Option<HandlerResponse>>,
-    body_json: Option<JsonValue>,
-    /// Ruby values that must be kept alive for GC (e.g., streaming enumerators)
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    gc_handles: Vec<Opaque<Value>>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::LifecycleRegistry", free_immediately, mark)]
-struct NativeLifecycleRegistry {
-    hooks: RefCell<spikard_http::LifecycleHooks>,
-    ruby_hooks: RefCell<Vec<Arc<crate::lifecycle::RubyLifecycleHook>>>,
-}
-
-#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::DependencyRegistry", free_immediately, mark)]
-struct NativeDependencyRegistry {
-    container: RefCell<Option<spikard_core::di::DependencyContainer>>,
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    gc_handles: RefCell<Vec<Opaque<Value>>>,
-    registered_keys: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
-}
-
-impl StreamingResponsePayload {
-    fn into_response(self) -> Result<HandlerResponse, Error> {
-        let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|_| {
-            Error::new(
-                magnus::exception::runtime_error(),
-                "Ruby VM became unavailable during streaming response construction",
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let status = StatusCode::from_u16(self.status).map_err(|err| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                format!("Invalid streaming status code {}: {}", self.status, err),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let header_pairs = self
-            .headers
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(name, value)| {
-                let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
-                    Error::new(
-                        ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                        format!("Invalid header name '{name}': {err}"),
-                    )
-                })?;
-                let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(&value).map_err(|err| {
-                    Error::new(
-                        ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                        format!("Invalid header value for '{name}': {err}"),
-                    )
-                })?;
-                Ok((header_name, header_value))
-            })
-            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, Error>>()?;
-
-        let enumerator = self.enumerator.clone();
-        let body_stream = stream! {
-            loop {
-                match poll_stream_chunk(&enumerator) {
-                    Ok(Some(bytes)) => yield Ok(bytes),
-                    Ok(None) => break,
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        yield Err(Box::new(err));
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        };
-
-        let mut response = HandlerResponse::stream(body_stream).with_status(status);
-        for (name, value) in header_pairs {
-            response = response.with_header(name, value);
-        }
-        Ok(response)
-    }
-}
-
-impl NativeBuiltResponse {
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn new(response: HandlerResponse, body_json: Option<JsonValue>, gc_handles: Vec<Opaque<Value>>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            response: RefCell::new(Some(response)),
-            body_json,
-            gc_handles,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn extract_parts(&self) -> Result<(HandlerResponse, Option<JsonValue>), Error> {
-        let mut borrow = self.response.borrow_mut();
-        let response = borrow
-            .take()
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(magnus::exception::runtime_error(), "Native response already consumed"))?;
-        Ok((response, self.body_json.clone()))
-    }
-
-    fn status_code(&self) -> u16 {
-        let borrow = self.response.borrow();
-        let Some(response) = borrow.as_ref() else {
-            return StatusCode::OK.as_u16();
-        };
-
-        match response {
-            HandlerResponse::Response(resp) => resp.status().as_u16(),
-            HandlerResponse::Stream { status, .. } => status.as_u16(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn headers(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-        let headers_hash = ruby.hash_new();
-        if let Some(response) = this.response.borrow().as_ref() {
-            match response {
-                HandlerResponse::Response(resp) => {
-                    for (header_name, value) in resp.headers() {
-                        let name = header_name.as_str();
-                        if let Ok(value_str) = value.to_str() {
-                            headers_hash.aset(ruby.str_new(name), ruby.str_new(value_str))?;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                HandlerResponse::Stream { headers, .. } => {
-                    for (header_name, value) in headers.iter() {
-                        let name = header_name.as_str();
-                        if let Ok(value_str) = value.to_str() {
-                            headers_hash.aset(ruby.str_new(name), ruby.str_new(value_str))?;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(headers_hash.as_value())
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
-        if let Ok(ruby) = Ruby::get() {
-            for handle in &self.gc_handles {
-                marker.mark(handle.get_inner_with(&ruby));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl NativeLifecycleRegistry {
-    fn add_on_request(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.add_hook("on_request", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_on_request(hook))
-    }
-
-    fn add_pre_validation(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.add_hook("pre_validation", hook_value, |hooks, hook| {
-            hooks.add_pre_validation(hook)
-        })
-    }
-
-    fn add_pre_handler(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.add_hook("pre_handler", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_pre_handler(hook))
-    }
-
-    fn add_on_response(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.add_hook("on_response", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_on_response(hook))
-    }
-
-    fn add_on_error(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        self.add_hook("on_error", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_on_error(hook))
-    }
-
-    fn take_hooks(&self) -> spikard_http::LifecycleHooks {
-        mem::take(&mut *self.hooks.borrow_mut())
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
-        for hook in self.ruby_hooks.borrow().iter() {
-            hook.mark(marker);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn add_hook<F>(&self, kind: &str, hook_value: Value, push: F) -> Result<(), Error>
-    where
-        F: Fn(&mut spikard_http::LifecycleHooks, Arc<crate::lifecycle::RubyLifecycleHook>),
-    {
-        let idx = self.ruby_hooks.borrow().len();
-        let hook = Arc::new(crate::lifecycle::RubyLifecycleHook::new(
-            format!("{kind}_{idx}"),
-            hook_value,
-        ));
-
-        push(&mut self.hooks.borrow_mut(), hook.clone());
-        self.ruby_hooks.borrow_mut().push(hook);
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for NativeDependencyRegistry {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            container: RefCell::new(Some(spikard_core::di::DependencyContainer::new())),
-            gc_handles: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
-            registered_keys: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl NativeDependencyRegistry {
-    fn register_value(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, key: String, value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let dependency = crate::di::RubyValueDependency::new(key.clone(), value);
-        this.register_dependency(ruby, key, Arc::new(dependency), Some(value))
-    }
-
-    fn register_factory(
-        ruby: &Ruby,
-        this: &Self,
-        key: String,
-        factory: Value,
-        depends_on: Value,
-        singleton: bool,
-        cacheable: bool,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let depends_on_vec = if depends_on.is_nil() {
-            Vec::new()
-        } else {
-            Vec::<String>::try_convert(depends_on)?
-        };
-
-        let dependency =
-            crate::di::RubyFactoryDependency::new(key.clone(), factory, depends_on_vec, singleton, cacheable);
-        this.register_dependency(ruby, key, Arc::new(dependency), Some(factory))
-    }
-
-    fn register_dependency(
-        &self,
-        ruby: &Ruby,
-        key: String,
-        dependency: Arc<dyn spikard_core::di::Dependency>,
-        gc_value: Option<Value>,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let mut container_ref = self.container.borrow_mut();
-        let container = container_ref
-            .as_mut()
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "Dependency container already consumed"))?;
-
-        container.register(key.clone(), dependency).map_err(|err| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                format!("Failed to register dependency '{key}': {err}"),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        if let Some(val) = gc_value {
-            self.gc_handles.borrow_mut().push(Opaque::from(val));
-        }
-
-        self.registered_keys.borrow_mut().push(key);
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
-        if let Ok(ruby) = Ruby::get() {
-            for handle in self.gc_handles.borrow().iter() {
-                marker.mark(handle.get_inner_with(&ruby));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn take_container(&self) -> Result<spikard_core::di::DependencyContainer, Error> {
-        let mut borrow = self.container.borrow_mut();
-        let container = borrow.take().ok_or_else(|| {
-            Error::new(
-                magnus::exception::runtime_error(),
-                "Dependency container already consumed",
-            )
-        })?;
-        Ok(container)
-    }
-
-    fn keys(&self) -> Vec<String> {
-        self.registered_keys.borrow().clone()
-    }
-}
-
-fn poll_stream_chunk(enumerator: &Arc<Opaque<Value>>) -> Result<Option<Bytes>, io::Error> {
-    let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
-    let enum_value = enumerator.get_inner_with(&ruby);
-    match enum_value.funcall::<_, _, Value>("next", ()) {
-        Ok(chunk) => ruby_value_to_bytes(chunk).map(Some),
-        Err(err) => {
-            if err.is_kind_of(ruby.exception_stop_iteration()) {
-                Ok(None)
-            } else {
-                Err(io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn ruby_value_to_bytes(value: Value) -> Result<Bytes, io::Error> {
-    if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(value) {
-        let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
-        return Ok(Bytes::copy_from_slice(slice));
-    }
-
-    if let Ok(vec_bytes) = Vec::<u8>::try_convert(value) {
-        return Ok(Bytes::from(vec_bytes));
-    }
-
-    Err(io::Error::other("Streaming chunks must be Strings or Arrays of bytes"))
-}
-
-struct TestResponseData {
-    status: u16,
-    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
-    body_text: Option<String>,
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct NativeRequestError(String);
-
-impl NativeTestClient {
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-    fn initialize(
-        ruby: &Ruby,
-        this: &Self,
-        routes_json: String,
-        handlers: Value,
-        config_value: Value,
-        ws_handlers: Value,
-        sse_producers: Value,
-        dependencies: Value,
-    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        let metadata: Vec<RouteMetadata> = serde_json::from_str(&routes_json)
-            .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), format!("Invalid routes JSON: {err}")))?;
-
-        let handlers_hash = RHash::from_value(handlers).ok_or_else(|| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                "handlers parameter must be a Hash of handler_name => Proc",
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let json_module = ruby
-            .class_object()
-            .const_get("JSON")
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "JSON module not available"))?;
-
-        let mut server_config = extract_server_config(ruby, config_value)?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "di")]
-        {
-            if let Ok(registry) = <&NativeDependencyRegistry>::try_convert(dependencies) {
-                server_config.di_container = Some(Arc::new(registry.take_container()?));
-            } else if !dependencies.is_nil() {
-                match build_dependency_container(ruby, dependencies) {
-                    Ok(container) => {
-                        server_config.di_container = Some(Arc::new(container));
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        return Err(Error::new(
-                            ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                            format!("Failed to build DI container: {}", err),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let schema_registry = spikard_http::SchemaRegistry::new();
-        let mut prepared_routes = Vec::with_capacity(metadata.len());
-        let mut handler_refs = Vec::with_capacity(metadata.len());
-        let mut route_metadata_vec = Vec::with_capacity(metadata.len());
-
-        for meta in metadata.clone() {
-            let handler_value = fetch_handler(ruby, &handlers_hash, &meta.handler_name)?;
-            let route = Route::from_metadata(meta.clone(), &schema_registry)
-                .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), format!("Failed to build route: {err}")))?;
-
-            let handler = RubyHandler::new(&route, handler_value, json_module)?;
-            prepared_routes.push((route, Arc::new(handler.clone()) as Arc<dyn spikard_http::Handler>));
-            handler_refs.push(handler);
-            route_metadata_vec.push(meta);
-        }
-
-        let mut router = spikard_http::server::build_router_with_handlers_and_config(
-            prepared_routes,
-            server_config,
-            route_metadata_vec,
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), format!("Failed to build router: {err}")))?;
-
-        let mut ws_endpoints = Vec::new();
-        if !ws_handlers.is_nil() {
-            let ws_hash = RHash::from_value(ws_handlers)
-                .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "WebSocket handlers must be a Hash"))?;
-
-            ws_hash.foreach(|path: String, factory: Value| -> Result<ForEach, Error> {
-                let handler_instance = factory.funcall::<_, _, Value>("call", ()).map_err(|e| {
-                    Error::new(
-                        ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                        format!("Failed to create WebSocket handler: {}", e),
-                    )
-                })?;
-
-                let ws_state = crate::websocket::create_websocket_state(ruby, handler_instance)?;
-
-                ws_endpoints.push((path, ws_state));
-
-                Ok(ForEach::Continue)
-            })?;
-        }
-
-        let mut sse_endpoints = Vec::new();
-        if !sse_producers.is_nil() {
-            let sse_hash = RHash::from_value(sse_producers)
-                .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "SSE producers must be a Hash"))?;
-
-            sse_hash.foreach(|path: String, factory: Value| -> Result<ForEach, Error> {
-                let producer_instance = factory.funcall::<_, _, Value>("call", ()).map_err(|e| {
-                    Error::new(
-                        ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                        format!("Failed to create SSE producer: {}", e),
-                    )
-                })?;
-
-                let sse_state = crate::sse::create_sse_state(ruby, producer_instance)?;
-
-                sse_endpoints.push((path, sse_state));
-
-                Ok(ForEach::Continue)
-            })?;
-        }
-
-        use axum::routing::get;
-        for (path, ws_state) in ws_endpoints {
-            router = router.route(
-                &path,
-                get(spikard_http::websocket_handler::<crate::websocket::RubyWebSocketHandler>).with_state(ws_state),
-            );
-        }
-
-        for (path, sse_state) in sse_endpoints {
-            router = router.route(
-                &path,
-                get(spikard_http::sse_handler::<crate::sse::RubySseEventProducer>).with_state(sse_state),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let runtime = crate::server::global_runtime(ruby)?;
