RubyGems - rails - Versions diffs - 4.2.0.beta4 → 4.2.0.rc1 - Mend

rails 4.2.0.beta4 → 4.2.0.rc1

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.

Files changed (230) hide show

checksums.yaml +4 -4
data/guides/Rakefile +3 -1
data/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb +2 -2
data/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb +2 -2
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-                  <option value="generators.html">Creating and Customizing Rails Generators</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="Contributing to Ruby on Rails">
-                  <option value="contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html">Contributing to Ruby on Rails</option>
-                  <option value="api_documentation_guidelines.html">API Documentation Guidelines</option>
-                  <option value="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="Maintenance Policy">
-                  <option value="maintenance_policy.html">Maintenance Policy</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="Release Notes">
-                  <option value="upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html">Upgrading Ruby on Rails</option>
-                  <option value="4_1_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="4_0_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="3_2_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="3_1_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="3_0_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="2_3_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="2_2_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes</option>
-              </optgroup>
-          </select>
-        </li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-  <hr class="hide" />
-  <div id="feature">
-    <div class="wrapper">
-      <h2>The Rails Initialization Process</h2><p>This guide explains the internals of the initialization process in Rails
-as of Rails 4. It is an extremely in-depth guide and recommended for advanced Rails developers.</p><p>After reading this guide, you will know:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>How to use <code>rails server</code>.</li>
-<li>The timeline of Rails&#39; initialization sequence.</li>
-<li>Where different files are required by the boot sequence.</li>
-<li>How the Rails::Server interface is defined and used.</li>
-</ul>
-                <div id="subCol">
-            <h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
-            <ol class="chapters">
-<li>
-<a href="#launch-bang">Launch!</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#railties/bin/rails"><code>railties/bin/rails</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb"><code>railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#bin/rails"><code>bin/rails</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/boot.rb"><code>config/boot.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails/commands.rb"><code>rails/commands.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails/commands/command_tasks.rb"><code>rails/commands/command_tasks.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb"><code>actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails/commands/server.rb"><code>rails/commands/server.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#launch-bang-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">Rack: <code>lib/rack/server.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/application"><code>config/application</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails::server#start"><code>Rails::Server#start</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/environment.rb"><code>config/environment.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/application.rb"><code>config/application.rb</code></a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-<a href="#loading-rails">Loading Rails</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#railties/lib/rails/all.rb"><code>railties/lib/rails/all.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#back-to-config/environment.rb">Back to <code>config/environment.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#railties/lib/rails/application.rb"><code>railties/lib/rails/application.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#loading-rails-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">Rack: lib/rack/server.rb</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ol>
-          </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-  <div id="container">
-    <div class="wrapper">
-      <div id="mainCol">
-        <p>This guide goes through every method call that is
-required to boot up the Ruby on Rails stack for a default Rails 4
-application, explaining each part in detail along the way. For this
-guide, we will be focusing on what happens when you execute <code>rails server</code>
-to boot your app.</p><div class="note"><p>Paths in this guide are relative to Rails or a Rails application unless otherwise specified.</p></div><div class="info"><p>If you want to follow along while browsing the Rails <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">source
-code</a>, we recommend that you use the <code>t</code>
-key binding to open the file finder inside GitHub and find files
-quickly.</p></div><h3 id="launch-bang">1 Launch!</h3><p>Let's start to boot and initialize the app. A Rails application is usually
-started by running <code>rails console</code> or <code>rails server</code>.</p><h4 id="railties/bin/rails">1.1 <code>railties/bin/rails</code>
-</h4><p>The <code>rails</code> in the command <code>rails server</code> is a ruby executable in your load
-path. This executable contains the following lines:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-version = "&gt;= 0"
-load Gem.bin_path('railties', 'rails', version)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If you try out this command in a Rails console, you would see that this loads
