roebe 0.5.187

data/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@
+german('Cellbiology') {
+ruby_favicon
+default_template '
+
+div.default {
+  margin:      4px;
+  margin-top: 12px;
+  padding:  0.55em;
+}
+
+p.default {
+  font-weight: normal;
+  padding:     12px;
+}
+
+th {
+  font-size: larger;
+}
+
+
+'
+body_css_class 'mar0px s2px padt1px mart0px VERDANAs'
+body_css_style 'background-color: #d3d2d1;'
+default_hyperlinks
+font_size '1.3em'
+
+# =========================================================================== #
+# === COMMON_CSS_BORDER
+# =========================================================================== #
+COMMON_CSS_BORDER = 'border: 3px solid mediumslateblue;'
+
+smaller_width('pad6px s0_5em mar1px mart0px') {
+  h1 'Cell Biology',
+     'mar0px',
+     '',
+     'font-size: 3.0em;'
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Membrane Structure
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#membrane_structure
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Membrane Structure'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'Cell membranes are essential: they ultimately <b class="darkblue">help
+    maintain life</b>. The cell is enclosed via a <b>plasma membrane</b>. The
+    plasma membrane also <b>determines the boundaries of the cell</b>.'
+    br
+    e 'Gradients - such as ion gradients - established across membranes
+    aid in activities such as <b>synthesizing ATP</b>.'
+    br
+    e 'The plasma membrane contains proteins that act as
+    <b>sensors of external signals</b>: the so-called <b>protein sensors</b>,
+    also known as <b>receptors</b>. This allows a cell to change its behavior
+    in response to environmental cues, including signals from other
+    cells. These protein sensors transfer information rather
+    than molecules across the membrane. They are thus a way for a cell
+    to interact with its environment.'
+    br
+    e 'The image shown below displays the membrane of a human red blood cell
+    seen in a cross section. The bilayer structure of the membrane is
+    visible:'
+    br
+    dimg 'science/cellbiology/electron_micrograph_showing_the_plasma_membrane_of_a_human_red_blood_cell.png',
+         'marl3em round_black1'
+    brbr
+    e '<b>Membranes</b> are <b>lipid bilayers</b> and such a lipid bilayer
+    typically has a <b>diameter</b> of <b>5 nm</b>.'
+    br
+    e "Typically about 30% of the proteins encoded in an animal’s
+    genome are membrane proteins."
+    br
+    e 'The <b>lipid bilayer</b> provides the basic structure for all cell
+    membranes.'
+    br
+    e 'The main phospholipids in most animal cell membranes are
+    the <b>glycerophospholipids</b> - or, more generally, the phospholipids.
+    Their tails are usually fatty acids differening in length, containing
+    about 14 to 24 carbon atoms. One tail typically has one or more
+    than one cis-double bond, and is thus unsatarted. Interestingly
+    the other tail does not have any cis-double bond - that is,
+    it is a saturated fatty acid.'
+    br
+    e 'All of the lipid molecules in cell membranes are amphiphilic: that
+    is, they have a hydrophilic (“water-loving”) or polar end, and a
+    hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) or nonpolar end.'
+    br
+    e 'By combining different fatty acids and head groups, cells make many
+    <b>different glycerophospholipids</b>. <b>Phosphatidylethanolamine</b>,
+    <b>phosphatidylserine</b>, and <b>phosphatidylcholine</b> are
+    the most abundant ones in <b>mammalian cell membranes</b>.'
+    br
+    e '<b>Cholesterol</b> is <b>the major sterol found in animal
+    cells</b>. The following image shows this as a schematic:'
+    br
+    dimg 'science/cellbiology/cholesterol_embedded_next_to_phospholipids.png',
+         'mar0_5em marl3em round_black2'
+    br
+    e 'Curiously enough, <b>cholesterol</b> can flip-flop rapidly in a
+    membrane. Nonetheless their primary role in the cellular membrane
+    is to stiffen the membrane and thereby decreases the permeability
+    of the bilayer to small water-soluble molecules.'
+    br
+    e 'Synthetic lipid bilayers, called liposomes, can be generated.'
+    br
+    e 'The lipid bilayer is <b>a two-dimensional fluid</b> - a
+    two-dimensional liquid in which the constituent molecules
+    are free to move laterally. An average lipid molecule
+    diffuses the length of a large bacterial cell (∼2 μm)
+    in about 1 second.'
+    br
+    e 'Interestingly a special class of membrane proteins - called
+    <b>flippases</b> - catalyze the rapid flip-flop of phospholipids
+    from one monolayer to the other.'
+    br
+    e 'Certain membrane transport processes and enzyme activities
+    cease if the bilayer viscosity is experimentally increased
+    beyond a threshold level.'
+    br
+    e 'The <b>fluidity of a lipid bilayer depends on</b>:'
+    br
+    cmd 'its composition'
+    cmd 'its temperature'
+    br
+    e 'Fluidity of the membrane is favoured by cis-double bonds in
+    the lipid chains, because these bonds produce kinks in the chains
+    that make the phosphoglycerids more difficult to pack together.'
+    br
+    e 'The plasma membranes of most eukaryotic cells are more varied
+    than those of prokaryotes and archaea. For instance, eukaryotic
+    plasma membranes contain a mixture of different phospholipids.'
+    br
+    e 'Some phospholipids may have specific roles. For instance,
+    the inositol phospholipids are present only in small quantities
+    in animal cell membranes, but have crucial functions in
+    guiding membrane traffic, as well as a role in cell signaling.'
