geographiclib 0.0.1

data/ext/geographiclib/GeographicLib/LambertConformalConic.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+/**
+ * \file LambertConformalConic.hpp
+ * \brief Header for GeographicLib::LambertConformalConic class
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2010-2015) <charles@karney.com> and licensed
+ * under the MIT/X11 License.  For more information, see
+ * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
+ **********************************************************************/
+
+#if !defined(GEOGRAPHICLIB_LAMBERTCONFORMALCONIC_HPP)
+#define GEOGRAPHICLIB_LAMBERTCONFORMALCONIC_HPP 1
+
+#include <GeographicLib/Constants.hpp>
+
+namespace GeographicLib {
+
+  /**
+   * \brief Lambert conformal conic projection
+   *
+   * Implementation taken from the report,
+   * - J. P. Snyder,
+   *   <a href="http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/pp/pp1395"> Map Projections: A
+   *   Working Manual</a>, USGS Professional Paper 1395 (1987),
+   *   pp. 107--109.
+   *
+   * This is a implementation of the equations in Snyder except that divided
+   * differences have been used to transform the expressions into ones which
+   * may be evaluated accurately and that Newton's method is used to invert the
+   * projection.  In this implementation, the projection correctly becomes the
+   * Mercator projection or the polar stereographic projection when the
+   * standard latitude is the equator or a pole.  The accuracy of the
+   * projections is about 10 nm (10 nanometers).
+   *
+   * The ellipsoid parameters, the standard parallels, and the scale on the
+   * standard parallels are set in the constructor.  Internally, the case with
+   * two standard parallels is converted into a single standard parallel, the
+   * latitude of tangency (also the latitude of minimum scale), with a scale
+   * specified on this parallel.  This latitude is also used as the latitude of
+   * origin which is returned by LambertConformalConic::OriginLatitude.  The
+   * scale on the latitude of origin is given by
+   * LambertConformalConic::CentralScale.  The case with two distinct standard
+   * parallels where one is a pole is singular and is disallowed.  The central
+   * meridian (which is a trivial shift of the longitude) is specified as the
+   * \e lon0 argument of the LambertConformalConic::Forward and
+   * LambertConformalConic::Reverse functions.  There is no provision in this
+   * class for specifying a false easting or false northing or a different
+   * latitude of origin.  However these are can be simply included by the
+   * calling function.  For example the Pennsylvania South state coordinate
+   * system (<a href="http://www.spatialreference.org/ref/epsg/3364/">
+   * EPSG:3364</a>) is obtained by:
+   * \include example-LambertConformalConic.cpp
+   *
+   * <a href="ConicProj.1.html">ConicProj</a> is a command-line utility
+   * providing access to the functionality of LambertConformalConic and
+   * AlbersEqualArea.
+   **********************************************************************/
+  class GEOGRAPHICLIB_EXPORT LambertConformalConic {
+  private:
+    typedef Math::real real;
+    real eps_, epsx_, ahypover_;
+    real _a, _f, _fm, _e2, _es;
+    real _sign, _n, _nc, _t0nm1, _scale, _lat0, _k0;
+    real _scbet0, _tchi0, _scchi0, _psi0, _nrho0, _drhomax;
+    static const int numit_ = 5;
