exiftool_vendored 10.31.0 → 10.40.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-10.40/lib/Image/ExifTool/MakerNotes.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,1745 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         MakerNotes.pm
+#
+# Description:  Read and write EXIF maker notes
+#
+# Revisions:    11/11/2004 - P. Harvey Created
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+package Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION);
+use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess);
+use Image::ExifTool::Exif;
+
+sub ProcessUnknown($$$);
+sub ProcessUnknownOrPreview($$$);
+sub ProcessCanon($$$);
+sub ProcessGE2($$$);
+sub ProcessKodakPatch($$$);
+sub WriteUnknownOrPreview($$$);
+sub FixLeicaBase($$;$);
+
+$VERSION = '1.99';
+
+my $debug;          # set to 1 to enable debugging code
+
+# conditional list of maker notes
+# Notes:
+# - This is NOT a normal tag table!
+# - All byte orders are now specified because we can now
+#   write maker notes into a file with different byte ordering!
+# - Put these in alphabetical order to make TagNames documentation nicer.
+@Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::Main = (
+    # decide which MakerNotes to use (based on camera make/model)
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteApple',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^Apple iOS\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Apple::Main',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 14',
+            Base => '$start - 14',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # this maker notes starts with a standard TIFF header at offset 0x0a
+        # (must check Nikon signature first because Nikon Capture NX can generate
+        #  NEF images containing Nikon maker notes from JPEG images of any camera model)
+        Name => 'MakerNoteNikon',
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^Nikon\x00\x02/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Nikon::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 18',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteCanon',
+        # (starts with an IFD)
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} =~ /^Canon/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Canon::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessCanon,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteCasio',
+        # do negative lookahead assertion just to get tags
+        # in a nice order for documentation
+        # (starts with an IFD)
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^CASIO/ and $$valPt!~/^(QVC|DCI)\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Casio::Main',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteCasio2',
+        # (starts with "QVC\0" [Casio] or "DCI\0" [Concord])
+        # (also found in AVI and MOV videos)
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^(QVC|DCI)\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Casio::Type2',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 6',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            FixBase => 1, # necessary for AVI and MOV videos
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteDJI',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} eq "DJI" and $$valPt !~ /^...\@AMBA/s',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::DJI::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteFLIR',
+        # (starts with IFD, Make is 'FLIR Systems AB' or 'FLIR Systems')
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} =~ /^FLIR Systems/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::FLIR::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # The Fuji maker notes use a structure similar to a self-contained
+        # TIFF file, but with "FUJIFILM" instead of the standard TIFF header
+        Name => 'MakerNoteFujiFilm',
+        # (starts with "FUJIFILM" -- also used by some Leica, Minolta and Sharp models)
+        # (GE FujiFilm models start with "GENERALE")
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^(FUJIFILM|GENERALE)/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::FujiFilm::Main',
+            # there is an 8-byte maker tag (FUJIFILM) we must skip over
+            OffsetPt => '$valuePtr+8',
+            # the pointers are relative to the subdirectory start
+            # (before adding the offsetPt) - PH
+            Base => '$start',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteGE',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^GE(\0\0|NIC\0)/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::GE::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 18',
+            FixBase => 1,
+            AutoFix => 1,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+       },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteGE2',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^GE\x0c\0\0\0\x16\0\0\0/',
+        # Note: we will get a "Maker notes could not be parsed" warning when writing
+        #       these maker notes because they aren't currently supported for writing
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::FujiFilm::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessGE2,
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 12',
+            Base => '$start - 6',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            # hard patch for crazy offsets
+            FixOffsets => '$valuePtr -= 210 if $tagID >= 0x1303',
+       },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteHasselblad',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} eq "Hasselblad"',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Unknown::Main',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            Base => 0, # (avoids warnings since maker notes are not self-contained)
+        },
+    },
+    # (the GE X5 has really messed up EXIF-like maker notes starting with
+    #  "GENIC\x0c\0" --> currently not decoded)
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteHP',  # PhotoSmart 720 (also Vivitar 3705, 3705B and 3715)
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^(Hewlett-Packard|Vivitar)/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::HP::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteHP2', # PhotoSmart E427
+        # (this type of maker note also used by BenQ, Mustek, Sanyo, Traveler and Vivitar)
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^610[\0-\4]/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::HP::Type2',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteHP4', # PhotoSmart M627
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^IIII\x04\0/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::HP::Type4',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteHP6', # PhotoSmart M425, M525 and M527
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^IIII\x06\0/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::HP::Type6',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteISL', # (used in Samsung GX20 samples)
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^ISLMAKERNOTE000\0/',
+        # this maker notes starts with a TIFF-like header at offset 0x10
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Unknown::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 24',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteJVC',
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^JVC /',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::JVC::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 4',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteJVCText',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^(JVC|Victor)/ and $$valPt=~/^VER:/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::JVC::Text',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak1a',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^EASTMAN KODAK/ and $$valPt=~/^KDK INFO/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak1b',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^EASTMAN KODAK/ and $$valPt=~/^KDK/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # used by various Kodak, HP, Pentax and Minolta models
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak2',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$valPt =~ /^.{8}Eastman Kodak/s or
+            $$valPt =~ /^\x01\0[\0\x01]\0\0\0\x04\0[a-zA-Z]{4}/
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type2',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # not much to key on here, but we know the
+        # upper byte of the year should be 0x07:
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak3',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make} =~ /^EASTMAN KODAK/ and
+            $$valPt =~ /^(?!MM|II).{12}\x07/s and
+            $$valPt !~ /^(MM|II|AOC)/
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type3',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak4',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make} =~ /^Eastman Kodak/ and
+            $$valPt =~ /^.{41}JPG/s and
+            $$valPt !~ /^(MM|II|AOC)/
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type4',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak5',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/^EASTMAN KODAK/ and
+            ($$self{Model}=~/CX(4200|4230|4300|4310|6200|6230)/ or
+            # try to pick up similar models we haven't tested yet
+            $$valPt=~/^\0(\x1a\x18|\x3a\x08|\x59\xf8|\x14\x80)\0/)
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type5',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak6a',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/^EASTMAN KODAK/ and
+            $$self{Model}=~/DX3215/
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type6',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak6b',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/^EASTMAN KODAK/ and
+            $$self{Model}=~/DX3700/
