geographiclib 0.0.1

data/ext/geographiclib/GeodesicLine.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+/**
+ * \file GeodesicLine.cpp
+ * \brief Implementation for GeographicLib::GeodesicLine class
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2009-2016) <charles@karney.com> and licensed
+ * under the MIT/X11 License.  For more information, see
+ * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This is a reformulation of the geodesic problem.  The notation is as
+ * follows:
+ * - at a general point (no suffix or 1 or 2 as suffix)
+ *   - phi = latitude
+ *   - beta = latitude on auxiliary sphere
+ *   - omega = longitude on auxiliary sphere
+ *   - lambda = longitude
+ *   - alpha = azimuth of great circle
+ *   - sigma = arc length along great circle
+ *   - s = distance
+ *   - tau = scaled distance (= sigma at multiples of pi/2)
+ * - at northwards equator crossing
+ *   - beta = phi = 0
+ *   - omega = lambda = 0
+ *   - alpha = alpha0
+ *   - sigma = s = 0
+ * - a 12 suffix means a difference, e.g., s12 = s2 - s1.
+ * - s and c prefixes mean sin and cos
+ **********************************************************************/
+
+#include <GeographicLib/GeodesicLine.hpp>
+
+namespace GeographicLib {
+
+  using namespace std;
+
+  void GeodesicLine::LineInit(const Geodesic& g,
+                              real lat1, real lon1,
+                              real azi1, real salp1, real calp1,
+                              unsigned caps) {
+    tiny_ = g.tiny_;
+    _lat1 = Math::LatFix(lat1);
+    _lon1 = lon1;
+    _azi1 = azi1;
+    _salp1 = salp1;
+    _calp1 = calp1;
+    _a = g._a;
+    _f = g._f;
+    _b = g._b;
+    _c2 = g._c2;
+    _f1 = g._f1;
+    // Always allow latitude and azimuth and unrolling of longitude
+    _caps = caps | LATITUDE | AZIMUTH | LONG_UNROLL;
+
+    real cbet1, sbet1;
+    Math::sincosd(Math::AngRound(_lat1), sbet1, cbet1); sbet1 *= _f1;
+    // Ensure cbet1 = +epsilon at poles
+    Math::norm(sbet1, cbet1); cbet1 = max(tiny_, cbet1);
+    _dn1 = sqrt(1 + g._ep2 * Math::sq(sbet1));
+
+    // Evaluate alp0 from sin(alp1) * cos(bet1) = sin(alp0),
+    _salp0 = _salp1 * cbet1; // alp0 in [0, pi/2 - |bet1|]
+    // Alt: calp0 = hypot(sbet1, calp1 * cbet1).  The following
+    // is slightly better (consider the case salp1 = 0).
+    _calp0 = Math::hypot(_calp1, _salp1 * sbet1);
+    // Evaluate sig with tan(bet1) = tan(sig1) * cos(alp1).
+    // sig = 0 is nearest northward crossing of equator.
+    // With bet1 = 0, alp1 = pi/2, we have sig1 = 0 (equatorial line).
+    // With bet1 =  pi/2, alp1 = -pi, sig1 =  pi/2
+    // With bet1 = -pi/2, alp1 =  0 , sig1 = -pi/2
+    // Evaluate omg1 with tan(omg1) = sin(alp0) * tan(sig1).
+    // With alp0 in (0, pi/2], quadrants for sig and omg coincide.
+    // No atan2(0,0) ambiguity at poles since cbet1 = +epsilon.
+    // With alp0 = 0, omg1 = 0 for alp1 = 0, omg1 = pi for alp1 = pi.
+    _ssig1 = sbet1; _somg1 = _salp0 * sbet1;
+    _csig1 = _comg1 = sbet1 != 0 || _calp1 != 0 ? cbet1 * _calp1 : 1;
+    Math::norm(_ssig1, _csig1); // sig1 in (-pi, pi]
+    // Math::norm(_somg1, _comg1); -- don't need to normalize!