+    br
+    e 'Most eukaryotic cells store an excess of lipids in
+    <b>lipid droplets</b>. This instantly reveals two
+    functions: from lipid droplets the cell may retrieve the
+    basic building blocks for membrane synthesis; and the
+    cell can also use these dropleds as a food source,
+    <b>fueling metabolic energy generation</b>. Adipocytes
+    (fat cells) are especially adept at lipid storage.'
+    br
+    e 'Other cells have smaller lipid droplets; the number and
+    size of which vary with the cell’s metabolic state.'
+    br
+    e 'Lipid droplets form rapidly when cells are exposed
+    to high concentrations of fatty acids.'
+    br
+    e 'Of the total membrane-bound compartments in a given
+    eukaryotic cell, Mitochondria (39%) and the Endoplasmic
+    reticulum (51%) have the largest share. 50% of the
+    proteins in such a cell are somehow associated with a
+    membrane.'
+    br
+    e 'Mature human adipocytes store triglycerides in a single 
+    fat droplet that almost entirely fills out the cell
+    volume.'
+    br
+    e 'It should be kept in mind that breaking down fatty
+    acids yields more energy per mass unit than glucose.'
+    br
+    e '<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seipin">Seipin</a></b> -
+    a transmembrane protein - helps build lipid droplets inside of a
+    given cell. It will remain bound to the ER-membrane, being confined
+    inside of the <b>ER lumen</b>.'
+    br
+    e 'In <b>adipocytes</b>, droplets fuse and can reach a gigantic
+    size.'
+    br
+    e 'Membrane proteins typically span the lipid bilayer.'
+    br
+    e 'Lipid bilayers are virtually impermeable to most polar molecules.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Transmembrane transport
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#transmembrane_transport
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','hela',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Transmembrane transport',
+           'mart10px marb1em pad4px'
+    p_default_le {
+    lee 'The importance of small-molecule transport is reflected in the
+    large number of genes in all organisms that code for the
+    transmembrane transport proteins involved, which make up 30%
+    of the membrane proteins in all cells.'
+    br
+    lee 'Mammalian cells, such as nerve and kidney cells, devote up to
+    two-thirds of their total metabolic energy consumption to
+    <b>transport processes</b>.'
+    br
+    lee 'To perform its function, each transport vesicle that buds
+    from a compartment must be selective.'
+    br
+    lee 'Transport through channels in a cell membrane operate
+    much faster than transport mediated by transporters.'
+    br
+    lee 'Solute flow through channel proteins is <b>always
+    passive</b>.'
+    br
+    lee 'The process by which a transporter transfers a solute
+    molecule across the lipid bilayer resembles an
+    enzyme–substrate reaction.'
+    br
+    lee 'By forming a protein-lined pathway across the membrane,
+    channels enable specific hydrophilic solutes to cross the
+    membrane without coming into direct contact with the
+    hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === HELA TAG
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','hela',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'HeLa Zellen',
+                    'mart10px marb1em pad4px'
+    p_default_le {
+    lee 'HeLa Zellen besitzen <b>wenig RNAsen</b> im Nucleus.'
+    br
+    lee 'Die entfernten Zellen waren vom humanen Papillomvirus 18 (HPV 18) 
+    befallen.'
+    br
+    lee 'Die Zellen von Henrietta waren sowohl durch ein virales Protein, 
+    welches den p53 Tumorsuppressor inaktiviert, als auch eine Mutation 
+    in Frau Lacks HLA (Humanes Leukozyten-Antigen) Supergenfamilie auf 
+    Chromosom 6 zu Tumorzellen entartet.'
+    br
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Mitochondria TAG
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','mitochondria',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Mitochondria','mart10px marb1em pad4px'
+    p_default_le {
+    lee 'Mitochondria are like the power plants of the cell because they
+    transfer energy from food to ATP. They constitute <b>the power
+    sources of eukaryotic cells</b>.'
+    br
+    lee 'Mitochondria have limited DNA repair capability.'
+    br
+    lee 'The following image shows some schematic about
+    mitochondria.'
+    br
+    dimg 'science/biology/organelles/MITOCHONDRIUM_OVERVIEW.png',
+         'mar0_5em marl3em round_black4'
+    brbr
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Signal Transduction tag, Signal Amplification
+  #
+  # rf stdknowledge signal_transduction
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','signal_transduction',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Signal Transduction und Signal Amplification'
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Die grundlegenden Eigenschaft von der Übertragung von Information
+      auf/in/zwischen Zellen ("cell signaling") sind sehr stark innerhalb
+      der Eukaryoten <b>konserviert</b>.'
+      br
+      e '1972 wurde zum ersten Mal die Bezeichnung 
+      "signal transduction" verwendet - Rensing, L. (1972).'
+      br
+      equote 'Periodic geophysical and biological signals as Zeitgeber and 
+      exogenous inducers in animal organisms','mars1em'
+      br
+      abr 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4621276',
+          content: 'Pubmed 4621276',
+          css_class: 'mars1em BOLD'
+      br
+      e 'Eine Proteinkinase transferiert das terminale Phosphat  
+      von ATP auf eine Hydroxyl Gruppe in einem Protein.'
+      br
+      e 'Eine bedeutende Rolle bei der Signaltransduktion spielt 
+      auch die <b>Signalamplifikation</b>.'