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type6',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak7',
+        # look for something that looks like a serial number
+        # (confirmed serial numbers have the format KXXXX########, but we also
+        #  accept other strings from sample images that may be serial numbers)
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/Kodak/i and
+            $$valPt =~ /^[CK][A-Z\d]{3} ?[A-Z\d]{1,2}\d{2}[A-Z\d]\d{4}[ \0]/
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type7',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak8a',
+        # IFD-format maker notes: look for reasonable number of
+        # entries and check format and count of first IFD entry
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/Kodak/i and
+            ($$valPt =~ /^\0[\x02-\x7f]..\0[\x01-\x0c]\0\0/s or
+             $$valPt =~ /^[\x02-\x7f]\0..[\x01-\x0c]\0..\0\0/s)
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type8',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak8b',
+        # these maker notes have an extra 2 bytes after the entry count
+        # (this is handled by the patch).  Also, the IFD uses a Format 13,
+        # which is some 2-byte format (not Float, as decoded by ExifTool)
+        # - written by the PixPro AZ251, AZ361, AZ262, AZ521
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/Kodak/i and
+            $$valPt =~ /^MM\0\x2a\0\0\0\x08\0.\0\0/
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type8',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessKodakPatch,
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak8c',
+        # TIFF-format maker notes
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/Kodak/i and
+            $$valPt =~ /^(MM\0\x2a\0\0\0\x08|II\x2a\0\x08\0\0\0)/
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type8',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak9',
+        # test header and Kodak:DateTimeOriginal
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ m{^IIII[\x02\x03]\0.{14}\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2} }s',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type9',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak10',
+        # yet another type of Kodak IFD-format maker notes:
+        # this type begins with a byte order indicator,
+        # followed immediately by the IFD
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/Kodak/i and
+            $$valPt =~ /^(MM\0[\x02-\x7f]|II[\x02-\x7f]\0)/
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type10',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 2',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodak11',
+        # these maker notes have an extra 2 bytes after the entry count
+        # - written by the PixPro S-1 (Note: Make is "JK Imaging, Ltd.", so check Model for "Kodak")
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Model}=~/Kodak/i and
+            $$valPt =~ /^II\x2a\0\x08\0\0\0.\0\0\0/
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Type11',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessKodakPatch,
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKodakUnknown',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/Kodak/i and $$valPt!~/^AOC\0/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Kodak::Unknown',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteKyocera',
+        # (starts with "KYOCERA")
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^KYOCERA/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Unknown::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 22',
+            Base => '$start + 2',
+            EntryBased => 1,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteMinolta',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make}=~/^(Konica Minolta|Minolta)/i and
+            $$valPt !~ /^(MINOL|CAMER|MLY0|KC|\+M\+M|\xd7)/
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Minolta::Main',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # the DiMAGE E323 (MINOL) and E500 (CAMER), and some models
+        # of Mustek, Pentax, Ricoh and Vivitar (CAMER).
+        Name => 'MakerNoteMinolta2',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^(MINOL|CAMER)\0/ and $$self{OlympusCAMER} = 1',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            # these models use Olympus tags in the range 0x200-0x221 plus 0xf00
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # /^MLY0/ - DiMAGE G400, G500, G530, G600
+        # /^KC/   - Revio KD-420Z, DiMAGE E203
+        # /^+M+M/ - DiMAGE E201
+        # /^\xd7/ - DiMAGE RD3000
+        Name => 'MakerNoteMinolta3',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} =~ /^(Konica Minolta|Minolta)/i',
+        Binary => 1,
+        Notes => 'not EXIF-based',
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteMotorola',
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^MOT\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Motorola::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # older Nikon maker notes
+        Name => 'MakerNoteNikon2',
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^Nikon\x00\x01/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Nikon::Type2',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        # headerless Nikon maker notes
+        Name => 'MakerNoteNikon3',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^NIKON/i',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Nikon::Main',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown', # most are little-endian, but D1 is big
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteNintendo',
+        # (starts with an IFD)
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} eq "Nintendo"',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Nintendo::Main',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteOlympus',
+        # (if Make is 'SEIKO EPSON CORP.', starts with "EPSON\0")
+        # (if Make is 'OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO.,LTD' or 'OLYMPUS CORPORATION',
+        #  starts with "OLYMP\0")
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^(OLYMP|EPSON)\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteOlympus2',
+        # new Olympus maker notes start with "OLYMPUS\0"
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^OLYMPUS\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 12',
+            Base => '$start - 12',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica',
+        # (starts with "LEICA\0\0\0")
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} eq "LEICA"',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            # many Leica models use the same format as Panasonic
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica2', # used by the M8
+        # (starts with "LEICA\0\0\0")
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} =~ /^Leica Camera AG/ and $$valPt =~ /^LEICA\0\0\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica2',
+            # (the offset base is different in JPEG and DNG images, but we
+            # can copy makernotes from one to the other, so we need special
+            # logic to decide which base to apply)
+            ProcessProc => \&FixLeicaBase,
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start', # (- 8 for DNG images!)
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica3', # used by the R8 and R9
+        # (starts with IFD)
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make} =~ /^Leica Camera AG/ and $$valPt !~ /^LEICA/ and
+            $$self{Model} ne "S2" and $$self{Model} ne "LEICA M (Typ 240)"
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica3',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica4', # used by the M9/M-Monochrom
+        # (M9 and M Monochrom start with "LEICA0\x03\0")
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} =~ /^Leica Camera AG/ and $$valPt =~ /^LEICA0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica4',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8', # (yay! Leica fixed the M8 problem)
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica5', # used by the X1/X2/X VARIO/T/X-U
+        # (X1 starts with "LEICA\0\x01\0", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        # (X2 starts with "LEICA\0\x05\0", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        # (X VARIO starts with "LEICA\0\x04\0", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        # (T (Typ 701) starts with "LEICA\0\0x6", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        # (X (Typ 113) starts with "LEICA\0\0x7", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        # (X-U (Typ 113) starts with "LEICA\0\x10\0", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^LEICA\0[\x01\x04\x05\x06\x07\x10]\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica5',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica6', # used by the S2, M (Typ 240) and S (Typ 006)
+        # (starts with "LEICA\0\x02\xff", Make is "Leica Camera AG", but test the
+        # model names separately because the maker notes data may not be loaded
+        # at the time this is tested if they are in a JPEG trailer.  Also, this
+        # header is used by the M Monochrom (Type 246), with different offsets.)
+        Condition => q{
+            ($$self{Make} eq 'Leica Camera AG' and ($$self{Model} eq 'S2' or
+            $$self{Model} eq 'LEICA M (Typ 240)' or $$self{Model} eq 'LEICA S (Typ 006)'))
+        },
+        DataTag => 'LeicaTrailer',  # (generates fixup name for this tag)
+        LeicaTrailer => 1, # flag to special-case this tag in the Exif code
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica6',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            # NOTE: Leica uses absolute file offsets when this maker note is stored
+            # as a JPEG trailer -- this case is handled by ProcessLeicaTrailer in
+            # Panasonic.pm, and any "Base" defined here is ignored for this case.