+
+    _k2 = Math::sq(_calp0) * g._ep2;
+    real eps = _k2 / (2 * (1 + sqrt(1 + _k2)) + _k2);
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_C1) {
+      _A1m1 = Geodesic::A1m1f(eps);
+      Geodesic::C1f(eps, _C1a);
+      _B11 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true, _ssig1, _csig1, _C1a, nC1_);
+      real s = sin(_B11), c = cos(_B11);
+      // tau1 = sig1 + B11
+      _stau1 = _ssig1 * c + _csig1 * s;
+      _ctau1 = _csig1 * c - _ssig1 * s;
+      // Not necessary because C1pa reverts C1a
+      //    _B11 = -SinCosSeries(true, _stau1, _ctau1, _C1pa, nC1p_);
+    }
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_C1p)
+      Geodesic::C1pf(eps, _C1pa);
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_C2) {
+      _A2m1 = Geodesic::A2m1f(eps);
+      Geodesic::C2f(eps, _C2a);
+      _B21 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true, _ssig1, _csig1, _C2a, nC2_);
+    }
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_C3) {
+      g.C3f(eps, _C3a);
+      _A3c = -_f * _salp0 * g.A3f(eps);
+      _B31 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true, _ssig1, _csig1, _C3a, nC3_-1);
+    }
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_C4) {
+      g.C4f(eps, _C4a);
+      // Multiplier = a^2 * e^2 * cos(alpha0) * sin(alpha0)
+      _A4 = Math::sq(_a) * _calp0 * _salp0 * g._e2;
+      _B41 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(false, _ssig1, _csig1, _C4a, nC4_);
+    }
+
+    _a13 = _s13 = Math::NaN();
+  }
+
+  GeodesicLine::GeodesicLine(const Geodesic& g,
+                             real lat1, real lon1, real azi1,
+                             unsigned caps) {
+    azi1 = Math::AngNormalize(azi1);
+    real salp1, calp1;
+    // Guard against underflow in salp0.  Also -0 is converted to +0.
+    Math::sincosd(Math::AngRound(azi1), salp1, calp1);
+    LineInit(g, lat1, lon1, azi1, salp1, calp1, caps);
+  }
+
+  GeodesicLine::GeodesicLine(const Geodesic& g,
+                             real lat1, real lon1,
+                             real azi1, real salp1, real calp1,
+                             unsigned caps, bool arcmode, real s13_a13) {
+    LineInit(g, lat1, lon1, azi1, salp1, calp1, caps);
+    GenSetDistance(arcmode, s13_a13);
+  }
+
+  Math::real GeodesicLine::GenPosition(bool arcmode, real s12_a12,
+                                       unsigned outmask,
+                                       real& lat2, real& lon2, real& azi2,
+                                       real& s12, real& m12,
+                                       real& M12, real& M21,
+                                       real& S12)
+  const {
+    outmask &= _caps & OUT_MASK;
+    if (!( Init() && (arcmode || (_caps & (OUT_MASK & DISTANCE_IN))) ))
+      // Uninitialized or impossible distance calculation requested
+      return Math::NaN();
+
+    // Avoid warning about uninitialized B12.
+    real sig12, ssig12, csig12, B12 = 0, AB1 = 0;
+    if (arcmode) {
+      // Interpret s12_a12 as spherical arc length
+      sig12 = s12_a12 * Math::degree();
+      Math::sincosd(s12_a12, ssig12, csig12);
+    } else {
+      // Interpret s12_a12 as distance
+      real
+        tau12 = s12_a12 / (_b * (1 + _A1m1)),
+        s = sin(tau12),
+        c = cos(tau12);
+      // tau2 = tau1 + tau12
+      B12 = - Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true,
+                                     _stau1 * c + _ctau1 * s,
+                                     _ctau1 * c - _stau1 * s,
+                                     _C1pa, nC1p_);
+      sig12 = tau12 - (B12 - _B11);
+      ssig12 = sin(sig12); csig12 = cos(sig12);
+      if (abs(_f) > 0.01) {
+        // Reverted distance series is inaccurate for |f| > 1/100, so correct
+        // sig12 with 1 Newton iteration.  The following table shows the
+        // approximate maximum error for a = WGS_a() and various f relative to
+        // GeodesicExact.