-<code>railties/bin/rails</code>. A part of the file <code>railties/bin/rails.rb</code> has the
-following code:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require "rails/cli"
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The file <code>railties/lib/rails/cli</code> in turn calls
-<code>Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails</code>.</p><h4 id="railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb">1.2 <code>railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The primary goal of the function <code>exec_app_rails</code> is to execute your app's
-<code>bin/rails</code>. If the current directory does not have a <code>bin/rails</code>, it will
-navigate upwards until it finds a <code>bin/rails</code> executable. Thus one can invoke a
-<code>rails</code> command from anywhere inside a rails application.</p><p>For <code>rails server</code> the equivalent of the following command is executed:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ exec ruby bin/rails server
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="bin/rails">1.3 <code>bin/rails</code>
-</h4><p>This file is as follows:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application', __FILE__)
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rails/commands'
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>APP_PATH</code> constant will be used later in <code>rails/commands</code>. The <code>config/boot</code> file referenced here is the <code>config/boot.rb</code> file in our application which is responsible for loading Bundler and setting it up.</p><h4 id="config/boot.rb">1.4 <code>config/boot.rb</code>
-</h4><p><code>config/boot.rb</code> contains:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>In a standard Rails application, there's a <code>Gemfile</code> which declares all
-dependencies of the application. <code>config/boot.rb</code> sets
-<code>ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']</code> to the location of this file. If the Gemfile
-exists, then <code>bundler/setup</code> is required. The require is used by Bundler to
-configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies.</p><p>A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>actionmailer</li>
-<li>actionpack</li>
-<li>actionview</li>
-<li>activemodel</li>
-<li>activerecord</li>
-<li>activesupport</li>
-<li>arel</li>
-<li>builder</li>
-<li>bundler</li>
-<li>erubis</li>
-<li>i18n</li>
-<li>mail</li>
-<li>mime-types</li>
-<li>polyglot</li>
-<li>rack</li>
-<li>rack-cache</li>
-<li>rack-mount</li>
-<li>rack-test</li>
-<li>rails</li>
-<li>railties</li>
-<li>rake</li>
-<li>sqlite3</li>
-<li>thor</li>
-<li>treetop</li>
-<li>tzinfo</li>
-</ul>
-<h4 id="rails/commands.rb">1.5 <code>rails/commands.rb</code>
-</h4><p>Once <code>config/boot.rb</code> has finished, the next file that is required is
-<code>rails/commands</code>, which helps in expanding aliases. In the current case, the
-<code>ARGV</code> array simply contains <code>server</code> which will be passed over:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-ARGV &lt;&lt; '--help' if ARGV.empty?
-aliases = {
-  "g"  =&gt; "generate",
-  "d"  =&gt; "destroy",
-  "c"  =&gt; "console",
-  "s"  =&gt; "server",
-  "db" =&gt; "dbconsole",
-  "r"  =&gt; "runner"
-}
-command = ARGV.shift
-command = aliases[command] || command
-require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
-Rails::CommandsTasks.new(ARGV).run_command!(command)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="info"><p>As you can see, an empty ARGV list will make Rails show the help
-snippet.</p></div><p>If we had used <code>s</code> rather than <code>server</code>, Rails would have used the <code>aliases</code>
-defined here to find the matching command.</p><h4 id="rails/commands/command_tasks.rb">1.6 <code>rails/commands/command_tasks.rb</code>
-</h4><p>When one types an incorrect rails command, the <code>run_command</code> is responsible for
-throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name
-is called.</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
-def run_command!(command)
-  command = parse_command(command)
-  if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
-    send(command)
-  else
-    write_error_message(command)
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>With the <code>server</code> command, Rails will further run the following code:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def set_application_directory!
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
-end
-def server
-  set_application_directory!
-  require_command!("server")
-  Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
-    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
-    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
-    require APP_PATH
-    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
-    server.start
-  end
-end
-def require_command!(command)
-  require "rails/commands/#{command}"
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This file will change into the Rails root directory (a path two directories up
-from <code>APP_PATH</code> which points at <code>config/application.rb</code>), but only if the
-<code>config.ru</code> file isn't found. This then requires <code>rails/commands/server</code> which
-sets up the <code>Rails::Server</code> class.</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require 'fileutils'
-require 'optparse'
-require 'action_dispatch'
-require 'rails'
-module Rails
-  class Server &lt; ::Rack::Server
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p><code>fileutils</code> and <code>optparse</code> are standard Ruby libraries which provide helper functions for working with files and parsing options.</p><h4 id="actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb">1.7 <code>actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb</code>
-</h4><p>Action Dispatch is the routing component of the Rails framework.
