exiftool_vendored 10.31.0 → 10.40.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-10.40/lib/Image/ExifTool/Vorbis.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         Vorbis.pm
+#
+# Description:  Read Ogg Vorbis audio meta information
+#
+# Revisions:    2006/11/10 - P. Harvey Created
+#               2011/07/12 - PH Moved Ogg to a separate module and added Theora
+#
+# References:   1) http://www.xiph.org/vorbis/doc/
+#               2) http://flac.sourceforge.net/ogg_mapping.html
+#               3) http://www.theora.org/doc/Theora.pdf
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+package Image::ExifTool::Vorbis;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION);
+use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
+
+$VERSION = '1.08';
+
+sub ProcessComments($$$);
+
+# Vorbis header types
+%Image::ExifTool::Vorbis::Main = (
+    NOTES => q{
+        Information extracted from Ogg Vorbis files.  See
+        L<http://www.xiph.org/vorbis/doc/> for the Vorbis specification.
+    },
+    1 => {
+        Name => 'Identification',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Vorbis::Identification' },
+    },
+    3 => {
+        Name => 'Comments',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Vorbis::Comments' },
+    },
+);
+
+%Image::ExifTool::Vorbis::Identification = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessBinaryData,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    0 => {
+        Name => 'VorbisVersion',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+    },
+    4 => 'AudioChannels',
+    5 => {
+        Name => 'SampleRate',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+    },
+    9 => {
+        Name => 'MaximumBitrate',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        RawConv => '$val || undef',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+    13 => {
+        Name => 'NominalBitrate',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        RawConv => '$val || undef',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+    17 => {
+        Name => 'MinimumBitrate',
+        Format => 'int32u',
+        RawConv => '$val || undef',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertBitrate($val)',
+    },
+);
+
+%Image::ExifTool::Vorbis::Comments = (
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessComments,
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Audio' },
+    NOTES => q{
+        The tags below are only some common tags found in the Vorbis comments of Ogg
+        Vorbis and Ogg FLAC audio files, however ExifTool will extract values from
+        any tag found, even if not listed here.
+    },
+    vendor    => { Notes => 'from comment header' },
+    TITLE     => { Name => 'Title' },
+    VERSION   => { Name => 'Version' },
+    ALBUM     => { Name => 'Album' },
+    TRACKNUMBER=>{ Name => 'TrackNumber' },
+    ARTIST    => { Name => 'Artist',       Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, List => 1 },
+    PERFORMER => { Name => 'Performer',    Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, List => 1 },
+    COPYRIGHT => { Name => 'Copyright',    Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    LICENSE   => { Name => 'License',      Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    ORGANIZATION=>{Name => 'Organization', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    DESCRIPTION=>{ Name => 'Description' },
+    GENRE     => { Name => 'Genre' },
+    DATE      => { Name => 'Date',         Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
+    LOCATION  => { Name => 'Location',     Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    CONTACT   => { Name => 'Contact',      Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, List => 1 },
+    ISRC      => { Name => 'ISRCNumber' },
+    COVERARTMIME => { Name => 'CoverArtMIMEType' },
+    COVERART  => {
+        Name => 'CoverArt',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