+        //     erri = the error in the inverse solution (nm)
+        //     errd = the error in the direct solution (series only) (nm)
+        //     errda = the error in the direct solution (series + 1 Newton) (nm)
+        //
+        //       f     erri  errd errda
+        //     -1/5    12e6 1.2e9  69e6
+        //     -1/10  123e3  12e6 765e3
+        //     -1/20   1110 108e3  7155
+        //     -1/50  18.63 200.9 27.12
+        //     -1/100 18.63 23.78 23.37
+        //     -1/150 18.63 21.05 20.26
+        //      1/150 22.35 24.73 25.83
+        //      1/100 22.35 25.03 25.31
+        //      1/50  29.80 231.9 30.44
+        //      1/20   5376 146e3  10e3
+        //      1/10  829e3  22e6 1.5e6
+        //      1/5   157e6 3.8e9 280e6
+        real
+          ssig2 = _ssig1 * csig12 + _csig1 * ssig12,
+          csig2 = _csig1 * csig12 - _ssig1 * ssig12;
+        B12 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true, ssig2, csig2, _C1a, nC1_);
+        real serr = (1 + _A1m1) * (sig12 + (B12 - _B11)) - s12_a12 / _b;
+        sig12 = sig12 - serr / sqrt(1 + _k2 * Math::sq(ssig2));
+        ssig12 = sin(sig12); csig12 = cos(sig12);
+        // Update B12 below
+      }
+    }
+
+    real ssig2, csig2, sbet2, cbet2, salp2, calp2;
+    // sig2 = sig1 + sig12
+    ssig2 = _ssig1 * csig12 + _csig1 * ssig12;
+    csig2 = _csig1 * csig12 - _ssig1 * ssig12;
+    real dn2 = sqrt(1 + _k2 * Math::sq(ssig2));
+    if (outmask & (DISTANCE | REDUCEDLENGTH | GEODESICSCALE)) {
+      if (arcmode || abs(_f) > 0.01)
+        B12 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true, ssig2, csig2, _C1a, nC1_);
+      AB1 = (1 + _A1m1) * (B12 - _B11);
+    }
+    // sin(bet2) = cos(alp0) * sin(sig2)
+    sbet2 = _calp0 * ssig2;
+    // Alt: cbet2 = hypot(csig2, salp0 * ssig2);
+    cbet2 = Math::hypot(_salp0, _calp0 * csig2);
+    if (cbet2 == 0)
+      // I.e., salp0 = 0, csig2 = 0.  Break the degeneracy in this case
+      cbet2 = csig2 = tiny_;
+    // tan(alp0) = cos(sig2)*tan(alp2)
+    salp2 = _salp0; calp2 = _calp0 * csig2; // No need to normalize
+
+    if (outmask & DISTANCE)
+      s12 = arcmode ? _b * ((1 + _A1m1) * sig12 + AB1) : s12_a12;
+
+    if (outmask & LONGITUDE) {
+      // tan(omg2) = sin(alp0) * tan(sig2)
+      real somg2 = _salp0 * ssig2, comg2 = csig2,  // No need to normalize
+        E = Math::copysign(real(1), _salp0);       // east-going?