-It adds functionality like routing, session, and common middlewares.</p><h4 id="rails/commands/server.rb">1.8 <code>rails/commands/server.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The <code>Rails::Server</code> class is defined in this file by inheriting from <code>Rack::Server</code>. When <code>Rails::Server.new</code> is called, this calls the <code>initialize</code> method in <code>rails/commands/server.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def initialize(*)
-  super
-  set_environment
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Firstly, <code>super</code> is called which calls the <code>initialize</code> method on <code>Rack::Server</code>.</p><h4 id="launch-bang-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">1.9 Rack: <code>lib/rack/server.rb</code>
-</h4><p><code>Rack::Server</code> is responsible for providing a common server interface for all Rack-based applications, which Rails is now a part of.</p><p>The <code>initialize</code> method in <code>Rack::Server</code> simply sets a couple of variables:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def initialize(options = nil)
-  @options = options
-  @app = options[:app] if options &amp;&amp; options[:app]
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>In this case, <code>options</code> will be <code>nil</code> so nothing happens in this method.</p><p>After <code>super</code> has finished in <code>Rack::Server</code>, we jump back to <code>rails/commands/server.rb</code>. At this point, <code>set_environment</code> is called within the context of the <code>Rails::Server</code> object and this method doesn't appear to do much at first glance:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def set_environment
-  ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= options[:environment]
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>In fact, the <code>options</code> method here does quite a lot. This method is defined in <code>Rack::Server</code> like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def options
-  @options ||= parse_options(ARGV)
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Then <code>parse_options</code> is defined like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def parse_options(args)
-  options = default_options
-  # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
-  # http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/docs/cgi/cl.html
-  args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
-  options.merge! opt_parser.parse!(args)
-  options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
-  ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
-  options
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>With the <code>default_options</code> set to this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def default_options
-  environment  = ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
-  default_host = environment == 'development' ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0'
-  {
-    :environment =&gt; environment,
-    :pid         =&gt; nil,
-    :Port        =&gt; 9292,
-    :Host        =&gt; default_host,
-    :AccessLog   =&gt; [],
-    :config      =&gt; "config.ru"
-  }
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>There is no <code>REQUEST_METHOD</code> key in <code>ENV</code> so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from <code>opt_parser</code> which is defined plainly in <code>Rack::Server</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def opt_parser
-  Options.new
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The class <strong>is</strong> defined in <code>Rack::Server</code>, but is overwritten in <code>Rails::Server</code> to take different arguments. Its <code>parse!</code> method begins like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def parse!(args)
-  args, options = args.dup, {}
-  opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-    opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
-    opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
-            "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
-  ...
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This method will set up keys for the <code>options</code> which Rails will then be
-able to use to determine how its server should run. After <code>initialize</code>
-has finished, we jump back into <code>rails/server</code> where <code>APP_PATH</code> (which was
-set earlier) is required.</p><h4 id="config/application">1.10 <code>config/application</code>
-</h4><p>When <code>require APP_PATH</code> is executed, <code>config/application.rb</code> is loaded (recall
-that <code>APP_PATH</code> is defined in <code>bin/rails</code>). This file exists in your application
-and it's free for you to change based on your needs.</p><h4 id="rails::server#start">1.11 <code>Rails::Server#start</code>
-</h4><p>After <code>config/application</code> is loaded, <code>server.start</code> is called. This method is
-defined like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def start
-  print_boot_information
-  trap(:INT) { exit }
-  create_tmp_directories
-  log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
-  super
-  ...
-end
-private
-  def print_boot_information
-    ...
-    puts "=&gt; Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
-    ...