-        let http_server = runtime
-            .block_on(async { TestServer::new(router.clone()) })
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                Error::new(
-                    ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                    format!("Failed to initialise test server: {err}"),
-                )
-            })?;
-
-        let ws_config = TestServerConfig {
-            transport: Some(Transport::HttpRandomPort),
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let transport_server = runtime
-            .block_on(async { TestServer::new_with_config(router, ws_config) })
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                Error::new(
-                    ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                    format!("Failed to initialise WebSocket transport server: {err}"),
-                )
-            })?;
-
-        *this.inner.borrow_mut() = Some(ClientInner {
-            http_server: Arc::new(http_server),
-            transport_server: Arc::new(transport_server),
-            _handlers: handler_refs,
-        });
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn request(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, method: String, path: String, options: Value) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-        let inner_borrow = this.inner.borrow();
-        let inner = inner_borrow
-            .as_ref()
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "TestClient not initialised"))?;
-        let method_upper = method.to_ascii_uppercase();
-        let http_method = Method::from_bytes(method_upper.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                format!("Unsupported method {method_upper}: {err}"),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let request_config = parse_request_config(ruby, options)?;
-
-        let runtime = crate::server::global_runtime(ruby)?;
-        let response = runtime
-            .block_on(execute_request(
-                inner.http_server.clone(),
-                http_method,
-                path.clone(),
-                request_config,
-            ))
-            .map_err(|err| {
-                Error::new(
-                    ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                    format!("Request failed for {method_upper} {path}: {}", err.0),
-                )
-            })?;
-
-        response_to_ruby(ruby, response)
-    }
-
-    fn close(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
-        *self.inner.borrow_mut() = None;
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    fn websocket(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, path: String) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-        let inner_borrow = this.inner.borrow();
-        let inner = inner_borrow
-            .as_ref()
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "TestClient not initialised"))?;
-
-        let server = Arc::clone(&inner.transport_server);
-
-        drop(inner_borrow);
-
-        let timeout_duration = websocket_timeout();
-        let ws = crate::call_without_gvl!(
-            block_on_websocket_connect,
-            args: (
-                server, Arc<TestServer>,
-                path, String,
-                timeout_duration, Duration
-            ),
-            return_type: Result<crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketConnection, WebSocketConnectError>
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| match err {
-            WebSocketConnectError::Timeout => Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                format!(
-                    "WebSocket connect timed out after {}ms",
-                    timeout_duration.as_millis()
-                ),
-            ),
-            WebSocketConnectError::Other(message) => Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                format!("WebSocket connect failed: {}", message),
-            ),
-        })?;
-
-        let ws_conn = testing::websocket::WebSocketTestConnection::new(ws);
-        Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(ws_conn).as_value())
-    }
-
-    fn sse(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, path: String) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-        let inner_borrow = this.inner.borrow();
-        let inner = inner_borrow
-            .as_ref()
-            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "TestClient not initialised"))?;
-
-        let runtime = crate::server::global_runtime(ruby)?;
-        let request_config = RequestConfig {
-            query: None,
-            headers: HashMap::new(),
-            cookies: HashMap::new(),
-            body: None,
-        };
-        let response = runtime
-            .block_on(execute_request(
-                inner.http_server.clone(),
-                Method::GET,
-                path.clone(),
-                request_config,
-            ))
-            .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), format!("SSE request failed: {}", err.0)))?;
-
-        let body = response.body_text.unwrap_or_default().into_bytes();
-        let snapshot = ResponseSnapshot {
-            status: response.status,
-            headers: response.headers,
-            body,
-        };
-
-        testing::sse::sse_stream_from_response(ruby, &snapshot)
-    }
-}
-
-fn websocket_timeout() -> Duration {
-    const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30_000;
-    let timeout_ms = std::env::var("SPIKARD_RB_WS_TIMEOUT_MS")
-        .ok()
-        .and_then(|value| value.parse::<u64>().ok())
-        .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS);
-    Duration::from_millis(timeout_ms)
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-enum WebSocketConnectError {
-    Timeout,
-    Other(String),
-}
-
-fn block_on_websocket_connect(
-    server: Arc<TestServer>,
-    path: String,
-    timeout_duration: Duration,
-) -> Result<crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketConnection, WebSocketConnectError> {
-    let url = server
-        .server_url(&path)
-        .map_err(|err| WebSocketConnectError::Other(err.to_string()))?;
-    let ws_url = to_ws_url(url)?;
-
-    match crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketConnection::connect(ws_url, timeout_duration) {
-        Ok(ws) => Ok(ws),
-        Err(crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketIoError::Timeout) => Err(WebSocketConnectError::Timeout),
-        Err(err) => Err(WebSocketConnectError::Other(format!("{:?}", err))),
-    }
-}
-
-fn to_ws_url(mut url: Url) -> Result<Url, WebSocketConnectError> {
-    let scheme = match url.scheme() {
-        "https" => "wss",
-        _ => "ws",
-    };
-    url.set_scheme(scheme)
-        .map_err(|_| WebSocketConnectError::Other("Failed to set WebSocket scheme".to_string()))?;
-    Ok(url)
-}
-
-impl RubyHandler {
-    fn new(route: &Route, handler_value: Value, json_module: Value) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(RubyHandlerInner {
-                handler_proc: Opaque::from(handler_value),
-                handler_name: route.handler_name.clone(),
-                json_module: Opaque::from(json_module),
-                response_validator: route.response_validator.clone(),
-                #[cfg(feature = "di")]
-                handler_dependencies: route.handler_dependencies.clone(),
-            }),
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Create a new RubyHandler for server mode
-    ///
-    /// This is used by run_server to create handlers from Ruby Procs
-    fn new_for_server(
-        _ruby: &Ruby,
-        handler_value: Value,
-        handler_name: String,
-        json_module: Value,
-        route: &Route,
-    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
-        Ok(Self {
-            inner: Arc::new(RubyHandlerInner {
-                handler_proc: Opaque::from(handler_value),
-                handler_name,
-                json_module: Opaque::from(json_module),
-                response_validator: route.response_validator.clone(),
-                #[cfg(feature = "di")]
-                handler_dependencies: route.handler_dependencies.clone(),
-            }),
-        })
-    }
-
-    /// Required by Ruby GC; invoked through the magnus mark hook.
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
-        if let Ok(ruby) = Ruby::get() {
-            let proc_val = self.inner.handler_proc.get_inner_with(&ruby);
-            marker.mark(proc_val);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn handle(&self, request_data: RequestData) -> HandlerResult {
-        let validated_params = request_data.validated_params.clone();
-
-        let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|_| {
-            (
-                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                "Ruby VM unavailable while invoking handler".to_string(),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "di")]
-        let dependencies = request_data.dependencies.clone();
-
-        let request_value = build_ruby_request(&ruby, request_data, validated_params)
-            .map_err(|err| (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, err.to_string()))?;
-
-        let handler_proc = self.inner.handler_proc.get_inner_with(&ruby);
-
-        #[cfg(feature = "di")]
-        let handler_result = {
-            if let Some(deps) = &dependencies {
-                let kwargs_hash = ruby.hash_new();
-
-                for key in &self.inner.handler_dependencies {
-                    if !deps.contains(key) {
-                        return Err((
-                            StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                            format!(
-                                "Handler '{}' requires dependency '{}' which was not resolved",
-                                self.inner.handler_name, key
-                            ),
-                        ));
-                    }
-                }
-
-                for key in &self.inner.handler_dependencies {
-                    if let Some(value) = deps.get_arc(key) {
-                        let ruby_val = if let Some(wrapper) = value.downcast_ref::<crate::di::RubyValueWrapper>() {
-                            wrapper.get_value(&ruby)
-                        } else if let Some(json) = value.downcast_ref::<serde_json::Value>() {
-                            match crate::di::json_to_ruby(&ruby, json) {
-                                Ok(val) => val,
-                                Err(e) => {
-                                    return Err((
-                                        StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                                        format!("Failed to convert dependency '{}' to Ruby: {}", key, e),
-                                    ));
-                                }
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            return Err((
-                                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                                format!(
-                                    "Unknown dependency type for '{}': expected RubyValueWrapper or JSON",
-                                    key
-                                ),
-                            ));
-                        };
-
-                        let key_sym = ruby.to_symbol(key);
-                        if let Err(e) = kwargs_hash.aset(key_sym, ruby_val) {
-                            return Err((
-                                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                                format!("Failed to add dependency '{}': {}", key, e),
-                            ));
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                let wrapper_code = ruby
-                    .eval::<Value>(
-                        r#"
-                    lambda do |proc, request, kwargs|
-                        proc.call(request, **kwargs)
-                    end
-                "#,
-                    )
-                    .map_err(|e| {
-                        (
-                            StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                            format!("Failed to create kwarg wrapper: {}", e),
-                        )
-                    })?;
-
-                wrapper_code.funcall("call", (handler_proc, request_value, kwargs_hash))
-            } else {
-                handler_proc.funcall("call", (request_value,))
-            }
-        };
-
-        #[cfg(not(feature = "di"))]
-        let handler_result = handler_proc.funcall("call", (request_value,));
-
-        let response_value = match handler_result {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(err) => {
-                return Err((
-                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                    format!("Handler '{}' failed: {}", self.inner.handler_name, err),
-                ));
-            }
-        };
-
-        let handler_result = interpret_handler_response(&ruby, &self.inner, response_value).map_err(|err| {
-            (
-                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                format!(
-                    "Failed to interpret response from '{}': {}",
-                    self.inner.handler_name, err
-                ),
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let payload = match handler_result {
-            RubyHandlerResult::Native(native) => {
-                if let (Some(validator), Some(body)) = (&self.inner.response_validator, native.body_json.as_ref())
-                    && let Err(errors) = validator.validate(body)
-                {
-                    let problem = ProblemDetails::from_validation_error(&errors);
-                    return Err((StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, problem_to_json(&problem)));
-                }
-
-                return Ok(native.response.into_response());
-            }
-            RubyHandlerResult::Streaming(streaming) => {
-                let response = streaming.into_response().map_err(|err| {
-                    (
-                        StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                        format!("Failed to build streaming response: {}", err),
-                    )
-                })?;
-                return Ok(response.into_response());
-            }
-            RubyHandlerResult::Payload(payload) => payload,
-        };
-
-        if let (Some(validator), Some(body)) = (&self.inner.response_validator, payload.body.as_ref())
-            && let Err(errors) = validator.validate(body)
-        {
-            let problem = ProblemDetails::from_validation_error(&errors);
-            return Err((StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, problem_to_json(&problem)));
-        }
-
-        let HandlerResponsePayload {
-            status,
-            headers,
-            body,
-            raw_body,
-        } = payload;
-
-        let mut response_builder = axum::http::Response::builder().status(status);
-        let mut has_content_type = false;
-
-        for (name, value) in headers.iter() {
-            if name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("content-type") {
-                has_content_type = true;
-            }
-            let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
-                (
-                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                    format!("Invalid header name '{name}': {err}"),
-                )
-            })?;
-            let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(value).map_err(|err| {
-                (
-                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                    format!("Invalid header value for '{name}': {err}"),
-                )
-            })?;
-
-            response_builder = response_builder.header(header_name, header_value);
-        }
-
-        if !has_content_type && body.is_some() {
-            response_builder = response_builder.header(
-                HeaderName::from_static("content-type"),
-                HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"),
-            );
-        }
-
-        let body_bytes = if let Some(raw) = raw_body {
-            raw
-        } else if let Some(json_value) = body {
-            serde_json::to_vec(&json_value).map_err(|err| {
-                (
-                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                    format!("Failed to serialise response body: {err}"),
-                )
-            })?