+            # ExifTool may also create S2/M maker notes inside the APP1 segment when
+            # copying from other files, and for this the normal EXIF offsets are used,
+            # Base should not be defined!
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica7', # used by the M Monochrom (Typ 246)
+        # (starts with "LEICA\0\x02\xff", Make is "Leica Camera AG")
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^LEICA\0\x02\xff/',
+        DataTag => 'LeicaTrailer',  # (generates fixup name for this tag)
+        LeicaTrailer => 1, # flag to special-case this tag in the Exif code
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica6',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            Base => '-$base',  # uses absolute file offsets (not based on TIFF header offset)
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica8', # used by the Q (Type 116)
+        # (Q (Typ 116) starts with "LEICA\0\x08\0", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        # (SL (Typ 601) starts with "LEICA\0\x09\0", Make is "LEICA CAMERA AG")
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^LEICA\0[\x08\x09]\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica5',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteLeica9', # used by the M9/M-Monochrom
+        # (M9 and M Monochrom start with "LEICA0\x03\0")
+        Condition => '$$self{Make} =~ /^Leica Camera AG/ and $$valPt =~ /^LEICA\0\x02\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Leica9',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePanasonic',
+        # (starts with "Panasonic\0")
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^Panasonic/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 12',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePanasonic2',
+        # (starts with "Panasonic\0")
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^Panasonic/ and $$valPt=~/^MKE/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Panasonic::Type2',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePentax',
+        # (starts with "AOC\0", but so does MakerNotePentax3)
+        # (also used by some Samsung models)
+        Condition => q{
+            $$valPt=~/^AOC\0/ and
+            $$self{Model} !~ /^PENTAX Optio ?[34]30RS\s*$/
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Main',
+            # process as Unknown maker notes because the start offset and
+            # byte ordering are so variable
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            # offsets can be totally whacky for Pentax maker notes,
+            # so attempt to fix the offset base if possible
+            FixBase => 1,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePentax2',
+        # (starts with an IFD)
+        # Casio-like maker notes used only by the Optio 330 and 430
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^Asahi/ and $$valPt!~/^AOC\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Type2',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            FixBase => 1,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePentax3',
+        # (starts with "AOC\0", like the more common Pentax maker notes)
+        # Casio maker notes used only by the Optio 330RS and 430RS
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^Asahi/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Casio::Type2',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            FixBase => 1,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePentax4',
+        # (starts with 3 or 4 digits)
+        # HP2-like text-based maker notes used by Optio E20
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^PENTAX/ and $$valPt=~/^\d{3}/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Type4',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'LittleEndian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePentax5',
+        # (starts with "PENTAX \0")
+        # used by cameras such as the Q, Optio  S1, RS1500 and WG-1
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^PENTAX \0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 10',
+            Base => '$start - 10',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePentax6',
+        # (starts with "S1\0\0\0\0\0\0\x0c\0\0\0")
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^S1\0{6}\x0c\0{3}/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Pentax::S1',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 12',
+            Base => '$start - 12',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNotePhaseOne',
+        # Starts with: 'IIIITwaR' or 'IIIICwaR' (have seen both written by P25)
+        # (have also seen code which expects 'MMMMRawT')
+        Condition => q{
+            return undef unless $$valPt =~ /^(IIII.waR|MMMMRaw.)/s;
+            $self->OverrideFileType($$self{TIFF_TYPE} = 'IIQ') if $count > 1000000;
+            return 1;
+        },
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PhaseOne::Main' },
+        PutFirst => 1, # place immediately after TIFF header
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteReconyx',
+        Condition => q{
+            $$valPt =~ /^\x01\xf1([\x02\x03]\x00)?/ and
+            ($1 or $$self{Make} eq "RECONYX")
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Reconyx::Main',
+            ByteOrder => 'Little-endian',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteRicoh',
+        # (my test R50 image starts with "      \x02\x01" - PH)
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make} =~ /^(PENTAX )?RICOH/ and
+            $$valPt =~ /^(Ricoh|      |MM\0\x2a|II\x2a\0)/i and
+            $$valPt !~ /^(MM\0\x2a\0\0\0\x08\0.\0\0|II\x2a\0\x08\0\0\0.\0\0\0)/s and
+            $$self{Model} ne 'RICOH WG-M1'
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Ricoh::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteRicoh2',
+        # (the Ricoh HZ15 starts with "MM\0\x2a" and the Pentax XG-1 starts with "II\x2a\0",
+        # but an extra 2 bytes of padding after the IFD entry count prevents these from
+        # being processed as a standard IFD.  Note that the offsets for the HZ15 are all
+        # zeros, but they seem to be mostly OK for the XG-1)
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make} =~ /^(PENTAX )?RICOH/ and ($$self{Model} eq 'RICOH WG-M1' or
+            $$valPt =~ /^(MM\0\x2a\0\0\0\x08\0.\0\0|II\x2a\0\x08\0\0\0.\0\0\0)/s)
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Ricoh::Type2',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessKodakPatch,
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteRicohText',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^RICOH/',
+        NotIFD => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Ricoh::Text',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSamsung1a',
+        # Samsung STMN maker notes WITHOUT PreviewImage
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^STMN\d{3}.\0{4}/s',
+        Binary => 1,
+        Notes => 'Samsung "STMN" maker notes without PreviewImage',
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSamsung1b',
+        # Samsung STMN maker notes WITH PreviewImage