+      // omg12 = omg2 - omg1
+      real omg12 = outmask & LONG_UNROLL
+        ? E * (sig12
+               - (atan2(    ssig2, csig2) - atan2(    _ssig1, _csig1))
+               + (atan2(E * somg2, comg2) - atan2(E * _somg1, _comg1)))
+        : atan2(somg2 * _comg1 - comg2 * _somg1,
+                comg2 * _comg1 + somg2 * _somg1);
+      real lam12 = omg12 + _A3c *
+        ( sig12 + (Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true, ssig2, csig2, _C3a, nC3_-1)
+                   - _B31));
+      real lon12 = lam12 / Math::degree();
+      lon2 = outmask & LONG_UNROLL ? _lon1 + lon12 :
+        Math::AngNormalize(Math::AngNormalize(_lon1) +
+                           Math::AngNormalize(lon12));
+    }
+
+    if (outmask & LATITUDE)
+      lat2 = Math::atan2d(sbet2, _f1 * cbet2);
+
+    if (outmask & AZIMUTH)
+      azi2 = Math::atan2d(salp2, calp2);
+
+    if (outmask & (REDUCEDLENGTH | GEODESICSCALE)) {
+      real
+        B22 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(true, ssig2, csig2, _C2a, nC2_),
+        AB2 = (1 + _A2m1) * (B22 - _B21),
+        J12 = (_A1m1 - _A2m1) * sig12 + (AB1 - AB2);
+      if (outmask & REDUCEDLENGTH)
+        // Add parens around (_csig1 * ssig2) and (_ssig1 * csig2) to ensure
+        // accurate cancellation in the case of coincident points.
+        m12 = _b * ((dn2 * (_csig1 * ssig2) - _dn1 * (_ssig1 * csig2))
+                    - _csig1 * csig2 * J12);
+      if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE) {
+        real t = _k2 * (ssig2 - _ssig1) * (ssig2 + _ssig1) / (_dn1 + dn2);
+        M12 = csig12 + (t *  ssig2 -  csig2 * J12) * _ssig1 / _dn1;
+        M21 = csig12 - (t * _ssig1 - _csig1 * J12) *  ssig2 /  dn2;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (outmask & AREA) {
+      real
+        B42 = Geodesic::SinCosSeries(false, ssig2, csig2, _C4a, nC4_);
+      real salp12, calp12;
+      if (_calp0 == 0 || _salp0 == 0) {
+        // alp12 = alp2 - alp1, used in atan2 so no need to normalize
+        salp12 = salp2 * _calp1 - calp2 * _salp1;
+        calp12 = calp2 * _calp1 + salp2 * _salp1;
+        // We used to include here some patch up code that purported to deal
+        // with nearly meridional geodesics properly.  However, this turned out
+        // to be wrong once _salp1 = -0 was allowed (via
+        // Geodesic::InverseLine).  In fact, the calculation of {s,c}alp12
+        // was already correct (following the IEEE rules for handling signed
+        // zeros).  So the patch up code was unnecessary (as well as
+        // dangerous).
+      } else {
+        // tan(alp) = tan(alp0) * sec(sig)
+        // tan(alp2-alp1) = (tan(alp2) -tan(alp1)) / (tan(alp2)*tan(alp1)+1)
+        // = calp0 * salp0 * (csig1-csig2) / (salp0^2 + calp0^2 * csig1*csig2)
+        // If csig12 > 0, write
+        //   csig1 - csig2 = ssig12 * (csig1 * ssig12 / (1 + csig12) + ssig1)
+        // else
+        //   csig1 - csig2 = csig1 * (1 - csig12) + ssig12 * ssig1
+        // No need to normalize
+        salp12 = _calp0 * _salp0 *
+          (csig12 <= 0 ? _csig1 * (1 - csig12) + ssig12 * _ssig1 :
+           ssig12 * (_csig1 * ssig12 / (1 + csig12) + _ssig1));
+        calp12 = Math::sq(_salp0) + Math::sq(_calp0) * _csig1 * csig2;
+      }
+      S12 = _c2 * atan2(salp12, calp12) + _A4 * (B42 - _B41);
+    }
+
+    return arcmode ? s12_a12 : sig12 / Math::degree();
+  }
+
+  void GeodesicLine::SetDistance(real s13) {
+    _s13 = s13;
+    real t;
+    // This will set _a13 to NaN if the GeodesicLine doesn't have the
+    // DISTANCE_IN capability.