-        } else {
-            Vec::new()
-        };
-
-        response_builder.body(Body::from(body_bytes)).map_err(|err| {
-            (
-                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
-                format!("Failed to build response: {err}"),
-            )
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl Handler for RubyHandler {
-    fn call(
-        &self,
-        _req: axum::http::Request<Body>,
-        request_data: RequestData,
-    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn std::future::Future<Output = HandlerResult> + Send + '_>> {
-        let handler = self.clone();
-        Box::pin(async move { handler.handle(request_data) })
-    }
-}
-
-async fn execute_request(
-    server: Arc<TestServer>,
-    method: Method,
-    path: String,
-    config: RequestConfig,
-) -> Result<TestResponseData, NativeRequestError> {
-    let mut request = match method {
-        Method::GET => server.get(&path),
-        Method::POST => server.post(&path),
-        Method::PUT => server.put(&path),
-        Method::PATCH => server.patch(&path),
-        Method::DELETE => server.delete(&path),
-        Method::HEAD => server.method(Method::HEAD, &path),
-        Method::OPTIONS => server.method(Method::OPTIONS, &path),
-        Method::TRACE => server.method(Method::TRACE, &path),
-        other => return Err(NativeRequestError(format!("Unsupported HTTP method {other}"))),
-    };
-
-    if let Some(query) = config.query {
-        request = request.add_query_params(&query);
-    }
-
-    for (name, value) in config.headers {
-        request = request.add_header(name.as_str(), value.as_str());
-    }
-
-    for (name, value) in config.cookies {
-        request = request.add_cookie(Cookie::new(name, value));
-    }
-
-    if let Some(body) = config.body {
-        match body {
-            RequestBody::Json(json_value) => {
-                request = request.json(&json_value);
-            }
-            RequestBody::Form(form_value) => {
-                let encoded = encode_urlencoded_body(&form_value)
-                    .map_err(|err| NativeRequestError(format!("Failed to encode form body: {err}")))?;
-                request = request
-                    .content_type("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
-                    .bytes(Bytes::from(encoded));
-            }
-            RequestBody::Raw(raw) => {
-                request = request.bytes(Bytes::from(raw));
-            }
-            RequestBody::Multipart { form_data, files } => {
-                let (multipart_body, boundary) = build_multipart_body(&form_data, &files);
-                request = request
-                    .content_type(&format!("multipart/form-data; boundary={}", boundary))
-                    .bytes(Bytes::from(multipart_body));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    let response = request.await;
-    let snapshot = snapshot_response(response).await.map_err(snapshot_err_to_native)?;
-    let body_text = if snapshot.body.is_empty() {
-        None
-    } else {
-        Some(String::from_utf8_lossy(&snapshot.body).into_owned())
-    };
-
-    Ok(TestResponseData {
-        status: snapshot.status,
-        headers: snapshot.headers,
-        body_text,
-    })
-}
-
-fn snapshot_err_to_native(err: SnapshotError) -> NativeRequestError {
-    NativeRequestError(err.to_string())
-}
-
-fn parse_request_config(ruby: &Ruby, options: Value) -> Result<RequestConfig, Error> {
-    if options.is_nil() {
-        return Ok(RequestConfig {
-            query: None,
-            headers: HashMap::new(),
-            cookies: HashMap::new(),
-            body: None,
-        });
-    }
-
-    let hash = RHash::from_value(options)
-        .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "request options must be a Hash"))?;
-
-    let json_module = ruby
-        .class_object()
-        .const_get("JSON")
-        .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "JSON module not available"))?;
-
-    let query = if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "query") {
-        if value.is_nil() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, value)?)
-        }
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
-    let headers = if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "headers") {
-        if value.is_nil() {
-            HashMap::new()
-        } else {
-            let hash = RHash::try_convert(value)?;
-            hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
-        }
-    } else {
-        HashMap::new()
-    };
-
-    let cookies = if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "cookies") {
-        if value.is_nil() {
-            HashMap::new()
-        } else {
-            let hash = RHash::try_convert(value)?;
-            hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
-        }
-    } else {
-        HashMap::new()
-    };
-
-    let files_opt = get_kw(ruby, hash, "files");
-    let has_files = files_opt.as_ref().is_some_and(|f| !f.is_nil());
-
-    let body = if has_files {
-        let files_value = files_opt.ok_or_else(|| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                "Files option should be Some if has_files is true",
-            )
-        })?;
-        let files = extract_files(ruby, files_value)?;
-
-        let mut form_data = Vec::new();
-        if let Some(data_value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "data")
-            && !data_value.is_nil()
-        {
-            let data_hash = RHash::try_convert(data_value)?;
-
-            let keys_array: RArray = data_hash.funcall("keys", ())?;
-
-            for i in 0..keys_array.len() {
-                let key_val = keys_array.entry::<Value>(i as isize)?;
-                let field_name = String::try_convert(key_val)?;
-                let value = data_hash
-                    .get(key_val)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "Failed to get hash value"))?;
-
-                if let Some(array) = RArray::from_value(value) {
-                    for j in 0..array.len() {
-                        let item = array.entry::<Value>(j as isize)?;
-                        let item_str = String::try_convert(item)?;
-                        form_data.push((field_name.clone(), item_str));
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    let value_str = String::try_convert(value)?;
-                    form_data.push((field_name, value_str));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        Some(RequestBody::Multipart { form_data, files })
-    } else if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "json") {
-        if value.is_nil() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(RequestBody::Json(ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, value)?))
-        }
-    } else if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "data") {
-        if value.is_nil() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(RequestBody::Form(ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, value)?))
-        }
-    } else if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "raw_body") {
-        if value.is_nil() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(RequestBody::Raw(String::try_convert(value)?))
-        }
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
-    Ok(RequestConfig {
-        query,
-        headers,
-        cookies,
-        body,
-    })
-}
-
-fn build_ruby_request(
-    ruby: &Ruby,
-    request_data: RequestData,
-    validated_params: Option<JsonValue>,
-) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-    let native_request = NativeRequest::from_request_data(request_data, validated_params);
-
-    Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(native_request).as_value())
-}
-
-fn interpret_handler_response(
-    ruby: &Ruby,
-    handler: &RubyHandlerInner,
-    value: Value,
-) -> Result<RubyHandlerResult, Error> {
-    let native_method = ruby.intern("to_native_response");
-    if value.respond_to(native_method, false)? {
-        let native_value: Value = value.funcall("to_native_response", ())?;
-        if let Ok(native_resp) = <&NativeBuiltResponse>::try_convert(native_value) {
-            let (response, body_json) = native_resp.extract_parts()?;
-            return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Native(NativeResponseParts { response, body_json }));
-        }
-    } else if let Ok(native_resp) = <&NativeBuiltResponse>::try_convert(value) {
-        let (response, body_json) = native_resp.extract_parts()?;
-        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Native(NativeResponseParts { response, body_json }));
-    }
-
-    if value.is_nil() {
-        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
-            status: 200,
-            headers: HashMap::new(),
-            body: None,
-            raw_body: None,
-        }));
-    }
-
-    if is_streaming_response(ruby, value)? {
-        let stream_value: Value = value.funcall("stream", ())?;
-        let status: i64 = value.funcall("status_code", ())?;
-        let headers_value: Value = value.funcall("headers", ())?;
-
-        let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status).map_err(|_| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                "StreamingResponse status_code must be between 0 and 65535",
-            )
-        })?;
-
-        let headers = value_to_string_map(ruby, headers_value)?;
-
-        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Streaming(StreamingResponsePayload {
-            enumerator: Arc::new(Opaque::from(stream_value)),
-            status: status_u16,
-            headers,
-        }));
-    }
-
-    let status_symbol = ruby.intern("status_code");
-    if value.respond_to(status_symbol, false)? {
-        let status: i64 = value.funcall("status_code", ())?;
-        let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status)
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "status_code must be between 0 and 65535"))?;
-
-        let headers_value: Value = value.funcall("headers", ())?;
-        let headers = if headers_value.is_nil() {
-            HashMap::new()
-        } else {
-            let hash = RHash::try_convert(headers_value)?;
-            hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
-        };
-
-        let content_value: Value = value.funcall("content", ())?;
-        let mut raw_body = None;
-        let body = if content_value.is_nil() {
-            None
-        } else if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(content_value) {
-            let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
-            raw_body = Some(slice.to_vec());
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(ruby_value_to_json(
-                ruby,
-                handler.json_module.get_inner_with(ruby),
-                content_value,
-            )?)
-        };
-
-        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
-            status: status_u16,
-            headers,
-            body,
-            raw_body,
-        }));
-    }
-
-    if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(value) {
-        let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
-        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
-            status: 200,
-            headers: HashMap::new(),
-            body: None,
-            raw_body: Some(slice.to_vec()),
-        }));
-    }
-
-    let body_json = ruby_value_to_json(ruby, handler.json_module.get_inner_with(ruby), value)?;
-
-    Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
-        status: 200,
-        headers: HashMap::new(),
-        body: Some(body_json),
-        raw_body: None,
-    }))
-}
-
-fn value_to_string_map(ruby: &Ruby, value: Value) -> Result<HashMap<String, String>, Error> {
-    if value.is_nil() {
-        return Ok(HashMap::new());
-    }
-    let hash = RHash::try_convert(value)?;
-    hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>().map_err(|err| {
-        Error::new(
-            ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-            format!("Expected headers hash of strings: {}", err),
-        )
-    })
-}
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-fn header_pairs_from_map(headers: HashMap<String, String>) -> Result<Vec<(HeaderName, HeaderValue)>, Error> {
-    let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|err| Error::new(magnus::exception::runtime_error(), err.to_string()))?;
-    headers
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|(name, value)| {
-            let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
-                Error::new(
-                    ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                    format!("Invalid header name '{name}': {err}"),
-                )
-            })?;
-            let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(&value).map_err(|err| {
-                Error::new(
-                    ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                    format!("Invalid header value for '{name}': {err}"),
-                )
-            })?;
-            Ok((header_name, header_value))
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-fn is_streaming_response(ruby: &Ruby, value: Value) -> Result<bool, Error> {
-    let stream_sym = ruby.intern("stream");
-    let status_sym = ruby.intern("status_code");
-    Ok(value.respond_to(stream_sym, false)? && value.respond_to(status_sym, false)?)
-}
-
-fn response_to_ruby(ruby: &Ruby, response: TestResponseData) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-    let hash = ruby.hash_new();
-
-    hash.aset(
-        ruby.intern("status_code"),
-        ruby.integer_from_i64(response.status as i64),
-    )?;
-
-    let headers_hash = ruby.hash_new();
-    for (key, value) in response.headers {
-        headers_hash.aset(ruby.str_new(&key), ruby.str_new(&value))?;
-    }
-    hash.aset(ruby.intern("headers"), headers_hash)?;
-
-    if let Some(body) = response.body_text {
-        let body_value = ruby.str_new(&body);
-        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body"), body_value)?;
-        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body_text"), body_value)?;
-    } else {
-        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body"), ruby.qnil())?;
-        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body_text"), ruby.qnil())?;
-    }
-
-    Ok(hash.as_value())
-}
-
-fn get_kw(ruby: &Ruby, hash: RHash, name: &str) -> Option<Value> {
-    let sym = ruby.intern(name);
-    hash.get(sym).or_else(|| hash.get(name))
-}
-
-fn fetch_handler(ruby: &Ruby, handlers: &RHash, name: &str) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-    let symbol_key = ruby.intern(name);
-    if let Some(value) = handlers.get(symbol_key) {
-        return Ok(value);
-    }
-
-    let string_key = ruby.str_new(name);
-    if let Some(value) = handlers.get(string_key) {
-        return Ok(value);
-    }
-
-    Err(Error::new(
-        ruby.exception_name_error(),
-        format!("Handler '{name}' not provided"),
-    ))
-}
-
-/// GC mark hook so Ruby keeps handler closures alive.
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-fn mark(client: &NativeTestClient, marker: &Marker) {
-    let inner_ref = client.inner.borrow();
-    if let Some(inner) = inner_ref.as_ref() {
-        for handler in &inner._handlers {
-            handler.mark(marker);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Return the Spikard version.
-fn version() -> String {
-    env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string()
-}
-
-/// Build a native response from content, status code, and headers.
-///
-/// Called by `Spikard::Response` to construct native response objects.
-/// The content can be a String (raw body), Hash/Array (JSON), or nil.
-fn build_response(ruby: &Ruby, content: Value, status_code: i64, headers: Value) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-    let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status_code)
-        .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "status_code must be between 0 and 65535"))?;
-
-    let header_map = if headers.is_nil() {
-        HashMap::new()
-    } else {
-        let hash = RHash::try_convert(headers)?;
-        hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
-    };
-
-    let (body_json, raw_body_opt) = if content.is_nil() {
-        (None, None)
-    } else if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(content) {
-        let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
-        (None, Some(slice.to_vec()))
-    } else {
-        let json_module = ruby
-            .class_object()
-            .const_get("JSON")
-            .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "JSON module not available"))?;
-        let json_value = ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, content)?;
-        (Some(json_value), None)
-    };
-
-    let status = StatusCode::from_u16(status_u16).map_err(|err| {
-        Error::new(
-            ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-            format!("Invalid status code {}: {}", status_u16, err),
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    let mut response_builder = axum::http::Response::builder().status(status);
-
-    for (name, value) in &header_map {
-        let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                format!("Invalid header name '{}': {}", name, err),
-            )
-        })?;
-        let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(value).map_err(|err| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
-                format!("Invalid header value for '{}': {}", name, err),
-            )
-        })?;
-        response_builder = response_builder.header(header_name, header_value);
-    }
-
-    let body_bytes = if let Some(raw) = raw_body_opt {
-        raw
-    } else if let Some(json_value) = body_json.as_ref() {
-        serde_json::to_vec(&json_value).map_err(|err| {
-            Error::new(
-                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-                format!("Failed to serialise response body: {}", err),
-            )
-        })?