-    puts "=&gt; Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
-  end
-  def create_tmp_directories
-    %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
-    end
-  end
-  def log_to_stdout
-    wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
-    console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
-    console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
-    console.level = Rails.logger.level
-    Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
-  end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
-method creates a trap for <code>INT</code> signals, so if you <code>CTRL-C</code> the server,
-it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
-create the <code>tmp/cache</code>, <code>tmp/pids</code>, <code>tmp/sessions</code> and <code>tmp/sockets</code>
-directories. It then calls <code>wrapped_app</code> which is responsible for
-creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
-instance of <code>ActiveSupport::Logger</code>.</p><p>The <code>super</code> method will call <code>Rack::Server.start</code> which begins its definition like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def start &amp;blk
-  if options[:warn]
-    $-w = true
-  end
-  if includes = options[:include]
-    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*includes)
-  end
-  if library = options[:require]
-    require library
-  end
-  if options[:debug]
-    $DEBUG = true
-    require 'pp'
-    p options[:server]
-    pp wrapped_app
-    pp app
-  end
-  check_pid! if options[:pid]
-  # Touch the wrapped app, so that the config.ru is loaded before
-  # daemonization (i.e. before chdir, etc).
-  wrapped_app
-  daemonize_app if options[:daemonize]
-  write_pid if options[:pid]
-  trap(:INT) do
-    if server.respond_to?(:shutdown)
-      server.shutdown
-    else
-      exit
-    end
-  end
-  server.run wrapped_app, options, &amp;blk
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The interesting part for a Rails app is the last line, <code>server.run</code>. Here we encounter the <code>wrapped_app</code> method again, which this time
-we're going to explore more (even though it was executed before, and
-thus memoized by now).</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-@wrapped_app ||= build_app app
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>app</code> method here is defined like so:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def app
-  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
-end
-...
-private
-  def build_app_and_options_from_config
-    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
-      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
-    end
-    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
-    self.options.merge! options
-    app
-  end
-  def build_app_from_string
-    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
-  end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>options[:config]</code> value defaults to <code>config.ru</code> which contains this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
-run &lt;%= app_const %&gt;
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>Rack::Builder.parse_file</code> method here takes the content from this <code>config.ru</code> file and parses it using this code:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-app = new_from_string cfgfile, config
-...
-def self.new_from_string(builder_script, file="(rackup)")
-  eval "Rack::Builder.new {\n" + builder_script + "\n}.to_app",
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, file, 0
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>initialize</code> method of <code>Rack::Builder</code> will take the block here and execute it within an instance of <code>Rack::Builder</code>. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The <code>require</code> line for <code>config/environment.rb</code> in <code>config.ru</code> is the first to run:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="config/environment.rb">1.12 <code>config/environment.rb</code>
-</h4><p>This file is the common file required by <code>config.ru</code> (<code>rails server</code>) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.</p><p>This file begins with requiring <code>config/application.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="config/application.rb">1.13 <code>config/application.rb</code>
-</h4><p>This file requires <code>config/boot.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>But only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in <code>rails server</code>
-but <strong>wouldn't</strong> be the case with Passenger.</p><p>Then the fun begins!</p><h3 id="loading-rails">2 Loading Rails</h3><p>The next line in <code>config/application.rb</code> is:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require 'rails/all'
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="railties/lib/rails/all.rb">2.1 <code>railties/lib/rails/all.rb</code>
-</h4><p>This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require "rails"
-%w(
-  active_record
-  action_controller
-  action_view
-  action_mailer
-  rails/test_unit
-  sprockets
-).each do |framework|
-  begin
-    require "#{framework}/railtie"
-  rescue LoadError
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This is where all the Rails frameworks are loaded and thus made
-available to the application. We won't go into detail of what happens
-inside each of those frameworks, but you're encouraged to try and
-explore them on your own.</p><p>For now, just keep in mind that common functionality like Rails engines,
-I18n and Rails configuration are all being defined here.</p><h4 id="back-to-config/environment.rb">2.2 Back to <code>config/environment.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The rest of <code>config/application.rb</code> defines the configuration for the
-<code>Rails::Application</code> which will be used once the application is fully
-initialized. When <code>config/application.rb</code> has finished loading Rails and defined
-the application namespace, we go back to <code>config/environment.rb</code>,
-where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called
-<code>Blog</code>, here we would find <code>Rails.application.initialize!</code>, which is
-defined in <code>rails/application.rb</code>.</p><h4 id="railties/lib/rails/application.rb">2.3 <code>railties/lib/rails/application.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The <code>initialize!</code> method looks like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
-  raise "Application has been already initialized." if @initialized
-  run_initializers(group, self)
-  @initialized = true
-  self
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. The initializers are run through
-the <code>run_initializers</code> method which is defined in <code>railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
-  return if instance_variable_defined?(:@ran)
-  initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
-    initializer.run(*args) if initializer.belongs_to?(group)
-  end
-  @ran = true
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>run_initializers</code> code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
-traversing all the class ancestors looking for those that respond to an
-<code>initializers</code> method. It then sorts the ancestors by name, and runs them.