+    static inline real hyp(real x) { return Math::hypot(real(1), x); }
+    // Divided differences
+    // Definition: Df(x,y) = (f(x)-f(y))/(x-y)
+    // See:
+    //   W. M. Kahan and R. J. Fateman,
+    //   Symbolic computation of divided differences,
+    //   SIGSAM Bull. 33(3), 7-28 (1999)
+    //   https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/334714.334716
+    //   http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~fateman/papers/divdiff.pdf
+    //
+    // General rules
+    // h(x) = f(g(x)): Dh(x,y) = Df(g(x),g(y))*Dg(x,y)
+    // h(x) = f(x)*g(x):
+    //        Dh(x,y) = Df(x,y)*g(x) + Dg(x,y)*f(y)
+    //                = Df(x,y)*g(y) + Dg(x,y)*f(x)
+    //                = Df(x,y)*(g(x)+g(y))/2 + Dg(x,y)*(f(x)+f(y))/2
+    //
+    // hyp(x) = sqrt(1+x^2): Dhyp(x,y) = (x+y)/(hyp(x)+hyp(y))
+    static inline real Dhyp(real x, real y, real hx, real hy)
+    // hx = hyp(x)
+    { return (x + y) / (hx + hy); }
+    // sn(x) = x/sqrt(1+x^2): Dsn(x,y) = (x+y)/((sn(x)+sn(y))*(1+x^2)*(1+y^2))
+    static inline real Dsn(real x, real y, real sx, real sy) {
+      // sx = x/hyp(x)
+      real t = x * y;
+      return t > 0 ? (x + y) * Math::sq( (sx * sy)/t ) / (sx + sy) :
+        (x - y != 0 ? (sx - sy) / (x - y) : 1);
+    }
+    // Dlog1p(x,y) = log1p((x-y)/(1+y))/(x-y)
+    static inline real Dlog1p(real x, real y) {
+      real t = x - y; if (t < 0) { t = -t; y = x; }
+      return t ? Math::log1p(t / (1 + y)) / t : 1 / (1 + x);
+    }
+    // Dexp(x,y) = exp((x+y)/2) * 2*sinh((x-y)/2)/(x-y)
+    static inline real Dexp(real x, real y) {
+      using std::sinh; using std::exp;
+      real t = (x - y)/2;
+      return (t ? sinh(t)/t : 1) * exp((x + y)/2);
+    }
+    // Dsinh(x,y) = 2*sinh((x-y)/2)/(x-y) * cosh((x+y)/2)
+    //   cosh((x+y)/2) = (c+sinh(x)*sinh(y)/c)/2
+    //   c=sqrt((1+cosh(x))*(1+cosh(y)))
+    //   cosh((x+y)/2) = sqrt( (sinh(x)*sinh(y) + cosh(x)*cosh(y) + 1)/2 )
+    static inline real Dsinh(real x, real y, real sx, real sy, real cx, real cy)
+    // sx = sinh(x), cx = cosh(x)
+    {
+      // real t = (x - y)/2, c = sqrt((1 + cx) * (1 + cy));
+      // return (t ? sinh(t)/t : real(1)) * (c + sx * sy / c) /2;
+      using std::sinh; using std::sqrt;
+      real t = (x - y)/2;
+      return (t ? sinh(t)/t : 1) * sqrt((sx * sy + cx * cy + 1) /2);
+    }
+    // Dasinh(x,y) = asinh((x-y)*(x+y)/(x*sqrt(1+y^2)+y*sqrt(1+x^2)))/(x-y)
+    //             = asinh((x*sqrt(1+y^2)-y*sqrt(1+x^2)))/(x-y)
+    static inline real Dasinh(real x, real y, real hx, real hy) {
+      // hx = hyp(x)
+      real t = x - y;
+      return t ?
+        Math::asinh(x*y > 0 ? t * (x+y) / (x*hy + y*hx) : x*hy - y*hx) / t :
+        1/hx;
+    }
+    // Deatanhe(x,y) = eatanhe((x-y)/(1-e^2*x*y))/(x-y)
+    inline real Deatanhe(real x, real y) const {
+      real t = x - y, d = 1 - _e2 * x * y;
+      return t ? Math::eatanhe(t / d, _es) / t : _e2 / d;
+    }
+    void Init(real sphi1, real cphi1, real sphi2, real cphi2, real k1);
+  public:
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor with a single standard parallel.
+     *
+     * @param[in] a equatorial radius of ellipsoid (meters).
+     * @param[in] f flattening of ellipsoid.  Setting \e f = 0 gives a sphere.
+     *   Negative \e f gives a prolate ellipsoid.
+     * @param[in] stdlat standard parallel (degrees), the circle of tangency.
+     * @param[in] k0 scale on the standard parallel.