-    } else {
-        Vec::new()
-    };
-
-    let axum_response = response_builder.body(Body::from(body_bytes)).map_err(|err| {
-        Error::new(
-            ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
-            format!("Failed to build response: {}", err),
-        )
-    })?;
-
-    let handler_response = HandlerResponse::Response(axum_response);
-    let native_response = NativeBuiltResponse::new(handler_response, body_json.clone(), Vec::new());
-    Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(native_response).as_value())
-}
-
-/// Build a native streaming response from stream, status code, and headers.
-///
-/// Called by `Spikard::StreamingResponse` to construct native response objects.
-/// The stream must be an enumerator that responds to #next.
-fn build_streaming_response(ruby: &Ruby, stream: Value, status_code: i64, headers: Value) -> Result<Value, Error> {
-    let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status_code)
-        .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "status_code must be between 0 and 65535"))?;
-
-    let header_map = if headers.is_nil() {
-        HashMap::new()
-    } else {
-        let hash = RHash::try_convert(headers)?;
-        hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
-    };
-
-    let next_method = ruby.intern("next");
-    if !stream.respond_to(next_method, false)? {
-        return Err(Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "stream must respond to #next"));
-    }
-
-    let streaming_payload = StreamingResponsePayload {
-        enumerator: Arc::new(Opaque::from(stream)),
-        status: status_u16,
-        headers: header_map,
-    };
-
-    let response = streaming_payload.into_response()?;
-    let native_response = NativeBuiltResponse::new(response, None, vec![Opaque::from(stream)]);
-    Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(native_response).as_value())
-}
-
-#[magnus::init]
-pub fn init(ruby: &Ruby) -> Result<(), Error> {
-    let spikard = ruby.define_module("Spikard")?;
-    spikard.define_singleton_method("version", function!(version, 0))?;
-    let native = match spikard.const_get("Native") {
-        Ok(module) => module,
-        Err(_) => spikard.define_module("Native")?,
-    };
-
-    native.define_singleton_method("run_server", function!(run_server, 7))?;
-    native.define_singleton_method("normalize_route_metadata", function!(normalize_route_metadata, 1))?;
-    native.define_singleton_method("background_run", function!(background::background_run, 1))?;
-    native.define_singleton_method("build_route_metadata", function!(build_route_metadata, 12))?;
-    native.define_singleton_method("build_response", function!(build_response, 3))?;
-    native.define_singleton_method("build_streaming_response", function!(build_streaming_response, 3))?;
-
-    let class = native.define_class("TestClient", ruby.class_object())?;
-    class.define_alloc_func::<NativeTestClient>();
-    class.define_method("initialize", method!(NativeTestClient::initialize, 6))?;
-    class.define_method("request", method!(NativeTestClient::request, 3))?;
-    class.define_method("websocket", method!(NativeTestClient::websocket, 1))?;
-    class.define_method("sse", method!(NativeTestClient::sse, 1))?;
-    class.define_method("close", method!(NativeTestClient::close, 0))?;
-
-    let built_response_class = native.define_class("BuiltResponse", ruby.class_object())?;
-    built_response_class.define_method("status_code", method!(NativeBuiltResponse::status_code, 0))?;
-    built_response_class.define_method("headers", method!(NativeBuiltResponse::headers, 0))?;
-
-    let request_class = native.define_class("Request", ruby.class_object())?;
-    request_class.define_method("method", method!(NativeRequest::method, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("path", method!(NativeRequest::path, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("path_params", method!(NativeRequest::path_params, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("query", method!(NativeRequest::query, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("raw_query", method!(NativeRequest::raw_query, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("headers", method!(NativeRequest::headers, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("cookies", method!(NativeRequest::cookies, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("body", method!(NativeRequest::body, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("raw_body", method!(NativeRequest::raw_body, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("params", method!(NativeRequest::params, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("to_h", method!(NativeRequest::to_h, 0))?;
-    request_class.define_method("[]", method!(NativeRequest::index, 1))?;
-
-    let lifecycle_registry_class = native.define_class("LifecycleRegistry", ruby.class_object())?;
-    lifecycle_registry_class.define_alloc_func::<NativeLifecycleRegistry>();
-    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("add_on_request", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_on_request, 1))?;
-    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method(
-        "pre_validation",
-        method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_pre_validation, 1),
-    )?;
-    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("pre_handler", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_pre_handler, 1))?;
-    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("on_response", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_on_response, 1))?;
-    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("on_error", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_on_error, 1))?;
-
-    let dependency_registry_class = native.define_class("DependencyRegistry", ruby.class_object())?;
-    dependency_registry_class.define_alloc_func::<NativeDependencyRegistry>();
-    dependency_registry_class.define_method("register_value", method!(NativeDependencyRegistry::register_value, 2))?;
-    dependency_registry_class.define_method(
-        "register_factory",
-        method!(NativeDependencyRegistry::register_factory, 5),
-    )?;
-    dependency_registry_class.define_method("keys", method!(NativeDependencyRegistry::keys, 0))?;
-
-    let spikard_module = ruby.define_module("Spikard")?;
-    testing::websocket::init(ruby, &spikard_module)?;
-    testing::sse::init(ruby, &spikard_module)?;
-
-    let _ = NativeBuiltResponse::mark as fn(&NativeBuiltResponse, &Marker);
-    let _ = NativeLifecycleRegistry::mark as fn(&NativeLifecycleRegistry, &Marker);
-    let _ = NativeDependencyRegistry::mark as fn(&NativeDependencyRegistry, &Marker);
-    let _ = NativeRequest::mark as fn(&NativeRequest, &Marker);
-    let _ = RubyHandler::mark as fn(&RubyHandler, &Marker);
-    let _ = mark as fn(&NativeTestClient, &Marker);
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use serde_json::json;
-
-    /// Test that NativeBuiltResponse can extract parts safely
-    #[test]
-    fn test_native_built_response_status_extraction() {
-        use axum::http::StatusCode;
-
-        let valid_codes = vec![200u16, 201, 204, 301, 400, 404, 500, 503];
-        for code in valid_codes {
-            let status = StatusCode::from_u16(code);
-            assert!(status.is_ok(), "Status code {} should be valid", code);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Test that invalid status codes are rejected
-    #[test]
-    fn test_native_built_response_invalid_status() {
-        use axum::http::StatusCode;
-
-        assert!(StatusCode::from_u16(599).is_ok(), "599 should be valid");
-    }
-
-    /// Test HeaderName/HeaderValue construction
-    #[test]
-    fn test_header_construction() {
-        use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue};
-
-        let valid_headers = vec![
-            ("X-Custom-Header", "value"),
-            ("Content-Type", "application/json"),
-            ("Cache-Control", "no-cache"),
-            ("Accept", "*/*"),
-        ];
-
-        for (name, value) in valid_headers {
-            let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes());
-            let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(value);
-
-            assert!(header_name.is_ok(), "Header name '{}' should be valid", name);
-            assert!(header_value.is_ok(), "Header value '{}' should be valid", value);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Test invalid headers are rejected
-    #[test]
-    fn test_invalid_header_construction() {
-        use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue};
-
-        let invalid_name = "X\nInvalid";
-        assert!(
-            HeaderName::from_bytes(invalid_name.as_bytes()).is_err(),
-            "Header with newline should be invalid"
-        );
-
-        let invalid_value = "value\x00invalid";
-        assert!(
-            HeaderValue::from_str(invalid_value).is_err(),
-            "Header with null byte should be invalid"
-        );
-    }
-
-    /// Test JSON serialization for responses
-    #[test]
-    fn test_json_response_serialization() {
-        let json_obj = json!({
-            "status": "success",
-            "data": [1, 2, 3],
-            "nested": {
-                "key": "value"
-            }
-        });
-
-        let serialized = serde_json::to_vec(&json_obj);
-        assert!(serialized.is_ok(), "JSON should serialize");
-
-        let bytes = serialized.expect("JSON should serialize");
-        assert!(!bytes.is_empty(), "Serialized JSON should not be empty");
-    }
-
-    /// Test global runtime initialization
-    #[test]
-    fn test_global_runtime_initialization() {
-        assert!(crate::server::global_runtime_raw().is_ok());
-    }
-
-    /// Test path normalization logic for routes
-    #[test]
-    fn test_route_path_patterns() {
-        let paths = vec![
-            "/users",
-            "/users/:id",
-            "/users/:id/posts/:post_id",
-            "/api/v1/resource",
-            "/api-v2/users_list",
-            "/resource.json",
-        ];
-
-        for path in paths {
-            assert!(!path.is_empty());
-            assert!(path.starts_with('/'));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Test HTTP method name validation
-    #[test]
-    fn test_http_method_names() {
-        let methods = vec!["GET", "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"];
-
-        for method in methods {
-            assert!(!method.is_empty());
-            assert!(method.chars().all(|c| c.is_uppercase()));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Test handler name generation
-    #[test]
-    fn test_handler_name_patterns() {
-        let handler_names = vec![
-            "list_users",
-            "get_user",
-            "create_user",
-            "update_user",
-            "delete_user",
-            "get_user_posts",
-        ];
-
-        for name in handler_names {
-            assert!(!name.is_empty());
-            assert!(name.chars().all(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_'));
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Test multipart file handling structure
-    #[test]
-    fn test_multipart_file_part_structure() {
-        let file_data = spikard_http::testing::MultipartFilePart {
-            field_name: "file".to_string(),
-            filename: "test.txt".to_string(),
-            content: b"file content".to_vec(),
-            content_type: Some("text/plain".to_string()),
-        };
-
-        assert_eq!(file_data.field_name, "file");
-        assert_eq!(file_data.filename, "test.txt");
-        assert!(!file_data.content.is_empty());
-        assert_eq!(file_data.content_type, Some("text/plain".to_string()));
-    }
-
-    /// Test response header case sensitivity concepts
-    #[test]
-    fn test_response_header_concepts() {
-        use axum::http::HeaderName;
-
-        let names = vec!["content-type", "Content-Type", "CONTENT-TYPE"];
-
-        for name in names {
-            let parsed = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes());
-            assert!(parsed.is_ok(), "Header name should parse: {}", name);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Test error payload structure
-    #[test]
-    fn test_error_payload_structure() {
-        let error_json = json!({
-            "error": "Not Found",
-            "code": "404",
-            "details": {}
-        });
-
-        assert_eq!(error_json["error"], "Not Found");
-        assert_eq!(error_json["code"], "404");
-        assert!(error_json["details"].is_object());
-    }
-}
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+#![deny(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+
+//! Spikard Ruby bindings using Magnus FFI.
+//!
+//! This crate provides Ruby bindings for the Spikard HTTP toolkit, allowing
+//! Ruby developers to build and test HTTP services with Rust performance.
+//!
+//! ## Modules
+//!
+//! - `testing`: Testing utilities (client, SSE, WebSocket)
+//! - `handler`: RubyHandler trait implementation
+//! - `di`: Dependency injection bridge for Ruby types
+//! - `config`: ServerConfig extraction from Ruby objects
+//! - `conversion`: Ruby ↔ Rust type conversions
+//! - `server`: HTTP server setup and lifecycle management
+//! - `background`: Background task management
+//! - `lifecycle`: Lifecycle hook implementations
+//! - `sse`: Server-Sent Events support
+//! - `websocket`: WebSocket support
+
+mod background;
+mod config;
+mod conversion;
+mod di;
+mod gvl;
+mod handler;
+mod integration;
+mod lifecycle;
+mod metadata;
+mod request;
+mod runtime;
+mod server;
+mod sse;
+mod testing;
+mod websocket;
+
+use async_stream::stream;
+use axum::body::Body;
+use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, Method, StatusCode};
+use axum_test::{TestServer, TestServerConfig, Transport};
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use cookie::Cookie;
+use magnus::prelude::*;
+use magnus::value::{InnerValue, Opaque};
+use magnus::{
+    Error, Module, RArray, RHash, RString, Ruby, TryConvert, Value, function, gc::Marker, method, r_hash::ForEach,
+};
+use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
+use spikard_http::ProblemDetails;
+use spikard_http::testing::{
+    MultipartFilePart, ResponseSnapshot, SnapshotError, build_multipart_body, encode_urlencoded_body, snapshot_response,
+};
+use spikard_http::{Handler, HandlerResponse, HandlerResult, RequestData};
+use spikard_http::{Route, RouteMetadata, SchemaValidator};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::io;
+use std::mem;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use url::Url;
+
+use crate::config::extract_server_config;
+use crate::conversion::{extract_files, problem_to_json};
+use crate::integration::build_dependency_container;
+use crate::metadata::{build_route_metadata, ruby_value_to_json};
+use crate::request::NativeRequest;
+use crate::runtime::{normalize_route_metadata, run_server};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::TestClient", free_immediately, mark)]
+struct NativeTestClient {
+    inner: RefCell<Option<ClientInner>>,
+}
+
+struct ClientInner {
+    http_server: Arc<TestServer>,
+    transport_server: Arc<TestServer>,
+    /// Keep Ruby handler closures alive for GC; accessed via the `mark` hook.