-For example, the <code>Engine</code> class will make all the engines available by
-providing an <code>initializers</code> method on them.</p><p>The <code>Rails::Application</code> class, as defined in <code>railties/lib/rails/application.rb</code>
-defines <code>bootstrap</code>, <code>railtie</code>, and <code>finisher</code> initializers. The <code>bootstrap</code> initializers
-prepare the application (like initializing the logger) while the <code>finisher</code>
-initializers (like building the middleware stack) are run last. The <code>railtie</code>
-initializers are the initializers which have been defined on the <code>Rails::Application</code>
-itself and are run between the <code>bootstrap</code> and <code>finishers</code>.</p><p>After this is done we go back to <code>Rack::Server</code>.</p><h4 id="loading-rails-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">2.4 Rack: lib/rack/server.rb</h4><p>Last time we left when the <code>app</code> method was being defined:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def app
-  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
-end
-...
-private
-  def build_app_and_options_from_config
-    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
-      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
-    end
-    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
-    self.options.merge! options
-    app
-  end
-  def build_app_from_string
-    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
-  end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>At this point <code>app</code> is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
-happens next is Rack will call all the provided middlewares:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def build_app(app)
-  middleware[options[:environment]].reverse_each do |middleware|
-    middleware = middleware.call(self) if middleware.respond_to?(:call)
-    next unless middleware
-    klass = middleware.shift
-    app = klass.new(app, *middleware)
-  end
-  app
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Remember, <code>build_app</code> was called (by <code>wrapped_app</code>) in the last line of <code>Server#start</code>.
-Here's how it looked like when we left:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-server.run wrapped_app, options, &amp;blk
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>At this point, the implementation of <code>server.run</code> will depend on the
-server you're using. For example, if you were using Puma, here's what
-the <code>run</code> method would look like:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-...
-DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
-  :Host =&gt; '0.0.0.0',
-  :Port =&gt; 8080,
-  :Threads =&gt; '0:16',
-  :Verbose =&gt; false
-}
-def self.run(app, options = {})
-  options  = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
-  if options[:Verbose]
-    app = Rack::CommonLogger.new(app, STDOUT)
-  end
-  if options[:environment]
-    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = options[:environment].to_s
-  end
-  server   = ::Puma::Server.new(app)
-  min, max = options[:Threads].split(':', 2)
-  puts "Puma #{::Puma::Const::PUMA_VERSION} starting..."
-  puts "* Min threads: #{min}, max threads: #{max}"
-  puts "* Environment: #{ENV['RACK_ENV']}"
-  puts "* Listening on tcp://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
-  server.add_tcp_listener options[:Host], options[:Port]
-  server.min_threads = min
-  server.max_threads = max
-  yield server if block_given?
-  begin
-    server.run.join
-  rescue Interrupt
-    puts "* Gracefully stopping, waiting for requests to finish"
-    server.stop(true)
-    puts "* Goodbye!"
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>We won't dig into the server configuration itself, but this is
-the last piece of our journey in the Rails initialization process.</p><p>This high level overview will help you understand when your code is
-executed and how, and overall become a better Rails developer. If you
-still want to know more, the Rails source code itself is probably the
-best place to go next.</p>
-        <h3>Feedback</h3>
-        <p>
-          You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors.
-          To get started, you can read our <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">documentation contributions</a> section.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
-          Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check
-          <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> first to verify
-          if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch.
-          Check the <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
-          for style and conventions.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
-          <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
-        </p>
-        <p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
-          documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
-        </p>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-  <hr class="hide" />
-  <div id="footer">
-    <div class="wrapper">
-      <p>This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a> License</p>
-<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
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