RubyGems - rails - Versions diffs - 4.2.0.beta4 → 4.2.0.rc1 - Mend

rails 4.2.0.beta4 → 4.2.0.rc1

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-follows, all versions in <code>X.Y.Z</code> format.</p>
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-minor and major releases is the magnitude of breaking changes, and usually
-reserved for special occasions.</p><h3 id="new-features">1 New Features</h3><p>New features are only added to the master branch and will not be made available
-in point releases.</p><h3 id="bug-fixes">2 Bug Fixes</h3><p>Only the latest release series will receive bug fixes. When enough bugs are
-fixed and its deemed worthy to release a new gem, this is the branch it happens
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-and new versions in case of a security issue.</p><p>These releases are created by taking the last released version, applying the
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-of Rails.</p><p><strong>Currently included series:</strong> <code>4.1.Z</code>, <code>4.0.Z</code>.</p><h3 id="severe-security-issues">4 Severe Security Issues</h3><p>For severe security issues we will provide new versions as above, and also the
-last major release series will receive patches and new versions. The
-classification of the security issue is judged by the core team.</p><p><strong>Currently included series:</strong> <code>4.1.Z</code>, <code>4.0.Z</code>, <code>3.2.Z</code>.</p><h3 id="unsupported-release-series">5 Unsupported Release Series</h3><p>When a release series is no longer supported, it's your own responsibility to
-deal with bugs and security issues. We may provide backports of the fixes and
-publish them to git, however there will be no new versions released. If you are
-not comfortable maintaining your own versions, you should upgrade to a
-supported version.</p>
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-      <h2>Active Record Migrations</h2><p>Migrations are a feature of Active Record that allows you to evolve your
-database schema over time. Rather than write schema modifications in pure SQL,
-migrations allow you to use an easy Ruby DSL to describe changes to your
-tables.</p><p>After reading this guide, you will know:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>The generators you can use to create them.</li>
-<li>The methods Active Record provides to manipulate your database.</li>
-<li>The Rake tasks that manipulate migrations and your schema.</li>
-<li>How migrations relate to <code>schema.rb</code>.</li>
-</ul>
-                <div id="subCol">
-            <h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
-            <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
-<html><body>
-<ol class="chapters">
-<li><a href="#migration-overview">Migration Overview</a></li>
-<li>
-<a href="#creating-a-migration">Creating a Migration</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#creating-a-standalone-migration">Creating a Standalone Migration</a></li>
-<li><a href="#model-generators">Model Generators</a></li>
-<li><a href="#supported-type-modifiers">Supported Type Modifiers</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-<a href="#writing-a-migration">Writing a Migration</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#creating-a-table">Creating a Table</a></li>
-<li><a href="#creating-a-join-table">Creating a Join Table</a></li>
-<li><a href="#changing-tables">Changing Tables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#when-helpers-aren-t-enough">When Helpers aren't Enough</a></li>
-<li><a href="#using-the-change-method">Using the <code>change</code> Method</a></li>
-<li><a href="#using-reversible">Using <code>reversible</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#using-the-up-down-methods">Using the <code>up</code>/<code>down</code> Methods</a></li>
-<li><a href="#reverting-previous-migrations">Reverting Previous Migrations</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-<a href="#running-migrations">Running Migrations</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#rolling-back">Rolling Back</a></li>
-<li><a href="#setup-the-database">Setup the Database</a></li>
-<li><a href="#resetting-the-database">Resetting the Database</a></li>
-<li><a href="#running-specific-migrations">Running Specific Migrations</a></li>
-<li><a href="#running-migrations-in-different-environments">Running Migrations in Different Environments</a></li>
-<li><a href="#changing-the-output-of-running-migrations">Changing the Output of Running Migrations</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a href="#changing-existing-migrations">Changing Existing Migrations</a></li>
-<li><a href="#using-models-in-your-migrations">Using Models in Your Migrations</a></li>
-<li>
-<a href="#schema-dumping-and-you">Schema Dumping and You</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#what-are-schema-files-for-questionmark">What are Schema Files for?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#types-of-schema-dumps">Types of Schema Dumps</a></li>
-<li><a href="#schema-dumps-and-source-control">Schema Dumps and Source Control</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a href="#active-record-and-referential-integrity">Active Record and Referential Integrity</a></li>
-<li><a href="#migrations-and-seed-data">Migrations and Seed Data</a></li>
-</ol>
-</body></html>
-          </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-  <div id="container">
-    <div class="wrapper">
-      <div id="mainCol">
-        <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
-<html><body>
-<h3 id="migration-overview">1 Migration Overview</h3>
-<p>Migrations are a convenient way to alter your database schema over time in a
-consistent and easy way. They use a Ruby DSL so that you don't have to write
-SQL by hand, allowing your schema and changes to be database independent.</p>
-<p>You can think of each migration as being a new 'version' of the database. A
-schema starts off with nothing in it, and each migration modifies it to add or
-remove tables, columns, or entries. Active Record knows how to update your
-schema along this timeline, bringing it from whatever point it is in the
-history to the latest version. Active Record will also update your
-<code>db/schema.rb</code> file to match the up-to-date structure of your database.</p>
-<p>Here's an example of a migration:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class CreateProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.string :name
-      t.text :description
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This migration adds a table called <code>products</code> with a string column called
-<code>name</code> and a text column called <code>description</code>. A primary key column called <code>id</code>
-will also be added implicitly, as it's the default primary key for all Active
-Record models. The <code>timestamps</code> macro adds two columns, <code>created_at</code> and
-<code>updated_at</code>. These special columns are automatically managed by Active Record
-if they exist.</p>
-<p>Note that we define the change that we want to happen moving forward in time.