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^STMN\d{3}/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Samsung::Main',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSamsung2',
+        # Samsung EXIF-format maker notes
+        Condition => q{
+            $$self{Make} eq 'SAMSUNG' and ($$self{TIFF_TYPE} eq 'SRW' or
+            $$valPt=~/^(\0.\0\x01\0\x07\0{3}\x04|.\0\x01\0\x07\0\x04\0{3})0100/s)
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Samsung::Type2',
+            # Samsung is very inconsistent here, and uses absolute offsets for some
+            # models and relative offsets for others, so process as Unknown
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknown,
+            FixBase => 1,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSanyo',
+        # (starts with "SANYO\0")
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^SANYO/ and $$self{Model}!~/^(C4|J\d|S\d)\b/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sanyo::Main',
+            Validate => '$val =~ /^SANYO/',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSanyoC4',
+        # The C4 offsets are wrong by 12, so they must be fixed
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^SANYO/ and $$self{Model}=~/^C4\b/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sanyo::Main',
+            Validate => '$val =~ /^SANYO/',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            FixBase => 1,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSanyoPatch',
+        # The J1, J2, J4, S1, S3 and S4 offsets are completely screwy
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^SANYO/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sanyo::Main',
+            Validate => '$val =~ /^SANYO/',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            FixOffsets => 'Image::ExifTool::Sanyo::FixOffsets($valuePtr, $valEnd, $size, $tagID, $wFlag)',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSigma',
+        # (starts with "SIGMA\0")
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^(SIGMA|FOVEON)/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sigma::Main',
+            Validate => '$val =~ /^(SIGMA|FOVEON)/',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 10',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSony',
+        # (starts with "SONY DSC \0" or "SONY CAM \0")
+        # (TF1 starts with "\0\0SONY PIC\0")
+        # (Hasselblad models start with "VHAB     \0")
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^(SONY (DSC|CAM|MOBILE)|\0\0SONY PIC\0|VHAB     \0)/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sony::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 12',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSony2',
+        # (starts with "SONY PI\0" -- DSC-S650/S700/S750)
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^SONY PI\0/ and $$self{OlympusCAMER}=1',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 12',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSony3',
+        # (starts with "PREMI\0" -- DSC-S45/S500)
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^(PREMI)\0/ and $$self{OlympusCAMER}=1',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Olympus::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSony4',
+        # (starts with "SONY PIC\0" -- DSC-H200/J20/W370/W510, MHS-TS20)
+        Condition => '$$valPt=~/^SONY PIC\0/',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sony::PIC' },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSony5', # used in SR2 and ARW images
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^SONY/ and $$valPt!~/^\x01\x00/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sony::Main',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSonyEricsson',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^SEMC MS\0/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sony::Ericsson',
+            Start => '$valuePtr + 20',
+            Base => '$start - 8',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteSonySRF',
+        Condition => '$$self{Make}=~/^SONY/',
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Sony::SRF',
+            Start => '$valuePtr',
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+        },
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteUnknownText',
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^[\x09\x0d\x0a\x20-\x7e]+\0*$/',
+        Notes => 'unknown text-based maker notes',
+        # show as binary if it is too long
+        ValueConv => 'length($val) > 64 ? \$val : $val',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteUnknownBinary',
+        # "LSI1\0" - SilverFast
+        Condition => '$$valPt =~ /^LSI1\0/',
+        Notes => 'unknown binary maker notes',
+        Binary => 1,
+    },
+    {
+        Name => 'MakerNoteUnknown',
+        PossiblePreview => 1,
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Unknown::Main',
+            ProcessProc => \&ProcessUnknownOrPreview,
+            WriteProc => \&WriteUnknownOrPreview,
+            ByteOrder => 'Unknown',
+            FixBase => 2,
+       },
+    },
+);
+
+# insert writable properties so we can write our maker notes
+my $tagInfo;
+foreach $tagInfo (@Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes::Main) {
+    $$tagInfo{Writable} = 'undef';
+    $$tagInfo{Format} = 'undef', # (make sure we don't convert this when reading)
+    $$tagInfo{WriteGroup} = 'ExifIFD';
+    $$tagInfo{Groups} = { 1 => 'MakerNotes' };
+    next unless $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
+    # make all SubDirectory tags block-writable
+    $$tagInfo{Binary} = 1,
+    $$tagInfo{MakerNotes} = 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Get normal offset of value data from end of maker note IFD
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference
+# Returns: Array: 0) relative flag (undef for no change)
+#                 1) normal offset from end of IFD to first value (empty if unknown)
+#                 2-N) other possible offsets used by some models
+# Notes: Directory size should be validated before calling this routine
+sub GetMakerNoteOffset($)
+{
+    my $et = shift;
+    # figure out where we expect the value data based on camera type
+    my $make = $$et{Make};
+    my $model = $$et{Model};
+    my ($relative, @offsets);
+
+    # normally value data starts 4 bytes after end of directory, so this is the default.
+    # offsets of 0 and 4 are always allowed even if not specified,
+    # but the first offset specified is the one used when writing
+    if ($make =~ /^Canon/) {
+        push @offsets, ($model =~ /\b(20D|350D|REBEL XT|Kiss Digital N)\b/) ? 6 : 4;
+        # some Canon models (FV-M30, Optura50, Optura60) leave 24 unused bytes
+        # at the end of the IFD (2 spare IFD entries?)
+        push @offsets, 28 if $model =~ /\b(FV\b|OPTURA)/;
+        # some Canon PowerShot models leave 12 unused bytes
+        push @offsets, 16 if $model =~ /(PowerShot|IXUS|IXY)/;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^CASIO/) {
+        # Casio AVI and MOV images use no padding, and their JPEG's use 4,
+        # except some models like the EX-S770,Z65,Z70,Z75 and Z700 which use 16,
+        # and the EX-Z35 which uses 2 (grrrr...)