+      br
+      abr 'https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120069/bio07.swf::Signal%20Amplification',
+          content: 'Signal Amplifikation 7',
+          css_class: 'mars1em BOLD'
+      abr 'https://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120069/bio08.swf::Signal%20Amplification',
+          content: 'Signal Amplifikation 8',
+          css_class: 'mars1em BOLD'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Telomere Tag
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','telomere',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Telomere',
+                    'mart10px marb1em pad4px'
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Telomere sind spezielle, kurze Strukturen an den Enden der
+      Chromosome in Eukaryoten.'
+      br
+      lem '<b>telos</b> bedeutet im Griechischen "Ende".'
+      lem '<b>meros</b> bedeutet im Griechischen "Teil".'
+      br
+      e 'Die Länge der Telomere ist ein Indikator für die Teilungskapazität
+      einer Zelle.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === NPC (The Nuclear Pore Complex)
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','telomere',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    dimg 'science/chemistry/NPC_DETAILS.jpg',
+         'marl2em round_black2'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Desmosomes
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','desmosomes',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Desmosome'
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'The primary function of the desmosomes is to <b>provide
+      mechanical strength</b> to a cell.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Nucleosomes
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','nucleosomes',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Nucleosomes'
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'There are approximately 30 million nucleosomes in a
+      human cell.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Aerobe Zellatmung
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','Aerobe Zellatmung',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Aerobe Zellatmung'
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Die <b>aerobe Zellatmung</b> ist ein Stoffwechselvorgang, der der
+      Energiegewinnung dient. Durch Oxidation organischer Stoffe
+      wird hierbei Energie gewonnen. Hierzu wird ein Oxidationsmittel
+      benötigt - meistens ist dies molekulare Sauerstoff (O₂).'
+      br
+      e 'Hierbei wird Glucose aufgespalten, um das vom Körper verwertbare
+      Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) zu erhalten.'
+      br
+      e 'Eine Voraussetzung für diesen Stoffwechselweg ist das Sauerstoff
+      vorhanden sein muss. Ist Sauerstoff nicht vorhanden, laufen stattdessen
+      <b>anaerobe Stoffwechselwege</b> ab, um Glucose aufzuspalten. Diese sind
+      aber weniger effektiv, das heißt es kann weniger Energie in ATP
+      gespeichert werden als bei der aeroben Zellatmung.'
+      br
+      e 'Als Endprodukte werden Kohlendioxid (CO₂) und Wasser (H2₂) frei.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Epithelial cells
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','epithelia_cells',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Epithelial cells'
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Within the epithelium, cells are attached to each other
+      <b>directly</b> by <b>cell-cell junctions</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'The basal lamina can be found between the epithelial tissue
+      and the connective tissue.'
+      br
+      e '<b>Adherens junctions</b> are connected to <b>actin filaments</b>.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Elastin                                                 (elastin tag)
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#elastin
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default('rounded','elastin',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    fancy2 'Elastin'
+    p_default_le {
+      e '<b>Elastin</b> (the <i class="BOLD">elastic macromolecule</i>) is
+      a very important protein for vertebrates. In humans it is encoded
+      by the <b>ELN gene</b>. The human genome has only one ELN gene.
+      The DNA segment coding for this gene has a size of about
+      45kb, and can be found on chromosome number 7. It codes for 34
+      exons and almost 700 introns. The <b>first exon</b> here is a 
+      signal peptide that will cause the protein product to
+      target to its particular extracellular location.'
+      br
+      e 'Via <b>alternative splicing</b> several different <b>tissue-specific
+      tropoelastin-variants</b> are produced. In humans there are at
+      the least eleven different isoforms of Elastin are
+      known (respectively have been determined).'
+      br
+      e '<b>Elastin</b> is a key component of the extracellular matrix.
+      It is highly elastic and present in connective tissue - in
+      particular in the lungs, the skin as well as in blood
+      vessels. In fact, Elastin is approximately 1000 times
+      stretchier than collagen.'
+      br
+      e 'Elastin helps here for these tissues to resume their normal
+      shape, after stretching or contracting.'
+      br
+      e 'Elastin also helps skin to return to its original position
+      when it is poked or pinched.'
+      br
+      e 'Furthermore Elastin is an important load-bearing tissue in
+      the bodies of vertebrates and used in places where mechanical
+      energy is required to be stored.'
+      br
+      e 'Elastin is <b>rich in hydrophobic amino acids</b>, such
+      as glycine and proline.'
+      br
+      e 'The soluble precusors of Elastin is called <b>tropoelastin</b>.
+      These can be interconnected to form a network/mesh.'
+      br
+      e 'Conformational disorder is a constitutive feature of elastin
+      structure and function.'
+      br
+      e 'A famous disease caused by a defect in elastin is the
+      <b>Marfan syndrome</b>.'
+      br
+      e '<b>Elastosis</b> is the buildup of elastin in tissues
+      (thus, a degenerative disease).'
+      br
+      e 'In the body, elastin is usually associated with other
+      proteins in connective tissues.'
+      br
+      e 'Elastin is a very long-lived protein, with a half-life
+      of over 78 years in humans.'
+      br
+      boldbr 'Links:'
+      br
+      selfy 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10216959/', # From 1999.