-Before this migration is run, there will be no table. After, the table will
-exist. Active Record knows how to reverse this migration as well: if we roll
-this migration back, it will remove the table.</p>
-<p>On databases that support transactions with statements that change the schema,
-migrations are wrapped in a transaction. If the database does not support this
-then when a migration fails the parts of it that succeeded will not be rolled
-back. You will have to rollback the changes that were made by hand.</p>
-<div class="note"><p>There are certain queries that can't run inside a transaction. If your
-adapter supports DDL transactions you can use <code>disable_ddl_transaction!</code> to
-disable them for a single migration.</p></div>
-<p>If you wish for a migration to do something that Active Record doesn't know how
-to reverse, you can use <code>reversible</code>:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class ChangeProductsPrice &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    reversible do |dir|
-      change_table :products do |t|
-        dir.up   { t.change :price, :string }
-        dir.down { t.change :price, :integer }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Alternatively, you can use <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> instead of <code>change</code>:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class ChangeProductsPrice &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def up
-    change_table :products do |t|
-      t.change :price, :string
-    end
-  end
-  def down
-    change_table :products do |t|
-      t.change :price, :integer
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h3 id="creating-a-migration">2 Creating a Migration</h3>
-<h4 id="creating-a-standalone-migration">2.1 Creating a Standalone Migration</h4>
-<p>Migrations are stored as files in the <code>db/migrate</code> directory, one for each
-migration class. The name of the file is of the form
-<code>YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_create_products.rb</code>, that is to say a UTC timestamp
-identifying the migration followed by an underscore followed by the name
-of the migration. The name of the migration class (CamelCased version)
-should match the latter part of the file name. For example
-<code>20080906120000_create_products.rb</code> should define class <code>CreateProducts</code> and
-<code>20080906120001_add_details_to_products.rb</code> should define
-<code>AddDetailsToProducts</code>. Rails uses this timestamp to determine which migration
-should be run and in what order, so if you're copying a migration from another
-application or generate a file yourself, be aware of its position in the order.</p>
-<p>Of course, calculating timestamps is no fun, so Active Record provides a
-generator to handle making it for you:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This will create an empty but appropriately named migration:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class AddPartNumberToProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If the migration name is of the form "AddXXXToYYY" or "RemoveXXXFromYYY" and is
-followed by a list of column names and types then a migration containing the
-appropriate <code>add_column</code> and <code>remove_column</code> statements will be created.</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will generate</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class AddPartNumberToProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :part_number, :string
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If you'd like to add an index on the new column, you can do that as well:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration AddPartNumberToProducts part_number:string:index
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will generate</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class AddPartNumberToProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :part_number, :string
-    add_index :products, :part_number
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Similarly, you can generate a migration to remove a column from the command line:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration RemovePartNumberFromProducts part_number:string
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>generates</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class RemovePartNumberFromProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    remove_column :products, :part_number, :string
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>You are not limited to one magically generated column. For example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts part_number:string price:decimal
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>generates</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class AddDetailsToProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :part_number, :string
-    add_column :products, :price, :decimal
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If the migration name is of the form "CreateXXX" and is
-followed by a list of column names and types then a migration creating the table
-XXX with the columns listed will be generated. For example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration CreateProducts name:string part_number:string
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>generates</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class CreateProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.string :name
-      t.string :part_number
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>As always, what has been generated for you is just a starting point. You can add
-or remove from it as you see fit by editing the
-<code>db/migrate/YYYYMMDDHHMMSS_add_details_to_products.rb</code> file.</p>
-<p>Also, the generator accepts column type as <code>references</code>(also available as
-<code>belongs_to</code>). For instance:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration AddUserRefToProducts user:references
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>generates</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class AddUserRefToProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_reference :products, :user, index: true
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This migration will create a <code>user_id</code> column and appropriate index.</p>
-<p>There is also a generator which will produce join tables if <code>JoinTable</code> is part of the name:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-rails g migration CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct customer product
