RubyGems - rails - Versions diffs - 4.2.0.beta4 → 4.2.0.rc1 - Mend

rails 4.2.0.beta4 → 4.2.0.rc1

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-              <optgroup label="Contributing to Ruby on Rails">
-                  <option value="contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html">Contributing to Ruby on Rails</option>
-                  <option value="api_documentation_guidelines.html">API Documentation Guidelines</option>
-                  <option value="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="Maintenance Policy">
-                  <option value="maintenance_policy.html">Maintenance Policy</option>
-              </optgroup>
-              <optgroup label="Release Notes">
-                  <option value="upgrading_ruby_on_rails.html">Upgrading Ruby on Rails</option>
-                  <option value="4_1_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 4.1 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="4_0_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 4.0 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="3_2_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 3.2 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="3_1_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="3_0_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 3.0 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="2_3_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 2.3 Release Notes</option>
-                  <option value="2_2_release_notes.html">Ruby on Rails 2.2 Release Notes</option>
-              </optgroup>
-          </select>
-        </li>
-      </ul>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-  <hr class="hide" />
-  <div id="feature">
-    <div class="wrapper">
-      <h2>The Rails Initialization Process</h2><p>This guide explains the internals of the initialization process in Rails
-as of Rails 4. It is an extremely in-depth guide and recommended for advanced Rails developers.</p><p>After reading this guide, you will know:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>How to use <code>rails server</code>.</li>
-<li>The timeline of Rails&#39; initialization sequence.</li>
-<li>Where different files are required by the boot sequence.</li>
-<li>How the Rails::Server interface is defined and used.</li>
-</ul>
-                <div id="subCol">
-            <h3 class="chapter"><img src="images/chapters_icon.gif" alt="" />Chapters</h3>
-            <ol class="chapters">
-<li>
-<a href="#launch-bang">Launch!</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#railties/bin/rails"><code>railties/bin/rails</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb"><code>railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#bin/rails"><code>bin/rails</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/boot.rb"><code>config/boot.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails/commands.rb"><code>rails/commands.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails/commands/command_tasks.rb"><code>rails/commands/command_tasks.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb"><code>actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails/commands/server.rb"><code>rails/commands/server.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#launch-bang-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">Rack: <code>lib/rack/server.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/application"><code>config/application</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#rails::server#start"><code>Rails::Server#start</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/environment.rb"><code>config/environment.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#config/application.rb"><code>config/application.rb</code></a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li>
-<a href="#loading-rails">Loading Rails</a>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#railties/lib/rails/all.rb"><code>railties/lib/rails/all.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#back-to-config/environment.rb">Back to <code>config/environment.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#railties/lib/rails/application.rb"><code>railties/lib/rails/application.rb</code></a></li>
-<li><a href="#loading-rails-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">Rack: lib/rack/server.rb</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ol>
-          </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-  <div id="container">
-    <div class="wrapper">
-      <div id="mainCol">
-        <p>This guide goes through every method call that is
-required to boot up the Ruby on Rails stack for a default Rails 4
-application, explaining each part in detail along the way. For this
-guide, we will be focusing on what happens when you execute <code>rails server</code>
-to boot your app.</p><div class="note"><p>Paths in this guide are relative to Rails or a Rails application unless otherwise specified.</p></div><div class="info"><p>If you want to follow along while browsing the Rails <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails">source
-code</a>, we recommend that you use the <code>t</code>
-key binding to open the file finder inside GitHub and find files
-quickly.</p></div><h3 id="launch-bang">1 Launch!</h3><p>Let's start to boot and initialize the app. A Rails application is usually
-started by running <code>rails console</code> or <code>rails server</code>.</p><h4 id="railties/bin/rails">1.1 <code>railties/bin/rails</code>
-</h4><p>The <code>rails</code> in the command <code>rails server</code> is a ruby executable in your load
-path. This executable contains the following lines:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-version = "&gt;= 0"
-load Gem.bin_path('railties', 'rails', version)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>If you try out this command in a Rails console, you would see that this loads