+    _a13 = GenPosition(false, _s13, 0u, t, t, t, t, t, t, t, t);
+  }
+
+  void GeodesicLine::SetArc(real a13) {
+    _a13 = a13;
+    // In case the GeodesicLine doesn't have the DISTANCE capability.
+    _s13 = Math::NaN();
+    real t;
+    GenPosition(true, _a13, DISTANCE, t, t, t, _s13, t, t, t, t);
+  }
+
+  void GeodesicLine::GenSetDistance(bool arcmode, real s13_a13) {
+    arcmode ? SetArc(s13_a13) : SetDistance(s13_a13);
+  }
+
+} // namespace GeographicLib

data/ext/geographiclib/GeodesicLineExact.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+/**
+ * \file GeodesicLineExact.cpp
+ * \brief Implementation for GeographicLib::GeodesicLineExact class
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2012-2016) <charles@karney.com> and licensed
+ * under the MIT/X11 License.  For more information, see
+ * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This is a reformulation of the geodesic problem.  The notation is as
+ * follows:
+ * - at a general point (no suffix or 1 or 2 as suffix)
+ *   - phi = latitude
+ *   - beta = latitude on auxiliary sphere
+ *   - omega = longitude on auxiliary sphere
+ *   - lambda = longitude
+ *   - alpha = azimuth of great circle
+ *   - sigma = arc length along great circle
+ *   - s = distance
+ *   - tau = scaled distance (= sigma at multiples of pi/2)
+ * - at northwards equator crossing
+ *   - beta = phi = 0
+ *   - omega = lambda = 0
+ *   - alpha = alpha0
+ *   - sigma = s = 0
+ * - a 12 suffix means a difference, e.g., s12 = s2 - s1.
+ * - s and c prefixes mean sin and cos
+ **********************************************************************/
+
+#include <GeographicLib/GeodesicLineExact.hpp>
+
+namespace GeographicLib {
+
+  using namespace std;
+
+  void GeodesicLineExact::LineInit(const GeodesicExact& g,
+                                   real lat1, real lon1,
+                                   real azi1, real salp1, real calp1,
+                                   unsigned caps) {
+    tiny_ = g.tiny_;
+    _lat1 = Math::LatFix(lat1);
+    _lon1 = lon1;
+    _azi1 = azi1;
+    _salp1 = salp1;
+    _calp1 = calp1;
+    _a = g._a;
+    _f = g._f;
+    _b = g._b;
+    _c2 = g._c2;
+    _f1 = g._f1;
+    _e2 = g._e2;
+    // Always allow latitude and azimuth and unrolling of longitude
+    _caps = caps | LATITUDE | AZIMUTH | LONG_UNROLL;
+
+    real cbet1, sbet1;
+    Math::sincosd(Math::AngRound(_lat1), sbet1, cbet1); sbet1 *= _f1;
+    // Ensure cbet1 = +epsilon at poles
+    Math::norm(sbet1, cbet1); cbet1 = max(tiny_, cbet1);
+    _dn1 = (_f >= 0 ? sqrt(1 + g._ep2 * Math::sq(sbet1)) :
+            sqrt(1 - _e2 * Math::sq(cbet1)) / _f1);
+
+    // Evaluate alp0 from sin(alp1) * cos(bet1) = sin(alp0),
+    _salp0 = _salp1 * cbet1; // alp0 in [0, pi/2 - |bet1|]
+    // Alt: calp0 = hypot(sbet1, calp1 * cbet1).  The following
+    // is slightly better (consider the case salp1 = 0).
+    _calp0 = Math::hypot(_calp1, _salp1 * sbet1);
+    // Evaluate sig with tan(bet1) = tan(sig1) * cos(alp1).
+    // sig = 0 is nearest northward crossing of equator.
+    // With bet1 = 0, alp1 = pi/2, we have sig1 = 0 (equatorial line).