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will produce the following migration:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class CreateJoinTableCustomerProduct &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_join_table :customers, :products do |t|
-      # t.index [:customer_id, :product_id]
-      # t.index [:product_id, :customer_id]
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="model-generators">2.2 Model Generators</h4>
-<p>The model and scaffold generators will create migrations appropriate for adding
-a new model. This migration will already contain instructions for creating the
-relevant table. If you tell Rails what columns you want, then statements for
-adding these columns will also be created. For example, running:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate model Product name:string description:text
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will create a migration that looks like this</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class CreateProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.string :name
-      t.text :description
-      t.timestamps
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>You can append as many column name/type pairs as you want.</p>
-<h4 id="supported-type-modifiers">2.3 Supported Type Modifiers</h4>
-<p>You can also specify some options just after the field type between curly
-braces. You can use the following modifiers:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<code>limit</code>        Sets the maximum size of the <code>string/text/binary/integer</code> fields</li>
-<li>
-<code>precision</code>    Defines the precision for the <code>decimal</code> fields</li>
-<li>
-<code>scale</code>        Defines the scale for the <code>decimal</code> fields</li>
-<li>
-<code>polymorphic</code>  Adds a <code>type</code> column for <code>belongs_to</code> associations</li>
-<li>
-<code>null</code>         Allows or disallows <code>NULL</code> values in the column.</li>
-</ul>
-<p>For instance, running:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rails generate migration AddDetailsToProducts 'price:decimal{5,2}' supplier:references{polymorphic}
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will produce a migration that looks like this</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class AddDetailsToProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :price, :decimal, precision: 5, scale: 2
-    add_reference :products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h3 id="writing-a-migration">3 Writing a Migration</h3>
-<p>Once you have created your migration using one of the generators it's time to
-get to work!</p>
-<h4 id="creating-a-table">3.1 Creating a Table</h4>
-<p>The <code>create_table</code> method is one of the most fundamental, but most of the time,
-will be generated for you from using a model or scaffold generator. A typical
-use would be</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-create_table :products do |t|
-  t.string :name
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>which creates a <code>products</code> table with a column called <code>name</code> (and as discussed
-below, an implicit <code>id</code> column).</p>
-<p>By default, <code>create_table</code> will create a primary key called <code>id</code>. You can change
-the name of the primary key with the <code>:primary_key</code> option (don't forget to
-update the corresponding model) or, if you don't want a primary key at all, you
-can pass the option <code>id: false</code>. If you need to pass database specific options
-you can place an SQL fragment in the <code>:options</code> option. For example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-create_table :products, options: "ENGINE=BLACKHOLE" do |t|
-  t.string :name, null: false
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will append <code>ENGINE=BLACKHOLE</code> to the SQL statement used to create the table
-(when using MySQL, the default is <code>ENGINE=InnoDB</code>).</p>
-<h4 id="creating-a-join-table">3.2 Creating a Join Table</h4>
-<p>Migration method <code>create_join_table</code> creates a HABTM join table. A typical use
-would be:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-create_join_table :products, :categories
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>which creates a <code>categories_products</code> table with two columns called
-<code>category_id</code> and <code>product_id</code>. These columns have the option <code>:null</code> set to
-<code>false</code> by default. This can be overridden by specifying the <code>:column_options</code>
-option.</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-create_join_table :products, :categories, column_options: {null: true}
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will create the <code>product_id</code> and <code>category_id</code> with the <code>:null</code> option as
-<code>true</code>.</p>
-<p>You can pass the option <code>:table_name</code> when you want to customize the table
-name. For example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-create_join_table :products, :categories, table_name: :categorization
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will create a <code>categorization</code> table.</p>
-<p><code>create_join_table</code> also accepts a block, which you can use to add indices
-(which are not created by default) or additional columns:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-create_join_table :products, :categories do |t|
-  t.index :product_id
-  t.index :category_id
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="changing-tables">3.3 Changing Tables</h4>
-<p>A close cousin of <code>create_table</code> is <code>change_table</code>, used for changing existing
-tables. It is used in a similar fashion to <code>create_table</code> but the object
-yielded to the block knows more tricks. For example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-change_table :products do |t|
-  t.remove :description, :name
-  t.string :part_number
-  t.index :part_number
-  t.rename :upccode, :upc_code
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>removes the <code>description</code> and <code>name</code> columns, creates a <code>part_number</code> string
-column and adds an index on it. Finally it renames the <code>upccode</code> column.</p>
-<h4 id="when-helpers-aren-t-enough">3.4 When Helpers aren't Enough</h4>
-<p>If the helpers provided by Active Record aren't enough you can use the <code>execute</code>
-method to execute arbitrary SQL:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-Product.connection.execute('UPDATE `products` SET `price`=`free` WHERE 1')
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>For more details and examples of individual methods, check the API documentation.