-<code>railties/bin/rails</code>. A part of the file <code>railties/bin/rails.rb</code> has the
-following code:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require "rails/cli"
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The file <code>railties/lib/rails/cli</code> in turn calls
-<code>Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails</code>.</p><h4 id="railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb">1.2 <code>railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The primary goal of the function <code>exec_app_rails</code> is to execute your app's
-<code>bin/rails</code>. If the current directory does not have a <code>bin/rails</code>, it will
-navigate upwards until it finds a <code>bin/rails</code> executable. Thus one can invoke a
-<code>rails</code> command from anywhere inside a rails application.</p><p>For <code>rails server</code> the equivalent of the following command is executed:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-$ exec ruby bin/rails server
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="bin/rails">1.3 <code>bin/rails</code>
-</h4><p>This file is as follows:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application', __FILE__)
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rails/commands'
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>APP_PATH</code> constant will be used later in <code>rails/commands</code>. The <code>config/boot</code> file referenced here is the <code>config/boot.rb</code> file in our application which is responsible for loading Bundler and setting it up.</p><h4 id="config/boot.rb">1.4 <code>config/boot.rb</code>
-</h4><p><code>config/boot.rb</code> contains:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>In a standard Rails application, there's a <code>Gemfile</code> which declares all
-dependencies of the application. <code>config/boot.rb</code> sets
-<code>ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']</code> to the location of this file. If the Gemfile
-exists, then <code>bundler/setup</code> is required. The require is used by Bundler to
-configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies.</p><p>A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>actionmailer</li>
-<li>actionpack</li>
-<li>actionview</li>
-<li>activemodel</li>
-<li>activerecord</li>
-<li>activesupport</li>
-<li>arel</li>
-<li>builder</li>
-<li>bundler</li>
-<li>erubis</li>
-<li>i18n</li>
-<li>mail</li>
-<li>mime-types</li>
-<li>polyglot</li>
-<li>rack</li>
-<li>rack-cache</li>
-<li>rack-mount</li>
-<li>rack-test</li>
-<li>rails</li>
-<li>railties</li>
-<li>rake</li>
-<li>sqlite3</li>
-<li>thor</li>
-<li>treetop</li>
-<li>tzinfo</li>
-</ul>
-<h4 id="rails/commands.rb">1.5 <code>rails/commands.rb</code>
-</h4><p>Once <code>config/boot.rb</code> has finished, the next file that is required is
-<code>rails/commands</code>, which helps in expanding aliases. In the current case, the
-<code>ARGV</code> array simply contains <code>server</code> which will be passed over:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-ARGV &lt;&lt; '--help' if ARGV.empty?
-aliases = {
-  "g"  =&gt; "generate",
-  "d"  =&gt; "destroy",
-  "c"  =&gt; "console",
-  "s"  =&gt; "server",
-  "db" =&gt; "dbconsole",
-  "r"  =&gt; "runner"
-}
-command = ARGV.shift
-command = aliases[command] || command
-require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
-Rails::CommandsTasks.new(ARGV).run_command!(command)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="info"><p>As you can see, an empty ARGV list will make Rails show the help
-snippet.</p></div><p>If we had used <code>s</code> rather than <code>server</code>, Rails would have used the <code>aliases</code>
-defined here to find the matching command.</p><h4 id="rails/commands/command_tasks.rb">1.6 <code>rails/commands/command_tasks.rb</code>
-</h4><p>When one types an incorrect rails command, the <code>run_command</code> is responsible for
-throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name
-is called.</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-COMMAND_WHITELIST = %(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
-def run_command!(command)
-  command = parse_command(command)
-  if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
-    send(command)
-  else
-    write_error_message(command)
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>With the <code>server</code> command, Rails will further run the following code:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def set_application_directory!
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
-end
-def server
-  set_application_directory!
-  require_command!("server")
-  Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
-    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
-    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
-    require APP_PATH
-    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
-    server.start
-  end
-end
-def require_command!(command)
-  require "rails/commands/#{command}"
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This file will change into the Rails root directory (a path two directories up
-from <code>APP_PATH</code> which points at <code>config/application.rb</code>), but only if the
-<code>config.ru</code> file isn't found. This then requires <code>rails/commands/server</code> which
-sets up the <code>Rails::Server</code> class.</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require 'fileutils'
-require 'optparse'
-require 'action_dispatch'
-require 'rails'
-module Rails
-  class Server &lt; ::Rack::Server
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p><code>fileutils</code> and <code>optparse</code> are standard Ruby libraries which provide helper functions for working with files and parsing options.</p><h4 id="actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb">1.7 <code>actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb</code>
-</h4><p>Action Dispatch is the routing component of the Rails framework.