+    _handlers: Vec<RubyHandler>,
+}
+
+struct RequestConfig {
+    query: Option<JsonValue>,
+    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
+    cookies: HashMap<String, String>,
+    body: Option<RequestBody>,
+}
+
+enum RequestBody {
+    Json(JsonValue),
+    Form(JsonValue),
+    Raw(String),
+    Multipart {
+        form_data: Vec<(String, String)>,
+        files: Vec<MultipartFilePart>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct RubyHandler {
+    inner: Arc<RubyHandlerInner>,
+}
+
+struct RubyHandlerInner {
+    handler_proc: Opaque<Value>,
+    handler_name: String,
+    json_module: Opaque<Value>,
+    response_validator: Option<Arc<SchemaValidator>>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "di")]
+    handler_dependencies: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+struct HandlerResponsePayload {
+    status: u16,
+    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
+    body: Option<JsonValue>,
+    raw_body: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+struct NativeResponseParts {
+    response: HandlerResponse,
+    body_json: Option<JsonValue>,
+}
+
+enum RubyHandlerResult {
+    Payload(HandlerResponsePayload),
+    Streaming(StreamingResponsePayload),
+    Native(NativeResponseParts),
+}
+
+struct StreamingResponsePayload {
+    enumerator: Arc<Opaque<Value>>,
+    status: u16,
+    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
+}
+
+#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::BuiltResponse", free_immediately, mark)]
+struct NativeBuiltResponse {
+    response: RefCell<Option<HandlerResponse>>,
+    body_json: Option<JsonValue>,
+    /// Ruby values that must be kept alive for GC (e.g., streaming enumerators)
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    gc_handles: Vec<Opaque<Value>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::LifecycleRegistry", free_immediately, mark)]
+struct NativeLifecycleRegistry {
+    hooks: RefCell<spikard_http::LifecycleHooks>,
+    ruby_hooks: RefCell<Vec<Arc<crate::lifecycle::RubyLifecycleHook>>>,
+}
+
+#[magnus::wrap(class = "Spikard::Native::DependencyRegistry", free_immediately, mark)]
+struct NativeDependencyRegistry {
+    container: RefCell<Option<spikard_core::di::DependencyContainer>>,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    gc_handles: RefCell<Vec<Opaque<Value>>>,
+    registered_keys: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
+}
+
+impl StreamingResponsePayload {
+    fn into_response(self) -> Result<HandlerResponse, Error> {
+        let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|_| {
+            Error::new(
+                magnus::exception::runtime_error(),
+                "Ruby VM became unavailable during streaming response construction",
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let status = StatusCode::from_u16(self.status).map_err(|err| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                format!("Invalid streaming status code {}: {}", self.status, err),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let header_pairs = self
+            .headers
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(name, value)| {
+                let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
+                    Error::new(
+                        ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                        format!("Invalid header name '{name}': {err}"),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(&value).map_err(|err| {
+                    Error::new(
+                        ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                        format!("Invalid header value for '{name}': {err}"),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                Ok((header_name, header_value))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, Error>>()?;
+
+        let enumerator = self.enumerator.clone();
+        let body_stream = stream! {
+            loop {
+                match poll_stream_chunk(&enumerator) {
+                    Ok(Some(bytes)) => yield Ok(bytes),
+                    Ok(None) => break,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        yield Err(Box::new(err));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut response = HandlerResponse::stream(body_stream).with_status(status);
+        for (name, value) in header_pairs {
+            response = response.with_header(name, value);
+        }
+        Ok(response)
+    }
+}
+
+impl NativeBuiltResponse {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn new(response: HandlerResponse, body_json: Option<JsonValue>, gc_handles: Vec<Opaque<Value>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            response: RefCell::new(Some(response)),
+            body_json,
+            gc_handles,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn extract_parts(&self) -> Result<(HandlerResponse, Option<JsonValue>), Error> {
+        let mut borrow = self.response.borrow_mut();
+        let response = borrow
+            .take()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(magnus::exception::runtime_error(), "Native response already consumed"))?;
+        Ok((response, self.body_json.clone()))
+    }
+
+    fn status_code(&self) -> u16 {
+        let borrow = self.response.borrow();
+        let Some(response) = borrow.as_ref() else {
+            return StatusCode::OK.as_u16();
+        };
+
+        match response {
+            HandlerResponse::Response(resp) => resp.status().as_u16(),
+            HandlerResponse::Stream { status, .. } => status.as_u16(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn headers(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+        let headers_hash = ruby.hash_new();
+        if let Some(response) = this.response.borrow().as_ref() {
+            match response {
+                HandlerResponse::Response(resp) => {
+                    for (header_name, value) in resp.headers() {
+                        let name = header_name.as_str();
+                        if let Ok(value_str) = value.to_str() {
+                            headers_hash.aset(ruby.str_new(name), ruby.str_new(value_str))?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                HandlerResponse::Stream { headers, .. } => {
+                    for (header_name, value) in headers.iter() {
+                        let name = header_name.as_str();
+                        if let Ok(value_str) = value.to_str() {
+                            headers_hash.aset(ruby.str_new(name), ruby.str_new(value_str))?;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(headers_hash.as_value())
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
+        if let Ok(ruby) = Ruby::get() {
+            for handle in &self.gc_handles {
+                marker.mark(handle.get_inner_with(&ruby));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl NativeLifecycleRegistry {
+    fn add_on_request(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.add_hook("on_request", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_on_request(hook))
+    }
+
+    fn add_pre_validation(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.add_hook("pre_validation", hook_value, |hooks, hook| {
+            hooks.add_pre_validation(hook)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn add_pre_handler(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.add_hook("pre_handler", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_pre_handler(hook))
+    }
+
+    fn add_on_response(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.add_hook("on_response", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_on_response(hook))
+    }
+
+    fn add_on_error(&self, hook_value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.add_hook("on_error", hook_value, |hooks, hook| hooks.add_on_error(hook))
+    }
+
+    fn take_hooks(&self) -> spikard_http::LifecycleHooks {
+        mem::take(&mut *self.hooks.borrow_mut())
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
+        for hook in self.ruby_hooks.borrow().iter() {
+            hook.mark(marker);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_hook<F>(&self, kind: &str, hook_value: Value, push: F) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&mut spikard_http::LifecycleHooks, Arc<crate::lifecycle::RubyLifecycleHook>),
+    {
+        let idx = self.ruby_hooks.borrow().len();
+        let hook = Arc::new(crate::lifecycle::RubyLifecycleHook::new(
+            format!("{kind}_{idx}"),
+            hook_value,
+        ));
+
+        push(&mut self.hooks.borrow_mut(), hook.clone());
+        self.ruby_hooks.borrow_mut().push(hook);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for NativeDependencyRegistry {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            container: RefCell::new(Some(spikard_core::di::DependencyContainer::new())),
+            gc_handles: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
+            registered_keys: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl NativeDependencyRegistry {
+    fn register_value(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, key: String, value: Value) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let dependency = crate::di::RubyValueDependency::new(key.clone(), value);
+        this.register_dependency(ruby, key, Arc::new(dependency), Some(value))
+    }
+
+    fn register_factory(
+        ruby: &Ruby,
+        this: &Self,
+        key: String,
+        factory: Value,
+        depends_on: Value,
+        singleton: bool,
+        cacheable: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let depends_on_vec = if depends_on.is_nil() {
+            Vec::new()
+        } else {
+            Vec::<String>::try_convert(depends_on)?
+        };
+
+        let dependency =
+            crate::di::RubyFactoryDependency::new(key.clone(), factory, depends_on_vec, singleton, cacheable);
+        this.register_dependency(ruby, key, Arc::new(dependency), Some(factory))
+    }
+
+    fn register_dependency(
+        &self,
+        ruby: &Ruby,
+        key: String,
+        dependency: Arc<dyn spikard_core::di::Dependency>,
+        gc_value: Option<Value>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let mut container_ref = self.container.borrow_mut();
+        let container = container_ref
+            .as_mut()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "Dependency container already consumed"))?;
+
+        container.register(key.clone(), dependency).map_err(|err| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                format!("Failed to register dependency '{key}': {err}"),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        if let Some(val) = gc_value {
+            self.gc_handles.borrow_mut().push(Opaque::from(val));
+        }
+
+        self.registered_keys.borrow_mut().push(key);
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
+        if let Ok(ruby) = Ruby::get() {
+            for handle in self.gc_handles.borrow().iter() {
+                marker.mark(handle.get_inner_with(&ruby));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn take_container(&self) -> Result<spikard_core::di::DependencyContainer, Error> {
+        let mut borrow = self.container.borrow_mut();
+        let container = borrow.take().ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::new(
+                magnus::exception::runtime_error(),
+                "Dependency container already consumed",
+            )
+        })?;
+        Ok(container)
+    }
+
+    fn keys(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.registered_keys.borrow().clone()
+    }
+}
+
+fn poll_stream_chunk(enumerator: &Arc<Opaque<Value>>) -> Result<Option<Bytes>, io::Error> {
+    let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|err| io::Error::other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let enum_value = enumerator.get_inner_with(&ruby);
+    match enum_value.funcall::<_, _, Value>("next", ()) {
+        Ok(chunk) => ruby_value_to_bytes(chunk).map(Some),
+        Err(err) => {
+            if err.is_kind_of(ruby.exception_stop_iteration()) {
+                Ok(None)
+            } else {
+                Err(io::Error::other(err.to_string()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ruby_value_to_bytes(value: Value) -> Result<Bytes, io::Error> {
+    if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(value) {
+        let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
+        return Ok(Bytes::copy_from_slice(slice));
+    }
+
+    if let Ok(vec_bytes) = Vec::<u8>::try_convert(value) {
+        return Ok(Bytes::from(vec_bytes));
+    }
+
+    Err(io::Error::other("Streaming chunks must be Strings or Arrays of bytes"))
+}
+
+struct TestResponseData {
+    status: u16,
+    headers: HashMap<String, String>,
+    body_text: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct NativeRequestError(String);
+
+impl NativeTestClient {
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn initialize(
+        ruby: &Ruby,
+        this: &Self,
+        routes_json: String,
+        handlers: Value,
+        config_value: Value,
+        ws_handlers: Value,
+        sse_producers: Value,
+        dependencies: Value,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let metadata: Vec<RouteMetadata> = serde_json::from_str(&routes_json)
+            .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), format!("Invalid routes JSON: {err}")))?;
+
+        let handlers_hash = RHash::from_value(handlers).ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                "handlers parameter must be a Hash of handler_name => Proc",
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let json_module = ruby
+            .class_object()
+            .const_get("JSON")
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "JSON module not available"))?;
+
+        let mut server_config = extract_server_config(ruby, config_value)?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "di")]
+        {
+            if let Ok(registry) = <&NativeDependencyRegistry>::try_convert(dependencies) {
+                server_config.di_container = Some(Arc::new(registry.take_container()?));
+            } else if !dependencies.is_nil() {
+                match build_dependency_container(ruby, dependencies) {
+                    Ok(container) => {
+                        server_config.di_container = Some(Arc::new(container));
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        return Err(Error::new(
+                            ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                            format!("Failed to build DI container: {}", err),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let schema_registry = spikard_http::SchemaRegistry::new();
+        let mut prepared_routes = Vec::with_capacity(metadata.len());
+        let mut handler_refs = Vec::with_capacity(metadata.len());
+        let mut route_metadata_vec = Vec::with_capacity(metadata.len());
+
+        for meta in metadata.clone() {
+            let handler_value = fetch_handler(ruby, &handlers_hash, &meta.handler_name)?;
+            let route = Route::from_metadata(meta.clone(), &schema_registry)
+                .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), format!("Failed to build route: {err}")))?;
+
+            let handler = RubyHandler::new(&route, handler_value, json_module)?;
+            prepared_routes.push((route, Arc::new(handler.clone()) as Arc<dyn spikard_http::Handler>));
+            handler_refs.push(handler);
+            route_metadata_vec.push(meta);
+        }
+
+        let mut router = spikard_http::server::build_router_with_handlers_and_config(
+            prepared_routes,
+            server_config,
+            route_metadata_vec,
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), format!("Failed to build router: {err}")))?;
+
+        let mut ws_endpoints = Vec::new();
+        if !ws_handlers.is_nil() {
+            let ws_hash = RHash::from_value(ws_handlers)
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "WebSocket handlers must be a Hash"))?;
+
+            ws_hash.foreach(|path: String, factory: Value| -> Result<ForEach, Error> {
+                let handler_instance = factory.funcall::<_, _, Value>("call", ()).map_err(|e| {
+                    Error::new(
+                        ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                        format!("Failed to create WebSocket handler: {}", e),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+                let ws_state = crate::websocket::create_websocket_state(ruby, handler_instance)?;
+
+                ws_endpoints.push((path, ws_state));
+
+                Ok(ForEach::Continue)
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        let mut sse_endpoints = Vec::new();
+        if !sse_producers.is_nil() {
+            let sse_hash = RHash::from_value(sse_producers)
+                .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "SSE producers must be a Hash"))?;
+
+            sse_hash.foreach(|path: String, factory: Value| -> Result<ForEach, Error> {
+                let producer_instance = factory.funcall::<_, _, Value>("call", ()).map_err(|e| {
+                    Error::new(
+                        ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                        format!("Failed to create SSE producer: {}", e),