-In particular the documentation for
-<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/SchemaStatements.html"><code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SchemaStatements</code></a>
-(which provides the methods available in the <code>change</code>, <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> methods),
-<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/TableDefinition.html"><code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition</code></a>
-(which provides the methods available on the object yielded by <code>create_table</code>)
-and
-<a href="http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/ConnectionAdapters/Table.html"><code>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table</code></a>
-(which provides the methods available on the object yielded by <code>change_table</code>).</p>
-<h4 id="using-the-change-method">3.5 Using the <code>change</code> Method</h4>
-<p>The <code>change</code> method is the primary way of writing migrations. It works for the
-majority of cases, where Active Record knows how to reverse the migration
-automatically. Currently, the <code>change</code> method supports only these migration
-definitions:</p>
-<ul>
-<li><code>add_column</code></li>
-<li><code>add_index</code></li>
-<li><code>add_reference</code></li>
-<li><code>add_timestamps</code></li>
-<li><code>create_table</code></li>
-<li><code>create_join_table</code></li>
-<li>
-<code>drop_table</code> (must supply a block)</li>
-<li>
-<code>drop_join_table</code> (must supply a block)</li>
-<li><code>remove_timestamps</code></li>
-<li><code>rename_column</code></li>
-<li><code>rename_index</code></li>
-<li><code>remove_reference</code></li>
-<li><code>rename_table</code></li>
-</ul>
-<p><code>change_table</code> is also reversible, as long as the block does not call <code>change</code>,
-<code>change_default</code> or <code>remove</code>.</p>
-<p>If you're going to need to use any other methods, you should use <code>reversible</code>
-or write the <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> methods instead of using the <code>change</code> method.</p>
-<h4 id="using-reversible">3.6 Using <code>reversible</code>
-</h4>
-<p>Complex migrations may require processing that Active Record doesn't know how
-to reverse. You can use <code>reversible</code> to specify what to do when running a
-migration what else to do when reverting it. For example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class ExampleMigration &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
-    end
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up do
-        #add a foreign key
-        execute &lt;&lt;-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-            FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-            REFERENCES categories(id)
-        SQL
-      end
-      dir.down do
-        execute &lt;&lt;-SQL
-          ALTER TABLE products
-            DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
-        SQL
-      end
-    end
-    add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
-    rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
-  end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Using <code>reversible</code> will ensure that the instructions are executed in the
-right order too. If the previous example migration is reverted,
-the <code>down</code> block will be run after the <code>home_page_url</code> column is removed and
-right before the table <code>products</code> is dropped.</p>
-<p>Sometimes your migration will do something which is just plain irreversible; for
-example, it might destroy some data. In such cases, you can raise
-<code>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</code> in your <code>down</code> block. If someone tries
-to revert your migration, an error message will be displayed saying that it
-can't be done.</p>
-<h4 id="using-the-up-down-methods">3.7 Using the <code>up</code>/<code>down</code> Methods</h4>
-<p>You can also use the old style of migration using <code>up</code> and <code>down</code> methods
-instead of the <code>change</code> method.