-It adds functionality like routing, session, and common middlewares.</p><h4 id="rails/commands/server.rb">1.8 <code>rails/commands/server.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The <code>Rails::Server</code> class is defined in this file by inheriting from <code>Rack::Server</code>. When <code>Rails::Server.new</code> is called, this calls the <code>initialize</code> method in <code>rails/commands/server.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def initialize(*)
-  super
-  set_environment
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Firstly, <code>super</code> is called which calls the <code>initialize</code> method on <code>Rack::Server</code>.</p><h4 id="launch-bang-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">1.9 Rack: <code>lib/rack/server.rb</code>
-</h4><p><code>Rack::Server</code> is responsible for providing a common server interface for all Rack-based applications, which Rails is now a part of.</p><p>The <code>initialize</code> method in <code>Rack::Server</code> simply sets a couple of variables:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def initialize(options = nil)
-  @options = options
-  @app = options[:app] if options &amp;&amp; options[:app]
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>In this case, <code>options</code> will be <code>nil</code> so nothing happens in this method.</p><p>After <code>super</code> has finished in <code>Rack::Server</code>, we jump back to <code>rails/commands/server.rb</code>. At this point, <code>set_environment</code> is called within the context of the <code>Rails::Server</code> object and this method doesn't appear to do much at first glance:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def set_environment
-  ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= options[:environment]
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>In fact, the <code>options</code> method here does quite a lot. This method is defined in <code>Rack::Server</code> like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def options
-  @options ||= parse_options(ARGV)
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Then <code>parse_options</code> is defined like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def parse_options(args)
-  options = default_options
-  # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
-  # http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/docs/cgi/cl.html
-  args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
-  options.merge! opt_parser.parse!(args)
-  options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
-  ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
-  options
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>With the <code>default_options</code> set to this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def default_options
-  environment  = ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
-  default_host = environment == 'development' ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0'
-  {
-    :environment =&gt; environment,
-    :pid         =&gt; nil,
-    :Port        =&gt; 9292,
-    :Host        =&gt; default_host,
-    :AccessLog   =&gt; [],
-    :config      =&gt; "config.ru"
-  }
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>There is no <code>REQUEST_METHOD</code> key in <code>ENV</code> so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from <code>opt_parser</code> which is defined plainly in <code>Rack::Server</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def opt_parser
-  Options.new
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The class <strong>is</strong> defined in <code>Rack::Server</code>, but is overwritten in <code>Rails::Server</code> to take different arguments. Its <code>parse!</code> method begins like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def parse!(args)
-  args, options = args.dup, {}
-  opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-    opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
-    opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
-            "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
-  ...
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This method will set up keys for the <code>options</code> which Rails will then be
-able to use to determine how its server should run. After <code>initialize</code>
-has finished, we jump back into <code>rails/server</code> where <code>APP_PATH</code> (which was
-set earlier) is required.</p><h4 id="config/application">1.10 <code>config/application</code>
-</h4><p>When <code>require APP_PATH</code> is executed, <code>config/application.rb</code> is loaded (recall
-that <code>APP_PATH</code> is defined in <code>bin/rails</code>). This file exists in your application
-and it's free for you to change based on your needs.</p><h4 id="rails::server#start">1.11 <code>Rails::Server#start</code>
-</h4><p>After <code>config/application</code> is loaded, <code>server.start</code> is called. This method is
-defined like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def start
-  print_boot_information
-  trap(:INT) { exit }
-  create_tmp_directories
-  log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
-  super
-  ...
-end
-private
-  def print_boot_information
-    ...
-    puts "=&gt; Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
-    ...
-    puts "=&gt; Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
-  end
-  def create_tmp_directories
-    %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
-    end
-  end
-  def log_to_stdout
-    wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
-    console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
-    console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
-    console.level = Rails.logger.level
-    Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
-  end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
-method creates a trap for <code>INT</code> signals, so if you <code>CTRL-C</code> the server,
-it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
-create the <code>tmp/cache</code>, <code>tmp/pids</code>, <code>tmp/sessions</code> and <code>tmp/sockets</code>
-directories. It then calls <code>wrapped_app</code> which is responsible for
-creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
-instance of <code>ActiveSupport::Logger</code>.</p><p>The <code>super</code> method will call <code>Rack::Server.start</code> which begins its definition like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def start &amp;blk
-  if options[:warn]
-    $-w = true
-  end
-  if includes = options[:include]
-    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*includes)
-  end
-  if library = options[:require]
-    require library
-  end
-  if options[:debug]
-    $DEBUG = true
-    require 'pp'
-    p options[:server]
-    pp wrapped_app
-    pp app
-  end
-  check_pid! if options[:pid]
-  # Touch the wrapped app, so that the config.ru is loaded before
-  # daemonization (i.e. before chdir, etc).