+     * @exception GeographicErr if \e a, (1 &minus; \e f) \e a, or \e k0 is
+     *   not positive.
+     * @exception GeographicErr if \e stdlat is not in [&minus;90&deg;,
+     *   90&deg;].
+     **********************************************************************/
+    LambertConformalConic(real a, real f, real stdlat, real k0);
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor with two standard parallels.
+     *
+     * @param[in] a equatorial radius of ellipsoid (meters).
+     * @param[in] f flattening of ellipsoid.  Setting \e f = 0 gives a sphere.
+     *   Negative \e f gives a prolate ellipsoid.
+     * @param[in] stdlat1 first standard parallel (degrees).
+     * @param[in] stdlat2 second standard parallel (degrees).
+     * @param[in] k1 scale on the standard parallels.
+     * @exception GeographicErr if \e a, (1 &minus; \e f) \e a, or \e k1 is
+     *   not positive.
+     * @exception GeographicErr if \e stdlat1 or \e stdlat2 is not in
+     *   [&minus;90&deg;, 90&deg;], or if either \e stdlat1 or \e
+     *   stdlat2 is a pole and \e stdlat1 is not equal \e stdlat2.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    LambertConformalConic(real a, real f, real stdlat1, real stdlat2, real k1);
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor with two standard parallels specified by sines and cosines.
+     *
+     * @param[in] a equatorial radius of ellipsoid (meters).
+     * @param[in] f flattening of ellipsoid.  Setting \e f = 0 gives a sphere.
+     *   Negative \e f gives a prolate ellipsoid.
+     * @param[in] sinlat1 sine of first standard parallel.
+     * @param[in] coslat1 cosine of first standard parallel.
+     * @param[in] sinlat2 sine of second standard parallel.
+     * @param[in] coslat2 cosine of second standard parallel.
+     * @param[in] k1 scale on the standard parallels.
+     * @exception GeographicErr if \e a, (1 &minus; \e f) \e a, or \e k1 is
+     *   not positive.
+     * @exception GeographicErr if \e stdlat1 or \e stdlat2 is not in
+     *   [&minus;90&deg;, 90&deg;], or if either \e stdlat1 or \e
+     *   stdlat2 is a pole and \e stdlat1 is not equal \e stdlat2.
+     *
+     * This allows parallels close to the poles to be specified accurately.
+     * This routine computes the latitude of origin and the scale at this
+     * latitude.  In the case where \e lat1 and \e lat2 are different, the
+     * errors in this routines are as follows: if \e dlat = abs(\e lat2 &minus;
+     * \e lat1) &le; 160&deg; and max(abs(\e lat1), abs(\e lat2)) &le; 90
+     * &minus; min(0.0002, 2.2 &times; 10<sup>&minus;6</sup>(180 &minus; \e
+     * dlat), 6 &times 10<sup>&minus;8</sup> <i>dlat</i><sup>2</sup>) (in
+     * degrees), then the error in the latitude of origin is less than 4.5
+     * &times; 10<sup>&minus;14</sup>d and the relative error in the scale is
+     * less than 7 &times; 10<sup>&minus;15</sup>.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    LambertConformalConic(real a, real f,
+                          real sinlat1, real coslat1,
+                          real sinlat2, real coslat2,
+                          real k1);
+
+    /**
+     * Set the scale for the projection.
+     *
+     * @param[in] lat (degrees).
+     * @param[in] k scale at latitude \e lat (default 1).
+     * @exception GeographicErr \e k is not positive.
+     * @exception GeographicErr if \e lat is not in [&minus;90&deg;,
+     *   90&deg;].
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void SetScale(real lat, real k = real(1));
+
+    /**
+     * Forward projection, from geographic to Lambert conformal conic.
+     *
+     * @param[in] lon0 central meridian longitude (degrees).
+     * @param[in] lat latitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[in] lon longitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] x easting of point (meters).
+     * @param[out] y northing of point (meters).
+     * @param[out] gamma meridian convergence at point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] k scale of projection at point.