+    // With bet1 =  pi/2, alp1 = -pi, sig1 =  pi/2
+    // With bet1 = -pi/2, alp1 =  0 , sig1 = -pi/2
+    // Evaluate omg1 with tan(omg1) = sin(alp0) * tan(sig1).
+    // With alp0 in (0, pi/2], quadrants for sig and omg coincide.
+    // No atan2(0,0) ambiguity at poles since cbet1 = +epsilon.
+    // With alp0 = 0, omg1 = 0 for alp1 = 0, omg1 = pi for alp1 = pi.
+    _ssig1 = sbet1; _somg1 = _salp0 * sbet1;
+    _csig1 = _comg1 = sbet1 != 0 || _calp1 != 0 ? cbet1 * _calp1 : 1;
+    // Without normalization we have schi1 = somg1.
+    _cchi1 = _f1 * _dn1 * _comg1;
+    Math::norm(_ssig1, _csig1); // sig1 in (-pi, pi]
+    // Math::norm(_somg1, _comg1); -- don't need to normalize!
+    // Math::norm(_schi1, _cchi1); -- don't need to normalize!
+
+    _k2 = Math::sq(_calp0) * g._ep2;
+    _E.Reset(-_k2, -g._ep2, 1 + _k2, 1 + g._ep2);
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_E) {
+      _E0 = _E.E() / (Math::pi() / 2);
+      _E1 = _E.deltaE(_ssig1, _csig1, _dn1);
+      real s = sin(_E1), c = cos(_E1);
+      // tau1 = sig1 + B11
+      _stau1 = _ssig1 * c + _csig1 * s;
+      _ctau1 = _csig1 * c - _ssig1 * s;
+      // Not necessary because Einv inverts E
+      //    _E1 = -_E.deltaEinv(_stau1, _ctau1);
+    }
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_D) {
+      _D0 = _E.D() / (Math::pi() / 2);
+      _D1 = _E.deltaD(_ssig1, _csig1, _dn1);
+    }
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_H) {
+      _H0 = _E.H() / (Math::pi() / 2);
+      _H1 = _E.deltaH(_ssig1, _csig1, _dn1);
+    }
+
+    if (_caps & CAP_C4) {
+      real eps = _k2 / (2 * (1 + sqrt(1 + _k2)) + _k2);
+      g.C4f(eps, _C4a);
+      // Multiplier = a^2 * e^2 * cos(alpha0) * sin(alpha0)
+      _A4 = Math::sq(_a) * _calp0 * _salp0 * _e2;
+      _B41 = GeodesicExact::CosSeries(_ssig1, _csig1, _C4a, nC4_);
+    }
+
+    _a13 = _s13 = Math::NaN();
+  }
+
+  GeodesicLineExact::GeodesicLineExact(const GeodesicExact& g,
+                                       real lat1, real lon1, real azi1,
+                                       unsigned caps) {
+    azi1 = Math::AngNormalize(azi1);
+    real salp1, calp1;
+    // Guard against underflow in salp0.  Also -0 is converted to +0.
+    Math::sincosd(Math::AngRound(azi1), salp1, calp1);
+    LineInit(g, lat1, lon1, azi1, salp1, calp1, caps);
+  }
+
+  GeodesicLineExact::GeodesicLineExact(const GeodesicExact& g,
+                                       real lat1, real lon1,
+                                       real azi1, real salp1, real calp1,
+                                       unsigned caps,
+                                       bool arcmode, real s13_a13) {
+    LineInit(g, lat1, lon1, azi1, salp1, calp1, caps);
+    GenSetDistance(arcmode, s13_a13);
+  }
+
+  Math::real GeodesicLineExact::GenPosition(bool arcmode, real s12_a12,
+                                            unsigned outmask,
+                                            real& lat2, real& lon2, real& azi2,
+                                            real& s12, real& m12,
+                                            real& M12, real& M21,
+                                            real& S12)
+  const {
+    outmask &= _caps & OUT_MASK;
+    if (!( Init() && (arcmode || (_caps & (OUT_MASK & DISTANCE_IN))) ))
+      // Uninitialized or impossible distance calculation requested
+      return Math::NaN();
+
+    // Avoid warning about uninitialized B12.