+             css_class: 'mars1em BOLD'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Fluorescence
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Fluorescence'
+  div_default('rounded','fluorescence',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    dimg 'science/biology/FLUOROPHORE_TABLE.png',
+         'bblack2 mars2em'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Der Zellzyklus
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#der_zellzyklus
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Der Zellzyklus'
+  div_default('rounded','',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Der Zellzyklus umfasst zwei Phasen:'
+      br
+      e 'die Interphase'
+      e 'die M-Phase (Mitose und Cytokinese)'
+      br
+      e 'Aus einer Zelle entstehen durch die Mitose zwei neue, genetisch
+      identische Zellen.'
+      br
+      e 'Die Interphase wird unterteilt in: G1-, die S- und die G2-Phase.'
+      br
+      br
+      e 'Bei Nervenzellen dauert die G0-Phase für immer an; sie teilen
+      sich nicht mehr.'
+      br
+      e 'The accuracy of the cell cycle is extremely important for a
+      cell.'
+      br
+      e 'Cycline sind Proteine, deren Konzentration sich im Zellzyklus ändert.'
+      br
+      e 'The effect of caffeine on the cell cycle is that caffeine overrides
+      the cell cycle checkpoint control and creates <b>MUGs</b> ("Mitosis with
+      unreplicated genomes").'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === FRET                                                       (FRET tag)
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'FRET: Förster resonance energy transfer'
+  div_default('rounded','FRET',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'In FRET the two molecules of interest are each labeled with
+      a different fluorochrome, chosen so that the emission spectrum
+      of one fluorochrome (the donor) overlaps with the absorption
+      spectrum of the other (acceptor).'
+      br
+      e 'The distance between the two fluorochromes should not exceed
+      <b>5 nm</b>.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Das endoplasmatische Retikulum
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Das endoplasmatische Retikulum (ER)'
+  div_default('rounded','das_endoplasmatische_retikulum',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Alle Proteine mit einer ER-spezifischen Signalsequenz werden während
+      der Translation über einen Rezeptor zum ER gebracht.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Rudolf Virchow
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#rudolf_virchow
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Rudolf Virchow'
+  div_default('rounded','',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    p_default_le {
+      e squote('Jede Zelle entsteht aus einer Zelle')+
+      ' hat Rudolf Virchow im Jahre <b>1855</b> erkannt.'
+      br
+      e 'Original quote from <i>Rudolf Virchow</o>: '+
+        squote('omnis cellula e cellula</i>')+
+        '; which means <i class="BOLD">all cells arise from cells</i>.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Lysosomes
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Lysosomes'
+  div_default('rounded','lysosomes',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Durch <b>Endocytose</b> aufgenommenes Material wird in den
+      Lysosomen durch <b>saure Hydrolasen</b> abgebaut.'
+      br
+      e 'Der pH-Wert der Lysosome beträgt etwa 5-6 - daher ist dies
+      niedriger als im Cytosol einer Zelle (mit einem pH-Wert von
+      etwa <b>7.2</b>).'
+      br
+      e 'Lysosomes are the principal sites of intracellular digestion.'
+      br
+      e 'The lysosomal membrane contains <b>a single phospholipid
+      layer</b>.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cell-to-Cell interactions: cellular adhesion
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Cell-to-Cell interactions: cellular adhesion'
+  div_default('rounded','cellular_adhesion',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Cells use a relatively small repertoire of adhesion mechanisms to
+      interact with matrix molecules and each other.'
+      br
+      e 'Cells modulate adhesion by controlling the surface densitty,
+      state of aggregation, and state of activation of their adhesion
+      receptors.'
+      br
+      e 'Most adhesion proteins fall into <b>five large families</b>.'
+      br
+      e 'These families - at the least four of them - include:'
+      numbered_table '
+      (1) Ig-CAMs
+      (2) cadherins
+      (3) integrins
+      (4) selectins'
+      br
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      # === E-selectins
+      # ===================================================================== #
+      e 'The <b>E-selectins</b> are produced by <b>endothelial cells,
+      but only when they were stimulated by inflammatory hormones or
+      by endoxotins.'
+    }
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    # === Integrins                                           (integrins tag)
+    # ======================================================================= #
+    h5 'Integrins'
+    p_default_le {
+      e 'Integrins are unusuall cell-to-cell adhesion molecules in that
+      they bind to a variety of different ligands, including
+      <b>fibronectin</b> and <b>laminin</b>.'
+    }
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === P-Bodies Tag
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  div_default {
+    header_id 'P-Bodies','marb1em'
+    lembre 'mRNA decapping ist ein kritischer Schritt in eukaryotischer, 
+    cytoplasmatischer mRNA Turnover.'
+    br
+    lembre '<b>Decapping</b> wird durch <b>Dcp2</b> katalysiert (mit Hilfe
+    des <b>Coactivators Dcp1</b>) und wird durch decapping enhancer
+    proteins unterstützt.'
+    br
+    lembre 'mRNAs die mit der decapping Maschinerie assoziiert sind können
+    in cytoplasmatische mRNP Granules assoziieren - die <b>PBs</b>, also
+    die <b>Processing Bodies</b>.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Salmonella versus Listeria
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Salmonella versus Listeria'
+  p_default_le {
+    e '- <b>Salmonella</b> enters by <b>trigger mechanism</b>'
+    e '- <b>Listeria</b> enters via <b>zipper mechanism</b>
+    (is simpler!)'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Ubiquitin
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#ubiquitin
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Ubiquitin'
+  p_default_le {
+    e '<b>SUMO-1</b> kann Ubiquitinierungen unterdrücken.'
+    br
+    e 'Es gibt <b>Varianten der Ubiquitinierung</b>, die <b>nicht</b>
+    zum Abbau im 26S-Proteasom führt.'