+     *
+     * The latitude origin is given by LambertConformalConic::LatitudeOrigin().
+     * No false easting or northing is added and \e lat should be in the range
+     * [&minus;90&deg;, 90&deg;].  The error in the projection is less than
+     * about 10 nm (10 nanometers), true distance, and the errors in the
+     * meridian convergence and scale are consistent with this.  The values of
+     * \e x and \e y returned for points which project to infinity (i.e., one
+     * or both of the poles) will be large but finite.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Forward(real lon0, real lat, real lon,
+                 real& x, real& y, real& gamma, real& k) const;
+
+    /**
+     * Reverse projection, from Lambert conformal conic to geographic.
+     *
+     * @param[in] lon0 central meridian longitude (degrees).
+     * @param[in] x easting of point (meters).
+     * @param[in] y northing of point (meters).
+     * @param[out] lat latitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] lon longitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] gamma meridian convergence at point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] k scale of projection at point.
+     *
+     * The latitude origin is given by LambertConformalConic::LatitudeOrigin().
+     * No false easting or northing is added.  The value of \e lon returned is
+     * in the range [&minus;180&deg;, 180&deg;).  The error in the projection
+     * is less than about 10 nm (10 nanometers), true distance, and the errors
+     * in the meridian convergence and scale are consistent with this.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Reverse(real lon0, real x, real y,
+                 real& lat, real& lon, real& gamma, real& k) const;
+
+    /**
+     * LambertConformalConic::Forward without returning the convergence and
+     * scale.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Forward(real lon0, real lat, real lon,
+                 real& x, real& y) const {
+      real gamma, k;
+      Forward(lon0, lat, lon, x, y, gamma, k);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * LambertConformalConic::Reverse without returning the convergence and
+     * scale.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Reverse(real lon0, real x, real y,
+                 real& lat, real& lon) const {
+      real gamma, k;
+      Reverse(lon0, x, y, lat, lon, gamma, k);
+    }
+
+    /** \name Inspector functions
+     **********************************************************************/
+    ///@{
+    /**
+     * @return \e a the equatorial radius of the ellipsoid (meters).  This is
+     *   the value used in the constructor.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real MajorRadius() const { return _a; }
+
+    /**
+     * @return \e f the flattening of the ellipsoid.  This is the
+     *   value used in the constructor.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real Flattening() const { return _f; }
+
+    /**
+     * @return latitude of the origin for the projection (degrees).
+     *
+     * This is the latitude of minimum scale and equals the \e stdlat in the
+     * 1-parallel constructor and lies between \e stdlat1 and \e stdlat2 in the
+     * 2-parallel constructors.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real OriginLatitude() const { return _lat0; }
+
+    /**
+     * @return central scale for the projection.  This is the scale on the
+     *   latitude of origin.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real CentralScale() const { return _k0; }
+    ///@}
+
+    /**
+     * A global instantiation of LambertConformalConic with the WGS84
+     * ellipsoid, \e stdlat = 0, and \e k0 = 1.  This degenerates to the
+     * Mercator projection.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    static const LambertConformalConic& Mercator();
+  };
+
+} // namespace GeographicLib
+
+#endif  // GEOGRAPHICLIB_LAMBERTCONFORMALCONIC_HPP

data/ext/geographiclib/GeographicLib/LocalCartesian.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+/**
+ * \file LocalCartesian.hpp
+ * \brief Header for GeographicLib::LocalCartesian class
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) Charles Karney (2008-2015) <charles@karney.com> and licensed
+ * under the MIT/X11 License.  For more information, see
+ * http://geographiclib.sourceforge.net/
+ **********************************************************************/
+
+#if !defined(GEOGRAPHICLIB_LOCALCARTESIAN_HPP)
+#define GEOGRAPHICLIB_LOCALCARTESIAN_HPP 1
+
+#include <GeographicLib/Geocentric.hpp>
+#include <GeographicLib/Constants.hpp>
+
+namespace GeographicLib {
+
+  /**
+   * \brief Local cartesian coordinates
+   *
+   * Convert between geodetic coordinates latitude = \e lat, longitude = \e
+   * lon, height = \e h (measured vertically from the surface of the ellipsoid)
+   * to local cartesian coordinates (\e x, \e y, \e z).  The origin of local
+   * cartesian coordinate system is at \e lat = \e lat0, \e lon = \e lon0, \e h
+   * = \e h0. The \e z axis is normal to the ellipsoid; the \e y axis points
+   * due north.  The plane \e z = - \e h0 is tangent to the ellipsoid.