+        push @offsets, $$et{FILE_TYPE} =~ /^(RIFF|MOV)$/ ? 0 : (4, 16, 2);
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^(General Imaging Co.|GEDSC IMAGING CORP.)/i) {
+        push @offsets, 0;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^KYOCERA/) {
+        push @offsets, 12;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^Leica Camera AG/) {
+        if ($model eq 'S2') {
+            # lots of empty space before first value in S2 images
+            push @offsets, 4, ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'JPEG' ? 286 : 274);
+        } elsif ($model eq 'LEICA M MONOCHROM (Typ 246)') {
+            push @offsets, 4, 130;
+        } elsif ($model eq 'LEICA M (Typ 240)') {
+            push @offsets, 4, 118;
+        } elsif ($model =~ /^(R8|R9|M8)\b/) {
+            push @offsets, 6;
+        } else {
+            push @offsets, 4;
+        }
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^OLYMPUS/ and $model =~ /^E-(1|300|330)\b/) {
+        push @offsets, 16;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^OLYMPUS/ and
+        # these Olympus models are just weird
+        $model =~ /^(C2500L|C-1Z?|C-5000Z|X-2|C720UZ|C725UZ|C150|C2Z|E-10|E-20|FerrariMODEL2003|u20D|u10D)\b/)
+    {
+        # no expected offset --> determine offset empirically via FixBase()
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^(Panasonic|JVC)\b/) {
+        push @offsets, 0;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^SONY/) {
+        # earlier DSLR and "PREMI" models use an offset of 4
+        if ($model =~ /^(DSLR-.*|SLT-A(33|35|55V)|NEX-(3|5|C3|VG10E))$/ or
+            $$et{OlympusCAMER})
+        {
+            push @offsets, 4;
+        } else {
+            push @offsets, 0;
+        }
+    } elsif ($make eq 'FUJIFILM') {
+        # some models have offset of 6, so allow that too (A345,A350,A360,A370)
+        push @offsets, 4, 6;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^TOSHIBA/) {
+        # similar to Canon, can also have 24 bytes of padding
+        push @offsets, 0, 24;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^PENTAX/) {
+        push @offsets, 4;
+        # the Pentax addressing mode is determined automatically, but
+        # sometimes the algorithm gets it wrong, but Pentax always uses
+        # absolute addressing, so force it to be absolute
+        $relative = 0;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^Konica Minolta/i) {
+        # patch for DiMAGE X50, Xg, Z2 and Z10
+        push @offsets, 4, -16;
+    } elsif ($make =~ /^Minolta/) {
+        # patch for DiMAGE 7, X20 and Z1
+        push @offsets, 4, -8, -12;
+    } else {
+        push @offsets, 4;   # the normal offset
+    }
+    return ($relative, @offsets);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Get hash of value offsets / block sizes
+# Inputs: 0) Data pointer, 1) offset to start of directory,
+#         2) hash ref to return value pointers based on tag ID
+# Returns: 0) hash reference: keys are offsets, values are block sizes
+#          1) same thing, but with keys adjusted for value-based offsets
+# Notes: Directory size should be validated before calling this routine
+# - calculates MIN and MAX offsets in entry-based hash
+sub GetValueBlocks($$;$)
+{
+    my ($dataPt, $dirStart, $tagPtr) = @_;
+    my $numEntries = Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart);
+    my ($index, $valPtr, %valBlock, %valBlkAdj, $end);
+    for ($index=0; $index<$numEntries; ++$index) {
+        my $entry = $dirStart + 2 + 12 * $index;
+        my $format = Get16u($dataPt, $entry+2);
+        last if $format < 1 or $format > 13;
+        my $count = Get32u($dataPt, $entry+4);
+        my $size = $count * $Image::ExifTool::Exif::formatSize[$format];
+        next if $size <= 4;
+        $valPtr = Get32u($dataPt, $entry+8);
+        $tagPtr and $$tagPtr{Get16u($dataPt, $entry)} = $valPtr;
+        # save location and size of longest block at this offset
+        unless (defined $valBlock{$valPtr} and $valBlock{$valPtr} > $size) {
+            $valBlock{$valPtr} = $size;
+        }
+        # adjust for case of value-based offsets
+        $valPtr += 12 * $index;
+        unless (defined $valBlkAdj{$valPtr} and $valBlkAdj{$valPtr} > $size) {
+            $valBlkAdj{$valPtr} = $size;
+            my $end = $valPtr + $size;
+            if (defined $valBlkAdj{MIN}) {
+                # save minimum only if it has a value of 12 or greater
+                $valBlkAdj{MIN} = $valPtr if $valBlkAdj{MIN} < 12 or $valBlkAdj{MIN} > $valPtr;
+                $valBlkAdj{MAX} = $end if $valBlkAdj{MAX} > $end;
+            } else {
+                $valBlkAdj{MIN} = $valPtr;
+                $valBlkAdj{MAX} = $end;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return(\%valBlock, \%valBlkAdj);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fix base for value offsets in maker notes IFD (if necessary)
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) DirInfo hash ref
+# Return: amount of base shift (and $dirInfo Base and DataPos are updated,
+#         FixedBy is set if offsets fixed, and Relative or EntryBased may be set)
+sub FixBase($$)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
+    # don't fix base if fixing offsets individually or if we don't want to fix them
+    return 0 if $$dirInfo{FixOffsets} or $$dirInfo{NoFixBase};
+
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
+    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+    my $entryBased = $$dirInfo{EntryBased};
+    my $dirName = $$dirInfo{DirName};
+    my $fixBase = $et->Options('FixBase');
+    my $setBase = (defined $fixBase and $fixBase ne '') ? 1 : 0;
+    my ($fix, $fixedBy, %tagPtr);
+
+    # get hash of value block positions
+    my ($valBlock, $valBlkAdj) = GetValueBlocks($dataPt, $dirStart, \%tagPtr);
+    return 0 unless %$valBlock;
+    # get sorted list of value offsets
+    my @valPtrs = sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$valBlock;
+#
+# handle special case of Canon maker notes with TIFF footer containing original offset
+#
+    if ($$et{Make} =~ /^Canon/ and $$dirInfo{DirLen} > 8) {
+        my $footerPos = $dirStart + $$dirInfo{DirLen} - 8;
+        my $footer = substr($$dataPt, $footerPos, 8);
+        if ($footer =~ /^(II\x2a\0|MM\0\x2a)/ and  # check for TIFF footer
+            substr($footer,0,2) eq GetByteOrder()) # validate byte ordering
+        {
+            my $oldOffset = Get32u(\$footer, 4);
+            my $newOffset = $dirStart + $dataPos;
+            if ($setBase) {
+                $fix = $fixBase;
+            } else {
+                $fix = $newOffset - $oldOffset;
+                return 0 unless $fix;
+                # Picasa and ACDSee have a bug where they update other offsets without
+                # updating the TIFF footer (PH - 2009/02/25), so test for this case:
+                # validate Canon maker note footer fix by checking offset of last value
+                my $maxPt = $valPtrs[-1] + $$valBlock{$valPtrs[-1]};
+                # compare to end of maker notes, taking 8-byte footer into account
+                my $endDiff = $dirStart + $$dirInfo{DirLen} - ($maxPt - $dataPos) - 8;
+                # ignore footer offset only if end difference is exactly correct
+                # (allow for possible padding byte, although I have never seen this)
+                if (not $endDiff or $endDiff == 1) {
+                    $et->Warn('Canon maker note footer may be invalid (ignored)',1);
+                    return 0;
+                }
+            }
+            $et->Warn("Adjusted $dirName base by $fix",1);
+            $$dirInfo{FixedBy} = $fix;
+            $$dirInfo{Base} += $fix;
+            $$dirInfo{DataPos} -= $fix;
+            return $fix;
+        }
+    }
+#
+# analyze value offsets to see if they need fixing.  The first task is to determine
+# the minimum valid offset used (this is tricky, because we have to weed out bad
+# offsets written by some cameras)
+#
+    my $minPt = $$dirInfo{MinOffset} = $valPtrs[0]; # if life were simple, this would be it
+    my $ifdLen = 2 + 12 * Get16u($$dirInfo{DataPt}, $dirStart);
+    my $ifdEnd = $dirStart + $ifdLen;
+    my ($relative, @offsets) = GetMakerNoteOffset($et);
+    my $makeDiff = $offsets[0];
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my ($diff, $shift);
+
+    # calculate expected minimum value offset
+    my $expected = $dataPos + $ifdEnd + (defined $makeDiff ? $makeDiff : 4);
+    $debug and print "$expected expected\n";
+
+    # zero our counters
+    my ($countNeg12, $countZero, $countOverlap) = (0, 0, 0);
+    my ($valPtr, $last);
+    foreach $valPtr (@valPtrs) {
+        printf("%d - %d (%d)\n", $valPtr, $valPtr + $$valBlock{$valPtr},
+               $valPtr - ($last || 0)) if $debug;
+        if (defined $last) {
+            my $gap = $valPtr - $last;
+            if ($gap == 0 or $gap == 1) {
+                ++$countZero;
+            } elsif ($gap == -12 and not $entryBased) {
+                # you get this when value offsets are relative to the IFD entry
+                ++$countNeg12;
+            } elsif ($gap < 0) {
+                # any other negative difference indicates overlapping values
+                ++$countOverlap if $valPtr; # (but ignore zero value pointers)
+            } elsif ($gap >= $ifdLen) {
+                # ignore previous minimum if we took a jump to near the expected value
+                # (some values can be stored before the IFD)
+                $minPt = $valPtr if abs($valPtr - $expected) <= 4;
+            }
+            # an offset less than 12 is surely garbage, so ignore it
+            $minPt = $valPtr if $minPt < 12;
+        }
+        $last = $valPtr + $$valBlock{$valPtr};
+    }
+    # could this IFD be using entry-based offsets?