-The <code>up</code> method should describe the transformation you'd like to make to your
-schema, and the <code>down</code> method of your migration should revert the
-transformations done by the <code>up</code> method. In other words, the database schema
-should be unchanged if you do an <code>up</code> followed by a <code>down</code>. For example, if you
-create a table in the <code>up</code> method, you should drop it in the <code>down</code> method. It
-is wise to reverse the transformations in precisely the reverse order they were
-made in the <code>up</code> method. The example in the <code>reversible</code> section is equivalent to:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class ExampleMigration &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def up
-    create_table :products do |t|
-      t.references :category
-    end
-    # add a foreign key
-    execute &lt;&lt;-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-        FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-        REFERENCES categories(id)
-    SQL
-    add_column :users, :home_page_url, :string
-    rename_column :users, :email, :email_address
-  end
-  def down
-    rename_column :users, :email_address, :email
-    remove_column :users, :home_page_url
-    execute &lt;&lt;-SQL
-      ALTER TABLE products
-        DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
-    SQL
-    drop_table :products
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If your migration is irreversible, you should raise
-<code>ActiveRecord::IrreversibleMigration</code> from your <code>down</code> method. If someone tries
-to revert your migration, an error message will be displayed saying that it
-can't be done.</p>
-<h4 id="reverting-previous-migrations">3.8 Reverting Previous Migrations</h4>
-<p>You can use Active Record's ability to rollback migrations using the <code>revert</code> method:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require_relative '2012121212_example_migration'
-class FixupExampleMigration &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    revert ExampleMigration
-    create_table(:apples) do |t|
-      t.string :variety
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>revert</code> method also accepts a block of instructions to reverse.
-This could be useful to revert selected parts of previous migrations.
-For example, let's imagine that <code>ExampleMigration</code> is committed and it
-is later decided it would be best to serialize the product list instead.
-One could write:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class SerializeProductListMigration &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :categories, :product_list
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up do
-        # transfer data from Products to Category#product_list
-      end
-      dir.down do
-        # create Products from Category#product_list
-      end
-    end
-    revert do
-      # copy-pasted code from ExampleMigration
-      create_table :products do |t|
-        t.references :category
-      end
-      reversible do |dir|
-        dir.up do
-          #add a foreign key
-          execute &lt;&lt;-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              ADD CONSTRAINT fk_products_categories
-              FOREIGN KEY (category_id)
-              REFERENCES categories(id)
-          SQL
-        end
-        dir.down do
-          execute &lt;&lt;-SQL
-            ALTER TABLE products
-              DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_products_categories
-          SQL
-        end
-      end
-      # The rest of the migration was ok
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The same migration could also have been written without using <code>revert</code>
-but this would have involved a few more steps: reversing the order
-of <code>create_table</code> and <code>reversible</code>, replacing <code>create_table</code>
-by <code>drop_table</code>, and finally replacing <code>up</code> by <code>down</code> and vice-versa.
-This is all taken care of by <code>revert</code>.</p>
-<h3 id="running-migrations">4 Running Migrations</h3>
-<p>Rails provides a set of Rake tasks to run certain sets of migrations.</p>
-<p>The very first migration related Rake task you will use will probably be
-<code>rake db:migrate</code>. In its most basic form it just runs the <code>change</code> or <code>up</code>
-method for all the migrations that have not yet been run. If there are
-no such migrations, it exits. It will run these migrations in order based
-on the date of the migration.</p>
-<p>Note that running the <code>db:migrate</code> also invokes the <code>db:schema:dump</code> task, which
-will update your <code>db/schema.rb</code> file to match the structure of your database.</p>
-<p>If you specify a target version, Active Record will run the required migrations
-(change, up, down) until it has reached the specified version. The version
-is the numerical prefix on the migration's filename. For example, to migrate
-to version 20080906120000 run:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rake db:migrate VERSION=20080906120000
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If version 20080906120000 is greater than the current version (i.e., it is
-migrating upwards), this will run the <code>change</code> (or <code>up</code>) method
-on all migrations up to and
-including 20080906120000, and will not execute any later migrations. If
-migrating downwards, this will run the <code>down</code> method on all the migrations
-down to, but not including, 20080906120000.</p>
-<h4 id="rolling-back">4.1 Rolling Back</h4>
-<p>A common task is to rollback the last migration. For example, if you made a
-mistake in it and wish to correct it. Rather than tracking down the version
-number associated with the previous migration you can run:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rake db:rollback
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This will rollback the latest migration, either by reverting the <code>change</code>
-method or by running the <code>down</code> method. If you need to undo
-several migrations you can provide a <code>STEP</code> parameter:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rake db:rollback STEP=3