+   *
+   * The conversions all take place via geocentric coordinates using a
+   * Geocentric object (by default Geocentric::WGS84()).
+   *
+   * Example of use:
+   * \include example-LocalCartesian.cpp
+   *
+   * <a href="CartConvert.1.html">CartConvert</a> is a command-line utility
+   * providing access to the functionality of Geocentric and LocalCartesian.
+   **********************************************************************/
+
+  class GEOGRAPHICLIB_EXPORT LocalCartesian {
+  private:
+    typedef Math::real real;
+    static const size_t dim_ = 3;
+    static const size_t dim2_ = dim_ * dim_;
+    Geocentric _earth;
+    real _lat0, _lon0, _h0;
+    real _x0, _y0, _z0, _r[dim2_];
+    void IntForward(real lat, real lon, real h, real& x, real& y, real& z,
+                    real M[dim2_]) const;
+    void IntReverse(real x, real y, real z, real& lat, real& lon, real& h,
+                    real M[dim2_]) const;
+    void MatrixMultiply(real M[dim2_]) const;
+  public:
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor setting the origin.
+     *
+     * @param[in] lat0 latitude at origin (degrees).
+     * @param[in] lon0 longitude at origin (degrees).
+     * @param[in] h0 height above ellipsoid at origin (meters); default 0.
+     * @param[in] earth Geocentric object for the transformation; default
+     *   Geocentric::WGS84().
+     *
+     * \e lat0 should be in the range [&minus;90&deg;, 90&deg;].
+     **********************************************************************/
+    LocalCartesian(real lat0, real lon0, real h0 = 0,
+                   const Geocentric& earth = Geocentric::WGS84())
+      : _earth(earth)
+    { Reset(lat0, lon0, h0); }
+
+    /**
+     * Default constructor.
+     *
+     * @param[in] earth Geocentric object for the transformation; default
+     *   Geocentric::WGS84().
+     *
+     * Sets \e lat0 = 0, \e lon0 = 0, \e h0 = 0.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    explicit LocalCartesian(const Geocentric& earth = Geocentric::WGS84())
+      : _earth(earth)
+    { Reset(real(0), real(0), real(0)); }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset the origin.
+     *
+     * @param[in] lat0 latitude at origin (degrees).
+     * @param[in] lon0 longitude at origin (degrees).
+     * @param[in] h0 height above ellipsoid at origin (meters); default 0.
+     *
+     * \e lat0 should be in the range [&minus;90&deg;, 90&deg;].
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Reset(real lat0, real lon0, real h0 = 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Convert from geodetic to local cartesian coordinates.
+     *
+     * @param[in] lat latitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[in] lon longitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[in] h height of point above the ellipsoid (meters).
+     * @param[out] x local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[out] y local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[out] z local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     *
+     * \e lat should be in the range [&minus;90&deg;, 90&deg;].
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Forward(real lat, real lon, real h, real& x, real& y, real& z)
+      const {
+      IntForward(lat, lon, h, x, y, z, NULL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert from geodetic to local cartesian coordinates and return rotation
+     * matrix.
+     *
+     * @param[in] lat latitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[in] lon longitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[in] h height of point above the ellipsoid (meters).
+     * @param[out] x local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[out] y local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[out] z local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[out] M if the length of the vector is 9, fill with the rotation
+     *   matrix in row-major order.
+     *
+     * \e lat should be in the range [&minus;90&deg;, 90&deg;].