+    br
+    e 'Attaching an ubiquitine can also be '\
+      'called '+squote('the kiss of death')+'.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === The cell theory
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'The cell theory'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'The <b>cell theory</b> states that cells arise only from preexisting
+    cells. The cell theory was developed by Schleiden and Schwann.'
+    br
+    selfy :the_cell_theory,
+             css_class: 'mars2em BOLD'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Fibroblasten
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#fibroblasten
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Fibroblasten'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'Im menschlichen Körper synthetisieren Fibroblasten das <b>Bindegewebe</b>.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cellular filaments
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#cellular_filaments
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Cellular filaments'
+  div_default('rounded','cellular_filaments',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    table2_with_heading('s1em','',
+      'border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 15px;',
+      '<b>Name of the cellular filament</b>','<b>diameter (in n nm)</b>',
+      'microfilaments','<b>7 nm</b>',
+      'intermediate filaments','<b>10 nm</b> '+
+      sg('science/biology/ACTIN_FILAMENTS.png',
+         'bblack2 marl5px',
+         'drag_actin_filaments'
+      ),
+      'microtubules','<b>20 nm</b>'
+    )
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Protein filaments in a cell
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#protein_filaments_in_a_cell
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Protein filaments in a cell'
+  p_default_le {
+    reset_the_counter
+    counter 'Actin filaments: ø: 5–9 nm','marl3em BOLD'
+    counter 'Intermediate filaments: ø: 10 nm','marl3em BOLD'
+    counter 'Microtubules: ø: 25 nm','marl3em BOLD'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Microtubules
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#microtubules
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Microtubules'
+  p_default_le('rounded','',COMMON_CSS_BORDER) {
+    e 'Microtubules act as tracks for intracellular transportation.'
+    br
+    e 'Microtubules have a <b>diameter</b> of about 25 nm and consists of
+    α-tubulin and β-tubulin subunits, forming <b>heterodimers</b>.'
+    br
+    e 'These pairs exhibit a polarity: β-tubulin will <b>always</b>
+    point to the plus end, whereas α-tubulin will <b>always</b>
+    indicate the minus end (which is in the opposite direction,
+    naturally).'
+    br
+    e 'Taxol will massively reduce microtubule dynamics.'
+    br
+    e 'Microtubules form tracks from the cell’s centre to the
+    periphery for intracellular transport.'
+    br
+    e 'γ-tubulin can be found in the centrosome.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === LDL (low density lipoprotein) transport in the cell
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#microtubules
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'LDL (low density lipoprotein) transport in the cell'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'The cell has to transport LDL (low density lipoprotein) 
+    to a lysosome.'
+    br
+    e 'Cholesterol moves to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it
+    inhibits production of LDL receptors - this constitutes a feedback
+    loop. One gene that is involved in this regard is<b>PTDSS1</b>,
+    an enzyme that synthesizes phosphatidylserine (PS).
+    This phospholipid can be found in the inner layer of the plasma
+    membrane (PM).'
+    br
+    e 'In PTDSS1-deficient cells where PS is low, LDL cholesterol
+    leaves lysosomes but fails to reach the ER, instead accumulating
+    in the PM. The addition of PS restores cholesterol transport
+    to the ER. We conclude that LDL cholesterol normally moves
+    from lysosomes to the PM. When the PM cholesterol exceeds
+    a threshold, excess cholesterol moves to the ER in a
+    process requiring PS. In the ER, excess cholesterol acts
+    to reduce cholesterol uptake, preventing toxic cholesterol
+    accumulation. These studies reveal that one lipid-PS-controls
+    the movement of another lipid-cholesterol-between cell
+    membranes. We relate these findings to recent evidence
+    indicating that PM-to-ER cholesterol transport is mediated
+    by GRAMD1/Aster proteins that bind PS and cholesterol.'
+    br
+    boldbr 'Links:'
+    br
+    selfy 'https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2010682117?url_ver=Z39.88-2003' # 2020
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Actin filaments
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#actin_filaments
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Actin filaments'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'Actin filaments have a diameter of about 7 nm. They are chains of
+    actin monomers.'
+    br
+    e 'Actin monomers can exist in an ATP-bound state, and an ADP-bound
+    state.'
+    br
+    e 'If ATP is bound to actin, actin-ATP molecules begin to
+    <b>form filaments</b>.'
+    br
+    e 'The exchange of ADP with ATP can <b>only</b> occur on free,
+    unbound <b>actin-ADP monomers</b>.'
+    br
+    e '50% of all actin molecules in a cell exist as monomers. A way
+    for the cell to control disassembly of actin filaments is
+    is to cross-linking proteins towards actin filaments, which
+    may stabilize these filaments.'
+    br
+    e 'Actin filaments connect different spots of the plasma membrane,
+    thereby giving the cell its characteristic shape.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Intermediate filaments
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#intermediate_filaments
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Intermediate filaments'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'The main purpose of intermediate filaments is to make the cells
+    more robust against mechanical stress such as squeezing or
+    tearing.'
+    br
+    e '<b>Intermediate filaments</b> form cell-cell contacts called
+    <b>desmosomes</b>.'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cellular Vesicles
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#cellular_vesicles
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Cellular Vesicles'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'The <b>Golgi Apparatus</b> makes use of <b>small
+    transport vesicles</b>. The diameter of these small transport
+    vesicles is about <b>60-80 nm</b>.'
+    br
+    e 'Individual proteins can contain "zip codes", to determine
+    where inside of the cell they may eventually end up. 