+    if ((($countNeg12 > $countZero and $$valBlkAdj{MIN} >= $ifdLen - 2) or
+         ($$valBlkAdj{MIN} == $ifdLen - 2 or $$valBlkAdj{MIN} == $ifdLen + 2)
+        ) and $$valBlkAdj{MAX} <= $$dirInfo{DirLen}-2)
+    {
+        # looks like these offsets are entry-based, so use the offsets
+        # which have been correcting for individual entry position
+        $entryBased = 1;
+        $verbose and $et->Warn("$dirName offsets are entry-based",1);
+    } else {
+        # calculate offset difference from end of IFD to first value
+        $diff = ($minPt - $dataPos) - $ifdEnd;
+        $shift = 0;
+        $countOverlap and $et->Warn("Overlapping $dirName values",1);
+        if ($entryBased) {
+            $et->Warn("$dirName offsets do NOT look entry-based",1);
+            undef $entryBased;
+            undef $relative;
+        }
+        # use PrintIM tag to do special check for correct absolute offsets
+        if ($tagPtr{0xe00}) {
+            my $ptr = $tagPtr{0xe00} - $dataPos;
+            return 0 if $ptr > 0 and $ptr <= length($$dataPt) - 8 and
+                        substr($$dataPt, $ptr, 8) eq "PrintIM\0";
+        }
+        # allow a range of reasonable differences for Unknown maker notes
+        if ($$dirInfo{FixBase} and $$dirInfo{FixBase} == 2) {
+            return 0 if $diff >=0 and $diff <= 24;
+        }
+        # ******** (used for testing to extract differences) ********
+        # $et->FoundTag('Diff', $diff);
+        # $et->FoundTag('MakeDiff',$makeDiff);
+    }
+#
+# handle entry-based offsets
+#
+    if ($entryBased) {
+        $debug and print "--> entry-based!\n";
+        # most of my entry-based samples have first value immediately
+        # after last IFD entry (ie. no padding or next IFD pointer)
+        $makeDiff = 0;
+        push @offsets, 4;   # but some do have a next IFD pointer
+        # corrected entry-based offsets are relative to start of first entry
+        my $expected = 12 * Get16u($$dirInfo{DataPt}, $dirStart);
+        $diff = $$valBlkAdj{MIN} - $expected;
+        # set up directory to read values with entry-based offsets
+        # (ignore everything and set base to start of first entry)
+        $shift = $dataPos + $dirStart + 2;
+        $$dirInfo{Base} += $shift;
+        $$dirInfo{DataPos} -= $shift;
+        $$dirInfo{EntryBased} = 1;
+        $$dirInfo{Relative} = 1;    # entry-based offsets are relative
+        delete $$dirInfo{FixBase};  # no automatic base fix
+        undef $fixBase unless $setBase;
+    }
+#
+# return without doing shift if offsets look OK
+#
+    unless ($setBase) {
+        # don't try to fix offsets for whacky cameras
+        return $shift unless defined $makeDiff;
+        # normal value data starts 4 bytes after IFD, but allow 0 or 4...
+        return $shift if $diff == 0 or $diff == 4;
+        # also check for allowed make-specific differences
+        foreach (@offsets) {
+            return $shift if $diff == $_;
+        }
+    }
+#
+# apply the fix, or issue a warning
+#
+    # use default padding of 4 bytes unless already specified
+    $makeDiff = 4 unless defined $makeDiff;
+    $fix = $makeDiff - $diff;   # assume standard diff for this make
+
+    if ($$dirInfo{FixBase}) {
+        # set flag if offsets are relative (base is at or above directory start)
+        if ($dataPos - $fix + $dirStart <= 0) {
+            $$dirInfo{Relative} = (defined $relative) ? $relative : 1;
+        }
+        if ($setBase) {
+            $fixedBy = $fixBase;
+            $fix += $fixBase;
+        }
+    } elsif (defined $fixBase) {
+        $fix = $fixBase if $fixBase ne '';
+        $fixedBy = $fix;
+    } else {
+        # print warning unless difference looks reasonable
+        if ($diff < 0 or $diff > 16 or ($diff & 0x01)) {
+            $et->Warn("Possibly incorrect maker notes offsets (fix by $fix?)",1);
+        }
+        # don't do the fix (but we already adjusted base if entry-based)
+        return $shift;
+    }
+    if (defined $fixedBy) {
+        $et->Warn("Adjusted $dirName base by $fixedBy",1);
+        $$dirInfo{FixedBy} = $fixedBy;
+    }
+    $$dirInfo{Base} += $fix;
+    $$dirInfo{DataPos} -= $fix;
+    return $fix + $shift;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Find start of IFD in unknown maker notes
+# Inputs: 0) reference to directory information
+# Returns: offset to IFD on success, undefined otherwise
+# - dirInfo may contain TagInfo reference for tag associated with directory
+# - on success, updates DirStart, DirLen, Base and DataPos in dirInfo
+# - also sets Relative flag in dirInfo if offsets are relative to IFD
+# Note: Changes byte ordering!