+     *
+     * Let \e v be a unit vector located at (\e lat, \e lon, \e h).  We can
+     * express \e v as \e column vectors in one of two ways
+     * - in east, north, up coordinates (where the components are relative to a
+     *   local coordinate system at (\e lat, \e lon, \e h)); call this
+     *   representation \e v1.
+     * - in \e x, \e y, \e z coordinates (where the components are relative to
+     *   the local coordinate system at (\e lat0, \e lon0, \e h0)); call this
+     *   representation \e v0.
+     * .
+     * Then we have \e v0 = \e M &sdot; \e v1.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Forward(real lat, real lon, real h, real& x, real& y, real& z,
+                 std::vector<real>& M)
+      const  {
+      if (M.end() == M.begin() + dim2_) {
+        real t[dim2_];
+        IntForward(lat, lon, h, x, y, z, t);
+        std::copy(t, t + dim2_, M.begin());
+      } else
+        IntForward(lat, lon, h, x, y, z, NULL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert from local cartesian to geodetic coordinates.
+     *
+     * @param[in] x local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[in] y local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[in] z local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[out] lat latitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] lon longitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] h height of point above the ellipsoid (meters).
+     *
+     * The value of \e lon returned is in the range [&minus;180&deg;,
+     * 180&deg;).
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Reverse(real x, real y, real z, real& lat, real& lon, real& h)
+      const {
+      IntReverse(x, y, z, lat, lon, h, NULL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert from local cartesian to geodetic coordinates and return rotation
+     * matrix.
+     *
+     * @param[in] x local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[in] y local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[in] z local cartesian coordinate (meters).
+     * @param[out] lat latitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] lon longitude of point (degrees).
+     * @param[out] h height of point above the ellipsoid (meters).
+     * @param[out] M if the length of the vector is 9, fill with the rotation
+     *   matrix in row-major order.
+     *
+     * Let \e v be a unit vector located at (\e lat, \e lon, \e h).  We can
+     * express \e v as \e column vectors in one of two ways
+     * - in east, north, up coordinates (where the components are relative to a
+     *   local coordinate system at (\e lat, \e lon, \e h)); call this
+     *   representation \e v1.
+     * - in \e x, \e y, \e z coordinates (where the components are relative to
+     *   the local coordinate system at (\e lat0, \e lon0, \e h0)); call this
+     *   representation \e v0.
+     * .
+     * Then we have \e v1 = <i>M</i><sup>T</sup> &sdot; \e v0, where
+     * <i>M</i><sup>T</sup> is the transpose of \e M.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    void Reverse(real x, real y, real z, real& lat, real& lon, real& h,
+                 std::vector<real>& M)
+      const {
+      if (M.end() == M.begin() + dim2_) {
+        real t[dim2_];
+        IntReverse(x, y, z, lat, lon, h, t);
+        std::copy(t, t + dim2_, M.begin());
+      } else
+        IntReverse(x, y, z, lat, lon, h, NULL);
+    }
+
+    /** \name Inspector functions
+     **********************************************************************/
+    ///@{
+    /**
+     * @return latitude of the origin (degrees).
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real LatitudeOrigin() const { return _lat0; }
+
+    /**
+     * @return longitude of the origin (degrees).
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real LongitudeOrigin() const { return _lon0; }
+
+    /**
+     * @return height of the origin (meters).
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real HeightOrigin() const { return _h0; }
+
+    /**
+     * @return \e a the equatorial radius of the ellipsoid (meters).  This is
+     *   the value of \e a inherited from the Geocentric object used in the
+     *   constructor.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real MajorRadius() const { return _earth.MajorRadius(); }
+
+    /**
+     * @return \e f the flattening of the ellipsoid.  This is the value
+     *   inherited from the Geocentric object used in the constructor.
+     **********************************************************************/
+    Math::real Flattening() const { return _earth.Flattening(); }
+    ///@}
+
+  };
+
+} // namespace GeographicLib
+
+#endif  // GEOGRAPHICLIB_LOCALCARTESIAN_HPP