+    <b>Targeting signals</b> are sufficient to guide proteins
+    to their final cellular destinations.'
+    br
+    e 'Proteins destined for the mitochondria typically have
+    a N-terminal extension.'
+    br
+    e '<b>Soluble escort factors</b> can be used as intermediaries
+    for transport within the cell.'
+    br
+    e '<b>Cytochrome c</b> contains an internal signal for import
+    into mitochondria.'
+    br
+    e 'Within a living cell, vesicles are constantly forming - in particular
+    at the plasma membrane, the ER, and the Golgi.'
+    br
+    e 'Once formed, these cellular vesicles deliver their contents
+    to destinations within or outside of the cell.'
+    br
+    e 'These <b>cellular vesicles</b> then travel on cellular
+    highways.'
+    br
+    dimg 'https://i.imgur.com/Thw5yPZ.jpg',
+         'marl3em round_black3'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Cellular building blocks
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#autophagy
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Cellular building blocks'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'The components of living cells belong primarily to the following
+    <b>four main categories</b>:'
+    br
+    cmd 'carbohydrates: building block are monosaccharides'
+    cmd 'lipids: building blocks are fatty acids'
+    cmd 'proteins: building blocks are amino acids'
+    cmd 'nucleic acids: building blocks are nucleotides'
+  }
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Autophagy
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#autophagy
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Autophagy'
+  p_default_le {
+    e 'Autophages serve to degrade intracellular material.'
+    br
+    e 'Cancer cells need autophages.'
+    br
+    e 'A potent inhibitor of autophagy on the cellular level are aminoacids.'
+  } 
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Glossar                                                 (glossar tag)
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # http://localhost/programming/ruby/src/roebe/lib/roebe/www/cellbiology/cellbiology.cgi#glossar
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy2 'Glossar','marb1px'
+  glossar(
+    'luminescence:','emitting light spontaneously',
+    'fluorescence:','emitting light on exposure to light'
+  )
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  # === Slogans tag
+  # ========================================================================= #
+  fancy1 'Slogans'
+  p_default_le('s1em') {
+    earrow 'The inside of a membrane-enclosed compartment is called a <b>lumen</b>.'
+    earrow 'The isolation membrane is selectively coated with the protein
+    Atg8.'
+    earrow 'The complexity of the trafficking problem is illustrated by
+    the fact that this process simultaneously moves thousands of
+    different proteins efficiently and accurately between different
+    compartments without a mix-up.'
+    earrow 'KDEL is both necessary and sufficient.'
+    earrow 'The vesicle coat acts as the filter to determine which
+    proteins are admitted into the vesicle.'
+    earrow 'Delivering virulence factors into a host cell occurs
+    through the type III secretion apparatus.'
+    earrow 'The ESCRT complex mediates the sorting of cargo into inward
+    budding vesicles and the scission of these vesicles.'
+    earrow 'In yeast, autophages are found at a site called
+    the PAS (pre-autophagosomal structure)'
+    earrow 'Defective autophagy promotes pathology.'
+    earrow 'Enzymes in the lysosome need an acidic environment.
+    They thus require a H+ pump.'
+    earrow 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents the fusion of phagosomes 
+    with lysosomes.'
+    earrow 'Die NLS Sequenz besteht aus Lysinen und Argininen, auch 
+    die Histone werden durch diese basischen Proteine 
+    <b>festgehalten</b>'
+    earrow 'Understanding the complexity of cellular responses to
+    environmental insults is a major challenge in cellular biology.'
+    earrow 'Epsin and Ep15 are adaptor proteins in the plasma membrane 
+    that recognize ubiquitination receptors.'
+    earrow 'The fact that cargo can be packaged into vesicles supports 
+    the vesicular transport model.'
+    earrow 'The molecular machinery that generates vesicles must
+    recognize recruitment signals on transported cargo protein.'
+    earrow 'The Plasma Membrane contains proteins that 
+    act as sensors of external signals.'
+    earrow 'Autophagy and Diabetes are connected.'
+    earrow 'The ER is full of protein.'
+    earrow 'The counteracting activities of kinases and phosphatases
+    provide cells with a "switch" that can turn on or turn off
+    the function of various proteins.'
+    earrow 'Plasma membrane repair in muscle cells depends on
+    extracellular Ca2+ and Dysferlin (DYSF).'
+    earrow 'Transcytosis mediates the delivery of substances across 
+    the cell.'
+    earrow 'Cells can be considered as a membrane-enclosed piece
+    of DNA in an aqueous solution.'
+    earrow 'The multivesicle budding machine is like a virus generator.'
+    earrow 'The Golgi membrance is covered with tethering factors that
+    keep Golgi-derived vesicles close to it.'
+    earrow 'Golgi inheritance during mammalian cell division occurs
+    through the disassembly, partitioning, and reassembly of
+    Golgi membranes.'
+    earrow 'The Golgi apparatus is the main site of glycan biosynthesis
+    in eukaryotes.'
+    earrow 'Phagocytosis is a triggered process.'
+    earrow 'The membrane traffic flow along highly organized directional
+    routes allows the cell to secrete, eat and remodel its plasma
+    membrane.'
+    earrow 'A cell culture is "abnormal" because it is not in a 
+    normal body environment.'
+    earrow 'Cells respond to their environment by switching genes 
+    on or off.'
+    earrow 'Sulfation is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase
+    (TPST) in the Golgi apparatus. The Sulfate-Group stems from PAPS.'