+        Notes => 'base64-encoded image',
+        ValueConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
+            Image::ExifTool::XMP::DecodeBase64($val);
+        },
+    },
+    REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_PEAK => { Name => 'ReplayGainTrackPeak' },
+    REPLAYGAIN_TRACK_GAIN => { Name => 'ReplayGainTrackGain' },
+    REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_PEAK => { Name => 'ReplayGainAlbumPeak' },
+    REPLAYGAIN_ALBUM_GAIN => { Name => 'ReplayGainAlbumGain' },
+    # observed in "Xiph.Org libVorbis I 20020717" ogg:
+    ENCODED_USING => { Name => 'EncodedUsing' },
+    ENCODED_BY  => { Name => 'EncodedBy' },
+    COMMENT     => { Name => 'Comment' },
+    # in Theora documentation (ref 3)
+    DIRECTOR    => { Name => 'Director' },
+    PRODUCER    => { Name => 'Producer' },
+    COMPOSER    => { Name => 'Composer' },
+    ACTOR       => { Name => 'Actor' },
+    # Opus tags
+    ENCODER     => { Name => 'Encoder' },
+    ENCODER_OPTIONS => { Name => 'EncoderOptions' },
+    METADATA_BLOCK_PICTURE => {
+        Name => 'Picture',
+        Binary => 1,
+        # ref https://wiki.xiph.org/VorbisComment#METADATA_BLOCK_PICTURE
+        RawConv => q{
+            require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
+            Image::ExifTool::XMP::DecodeBase64($val);
+        },
+        SubDirectory => {
+            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::FLAC::Picture',
+            ByteOrder => 'BigEndian',
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# Vorbis composite tags
+%Image::ExifTool::Vorbis::Composite = (
+    Duration => {
+        Require => {
+            0 => 'Vorbis:NominalBitrate',
+            1 => 'FileSize',
+        },
+        RawConv => '$val[0] ? $val[1] * 8 / $val[0] : undef',
+        PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val) . " (approx)"', # (only approximate)
+    },
+);
+
+# add our composite tags
+Image::ExifTool::AddCompositeTags('Image::ExifTool::Vorbis');
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process Vorbis Comments
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) dirInfo ref, 2) tag table ref
+# Returns: 1 on success, otherwise returns 0 and sets a Warning
+sub ProcessComments($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my $dataPos = $$dirInfo{DataPos};
+    my $pos = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+    my $end = $$dirInfo{DirLen} ? $pos + $$dirInfo{DirLen} : length $$dataPt;
+    my ($num, $index);
+
+    SetByteOrder('II');
+    for (;;) {
+        last if $pos + 4 > $end;
+        my $len = Get32u($dataPt, $pos);
+        last if $pos + 4 + $len > $end;
+        my $start = $pos + 4;
+        my $buff = substr($$dataPt, $start, $len);
+        $pos = $start + $len;
+        my ($tag, $val);
+        if (defined $num) {
+            $buff =~ /(.*?)=(.*)/s or last;
+            ($tag, $val) = (uc $1, $2);
+            # Vorbis tag ID's are all capitals, so they may conflict with our internal tags
+            # --> protect against this by adding a trailing underline if necessary
+            $tag .= '_' if $Image::ExifTool::specialTags{$tag};
+        } else {
+            $tag = 'vendor';
+            $val = $buff;
+            $num = ($pos + 4 < $end) ? Get32u($dataPt, $pos) : 0;
+            $et->VPrint(0, "  + [Vorbis comments with $num entries]\n");
+            $pos += 4;
+        }
+        # add tag to table unless it exists already
+        unless ($$tagTablePtr{$tag}) {
+            my $name = ucfirst(lc($tag));
+            # remove invalid characters in tag name and capitalize following letters
+            $name =~ s/[^\w-]+(.?)/\U$1/sg;
+            $name =~ s/([a-z0-9])_([a-z])/$1\U$2/g;
+            $et->VPrint(0, "  | [adding $tag]\n");
+            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, { Name => $name });
+        }