-  wrapped_app
-  daemonize_app if options[:daemonize]
-  write_pid if options[:pid]
-  trap(:INT) do
-    if server.respond_to?(:shutdown)
-      server.shutdown
-    else
-      exit
-    end
-  end
-  server.run wrapped_app, options, &amp;blk
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The interesting part for a Rails app is the last line, <code>server.run</code>. Here we encounter the <code>wrapped_app</code> method again, which this time
-we're going to explore more (even though it was executed before, and
-thus memoized by now).</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-@wrapped_app ||= build_app app
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>app</code> method here is defined like so:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def app
-  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
-end
-...
-private
-  def build_app_and_options_from_config
-    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
-      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
-    end
-    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
-    self.options.merge! options
-    app
-  end
-  def build_app_from_string
-    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
-  end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>options[:config]</code> value defaults to <code>config.ru</code> which contains this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
-run &lt;%= app_const %&gt;
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>Rack::Builder.parse_file</code> method here takes the content from this <code>config.ru</code> file and parses it using this code:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-app = new_from_string cfgfile, config
-...
-def self.new_from_string(builder_script, file="(rackup)")
-  eval "Rack::Builder.new {\n" + builder_script + "\n}.to_app",
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, file, 0
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>initialize</code> method of <code>Rack::Builder</code> will take the block here and execute it within an instance of <code>Rack::Builder</code>. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The <code>require</code> line for <code>config/environment.rb</code> in <code>config.ru</code> is the first to run:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="config/environment.rb">1.12 <code>config/environment.rb</code>
-</h4><p>This file is the common file required by <code>config.ru</code> (<code>rails server</code>) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.</p><p>This file begins with requiring <code>config/application.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="config/application.rb">1.13 <code>config/application.rb</code>
-</h4><p>This file requires <code>config/boot.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>But only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in <code>rails server</code>
-but <strong>wouldn't</strong> be the case with Passenger.</p><p>Then the fun begins!</p><h3 id="loading-rails">2 Loading Rails</h3><p>The next line in <code>config/application.rb</code> is:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require 'rails/all'
-</pre>
-</div>
-<h4 id="railties/lib/rails/all.rb">2.1 <code>railties/lib/rails/all.rb</code>
-</h4><p>This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-require "rails"
-%w(
-  active_record
-  action_controller
-  action_view
-  action_mailer
-  rails/test_unit
-  sprockets
-).each do |framework|
-  begin
-    require "#{framework}/railtie"
-  rescue LoadError
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>This is where all the Rails frameworks are loaded and thus made
-available to the application. We won't go into detail of what happens
-inside each of those frameworks, but you're encouraged to try and
-explore them on your own.</p><p>For now, just keep in mind that common functionality like Rails engines,
-I18n and Rails configuration are all being defined here.</p><h4 id="back-to-config/environment.rb">2.2 Back to <code>config/environment.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The rest of <code>config/application.rb</code> defines the configuration for the
-<code>Rails::Application</code> which will be used once the application is fully
-initialized. When <code>config/application.rb</code> has finished loading Rails and defined
-the application namespace, we go back to <code>config/environment.rb</code>,
-where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called
-<code>Blog</code>, here we would find <code>Rails.application.initialize!</code>, which is
-defined in <code>rails/application.rb</code>.</p><h4 id="railties/lib/rails/application.rb">2.3 <code>railties/lib/rails/application.rb</code>
-</h4><p>The <code>initialize!</code> method looks like this:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
-  raise "Application has been already initialized." if @initialized
-  run_initializers(group, self)
-  @initialized = true
-  self
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. The initializers are run through
-the <code>run_initializers</code> method which is defined in <code>railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb</code>:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
-  return if instance_variable_defined?(:@ran)
-  initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
-    initializer.run(*args) if initializer.belongs_to?(group)
-  end
-  @ran = true
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>The <code>run_initializers</code> code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
-traversing all the class ancestors looking for those that respond to an
-<code>initializers</code> method. It then sorts the ancestors by name, and runs them.