+    earrow 'The orientation of the unbound head determines kinesin
+    movement.'
+    earrow 'Individual chromosomes occupy distinct territories in the
+    interphase nucleus ("<i>non-random positioning</i>")'
+    earrow 'Endocytosis and Phagocytosis mediate the delivery of
+    extracellular material to lysososomes while autophagy delivers
+    intracellular material to lysosomes.'
+    earrow 'Only 1% of the ER comprise of newly-synthesized proteins.'
+    earrow 'Oligosaccharide modification occurs in the Golgi.'
+    earrow 'COPII Vesicles must be flexible so that the very
+    large collagen filaments can be transported.'
+    earrow 'The COPII coat can be carried along microtubules.'
+    earrow 'Rab conversion regulates the maturation of early 
+    endosomes to late endosomes.'
+    earrow 'Chromosome condensation also silences transcription.'
+    earrow 'Stem cells can divide asymmetrically.'
+    earrow 'The cell cycle phases are transitions.'
+    earrow 'Proteolysis is required for irreversibility of
+    mitotic exit.'
+    earrow 'Until the very last kinetochore is attached, the cell
+    can not enter Anaphase.'
+    earrow 'ARF-GAP stimulates GTP hydrolysis.'
+    earrow 'Cyclinabhängige Proteinkinasen sind wichtig für die 
+    Regulation des Zellzyklus.'
+    earrow 'Dying cells lose their "dont eat me" signal.'
+    earrow 'Aberrante Chromosomen sind sowohl Auslöser als
+    auch Folge von Tumorwachstum.'
+    e 'Brefeldin A (BFA) rapidly blocks secretion, induces
+    disassembly of the Golgi complex and causes a redistribution
+    of Golgi components into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).'  
+    earrow 'Brefeldin A fuses Golgie to the ER.'
+    earrow 'COPI vesicles carry retrograde cargo.'
+    earrow 'The retromer is the coat for the tubular carriers
+    that deliver mannose-6-phosphate receptors to the
+    trans-Golgi Apparatus.'
+    earrow 'T-cells undergo inducible functional polarization upon
+    contact with their target cell.'
+    earrow 'The Golgi Apparatus serves as a sorting station for 
+    proteins and lipids.'
+    earrow '<b>Intermediärfilamente</b> bilden eine strukturelle Stütze.'
+    earrow 'Cohesin keeps sister chromatids together.'
+    earrow 'Rab GTPases are important for organelle identity.'
+    earrow "Transport Proteins in the cell membrane act as the cell's
+    smugglers."
+    earrow 'Transport Proteins in the cell membrane may accumulate
+    solutes against the concentration gradient.'
+    earrow 'KDEL serves as a retention signal for some resident ER
+    proteins.'
+    earrow 'Bei der Nekrose kommt es zu einem ungeregelten,
+    zufallsunterworfenen DNA-Abbau.'
+    earrow 'Vesicles have the duty to transport proteins from the Golgi
+    apparatus to the cell surface area. They will use motor proteins
+    and a cytoskeletal track to get closer to their target.'
+    earrow 'Attachment of a KK-motif prevents mating.'
+    earrow 'The ESCRT complex mediates the sorting of cargo into inward 
+    budding vesicles and the scission of these vesicles.'
+    earrow 'Active DNA is looped out inside of the nucleus.'
+    earrow '<b>H2AX</b> can indicate DNA-repair.'
+    earrow 'The ARF-GAP1 can sense membrane curvature.'
+    earrow 'In the Tay-Sachs disease, the lysosomes are enlarged.'
+    earrow '<b>Neutrophils</b> can expel their chromatin (and thus, 
+    possibly part of their DNA) in order to trap extracellular 
+    bacteria.'
+    earrow 'Xenopus egg extracts are a very useful biochemical system 
+    used to study the cell cycle.'
+    earrow 'By fusing with a lysosome, a cell is able to degrade
+    different substances.'
+    earrow 'Cisternal maturation is the right model.'
+    earrow 'Transcriptionally silent heterochromatin typically
+    lies against the nuclear envelope.'
+    earrow 'Actin treadmilling drives cell migration.'
+    earrow 'The lysosome gives clues on to the metabolism of a cell, 
+    which may be important for cancer biology.'
+    earrow 'Cells can use covalent modification to regulate the 
+    intrinsic activity of a protein.'
+    earrow 'At the CENP-A, Kinetochore assembly occurs.'
+    earrow 'Molecular Chaperones are used for folding and unfolding.'
+    earrow 'Research in cell biology aims to discover how cells
+    work at the molecular level.'
+    earrow 'Cells are like tiny black boxes.'
+    earrow 'Centromere specification is an epigenetic process.'
+    earrow 'The defining characteristic of a eukaryotic cell is
+    the nucleus.'
+    earrow 'Most organelles are composed of the same lipid membrane
+    that creates the plasma membrane of the cell.'
+    earrow 'Most of the organelles within the cell use a phospholipid
+    bilayer to wall off their contents from the cytosol of the
+    cell. The cytosol is the organelle-free part of the
+    cytoplasm.'
+    earrow 'The plasma membrane is an active interface between the
+    cell interior and the surrounding medium.'
+    earrow 'The Golgi complex was discovered in 1898 by Italian
+    physician Camillo Golgi and named after him.'
+    earrow 'Die Länge der Telomere ist ein Indikator für die
+    Teilungskapazität einer Zelle.'