+                    )
+                })?;
+
+                let sse_state = crate::sse::create_sse_state(ruby, producer_instance)?;
+
+                sse_endpoints.push((path, sse_state));
+
+                Ok(ForEach::Continue)
+            })?;
+        }
+
+        use axum::routing::get;
+        for (path, ws_state) in ws_endpoints {
+            router = router.route(
+                &path,
+                get(spikard_http::websocket_handler::<crate::websocket::RubyWebSocketHandler>).with_state(ws_state),
+            );
+        }
+
+        for (path, sse_state) in sse_endpoints {
+            router = router.route(
+                &path,
+                get(spikard_http::sse_handler::<crate::sse::RubySseEventProducer>).with_state(sse_state),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let runtime = crate::server::global_runtime(ruby)?;
+        let http_server = runtime
+            .block_on(async { TestServer::new(router.clone()) })
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                Error::new(
+                    ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                    format!("Failed to initialise test server: {err}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        let ws_config = TestServerConfig {
+            transport: Some(Transport::HttpRandomPort),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let transport_server = runtime
+            .block_on(async { TestServer::new_with_config(router, ws_config) })
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                Error::new(
+                    ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                    format!("Failed to initialise WebSocket transport server: {err}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        *this.inner.borrow_mut() = Some(ClientInner {
+            http_server: Arc::new(http_server),
+            transport_server: Arc::new(transport_server),
+            _handlers: handler_refs,
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn request(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, method: String, path: String, options: Value) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+        let inner_borrow = this.inner.borrow();
+        let inner = inner_borrow
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "TestClient not initialised"))?;
+        let method_upper = method.to_ascii_uppercase();
+        let http_method = Method::from_bytes(method_upper.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                format!("Unsupported method {method_upper}: {err}"),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let request_config = parse_request_config(ruby, options)?;
+
+        let runtime = crate::server::global_runtime(ruby)?;
+        let response = runtime
+            .block_on(execute_request(
+                inner.http_server.clone(),
+                http_method,
+                path.clone(),
+                request_config,
+            ))
+            .map_err(|err| {
+                Error::new(
+                    ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                    format!("Request failed for {method_upper} {path}: {}", err.0),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+        response_to_ruby(ruby, response)
+    }
+
+    fn close(&self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        *self.inner.borrow_mut() = None;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn websocket(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, path: String) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+        let inner_borrow = this.inner.borrow();
+        let inner = inner_borrow
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "TestClient not initialised"))?;
+
+        let server = Arc::clone(&inner.transport_server);
+
+        drop(inner_borrow);
+
+        let timeout_duration = websocket_timeout();
+        let ws = crate::call_without_gvl!(
+            block_on_websocket_connect,
+            args: (
+                server, Arc<TestServer>,
+                path, String,
+                timeout_duration, Duration
+            ),
+            return_type: Result<crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketConnection, WebSocketConnectError>
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| match err {
+            WebSocketConnectError::Timeout => Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                format!("WebSocket connect timed out after {}ms", timeout_duration.as_millis()),
+            ),
+            WebSocketConnectError::Other(message) => Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                format!("WebSocket connect failed: {}", message),
+            ),
+        })?;
+
+        let ws_conn = testing::websocket::WebSocketTestConnection::new(ws);
+        Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(ws_conn).as_value())
+    }
+
+    fn sse(ruby: &Ruby, this: &Self, path: String) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+        let inner_borrow = this.inner.borrow();
+        let inner = inner_borrow
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "TestClient not initialised"))?;
+
+        let runtime = crate::server::global_runtime(ruby)?;
+        let request_config = RequestConfig {
+            query: None,
+            headers: HashMap::new(),
+            cookies: HashMap::new(),
+            body: None,
+        };
+        let response = runtime
+            .block_on(execute_request(
+                inner.http_server.clone(),
+                Method::GET,
+                path.clone(),
+                request_config,
+            ))
+            .map_err(|err| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), format!("SSE request failed: {}", err.0)))?;
+
+        let body = response.body_text.unwrap_or_default().into_bytes();
+        let snapshot = ResponseSnapshot {
+            status: response.status,
+            headers: response.headers,
+            body,
+        };
+
+        testing::sse::sse_stream_from_response(ruby, &snapshot)
+    }
+}
+
+fn websocket_timeout() -> Duration {
+    const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30_000;
+    let timeout_ms = std::env::var("SPIKARD_RB_WS_TIMEOUT_MS")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|value| value.parse::<u64>().ok())
+        .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+    Duration::from_millis(timeout_ms)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum WebSocketConnectError {
+    Timeout,
+    Other(String),
+}
+
+fn block_on_websocket_connect(
+    server: Arc<TestServer>,
+    path: String,
+    timeout_duration: Duration,
+) -> Result<crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketConnection, WebSocketConnectError> {
+    let url = server
+        .server_url(&path)
+        .map_err(|err| WebSocketConnectError::Other(err.to_string()))?;
+    let ws_url = to_ws_url(url)?;
+
+    match crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketConnection::connect(ws_url, timeout_duration) {
+        Ok(ws) => Ok(ws),
+        Err(crate::testing::websocket::WebSocketIoError::Timeout) => Err(WebSocketConnectError::Timeout),
+        Err(err) => Err(WebSocketConnectError::Other(format!("{:?}", err))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_ws_url(mut url: Url) -> Result<Url, WebSocketConnectError> {
+    let scheme = match url.scheme() {
+        "https" => "wss",
+        _ => "ws",
+    };
+    url.set_scheme(scheme)
+        .map_err(|_| WebSocketConnectError::Other("Failed to set WebSocket scheme".to_string()))?;
+    Ok(url)
+}
+
+impl RubyHandler {
+    fn new(route: &Route, handler_value: Value, json_module: Value) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(RubyHandlerInner {
+                handler_proc: Opaque::from(handler_value),
+                handler_name: route.handler_name.clone(),
+                json_module: Opaque::from(json_module),
+                response_validator: route.response_validator.clone(),
+                #[cfg(feature = "di")]
+                handler_dependencies: route.handler_dependencies.clone(),
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new RubyHandler for server mode
+    ///
+    /// This is used by run_server to create handlers from Ruby Procs
+    fn new_for_server(
+        _ruby: &Ruby,
+        handler_value: Value,
+        handler_name: String,
+        json_module: Value,
+        route: &Route,
+    ) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(RubyHandlerInner {
+                handler_proc: Opaque::from(handler_value),
+                handler_name,
+                json_module: Opaque::from(json_module),
+                response_validator: route.response_validator.clone(),
+                #[cfg(feature = "di")]
+                handler_dependencies: route.handler_dependencies.clone(),
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Required by Ruby GC; invoked through the magnus mark hook.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn mark(&self, marker: &Marker) {
+        if let Ok(ruby) = Ruby::get() {
+            let proc_val = self.inner.handler_proc.get_inner_with(&ruby);
+            marker.mark(proc_val);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn handle(&self, request_data: RequestData) -> HandlerResult {
+        let validated_params = request_data.validated_params.clone();
+
+        let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|_| {
+            (
+                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                "Ruby VM unavailable while invoking handler".to_string(),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "di")]
+        let dependencies = request_data.dependencies.clone();
+
+        let request_value = build_ruby_request(&ruby, request_data, validated_params)
+            .map_err(|err| (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, err.to_string()))?;
+
+        let handler_proc = self.inner.handler_proc.get_inner_with(&ruby);
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "di")]
+        let handler_result = {
+            if let Some(deps) = &dependencies {
+                let kwargs_hash = ruby.hash_new();
+
+                for key in &self.inner.handler_dependencies {
+                    if !deps.contains(key) {
+                        return Err((
+                            StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                            format!(
+                                "Handler '{}' requires dependency '{}' which was not resolved",
+                                self.inner.handler_name, key
+                            ),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                for key in &self.inner.handler_dependencies {
+                    if let Some(value) = deps.get_arc(key) {
+                        let ruby_val = if let Some(wrapper) = value.downcast_ref::<crate::di::RubyValueWrapper>() {
+                            wrapper.get_value(&ruby)
+                        } else if let Some(json) = value.downcast_ref::<serde_json::Value>() {
+                            match crate::di::json_to_ruby(&ruby, json) {
+                                Ok(val) => val,
+                                Err(e) => {
+                                    return Err((
+                                        StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                                        format!("Failed to convert dependency '{}' to Ruby: {}", key, e),
+                                    ));
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            return Err((
+                                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                                format!(
+                                    "Unknown dependency type for '{}': expected RubyValueWrapper or JSON",
+                                    key
+                                ),
+                            ));
+                        };
+
+                        let key_sym = ruby.to_symbol(key);
+                        if let Err(e) = kwargs_hash.aset(key_sym, ruby_val) {
+                            return Err((
+                                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                                format!("Failed to add dependency '{}': {}", key, e),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let wrapper_code = ruby
+                    .eval::<Value>(
+                        r#"
+                    lambda do |proc, request, kwargs|
+                        proc.call(request, **kwargs)
+                    end
+                "#,
+                    )
+                    .map_err(|e| {
+                        (
+                            StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                            format!("Failed to create kwarg wrapper: {}", e),
+                        )
+                    })?;
+
+                wrapper_code.funcall("call", (handler_proc, request_value, kwargs_hash))
+            } else {
+                handler_proc.funcall("call", (request_value,))
+            }
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "di"))]
+        let handler_result = handler_proc.funcall("call", (request_value,));
+
+        let response_value = match handler_result {
+            Ok(value) => value,
+            Err(err) => {
+                return Err((
+                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                    format!("Handler '{}' failed: {}", self.inner.handler_name, err),
+                ));
+            }
+        };
+
+        let handler_result = interpret_handler_response(&ruby, &self.inner, response_value).map_err(|err| {
+            (
+                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                format!(
+                    "Failed to interpret response from '{}': {}",
+                    self.inner.handler_name, err
+                ),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let payload = match handler_result {
+            RubyHandlerResult::Native(native) => {
+                if let (Some(validator), Some(body)) = (&self.inner.response_validator, native.body_json.as_ref())
+                    && let Err(errors) = validator.validate(body)
+                {
+                    let problem = ProblemDetails::from_validation_error(&errors);
+                    return Err((StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, problem_to_json(&problem)));
+                }
+
+                return Ok(native.response.into_response());
+            }
+            RubyHandlerResult::Streaming(streaming) => {
+                let response = streaming.into_response().map_err(|err| {
+                    (
+                        StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                        format!("Failed to build streaming response: {}", err),
+                    )
+                })?;
+                return Ok(response.into_response());
+            }
+            RubyHandlerResult::Payload(payload) => payload,
+        };
+
+        if let (Some(validator), Some(body)) = (&self.inner.response_validator, payload.body.as_ref())
+            && let Err(errors) = validator.validate(body)
+        {
+            let problem = ProblemDetails::from_validation_error(&errors);
+            return Err((StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, problem_to_json(&problem)));
+        }
+
+        let HandlerResponsePayload {
+            status,
+            headers,
+            body,
+            raw_body,
+        } = payload;
+
+        let mut response_builder = axum::http::Response::builder().status(status);
+        let mut has_content_type = false;
+
+        for (name, value) in headers.iter() {
+            if name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("content-type") {
+                has_content_type = true;
+            }
+            let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
+                (
+                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                    format!("Invalid header name '{name}': {err}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+            let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(value).map_err(|err| {
+                (
+                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                    format!("Invalid header value for '{name}': {err}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+
+            response_builder = response_builder.header(header_name, header_value);
+        }
+
+        if !has_content_type && body.is_some() {
+            response_builder = response_builder.header(
+                HeaderName::from_static("content-type"),
+                HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let body_bytes = if let Some(raw) = raw_body {
+            raw
+        } else if let Some(json_value) = body {
+            serde_json::to_vec(&json_value).map_err(|err| {
+                (
+                    StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                    format!("Failed to serialise response body: {err}"),
+                )
+            })?