+        $et->HandleTag($tagTablePtr, $tag, $et->Decode($val, 'UTF8'),
+            Index   => $index,
+            DataPt  => $dataPt,
+            DataPos => $dataPos,
+            Start   => $start,
+            Size    => $len,
+        );
+        # all done if this was our last tag
+        $num-- or return 1;
+        $index = (defined $index) ? $index + 1 : 0;
+    }
+    $et->Warn('Format error in Vorbis comments');
+    return 0;
+}
+
+1;  # end
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::Vorbis - Read Ogg Vorbis audio meta information
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+This module is used by Image::ExifTool
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This module contains definitions required by Image::ExifTool to extract meta
+information from Ogg Vorbis audio headers.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2017, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 REFERENCES
+
+=over 4
+
+=item L<http://www.xiph.org/vorbis/doc/>
+
+=item L<http://flac.sourceforge.net/ogg_mapping.html>
+
+=item L<http://www.theora.org/doc/Theora.pdf>
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Vorbis Tags>,
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Ogg Tags>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
+
+=cut
+

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-10.40/lib/Image/ExifTool/WriteCanonRaw.pl

@@ -0,0 +1,637 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         WriteCanonRaw.pl
+#
+# Description:  Write Canon RAW (CRW and CR2) meta information
+#
+# Revisions:    01/25/2005 - P. Harvey Created
+#               09/16/2010 - PH Added ability to write XMP in CRW images
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+package Image::ExifTool::CanonRaw;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD %crwTagFormat);
+use Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
+
+# map for adding directories to CRW
+my %crwMap = (
+    XMP      => 'CanonVRD',
+    CanonVRD => 'Trailer',
+);
+
+# mappings to from RAW tagID to MakerNotes tagID
+# (Note: upper two bits of RawTagID are zero)
+my %mapRawTag = (
+  # RawTagID => Canon TagID
+    0x080b => 0x07, # CanonFirmwareVersion
+    0x0810 => 0x09, # OwnerName
+    0x0815 => 0x06, # CanonImageType
+    0x1028 => 0x03, # (unknown if no tag name specified)
+    0x1029 => 0x02, # FocalLength
+    0x102a => 0x04, # CanonShotInfo
+    0x102d => 0x01, # CanonCameraSettings
+    0x1033 => 0x0f, # CanonCustomFunctions (only verified for 10D)
+    0x1038 => 0x12, # CanonAFInfo
+    0x1039 => 0x13,
+    0x1093 => 0x93,
+    0x10a8 => 0xa8,
+    0x10a9 => 0xa9, # WhiteBalanceTable
+    0x10aa => 0xaa,
+    0x10ae => 0xae, # ColorTemperature
+    0x10b4 => 0xb4, # ColorSpace
+    0x10b5 => 0xb5,
+    0x10c0 => 0xc0,
+    0x10c1 => 0xc1,
+    0x180b => 0x0c, # SerialNumber
+    0x1817 => 0x08, # FileNumber
+    0x1834 => 0x10,
+    0x183b => 0x15,
+);
+# translation from Rotation to Orientation values
+my %mapRotation = (
+    0 => 1,
+    90 => 6,
+    180 => 3,
+    270 => 8,
+);
+
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Initialize buffers for building MakerNotes from RAW data
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference
+sub InitMakerNotes($)
+{
+    my $et = shift;
+    $$et{MAKER_NOTE_INFO} = {
+        Entries => { },     # directory entries keyed by tagID
+        ValBuff => "\0\0\0\0", # value data buffer (start with zero nextIFD pointer)
+        FixupTags => { },   # flags for tags with data in value buffer
+    };
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Build maker notes from CanonRaw information
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) raw tag ID, 2) reference to tagInfo
+#         3) reference to value, 4) format name, 5) count
+# Notes: This will build the directory in the order the tags are found in the CRW
+# file, which isn't sequential (but Canon's version isn't sequential either...)