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will revert the last 3 migrations.</p>
-<p>The <code>db:migrate:redo</code> task is a shortcut for doing a rollback and then migrating
-back up again. As with the <code>db:rollback</code> task, you can use the <code>STEP</code> parameter
-if you need to go more than one version back, for example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rake db:migrate:redo STEP=3
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Neither of these Rake tasks do anything you could not do with <code>db:migrate</code>. They
-are simply more convenient, since you do not need to explicitly specify the
-version to migrate to.</p>
-<h4 id="setup-the-database">4.2 Setup the Database</h4>
-<p>The <code>rake db:setup</code> task will create the database, load the schema and initialize
-it with the seed data.</p>
-<h4 id="resetting-the-database">4.3 Resetting the Database</h4>
-<p>The <code>rake db:reset</code> task will drop the database and set it up again. This is
-functionally equivalent to <code>rake db:drop db:setup</code>.</p>
-<div class="note"><p>This is not the same as running all the migrations. It will only use the
-contents of the current <code>schema.rb</code> file. If a migration can't be rolled back,
-<code>rake db:reset</code> may not help you. To find out more about dumping the schema see
-<a href="#schema-dumping-and-you">Schema Dumping and You</a> section.</p></div>
-<h4 id="running-specific-migrations">4.4 Running Specific Migrations</h4>
-<p>If you need to run a specific migration up or down, the <code>db:migrate:up</code> and
-<code>db:migrate:down</code> tasks will do that. Just specify the appropriate version and
-the corresponding migration will have its <code>change</code>, <code>up</code> or <code>down</code> method
-invoked, for example:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rake db:migrate:up VERSION=20080906120000
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>will run the 20080906120000 migration by running the <code>change</code> method (or the
-<code>up</code> method). This task will
-first check whether the migration is already performed and will do nothing if
-Active Record believes that it has already been run.</p>
-<h4 id="running-migrations-in-different-environments">4.5 Running Migrations in Different Environments</h4>
-<p>By default running <code>rake db:migrate</code> will run in the <code>development</code> environment.
-To run migrations against another environment you can specify it using the
-<code>RAILS_ENV</code> environment variable while running the command. For example to run
-migrations against the <code>test</code> environment you could run:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="changing-the-output-of-running-migrations">4.6 Changing the Output of Running Migrations</h4>
-<p>By default migrations tell you exactly what they're doing and how long it took.
-A migration creating a table and adding an index might produce output like this</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-==  CreateProducts: migrating =================================================
--- create_table(:products)
-   -&gt; 0.0028s
-==  CreateProducts: migrated (0.0028s) ========================================
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Several methods are provided in migrations that allow you to control all this:</p>
-<table>
-<thead>
-<tr>
-<th>Method</th>
-<th>Purpose</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>suppress_messages</td>
-<td>Takes a block as an argument and suppresses any output generated by the block.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>say</td>
-<td>Takes a message argument and outputs it as is. A second boolean argument can be passed to specify whether to indent or not.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>say_with_time</td>
-<td>Outputs text along with how long it took to run its block. If the block returns an integer it assumes it is the number of rows affected.</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<p>For example, this migration:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class CreateProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    suppress_messages do
-      create_table :products do |t|
-        t.string :name
-        t.text :description
-        t.timestamps
-      end
-    end
-    say "Created a table"
-    suppress_messages {add_index :products, :name}
-    say "and an index!", true
-    say_with_time 'Waiting for a while' do
-      sleep 10
-      250
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>generates the following output</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-==  CreateProducts: migrating =================================================
--- Created a table
-   -&gt; and an index!
--- Waiting for a while
-   -&gt; 10.0013s
-   -&gt; 250 rows
-==  CreateProducts: migrated (10.0054s) =======================================
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If you want Active Record to not output anything, then running <code>rake db:migrate
-VERBOSE=false</code> will suppress all output.</p>
-<h3 id="changing-existing-migrations">5 Changing Existing Migrations</h3>
-<p>Occasionally you will make a mistake when writing a migration. If you have
-already run the migration then you cannot just edit the migration and run the
-migration again: Rails thinks it has already run the migration and so will do
-nothing when you run <code>rake db:migrate</code>. You must rollback the migration (for
-example with <code>rake db:rollback</code>), edit your migration and then run
-<code>rake db:migrate</code> to run the corrected version.</p>
-<p>In general, editing existing migrations is not a good idea. You will be
-creating extra work for yourself and your co-workers and cause major headaches
-if the existing version of the migration has already been run on production
-machines. Instead, you should write a new migration that performs the changes
-you require. Editing a freshly generated migration that has not yet been
-committed to source control (or, more generally, which has not been propagated
-beyond your development machine) is relatively harmless.</p>