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
+
+        response_builder.body(Body::from(body_bytes)).map_err(|err| {
+            (
+                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                format!("Failed to build response: {err}"),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Handler for RubyHandler {
+    fn call(
+        &self,
+        _req: axum::http::Request<Body>,
+        request_data: RequestData,
+    ) -> Pin<Box<dyn std::future::Future<Output = HandlerResult> + Send + '_>> {
+        let handler = self.clone();
+        Box::pin(async move { handler.handle(request_data) })
+    }
+}
+
+async fn execute_request(
+    server: Arc<TestServer>,
+    method: Method,
+    path: String,
+    config: RequestConfig,
+) -> Result<TestResponseData, NativeRequestError> {
+    let mut request = match method {
+        Method::GET => server.get(&path),
+        Method::POST => server.post(&path),
+        Method::PUT => server.put(&path),
+        Method::PATCH => server.patch(&path),
+        Method::DELETE => server.delete(&path),
+        Method::HEAD => server.method(Method::HEAD, &path),
+        Method::OPTIONS => server.method(Method::OPTIONS, &path),
+        Method::TRACE => server.method(Method::TRACE, &path),
+        other => return Err(NativeRequestError(format!("Unsupported HTTP method {other}"))),
+    };
+
+    if let Some(query) = config.query {
+        request = request.add_query_params(&query);
+    }
+
+    for (name, value) in config.headers {
+        request = request.add_header(name.as_str(), value.as_str());
+    }
+
+    for (name, value) in config.cookies {
+        request = request.add_cookie(Cookie::new(name, value));
+    }
+
+    if let Some(body) = config.body {
+        match body {
+            RequestBody::Json(json_value) => {
+                request = request.json(&json_value);
+            }
+            RequestBody::Form(form_value) => {
+                let encoded = encode_urlencoded_body(&form_value)
+                    .map_err(|err| NativeRequestError(format!("Failed to encode form body: {err}")))?;
+                request = request
+                    .content_type("application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+                    .bytes(Bytes::from(encoded));
+            }
+            RequestBody::Raw(raw) => {
+                request = request.bytes(Bytes::from(raw));
+            }
+            RequestBody::Multipart { form_data, files } => {
+                let (multipart_body, boundary) = build_multipart_body(&form_data, &files);
+                request = request
+                    .content_type(&format!("multipart/form-data; boundary={}", boundary))
+                    .bytes(Bytes::from(multipart_body));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let response = request.await;
+    let snapshot = snapshot_response(response).await.map_err(snapshot_err_to_native)?;
+    let body_text = if snapshot.body.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(String::from_utf8_lossy(&snapshot.body).into_owned())
+    };
+
+    Ok(TestResponseData {
+        status: snapshot.status,
+        headers: snapshot.headers,
+        body_text,
+    })
+}
+
+fn snapshot_err_to_native(err: SnapshotError) -> NativeRequestError {
+    NativeRequestError(err.to_string())
+}
+
+fn parse_request_config(ruby: &Ruby, options: Value) -> Result<RequestConfig, Error> {
+    if options.is_nil() {
+        return Ok(RequestConfig {
+            query: None,
+            headers: HashMap::new(),
+            cookies: HashMap::new(),
+            body: None,
+        });
+    }
+
+    let hash = RHash::from_value(options)
+        .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "request options must be a Hash"))?;
+
+    let json_module = ruby
+        .class_object()
+        .const_get("JSON")
+        .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "JSON module not available"))?;
+
+    let query = if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "query") {
+        if value.is_nil() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, value)?)
+        }
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    let headers = if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "headers") {
+        if value.is_nil() {
+            HashMap::new()
+        } else {
+            let hash = RHash::try_convert(value)?;
+            hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
+        }
+    } else {
+        HashMap::new()
+    };
+
+    let cookies = if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "cookies") {
+        if value.is_nil() {
+            HashMap::new()
+        } else {
+            let hash = RHash::try_convert(value)?;
+            hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
+        }
+    } else {
+        HashMap::new()
+    };
+
+    let files_opt = get_kw(ruby, hash, "files");
+    let has_files = files_opt.as_ref().is_some_and(|f| !f.is_nil());
+
+    let body = if has_files {
+        let files_value = files_opt.ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                "Files option should be Some if has_files is true",
+            )
+        })?;
+        let files = extract_files(ruby, files_value)?;
+
+        let mut form_data = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(data_value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "data")
+            && !data_value.is_nil()
+        {
+            let data_hash = RHash::try_convert(data_value)?;
+
+            let keys_array: RArray = data_hash.funcall("keys", ())?;
+
+            for i in 0..keys_array.len() {
+                let key_val = keys_array.entry::<Value>(i as isize)?;
+                let field_name = String::try_convert(key_val)?;
+                let value = data_hash
+                    .get(key_val)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "Failed to get hash value"))?;
+
+                if let Some(array) = RArray::from_value(value) {
+                    for j in 0..array.len() {
+                        let item = array.entry::<Value>(j as isize)?;
+                        let item_str = String::try_convert(item)?;
+                        form_data.push((field_name.clone(), item_str));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let value_str = String::try_convert(value)?;
+                    form_data.push((field_name, value_str));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some(RequestBody::Multipart { form_data, files })
+    } else if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "json") {
+        if value.is_nil() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(RequestBody::Json(ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, value)?))
+        }
+    } else if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "data") {
+        if value.is_nil() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(RequestBody::Form(ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, value)?))
+        }
+    } else if let Some(value) = get_kw(ruby, hash, "raw_body") {
+        if value.is_nil() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(RequestBody::Raw(String::try_convert(value)?))
+        }
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+
+    Ok(RequestConfig {
+        query,
+        headers,
+        cookies,
+        body,
+    })
+}
+
+fn build_ruby_request(
+    ruby: &Ruby,
+    request_data: RequestData,
+    validated_params: Option<JsonValue>,
+) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+    let native_request = NativeRequest::from_request_data(request_data, validated_params);
+
+    Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(native_request).as_value())
+}
+
+fn interpret_handler_response(
+    ruby: &Ruby,
+    handler: &RubyHandlerInner,
+    value: Value,
+) -> Result<RubyHandlerResult, Error> {
+    let native_method = ruby.intern("to_native_response");
+    if value.respond_to(native_method, false)? {
+        let native_value: Value = value.funcall("to_native_response", ())?;
+        if let Ok(native_resp) = <&NativeBuiltResponse>::try_convert(native_value) {
+            let (response, body_json) = native_resp.extract_parts()?;
+            return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Native(NativeResponseParts { response, body_json }));
+        }
+    } else if let Ok(native_resp) = <&NativeBuiltResponse>::try_convert(value) {
+        let (response, body_json) = native_resp.extract_parts()?;
+        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Native(NativeResponseParts { response, body_json }));
+    }
+
+    if value.is_nil() {
+        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
+            status: 200,
+            headers: HashMap::new(),
+            body: None,
+            raw_body: None,
+        }));
+    }
+
+    if is_streaming_response(ruby, value)? {
+        let stream_value: Value = value.funcall("stream", ())?;
+        let status: i64 = value.funcall("status_code", ())?;
+        let headers_value: Value = value.funcall("headers", ())?;
+
+        let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status).map_err(|_| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                "StreamingResponse status_code must be between 0 and 65535",
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        let headers = value_to_string_map(ruby, headers_value)?;
+
+        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Streaming(StreamingResponsePayload {
+            enumerator: Arc::new(Opaque::from(stream_value)),
+            status: status_u16,
+            headers,
+        }));
+    }
+
+    let status_symbol = ruby.intern("status_code");
+    if value.respond_to(status_symbol, false)? {
+        let status: i64 = value.funcall("status_code", ())?;
+        let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status)
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "status_code must be between 0 and 65535"))?;
+
+        let headers_value: Value = value.funcall("headers", ())?;
+        let headers = if headers_value.is_nil() {
+            HashMap::new()
+        } else {
+            let hash = RHash::try_convert(headers_value)?;
+            hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
+        };
+
+        let content_value: Value = value.funcall("content", ())?;
+        let mut raw_body = None;
+        let body = if content_value.is_nil() {
+            None
+        } else if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(content_value) {
+            let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
+            raw_body = Some(slice.to_vec());
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(ruby_value_to_json(
+                ruby,
+                handler.json_module.get_inner_with(ruby),
+                content_value,
+            )?)
+        };
+
+        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
+            status: status_u16,
+            headers,
+            body,
+            raw_body,
+        }));
+    }
+
+    if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(value) {
+        let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
+        return Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
+            status: 200,
+            headers: HashMap::new(),
+            body: None,
+            raw_body: Some(slice.to_vec()),
+        }));
+    }
+
+    let body_json = ruby_value_to_json(ruby, handler.json_module.get_inner_with(ruby), value)?;
+
+    Ok(RubyHandlerResult::Payload(HandlerResponsePayload {
+        status: 200,
+        headers: HashMap::new(),
+        body: Some(body_json),
+        raw_body: None,
+    }))
+}
+
+fn value_to_string_map(ruby: &Ruby, value: Value) -> Result<HashMap<String, String>, Error> {
+    if value.is_nil() {
+        return Ok(HashMap::new());
+    }
+    let hash = RHash::try_convert(value)?;
+    hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>().map_err(|err| {
+        Error::new(
+            ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+            format!("Expected headers hash of strings: {}", err),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn header_pairs_from_map(headers: HashMap<String, String>) -> Result<Vec<(HeaderName, HeaderValue)>, Error> {
+    let ruby = Ruby::get().map_err(|err| Error::new(magnus::exception::runtime_error(), err.to_string()))?;
+    headers
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(name, value)| {
+            let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
+                Error::new(
+                    ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                    format!("Invalid header name '{name}': {err}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+            let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(&value).map_err(|err| {
+                Error::new(
+                    ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                    format!("Invalid header value for '{name}': {err}"),
+                )
+            })?;
+            Ok((header_name, header_value))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn is_streaming_response(ruby: &Ruby, value: Value) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+    let stream_sym = ruby.intern("stream");
+    let status_sym = ruby.intern("status_code");
+    Ok(value.respond_to(stream_sym, false)? && value.respond_to(status_sym, false)?)
+}
+
+fn response_to_ruby(ruby: &Ruby, response: TestResponseData) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+    let hash = ruby.hash_new();
+
+    hash.aset(
+        ruby.intern("status_code"),
+        ruby.integer_from_i64(response.status as i64),
+    )?;
+
+    let headers_hash = ruby.hash_new();
+    for (key, value) in response.headers {
+        headers_hash.aset(ruby.str_new(&key), ruby.str_new(&value))?;
+    }
+    hash.aset(ruby.intern("headers"), headers_hash)?;
+
+    if let Some(body) = response.body_text {
+        let body_value = ruby.str_new(&body);
+        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body"), body_value)?;
+        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body_text"), body_value)?;
+    } else {
+        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body"), ruby.qnil())?;
+        hash.aset(ruby.intern("body_text"), ruby.qnil())?;
+    }
+
+    Ok(hash.as_value())
+}
+
+fn get_kw(ruby: &Ruby, hash: RHash, name: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+    let sym = ruby.intern(name);
+    hash.get(sym).or_else(|| hash.get(name))
+}
+
+fn fetch_handler(ruby: &Ruby, handlers: &RHash, name: &str) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+    let symbol_key = ruby.intern(name);
+    if let Some(value) = handlers.get(symbol_key) {
+        return Ok(value);
+    }
+
+    let string_key = ruby.str_new(name);
+    if let Some(value) = handlers.get(string_key) {
+        return Ok(value);
+    }
+
+    Err(Error::new(
+        ruby.exception_name_error(),
+        format!("Handler '{name}' not provided"),
+    ))
+}
+
+/// GC mark hook so Ruby keeps handler closures alive.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn mark(client: &NativeTestClient, marker: &Marker) {
+    let inner_ref = client.inner.borrow();
+    if let Some(inner) = inner_ref.as_ref() {
+        for handler in &inner._handlers {
+            handler.mark(marker);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return the Spikard version.