+    real sig12, ssig12, csig12, E2 = 0, AB1 = 0;
+    if (arcmode) {
+      // Interpret s12_a12 as spherical arc length
+      sig12 = s12_a12 * Math::degree();
+      real s12a = abs(s12_a12);
+      s12a -= 180 * floor(s12a / 180);
+      ssig12 = s12a ==  0 ? 0 : sin(sig12);
+      csig12 = s12a == 90 ? 0 : cos(sig12);
+    } else {
+      // Interpret s12_a12 as distance
+      real
+        tau12 = s12_a12 / (_b * _E0),
+        s = sin(tau12),
+        c = cos(tau12);
+      // tau2 = tau1 + tau12
+      E2 = - _E.deltaEinv(_stau1 * c + _ctau1 * s, _ctau1 * c - _stau1 * s);
+      sig12 = tau12 - (E2 - _E1);
+      ssig12 = sin(sig12);
+      csig12 = cos(sig12);
+    }
+
+    real ssig2, csig2, sbet2, cbet2, salp2, calp2;
+    // sig2 = sig1 + sig12
+    ssig2 = _ssig1 * csig12 + _csig1 * ssig12;
+    csig2 = _csig1 * csig12 - _ssig1 * ssig12;
+    real dn2 = _E.Delta(ssig2, csig2);
+    if (outmask & (DISTANCE | REDUCEDLENGTH | GEODESICSCALE)) {
+      if (arcmode) {
+        E2 = _E.deltaE(ssig2, csig2, dn2);
+      }
+      AB1 = _E0 * (E2 - _E1);
+    }
+    // sin(bet2) = cos(alp0) * sin(sig2)
+    sbet2 = _calp0 * ssig2;
+    // Alt: cbet2 = hypot(csig2, salp0 * ssig2);
+    cbet2 = Math::hypot(_salp0, _calp0 * csig2);
+    if (cbet2 == 0)
+      // I.e., salp0 = 0, csig2 = 0.  Break the degeneracy in this case
+      cbet2 = csig2 = tiny_;
+    // tan(alp0) = cos(sig2)*tan(alp2)
+    salp2 = _salp0; calp2 = _calp0 * csig2; // No need to normalize
+
+    if (outmask & DISTANCE)
+      s12 = arcmode ? _b * (_E0 * sig12 + AB1) : s12_a12;
+
+    if (outmask & LONGITUDE) {
+      real somg2 = _salp0 * ssig2, comg2 = csig2,  // No need to normalize
+        E = Math::copysign(real(1), _salp0);       // east-going?
+      // Without normalization we have schi2 = somg2.
+      real cchi2 =  _f1 * dn2 *  comg2;
+      real chi12 = outmask & LONG_UNROLL
+        ? E * (sig12
+               - (atan2(    ssig2, csig2) - atan2(    _ssig1, _csig1))
+               + (atan2(E * somg2, cchi2) - atan2(E * _somg1, _cchi1)))
+        : atan2(somg2 * _cchi1 - cchi2 * _somg1,
+                cchi2 * _cchi1 + somg2 * _somg1);
+      real lam12 = chi12 -
+        _e2/_f1 * _salp0 * _H0 * (sig12 + (_E.deltaH(ssig2, csig2, dn2) - _H1));
+      real lon12 = lam12 / Math::degree();
+      lon2 = outmask & LONG_UNROLL ? _lon1 + lon12 :
+        Math::AngNormalize(Math::AngNormalize(_lon1) +
+                           Math::AngNormalize(lon12));
+    }
+
+    if (outmask & LATITUDE)
+      lat2 = Math::atan2d(sbet2, _f1 * cbet2);
+
+    if (outmask & AZIMUTH)
+      azi2 = Math::atan2d(salp2, calp2);
+
+    if (outmask & (REDUCEDLENGTH | GEODESICSCALE)) {
+      real J12 = _k2 * _D0 * (sig12 + (_E.deltaD(ssig2, csig2, dn2) - _D1));
+      if (outmask & REDUCEDLENGTH)
+        // Add parens around (_csig1 * ssig2) and (_ssig1 * csig2) to ensure
+        // accurate cancellation in the case of coincident points.