-For example, the <code>Engine</code> class will make all the engines available by
-providing an <code>initializers</code> method on them.</p><p>The <code>Rails::Application</code> class, as defined in <code>railties/lib/rails/application.rb</code>
-defines <code>bootstrap</code>, <code>railtie</code>, and <code>finisher</code> initializers. The <code>bootstrap</code> initializers
-prepare the application (like initializing the logger) while the <code>finisher</code>
-initializers (like building the middleware stack) are run last. The <code>railtie</code>
-initializers are the initializers which have been defined on the <code>Rails::Application</code>
-itself and are run between the <code>bootstrap</code> and <code>finishers</code>.</p><p>After this is done we go back to <code>Rack::Server</code>.</p><h4 id="loading-rails-rack:-lib/rack/server.rb">2.4 Rack: lib/rack/server.rb</h4><p>Last time we left when the <code>app</code> method was being defined:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def app
-  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
-end
-...
-private
-  def build_app_and_options_from_config
-    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
-      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
-    end
-    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
-    self.options.merge! options
-    app
-  end
-  def build_app_from_string
-    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
-  end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>At this point <code>app</code> is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
-happens next is Rack will call all the provided middlewares:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-def build_app(app)
-  middleware[options[:environment]].reverse_each do |middleware|
-    middleware = middleware.call(self) if middleware.respond_to?(:call)
-    next unless middleware
-    klass = middleware.shift
-    app = klass.new(app, *middleware)
-  end
-  app
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>Remember, <code>build_app</code> was called (by <code>wrapped_app</code>) in the last line of <code>Server#start</code>.
-Here's how it looked like when we left:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-server.run wrapped_app, options, &amp;blk
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>At this point, the implementation of <code>server.run</code> will depend on the
-server you're using. For example, if you were using Puma, here's what
-the <code>run</code> method would look like:</p><div class="code_container">
-<pre class="brush: ruby; gutter: false; toolbar: false">
-...
-DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
-  :Host =&gt; '0.0.0.0',
-  :Port =&gt; 8080,
-  :Threads =&gt; '0:16',
-  :Verbose =&gt; false
-}
-def self.run(app, options = {})
-  options  = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
-  if options[:Verbose]
-    app = Rack::CommonLogger.new(app, STDOUT)
-  end
-  if options[:environment]
-    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = options[:environment].to_s
-  end
-  server   = ::Puma::Server.new(app)
-  min, max = options[:Threads].split(':', 2)
-  puts "Puma #{::Puma::Const::PUMA_VERSION} starting..."
-  puts "* Min threads: #{min}, max threads: #{max}"
-  puts "* Environment: #{ENV['RACK_ENV']}"
-  puts "* Listening on tcp://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
-  server.add_tcp_listener options[:Host], options[:Port]
-  server.min_threads = min
-  server.max_threads = max
-  yield server if block_given?
-  begin
-    server.run.join
-  rescue Interrupt
-    puts "* Gracefully stopping, waiting for requests to finish"
-    server.stop(true)
-    puts "* Goodbye!"
-  end
-end
-</pre>
-</div>
-<p>We won't dig into the server configuration itself, but this is
-the last piece of our journey in the Rails initialization process.</p><p>This high level overview will help you understand when your code is
-executed and how, and overall become a better Rails developer. If you
-still want to know more, the Rails source code itself is probably the
-best place to go next.</p>
-        <h3>Feedback</h3>
-        <p>
-          You're encouraged to help improve the quality of this guide.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          Please contribute if you see any typos or factual errors.
-          To get started, you can read our <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#contributing-to-the-rails-documentation">documentation contributions</a> section.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          You may also find incomplete content, or stuff that is not up to date.
-          Please do add any missing documentation for master. Make sure to check
-          <a href="http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org">Edge Guides</a> first to verify
-          if the issues are already fixed or not on the master branch.
-          Check the <a href="ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.html">Ruby on Rails Guides Guidelines</a>
-          for style and conventions.
-        </p>
-        <p>
-          If for whatever reason you spot something to fix but cannot patch it yourself, please
-          <a href="https://github.com/rails/rails/issues">open an issue</a>.
-        </p>
-        <p>And last but not least, any kind of discussion regarding Ruby on Rails
-          documentation is very welcome in the <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-docs">rubyonrails-docs mailing list</a>.
-        </p>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-  <hr class="hide" />
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-    <div class="wrapper">
-      <p>This work is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International</a> License</p>
-<p>"Rails", "Ruby on Rails", and the Rails logo are trademarks of David Heinemeier Hansson. All rights reserved.</p>
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