-<p>The <code>revert</code> method can be helpful when writing a new migration to undo
-previous migrations in whole or in part
-(see <a href="#reverting-previous-migrations">Reverting Previous Migrations</a> above).</p>
-<h3 id="using-models-in-your-migrations">6 Using Models in Your Migrations</h3>
-<p>When creating or updating data in a migration it is often tempting to use one
-of your models. After all, they exist to provide easy access to the underlying
-data. This can be done, but some caution should be observed.</p>
-<p>For example, problems occur when the model uses database columns which are (1)
-not currently in the database and (2) will be created by this or a subsequent
-migration.</p>
-<p>Consider this example, where Alice and Bob are working on the same code base
-which contains a <code>Product</code> model:</p>
-<p>Bob goes on vacation.</p>
-<p>Alice creates a migration for the <code>products</code> table which adds a new column and
-initializes it:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
-class AddFlagToProduct &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>She also adds a validation to the <code>Product</code> model for the new column:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# app/models/product.rb
-class Product &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Alice adds a second migration which adds another column to the <code>products</code>
-table and initializes it:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
-class AddFuzzToProduct &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>She also adds a validation to the <code>Product</code> model for the new column:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# app/models/product.rb
-class Product &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
-  validates :flag, inclusion: { in: [true, false] }
-  validates :fuzz, presence: true
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Both migrations work for Alice.</p>
-<p>Bob comes back from vacation and:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>  Updates the source - which contains both migrations and the latest version
-of the Product model.</li>
-<li>  Runs outstanding migrations with <code>rake db:migrate</code>, which
-includes the one that updates the <code>Product</code> model.</li>
-</ul>
-<p>The migration crashes because when the model attempts to save, it tries to
-validate the second added column, which is not in the database when the <em>first</em>
-migration runs:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-rake aborted!
-An error has occurred, this and all later migrations canceled:
-undefined method `fuzz' for #&lt;Product:0x000001049b14a0&gt;
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>A fix for this is to create a local model within the migration. This keeps
-Rails from running the validations, so that the migrations run to completion.</p>
-<p>When using a local model, it's a good idea to call
-<code>Product.reset_column_information</code> to refresh the Active Record cache for the
-<code>Product</code> model prior to updating data in the database.</p>
-<p>If Alice had done this instead, there would have been no problem:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# db/migrate/20100513121110_add_flag_to_product.rb
-class AddFlagToProduct &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  class Product &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :flag, :boolean
-    Product.reset_column_information
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all flag: false }
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# db/migrate/20100515121110_add_fuzz_to_product.rb
-class AddFuzzToProduct &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  class Product &lt; ActiveRecord::Base
-  end
-  def change
-    add_column :products, :fuzz, :string
-    Product.reset_column_information
-    reversible do |dir|
-      dir.up { Product.update_all fuzz: 'fuzzy' }
-    end
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>There are other ways in which the above example could have gone badly.</p>
-<p>For example, imagine that Alice creates a migration that selectively
-updates the <code>description</code> field on certain products. She runs the
-migration, commits the code, and then begins working on the next feature,
-which is to add a new column <code>fuzz</code> to the products table.</p>
-<p>She creates two migrations for this new feature, one which adds the new
-column, and a second which selectively updates the <code>fuzz</code> column based on
-other product attributes.</p>
-<p>These migrations run just fine, but when Bob comes back from his vacation
-and calls <code>rake db:migrate</code> to run all the outstanding migrations, he gets a
-subtle bug: The descriptions have defaults, and the <code>fuzz</code> column is present,
-but <code>fuzz</code> is <code>nil</code> on all products.</p>
-<p>The solution is again to use <code>Product.reset_column_information</code> before
-referencing the Product model in a migration, ensuring the Active Record's
-knowledge of the table structure is current before manipulating data in those
-records.</p>
-<h3 id="schema-dumping-and-you">7 Schema Dumping and You</h3>
-<h4 id="what-are-schema-files-for-questionmark">7.1 What are Schema Files for?</h4>
-<p>Migrations, mighty as they may be, are not the authoritative source for your
-database schema. That role falls to either <code>db/schema.rb</code> or an SQL file which
-Active Record generates by examining the database. They are not designed to be
-edited, they just represent the current state of the database.</p>
-<p>There is no need (and it is error prone) to deploy a new instance of an app by
-replaying the entire migration history. It is much simpler and faster to just
-load into the database a description of the current schema.</p>
-<p>For example, this is how the test database is created: the current development
-database is dumped (either to <code>db/schema.rb</code> or <code>db/structure.sql</code>) and then
-loaded into the test database.</p>
-<p>Schema files are also useful if you want a quick look at what attributes an
-Active Record object has. This information is not in the model's code and is