+    earrow 'The cytoskeleton functions to provide support and structure
+    to the cell.'
+    earrow 'There are three types of cytoskeletal elements:
+    <b>microtubules</b>, <b>intermediate filaments</b>, and
+    <b>microfilaments</b> (from largest to smallest).'
+    earrow 'Cholesterol is a lipid that is found in the phospholipid
+    bilayer that helps to maintain the fluidity and movement
+    in the membrane.'
+    earrow 'The fluid mosaic model, proposes that integral proteins
+    can move freely within the phospholipid bilayer.'
+    earrow 'Phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail.'
+    earrow 'Eukaryotic cells export and import larger biological
+    molecules through exocytosis and endocytosis.'
+    earrow '<b>Aquaporines</b> can import or export water.'
+    earrow 'Nicht jede tRNA kommt in gleichen Konzentration
+    innerhalb einer Zelle vor; es existiert somit ein
+    <b>tRNA-Gradient</b>.'
+    earrow 'Je länger ein Chromosom ist, umso wahrscheinlicher sind
+    mehrere Crossover Ereignisse im Zuge der Meiose.'
+    earrow 'Transport proteins accumulate solutes in a cell
+    against a given concentration gradient.'
+    earrow 'The eukaryotic cell is a genetic chimera containing
+    genes from two domains of life: the host cell (Eukarya)
+    and the endosymbiont (Bacteria).'
+    earrow "The lysosome allows the cell's lytic activities to
+    be partitioned away from the cytoplasm proper."
+    earrow 'Cells may respond to their environment by switching
+    genes on or off.'
+    earrow 'Chaperones in a given cell will be overexpressed
+    in situations of stress.'
+    earrow 'Die gängige Bezeichnung für Mitochondrien ist Kraftwerke
+    der Zelle.'
+    earrow 'Higher eukaryotic cells typically need about 16 hours
+    for completing their cell cycle.'
+    earrow 'Cells regulate their gene expression in response
+    to their immediate environment.'
+    earrow 'DNA, from the point of view of a cell, can be assumed
+    to be <b>its genomic repository</b>.'
+    earrow "- Water accounts for about 75 percent of a cell's volume.
+    Thus, <b>cells are mostly water</b>."
+    earrow "- DNA is a cell's <b>master molecule</b>."
+    earrow 'A typical human fibroblast, a connective tissue cell,
+    is about 15 μm across.'
+    earrow "- Sugars are the material sources of a cell's energy."
+    earrow 'The cytoplasm is a dense, three-dimensional throbbing blob.'
+    earrow 'A typical cell contains billions of protein molecules.'
+    earrow 'Mitochondria are the power generators, ribosomes are
+    protein factories, lysosomes act as waste-disposal units,
+    and the endoplasmic reticulum labels, sorts and 
+    transports molecules.'
+    earrow 'Membranes are designed to separate what is outside the cell
+    from what is inside.'
+    earrow 'All cells interact with molecules in their environment.'
+    earrow 'The cells of a multicellular organism are committed
+    to collaboration.'
+    earrow 'All of the somatic cell lineages in animals are committed
+    to die.'
+    earrow 'All cells use the same molecular building blocks.'
+    earrow 'In <b>multicellular organisms</b> the well-being of the
+    individual cell is often set aside for the benefit of the
+    organism as a whole.'
+    earrow 'Mechanisms of cell cohesion govern the architecture of
+    tissues and organs.'
+    earrow 'Many cells require a specific combination of <b>extracellular
+    survival factors</b> to allow the cell to continue living; when
+    deprived of these signals, the cell activates a suicide program
+    and kills itself - usually by <i>apoptosis</i>.'
+    earrow 'Light travels <b>1.33 times slower</b> in water than in a
+    vacuum.'
+    earrow '<b>Tubulin</b> labeled with caged fluorescein can be injected
+    into a dividing cell, where it is incorporated into microtubles
+    of the mitotic spindle.'
+    earrow '<b>Centromeres</b> act as organizing centers of cell
+    division.'
+    earrow 'The nucleolus is where <b>ribosome biogenesis</b> occurs.'
+    earrow 'Cell differentiation is readily accomplished by turning
+    on stage-specific (stem cell, mesoderm, muscle and so forth)
+    transcription factors to express the repertoire of proteins
+    required for the function of that cell type - myosins in
+    muscle, keratins in skin, or synaptic receptors in neurons.'
+    earrow 'Jede Zellvermehrung läuft als geordnete Kette von
+    Ereignissen ab.'
+    earrow 'Multicellular organisms can be viewed as communities
+    of cells.'
+    earrow 'Cells are nothing more than self-maintaining, replicating 
+    droplets.'
+    earrow 'Cells vary enormously in appearance and function.'
+    earrow 'Humans begin life as a single cell.'
+    earrow 'Cells are biochemical factories containing their 
+    own genetic blueprints.'
+    earrow 'A growth factor is a cellular signal that tells 
+    a cell to divide.'
+    earrow 'Multicellular life cycles are remarkably diverse.'
+    earrow 'The main purpose of mitosis is to make sure that 
+    the chromosomes are divided up correctly.'
+    earrow 'Cellular checkpoints are quality control 
+    measures for the cell.'
+  }
+  p('mart10px') {
+    roebe_sitemap
+    selfy :local_genetics
+    selfy :local_evolution
+    selfy :local_microbiology
+    selfy :local_apoptose
+    fancy_spacer
+    science_links
+  }
+}}