+        m12 = _b * ((dn2 * (_csig1 * ssig2) - _dn1 * (_ssig1 * csig2))
+                  - _csig1 * csig2 * J12);
+      if (outmask & GEODESICSCALE) {
+        real t = _k2 * (ssig2 - _ssig1) * (ssig2 + _ssig1) / (_dn1 + dn2);
+        M12 = csig12 + (t *  ssig2 -  csig2 * J12) * _ssig1 / _dn1;
+        M21 = csig12 - (t * _ssig1 - _csig1 * J12) *  ssig2 /  dn2;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (outmask & AREA) {
+      real
+        B42 = GeodesicExact::CosSeries(ssig2, csig2, _C4a, nC4_);
+      real salp12, calp12;
+      if (_calp0 == 0 || _salp0 == 0) {
+        // alp12 = alp2 - alp1, used in atan2 so no need to normalize
+        salp12 = salp2 * _calp1 - calp2 * _salp1;
+        calp12 = calp2 * _calp1 + salp2 * _salp1;
+        // We used to include here some patch up code that purported to deal
+        // with nearly meridional geodesics properly.  However, this turned out
+        // to be wrong once _salp1 = -0 was allowed (via
+        // GeodesicExact::InverseLine).  In fact, the calculation of {s,c}alp12
+        // was already correct (following the IEEE rules for handling signed
+        // zeros).  So the patch up code was unnecessary (as well as
+        // dangerous).
+      } else {
+        // tan(alp) = tan(alp0) * sec(sig)
+        // tan(alp2-alp1) = (tan(alp2) -tan(alp1)) / (tan(alp2)*tan(alp1)+1)
+        // = calp0 * salp0 * (csig1-csig2) / (salp0^2 + calp0^2 * csig1*csig2)
+        // If csig12 > 0, write
+        //   csig1 - csig2 = ssig12 * (csig1 * ssig12 / (1 + csig12) + ssig1)
+        // else
+        //   csig1 - csig2 = csig1 * (1 - csig12) + ssig12 * ssig1
+        // No need to normalize
+        salp12 = _calp0 * _salp0 *
+          (csig12 <= 0 ? _csig1 * (1 - csig12) + ssig12 * _ssig1 :
+           ssig12 * (_csig1 * ssig12 / (1 + csig12) + _ssig1));
+        calp12 = Math::sq(_salp0) + Math::sq(_calp0) * _csig1 * csig2;
+      }
+      S12 = _c2 * atan2(salp12, calp12) + _A4 * (B42 - _B41);
+    }
+
+    return arcmode ? s12_a12 : sig12 / Math::degree();
+  }
+
+  void GeodesicLineExact::SetDistance(real s13) {
+    _s13 = s13;
+    real t;
+    // This will set _a13 to NaN if the GeodesicLineExact doesn't have the
+    // DISTANCE_IN capability.
+    _a13 = GenPosition(false, _s13, 0u, t, t, t, t, t, t, t, t);
+  }
+
+  void GeodesicLineExact::SetArc(real a13) {
+    _a13 = a13;
+    // In case the GeodesicLineExact doesn't have the DISTANCE capability.
+    _s13 = Math::NaN();
+    real t;
+    GenPosition(true, _a13, DISTANCE, t, t, t, _s13, t, t, t, t);
+  }
+
+  void GeodesicLineExact::GenSetDistance(bool arcmode, real s13_a13) {
+    arcmode ? SetArc(s13_a13) : SetDistance(s13_a13);
+  }
+
+} // namespace GeographicLib