+fn version() -> String {
+    env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string()
+}
+
+/// Build a native response from content, status code, and headers.
+///
+/// Called by `Spikard::Response` to construct native response objects.
+/// The content can be a String (raw body), Hash/Array (JSON), or nil.
+fn build_response(ruby: &Ruby, content: Value, status_code: i64, headers: Value) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+    let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status_code)
+        .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "status_code must be between 0 and 65535"))?;
+
+    let header_map = if headers.is_nil() {
+        HashMap::new()
+    } else {
+        let hash = RHash::try_convert(headers)?;
+        hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
+    };
+
+    let (body_json, raw_body_opt) = if content.is_nil() {
+        (None, None)
+    } else if let Ok(str_value) = RString::try_convert(content) {
+        let slice = unsafe { str_value.as_slice() };
+        (None, Some(slice.to_vec()))
+    } else {
+        let json_module = ruby
+            .class_object()
+            .const_get("JSON")
+            .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_runtime_error(), "JSON module not available"))?;
+        let json_value = ruby_value_to_json(ruby, json_module, content)?;
+        (Some(json_value), None)
+    };
+
+    let status = StatusCode::from_u16(status_u16).map_err(|err| {
+        Error::new(
+            ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+            format!("Invalid status code {}: {}", status_u16, err),
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let mut response_builder = axum::http::Response::builder().status(status);
+
+    for (name, value) in &header_map {
+        let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                format!("Invalid header name '{}': {}", name, err),
+            )
+        })?;
+        let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(value).map_err(|err| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_arg_error(),
+                format!("Invalid header value for '{}': {}", name, err),
+            )
+        })?;
+        response_builder = response_builder.header(header_name, header_value);
+    }
+
+    let body_bytes = if let Some(raw) = raw_body_opt {
+        raw
+    } else if let Some(json_value) = body_json.as_ref() {
+        serde_json::to_vec(&json_value).map_err(|err| {
+            Error::new(
+                ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+                format!("Failed to serialise response body: {}", err),
+            )
+        })?
+    } else {
+        Vec::new()
+    };
+
+    let axum_response = response_builder.body(Body::from(body_bytes)).map_err(|err| {
+        Error::new(
+            ruby.exception_runtime_error(),
+            format!("Failed to build response: {}", err),
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let handler_response = HandlerResponse::Response(axum_response);
+    let native_response = NativeBuiltResponse::new(handler_response, body_json.clone(), Vec::new());
+    Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(native_response).as_value())
+}
+
+/// Build a native streaming response from stream, status code, and headers.
+///
+/// Called by `Spikard::StreamingResponse` to construct native response objects.
+/// The stream must be an enumerator that responds to #next.
+fn build_streaming_response(ruby: &Ruby, stream: Value, status_code: i64, headers: Value) -> Result<Value, Error> {
+    let status_u16 = u16::try_from(status_code)
+        .map_err(|_| Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "status_code must be between 0 and 65535"))?;
+
+    let header_map = if headers.is_nil() {
+        HashMap::new()
+    } else {
+        let hash = RHash::try_convert(headers)?;
+        hash.to_hash_map::<String, String>()?
+    };
+
+    let next_method = ruby.intern("next");
+    if !stream.respond_to(next_method, false)? {
+        return Err(Error::new(ruby.exception_arg_error(), "stream must respond to #next"));
+    }
+
+    let streaming_payload = StreamingResponsePayload {
+        enumerator: Arc::new(Opaque::from(stream)),
+        status: status_u16,
+        headers: header_map,
+    };
+
+    let response = streaming_payload.into_response()?;
+    let native_response = NativeBuiltResponse::new(response, None, vec![Opaque::from(stream)]);
+    Ok(ruby.obj_wrap(native_response).as_value())
+}
+
+#[magnus::init]
+pub fn init(ruby: &Ruby) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let spikard = ruby.define_module("Spikard")?;
+    spikard.define_singleton_method("version", function!(version, 0))?;
+    let native = match spikard.const_get("Native") {
+        Ok(module) => module,
+        Err(_) => spikard.define_module("Native")?,
+    };
+
+    native.define_singleton_method("run_server", function!(run_server, 7))?;
+    native.define_singleton_method("normalize_route_metadata", function!(normalize_route_metadata, 1))?;
+    native.define_singleton_method("background_run", function!(background::background_run, 1))?;
+    native.define_singleton_method("build_route_metadata", function!(build_route_metadata, 12))?;
+    native.define_singleton_method("build_response", function!(build_response, 3))?;
+    native.define_singleton_method("build_streaming_response", function!(build_streaming_response, 3))?;
+
+    let class = native.define_class("TestClient", ruby.class_object())?;
+    class.define_alloc_func::<NativeTestClient>();
+    class.define_method("initialize", method!(NativeTestClient::initialize, 6))?;
+    class.define_method("request", method!(NativeTestClient::request, 3))?;
+    class.define_method("websocket", method!(NativeTestClient::websocket, 1))?;
+    class.define_method("sse", method!(NativeTestClient::sse, 1))?;
+    class.define_method("close", method!(NativeTestClient::close, 0))?;
+
+    let built_response_class = native.define_class("BuiltResponse", ruby.class_object())?;
+    built_response_class.define_method("status_code", method!(NativeBuiltResponse::status_code, 0))?;
+    built_response_class.define_method("headers", method!(NativeBuiltResponse::headers, 0))?;
+
+    let request_class = native.define_class("Request", ruby.class_object())?;
+    request_class.define_method("method", method!(NativeRequest::method, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("path", method!(NativeRequest::path, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("path_params", method!(NativeRequest::path_params, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("query", method!(NativeRequest::query, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("raw_query", method!(NativeRequest::raw_query, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("headers", method!(NativeRequest::headers, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("cookies", method!(NativeRequest::cookies, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("body", method!(NativeRequest::body, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("raw_body", method!(NativeRequest::raw_body, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("params", method!(NativeRequest::params, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("to_h", method!(NativeRequest::to_h, 0))?;
+    request_class.define_method("[]", method!(NativeRequest::index, 1))?;
+
+    let lifecycle_registry_class = native.define_class("LifecycleRegistry", ruby.class_object())?;
+    lifecycle_registry_class.define_alloc_func::<NativeLifecycleRegistry>();
+    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("add_on_request", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_on_request, 1))?;
+    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method(
+        "pre_validation",
+        method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_pre_validation, 1),
+    )?;
+    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("pre_handler", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_pre_handler, 1))?;
+    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("on_response", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_on_response, 1))?;
+    lifecycle_registry_class.define_method("on_error", method!(NativeLifecycleRegistry::add_on_error, 1))?;
+
+    let dependency_registry_class = native.define_class("DependencyRegistry", ruby.class_object())?;
+    dependency_registry_class.define_alloc_func::<NativeDependencyRegistry>();
+    dependency_registry_class.define_method("register_value", method!(NativeDependencyRegistry::register_value, 2))?;
+    dependency_registry_class.define_method(
+        "register_factory",
+        method!(NativeDependencyRegistry::register_factory, 5),
+    )?;
+    dependency_registry_class.define_method("keys", method!(NativeDependencyRegistry::keys, 0))?;
+
+    let spikard_module = ruby.define_module("Spikard")?;
+    testing::websocket::init(ruby, &spikard_module)?;
+    testing::sse::init(ruby, &spikard_module)?;
+
+    let _ = NativeBuiltResponse::mark as fn(&NativeBuiltResponse, &Marker);
+    let _ = NativeLifecycleRegistry::mark as fn(&NativeLifecycleRegistry, &Marker);
+    let _ = NativeDependencyRegistry::mark as fn(&NativeDependencyRegistry, &Marker);
+    let _ = NativeRequest::mark as fn(&NativeRequest, &Marker);
+    let _ = RubyHandler::mark as fn(&RubyHandler, &Marker);
+    let _ = mark as fn(&NativeTestClient, &Marker);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    /// Test that NativeBuiltResponse can extract parts safely
+    #[test]
+    fn test_native_built_response_status_extraction() {
+        use axum::http::StatusCode;
+
+        let valid_codes = vec![200u16, 201, 204, 301, 400, 404, 500, 503];
+        for code in valid_codes {
+            let status = StatusCode::from_u16(code);
+            assert!(status.is_ok(), "Status code {} should be valid", code);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Test that invalid status codes are rejected
+    #[test]
+    fn test_native_built_response_invalid_status() {
+        use axum::http::StatusCode;
+
+        assert!(StatusCode::from_u16(599).is_ok(), "599 should be valid");
+    }
+
+    /// Test HeaderName/HeaderValue construction
+    #[test]
+    fn test_header_construction() {
+        use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue};
+
+        let valid_headers = vec![
+            ("X-Custom-Header", "value"),
+            ("Content-Type", "application/json"),
+            ("Cache-Control", "no-cache"),
+            ("Accept", "*/*"),
+        ];
+
+        for (name, value) in valid_headers {
+            let header_name = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes());
+            let header_value = HeaderValue::from_str(value);
+
+            assert!(header_name.is_ok(), "Header name '{}' should be valid", name);
+            assert!(header_value.is_ok(), "Header value '{}' should be valid", value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Test invalid headers are rejected
+    #[test]
+    fn test_invalid_header_construction() {
+        use axum::http::{HeaderName, HeaderValue};
+
+        let invalid_name = "X\nInvalid";
+        assert!(
+            HeaderName::from_bytes(invalid_name.as_bytes()).is_err(),
+            "Header with newline should be invalid"
+        );
+
+        let invalid_value = "value\x00invalid";
+        assert!(
+            HeaderValue::from_str(invalid_value).is_err(),
+            "Header with null byte should be invalid"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Test JSON serialization for responses
+    #[test]
+    fn test_json_response_serialization() {
+        let json_obj = json!({
+            "status": "success",
+            "data": [1, 2, 3],
+            "nested": {
+                "key": "value"
+            }
+        });
+
+        let serialized = serde_json::to_vec(&json_obj);
+        assert!(serialized.is_ok(), "JSON should serialize");
+
+        let bytes = serialized.expect("JSON should serialize");
+        assert!(!bytes.is_empty(), "Serialized JSON should not be empty");
+    }
+
+    /// Test global runtime initialization
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_runtime_initialization() {
+        assert!(crate::server::global_runtime_raw().is_ok());
+    }
+
+    /// Test path normalization logic for routes
+    #[test]
+    fn test_route_path_patterns() {
+        let paths = vec![
+            "/users",
+            "/users/:id",
+            "/users/:id/posts/:post_id",
+            "/api/v1/resource",
+            "/api-v2/users_list",
+            "/resource.json",
+        ];
+
+        for path in paths {
+            assert!(!path.is_empty());
+            assert!(path.starts_with('/'));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Test HTTP method name validation
+    #[test]
+    fn test_http_method_names() {
+        let methods = vec!["GET", "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"];
+
+        for method in methods {
+            assert!(!method.is_empty());
+            assert!(method.chars().all(|c| c.is_uppercase()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Test handler name generation
+    #[test]
+    fn test_handler_name_patterns() {
+        let handler_names = vec![
+            "list_users",
+            "get_user",
+            "create_user",
+            "update_user",
+            "delete_user",
+            "get_user_posts",
+        ];
+
+        for name in handler_names {
+            assert!(!name.is_empty());
+            assert!(name.chars().all(|c| c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_'));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Test multipart file handling structure
+    #[test]
+    fn test_multipart_file_part_structure() {
+        let file_data = spikard_http::testing::MultipartFilePart {
+            field_name: "file".to_string(),
+            filename: "test.txt".to_string(),
+            content: b"file content".to_vec(),
+            content_type: Some("text/plain".to_string()),
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(file_data.field_name, "file");
+        assert_eq!(file_data.filename, "test.txt");
+        assert!(!file_data.content.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(file_data.content_type, Some("text/plain".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    /// Test response header case sensitivity concepts
+    #[test]
+    fn test_response_header_concepts() {
+        use axum::http::HeaderName;
+
+        let names = vec!["content-type", "Content-Type", "CONTENT-TYPE"];
+
+        for name in names {
+            let parsed = HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes());
+            assert!(parsed.is_ok(), "Header name should parse: {}", name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Test error payload structure
+    #[test]
+    fn test_error_payload_structure() {
+        let error_json = json!({
+            "error": "Not Found",
+            "code": "404",
+            "details": {}
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(error_json["error"], "Not Found");
+        assert_eq!(error_json["code"], "404");
+        assert!(error_json["details"].is_object());
+    }
+}