+sub LocateIFD($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+    # (ignore MakerNotes DirLen since sometimes this is incorrect)
+    my $size = $$dirInfo{DataLen} - $dirStart;
+    my $dirLen = defined $$dirInfo{DirLen} ? $$dirInfo{DirLen} : $size;
+    my $tagInfo = $$dirInfo{TagInfo};
+    my $ifdOffsetPos;
+    # the IFD should be within the first 32 bytes
+    # (Kyocera sets the current record at 22 bytes)
+    my ($firstTry, $lastTry) = (0, 32);
+
+    # make sure Base and DataPos are defined
+    $$dirInfo{Base} or $$dirInfo{Base} = 0;
+    $$dirInfo{DataPos} or $$dirInfo{DataPos} = 0;
+#
+# use tag information (if provided) to determine directory location
+#
+    if ($tagInfo and $$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
+        my $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
+        unless ($$subdir{ProcessProc} and
+               ($$subdir{ProcessProc} eq \&ProcessUnknown or
+                $$subdir{ProcessProc} eq \&ProcessUnknownOrPreview))
+        {
+            # look for the IFD at the "Start" specified in our SubDirectory information
+            my $valuePtr = $dirStart;
+            my $newStart = $dirStart;
+            if (defined $$subdir{Start}) {
+                #### eval Start ($valuePtr)
+                $newStart = eval($$subdir{Start});
+            }
+            if ($$subdir{Base}) {
+                # calculate subdirectory start relative to $base for eval
+                my $start = $newStart + $$dirInfo{DataPos};
+                my $base = $$dirInfo{Base} || 0;
+                #### eval Base ($start,$base)
+                my $baseShift = eval($$subdir{Base});
+                # shift directory base (note: we may do this again below
+                # if an OffsetPt is defined, but that doesn't matter since
+                # the base shift is relative to DataPos, which we set too)
+                $$dirInfo{Base} += $baseShift;
+                $$dirInfo{DataPos} -= $baseShift;
+                # this is a relative directory if Base depends on $start
+                if ($$subdir{Base} =~ /\$start\b/) {
+                    $$dirInfo{Relative} = 1;
+                    # hack to fix Leica quirk
+                    if ($$subdir{ProcessProc} and $$subdir{ProcessProc} eq \&FixLeicaBase) {
+                        my $oldStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
+                        $$dirInfo{DirStart} = $newStart;
+                        FixLeicaBase($et, $dirInfo);
+                        $$dirInfo{DirStart} = $oldStart;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            # add offset to the start of the directory if necessary
+            if ($$subdir{OffsetPt}) {
+                if ($$subdir{ByteOrder} =~ /^Little/i) {
+                    SetByteOrder('II');
+                } elsif ($$subdir{ByteOrder} =~ /^Big/i) {
+                    SetByteOrder('MM');
+                } else {
+                    warn "Can't have variable byte ordering for SubDirectories using OffsetPt\n";
+                    return undef;
+                }
+                #### eval OffsetPt ($valuePtr)
+                $ifdOffsetPos = eval($$subdir{OffsetPt}) - $dirStart;
+            }
+            # pinpoint position to look for this IFD
+            $firstTry = $lastTry = $newStart - $dirStart;
+        }
+    }
+#
+# scan for something that looks like an IFD
+#
+    if ($dirLen >= 14 + $firstTry) {  # minimum size for an IFD
+        my $offset;
+IFD_TRY: for ($offset=$firstTry; $offset<=$lastTry; $offset+=2) {
+            last if $offset + 14 > $dirLen;    # 14 bytes is minimum size for an IFD
+            my $pos = $dirStart + $offset;
+#
+# look for a standard TIFF header (Nikon uses it, others may as well),
+#
+            if (SetByteOrder(substr($$dataPt, $pos, 2)) and
+                Get16u($dataPt, $pos + 2) == 0x2a)
+            {
+                $ifdOffsetPos = 4;
+            }
+            if (defined $ifdOffsetPos) {
+                # get pointer to IFD
+                my $ptr = Get32u($dataPt, $pos + $ifdOffsetPos);
+                if ($ptr >= $ifdOffsetPos + 4 and $ptr + $offset + 14 <= $dirLen) {
+                    # shift directory start and shorten dirLen accordingly
+                    $$dirInfo{DirStart} += $ptr + $offset;
+                    $$dirInfo{DirLen} -= $ptr + $offset;
+                    # shift pointer base to the start of the TIFF header
+                    my $shift = $$dirInfo{DataPos} + $dirStart + $offset;
+                    $$dirInfo{Base} += $shift;
+                    $$dirInfo{DataPos} -= $shift;
+                    $$dirInfo{Relative} = 1;   # set "relative offsets" flag
+                    return $ptr + $offset;
+                }
+                undef $ifdOffsetPos;
+            }
+#
+# look for a standard IFD (starts with 2-byte entry count)
+#
+            my $num = Get16u($dataPt, $pos);
+            next unless $num;
+            # number of entries in an IFD should be between 1 and 255
+            if (!($num & 0xff)) {
+                # lower byte is zero -- byte order could be wrong
+                ToggleByteOrder();
+                $num >>= 8;
+            } elsif ($num & 0xff00) {
+                # upper byte isn't zero -- not an IFD
+                next;
+            }
+            my $bytesFromEnd = $size - ($offset + 2 + 12 * $num);
+            if ($bytesFromEnd < 4) {
+                next unless $bytesFromEnd == 2 or $bytesFromEnd == 0;
+            }
+            # do a quick validation of all format types
+            my $index;
+            for ($index=0; $index<$num; ++$index) {
+                my $entry = $pos + 2 + 12 * $index;
+                my $format = Get16u($dataPt, $entry+2);
+                my $count = Get32u($dataPt, $entry+4);
+                unless ($format) {
+                    # patch for buggy Samsung NX200 JPEG MakerNotes entry count
+                    if ($num == 23 and $index == 21 and $$et{Make} eq 'SAMSUNG') {
+                        Set16u(21, $dataPt, $pos);  # really 21 IFD entries!