-frequently spread across several migrations, but the information is nicely
-summed up in the schema file. The
-<a href="https://github.com/ctran/annotate_models">annotate_models</a> gem automatically
-adds and updates comments at the top of each model summarizing the schema if
-you desire that functionality.</p>
-<h4 id="types-of-schema-dumps">7.2 Types of Schema Dumps</h4>
-<p>There are two ways to dump the schema. This is set in <code>config/application.rb</code>
-by the <code>config.active_record.schema_format</code> setting, which may be either <code>:sql</code>
-or <code>:ruby</code>.</p>
-<p>If <code>:ruby</code> is selected then the schema is stored in <code>db/schema.rb</code>. If you look
-at this file you'll find that it looks an awful lot like one very big
-migration:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20080906171750) do
-  create_table "authors", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "name"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-  end
-  create_table "products", force: true do |t|
-    t.string   "name"
-    t.text "description"
-    t.datetime "created_at"
-    t.datetime "updated_at"
-    t.string "part_number"
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>In many ways this is exactly what it is. This file is created by inspecting the
-database and expressing its structure using <code>create_table</code>, <code>add_index</code>, and so
-on. Because this is database-independent, it could be loaded into any database
-that Active Record supports. This could be very useful if you were to
-distribute an application that is able to run against multiple databases.</p>
-<p>There is however a trade-off: <code>db/schema.rb</code> cannot express database specific
-items such as foreign key constraints, triggers, or stored procedures. While in
-a migration you can execute custom SQL statements, the schema dumper cannot
-reconstitute those statements from the database. If you are using features like
-this, then you should set the schema format to <code>:sql</code>.</p>
-<p>Instead of using Active Record's schema dumper, the database's structure will
-be dumped using a tool specific to the database (via the <code>db:structure:dump</code>
-Rake task) into <code>db/structure.sql</code>. For example, for PostgreSQL, the <code>pg_dump</code>
-utility is used. For MySQL, this file will contain the output of
-<code>SHOW CREATE TABLE</code> for the various tables.</p>
-<p>Loading these schemas is simply a question of executing the SQL statements they
-contain. By definition, this will create a perfect copy of the database's
-structure. Using the <code>:sql</code> schema format will, however, prevent loading the
-schema into a RDBMS other than the one used to create it.</p>
-<h4 id="schema-dumps-and-source-control">7.3 Schema Dumps and Source Control</h4>
-<p>Because schema dumps are the authoritative source for your database schema, it
-is strongly recommended that you check them into source control.</p>
-<h3 id="active-record-and-referential-integrity">8 Active Record and Referential Integrity</h3>
-<p>The Active Record way claims that intelligence belongs in your models, not in
-the database. As such, features such as triggers or foreign key constraints,
-which push some of that intelligence back into the database, are not heavily
-used.</p>
-<p>Validations such as <code>validates :foreign_key, uniqueness: true</code> are one way in
-which models can enforce data integrity. The <code>:dependent</code> option on
-associations allows models to automatically destroy child objects when the
-parent is destroyed. Like anything which operates at the application level,
-these cannot guarantee referential integrity and so some people augment them
-with foreign key constraints in the database.</p>
-<p>Although Active Record does not provide any tools for working directly with
-such features, the <code>execute</code> method can be used to execute arbitrary SQL. You
-can also use a gem like
-<a href="https://github.com/matthuhiggins/foreigner">foreigner</a> which adds foreign key
-support to Active Record (including support for dumping foreign keys in
-<code>db/schema.rb</code>).</p>
-<h3 id="migrations-and-seed-data">9 Migrations and Seed Data</h3>
-<p>Some people use migrations to add data to the database:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-class AddInitialProducts &lt; ActiveRecord::Migration
-  def up
-    5.times do |i|
-      Product.create(name: "Product ##{i}", description: "A product.")
-    end
-  end
-  def down
-    Product.delete_all
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>However, Rails has a 'seeds' feature that should be used for seeding a database
-with initial data. It's a really simple feature: just fill up <code>db/seeds.rb</code>
-with some Ruby code, and run <code>rake db:seed</code>:</p>
-<div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-5.times do |i|
-  Product.create(name: "Product ##{i}", description: "A product.")
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This is generally a much cleaner way to set up the database of a blank
-application.</p>
-</body></html>
-        <h3>Feedback</h3>
-        <p>
-          You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors.
-          To get started, you can read our <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">documentation contributions</a> section.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
-          Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check
-          <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> first to verify
-          if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch.
-          Check the <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
-          for style and conventions.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
-          <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
-        </p>
-        <p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
-          documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
-        </p>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
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-<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
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