+                        $et->Warn('Fixed incorrect Makernote entry count', 1);
+                        last;
+                    }
+                    # allow everything to be zero if not first entry
+                    # because some manufacturers pad with null entries
+                    next unless $count or $index == 0;
+                    # patch for Canon EOS 40D firmware 1.0.4 bug: allow zero format for last entry
+                    next if $index==$num-1 and $$et{Model}=~/EOS 40D/;
+                }
+                # patch for Sony cameras like the DSC-P10 that have invalid MakerNote entries
+                next if $num == 12 and $$et{Make} eq 'SONY' and $index >= 8;
+                # (would like to verify tag ID, but some manufactures don't
+                #  sort entries in order of tag ID so we don't have much of
+                #  a handle to verify this field)
+                # verify format
+                next IFD_TRY if $format < 1 or $format > 13;
+                # count must be reasonable (can't test for zero count because
+                # cameras like the 1DmkIII use this value)
+                next IFD_TRY if $count & 0xff000000;
+                # extra tests to avoid mis-identifying Samsung makernotes (GT-I9000, etc)
+                next unless $num == 1;
+                my $valueSize = $count * $Image::ExifTool::Exif::formatSize[$format];
+                if ($valueSize > 4) {
+                    next IFD_TRY if $valueSize > $size;
+                    my $valuePtr = Get32u($dataPt, $entry+8);
+                    next IFD_TRY if $valuePtr > 0x10000;
+                }
+            }
+            $$dirInfo{DirStart} += $offset;    # update directory start
+            $$dirInfo{DirLen} -= $offset;
+            return $offset;   # success!!
+        }
+    }
+    return undef;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fix base offset for Leica maker notes
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success, and updates $dirInfo if necessary for new directory
+sub FixLeicaBase($$;$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+    # get hash of value block positions
+    my ($valBlock, $valBlkAdj) = GetValueBlocks($dataPt, $dirStart);
+    if (%$valBlock) {
+        # get sorted list of value offsets
+        my @valPtrs = sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$valBlock;
+        my $numEntries = Get16u($dataPt, $dirStart);
+        my $diff = $valPtrs[0] - ($numEntries * 12 + 4);
+        if ($diff > 8) {
+            $$dirInfo{Base} -= 8;
+            $$dirInfo{DataPos} += 8;
+        }
+    }
+    my $success = 1;
+    if ($tagTablePtr) {
+        $success = Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+    }
+    return $success;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process Canon maker notes
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessCanon($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    # identify Canon MakerNote footer in HtmlDump
+    # (this code moved from FixBase so it also works for Adobe MakN in DNG images)
+    if ($$et{HTML_DUMP} and $$dirInfo{DirLen} > 8) {
+        my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
+        my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+        my $footerPos = $dirStart + $$dirInfo{DirLen} - 8;
+        my $footer = substr(${$$dirInfo{DataPt}}, $footerPos, 8);
+        if ($footer =~ /^(II\x2a\0|MM\0\x2a)/ and substr($footer,0,2) eq GetByteOrder()) {
+            my $oldOffset = Get32u(\$footer, 4);
+            my $newOffset = $dirStart + $dataPos;
+            my $str = sprintf('Original maker note offset: 0x%.4x', $oldOffset);
+            if ($oldOffset != $newOffset) {
+                $str .= sprintf("\nCurrent maker note offset: 0x%.4x", $newOffset);
+            }
+            my $filePos = ($$dirInfo{Base} || 0) + $dataPos + $footerPos;
+            $et->HDump($filePos, 8, '[Canon MakerNotes footer]', $str);
+        }
+    }
+    # process as normal
+    return Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process GE type 2 maker notes
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) DirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessGE2($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt} or return 0;
+    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+
+    # these maker notes are missing the IFD entry count, but they
+    # always have 25 entries, so write the entry count manually
+    Set16u(25, $dataPt, $dirStart);
+    return Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process broken Kodak type 8b maker notes
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) DirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success
+sub ProcessKodakPatch($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt} or return 0;
+    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+
+    # these maker notes have 2 extra bytes after the entry count, so fix this
+    return 0 unless $$dirInfo{DirLen} > 2;
+    Set16u(Get16u($dataPt,$dirStart), $dataPt, $dirStart+2);
+    $$dirInfo{DirStart} += 2;
+    return Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process unknown maker notes or PreviewImage
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success, and updates $dirInfo if necessary for new directory
+sub ProcessUnknownOrPreview($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
+    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
+    # check to see if this is a preview image
+    if ($dirLen > 6 and substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, 3) eq "\xff\xd8\xff") {
+        $et->VerboseDir('PreviewImage');
+        if ($$et{HTML_DUMP}) {
+            my $pos = $$dirInfo{DataPos} + $$dirInfo{Base} + $dirStart;
+            $et->HDump($pos, $dirLen, '(MakerNotes:PreviewImage data)', "Size: $dirLen bytes")
+        }
+        $et->FoundTag('PreviewImage', substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, $dirLen));
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return ProcessUnknown($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Write unknown maker notes or PreviewImage
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: directory data, '' to delete, or undef on error
+sub WriteUnknownOrPreview($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
+    my $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
+    my $newVal;
+    # check to see if this is a preview image
+    if ($dirLen > 6 and substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, 3) eq "\xff\xd8\xff") {
+        if ($$et{NEW_VALUE}{$Image::ExifTool::Extra{PreviewImage}}) {
+            # write or delete new preview (if deleted, it can't currently be added back again)
+            $newVal = $et->GetNewValue('PreviewImage') || '';
+            if ($et->Options('Verbose') > 1) {
+                $et->VerboseValue("- MakerNotes:PreviewImage", substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, $dirLen));
+                $et->VerboseValue("+ MakerNotes:PreviewImage", $newVal) if $newVal;
+            }
+            ++$$et{CHANGED};
+        } else {
+            $newVal = substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, $dirLen);
+        }
+    } else {
+        # rewrite MakerNote IFD
+        $newVal = Image::ExifTool::Exif::WriteExif($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+    }
+    return $newVal;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process unknown maker notes assuming it is in EXIF IFD format
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success, and updates $dirInfo if necessary for new directory
+sub ProcessUnknown($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $success = 0;
+
+    my $loc = LocateIFD($et, $dirInfo);
+    if (defined $loc) {
+        $$et{UnknownByteOrder} = GetByteOrder();
+        if ($et->Options('Verbose') > 1) {
+            my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
+            my $indent = $$et{INDENT};
+            $indent =~ s/\| $/  /;
+            printf $out "${indent}Found IFD at offset 0x%.4x in maker notes:\n",
+                    $$dirInfo{DirStart} + $$dirInfo{DataPos} + $$dirInfo{Base};
+        }
+        $success = Image::ExifTool::Exif::ProcessExif($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+    } else {
+        $$et{UnknownByteOrder} = ''; # indicates we tried but didn't set byte order
+        $et->Warn("Unrecognized $$dirInfo{DirName}", 1);
+    }
+    return $success;
+}
+
+
+1;  # end
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::MakerNotes - Read and write EXIF maker notes
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+This module is required by Image::ExifTool.
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This module contains definitions required by Image::ExifTool to interpret
+maker notes in EXIF information.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2017, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::TagNames>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
+
+=cut