+sub BuildMakerNotes($$$$$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $rawTag, $tagInfo, $valuePt, $formName, $count) = @_;
+
+    my $tagID = $mapRawTag{$rawTag} || return;
+    $formName or warn(sprintf "No format for tag 0x%x!\n",$rawTag), return;
+    # special case: ignore user comment because it gets saved in EXIF
+    # (and has the same raw tagID as CanonFileDescription)
+    return if $tagInfo and $$tagInfo{Name} eq 'UserComment';
+    my $format = $Image::ExifTool::Exif::formatNumber{$formName};
+    my $fsiz = $Image::ExifTool::Exif::formatSize[$format];
+    my $size = length($$valuePt);
+    my $value;
+    if ($count and $size != $count * $fsiz) {
+        if ($size < $count * $fsiz) {
+            warn sprintf("Value too short for raw tag 0x%x\n",$rawTag);
+            return;
+        }
+        # shorten value appropriately
+        $size = $count * $fsiz;
+        $value = substr($$valuePt, 0, $size);
+    } else {
+        $count = $size / $fsiz;
+        $value = $$valuePt;
+    }
+    my $offsetVal;
+    my $makerInfo = $$et{MAKER_NOTE_INFO};
+    if ($size > 4) {
+        my $len = length $makerInfo->{ValBuff};
+        $offsetVal = Set32u($len);
+        $makerInfo->{ValBuff} .= $value;
+        # pad to an even number of bytes
+        $size & 0x01 and $makerInfo->{ValBuff} .= "\0";
+        # set flag indicating that this tag needs a fixup
+        $makerInfo->{FixupTags}->{$tagID} = 1;
+    } else {
+        $offsetVal = $value;
+        $size < 4 and $offsetVal .= "\0" x (4 - $size);
+    }
+    $makerInfo->{Entries}->{$tagID} = Set16u($tagID) . Set16u($format) .
+                                      Set32u($count) . $offsetVal;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Finish building and save MakerNotes
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference
+sub SaveMakerNotes($)
+{
+    my $et = shift;
+    # save maker notes
+    my $makerInfo = $$et{MAKER_NOTE_INFO};
+    delete $$et{MAKER_NOTE_INFO};
+    my $dirEntries = $makerInfo->{Entries};
+    my $numEntries = scalar(keys %$dirEntries);
+    my $fixup = new Image::ExifTool::Fixup;
+    return unless $numEntries;
+    # build the MakerNotes directory
+    my $makerNotes = Set16u($numEntries);
+    my $tagID;
+    # write the entries in proper tag order (even though Canon doesn't do this...)
+    foreach $tagID (sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$dirEntries) {
+        $makerNotes .= $$dirEntries{$tagID};
+        next unless $makerInfo->{FixupTags}->{$tagID};
+        # add fixup for this pointer
+        $fixup->AddFixup(length($makerNotes) - 4);
+    }
+    # save position of maker notes for pointer fixups
+    $fixup->{Shift} += length($makerNotes);
+    $$et{MAKER_NOTE_FIXUP} = $fixup;
+    $$et{MAKER_NOTE_BYTE_ORDER} = GetByteOrder();
+    # add value data
+    $makerNotes .= $makerInfo->{ValBuff};
+    # get MakerNotes tag info
+    my $tagTablePtr = Image::ExifTool::GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main');
+    my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, 0x927c, \$makerNotes);
+    # save the MakerNotes
+    $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $makerNotes);
+    # save the garbage collection some work later
+    delete $makerInfo->{Entries};
+    delete $makerInfo->{ValBuff};
+    delete $makerInfo->{FixupTags};
+    # also generate Orientation tag since Rotation isn't transferred from RAW info
+    my $rotation = $et->GetValue('Rotation', 'ValueConv');
+    if (defined $rotation and defined $mapRotation{$rotation}) {
+        $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, 0x112);
+        $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $mapRotation{$rotation});
+    }
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Check CanonRaw information
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) tagInfo hash reference,
+#         2) raw value reference
+# Returns: error string or undef (and may change value) on success
+sub CheckCanonRaw($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $tagInfo, $valPtr) = @_;
+    my $tagName = $$tagInfo{Name};
+    if ($tagName eq 'JpgFromRaw' or $tagName eq 'ThumbnailImage') {
+        unless ($$valPtr =~ /^\xff\xd8/ or $et->Options('IgnoreMinorErrors')) {
+            return '[Minor] Not a valid image';
+        }
+    } else {
+        my $format = $$tagInfo{Format};
+        my $count = $$tagInfo{Count};
+        unless ($format) {
+            my $tagType = ($$tagInfo{TagID} >> 8) & 0x38;
+            $format = $crwTagFormat{$tagType};
+        }
+        $format and return Image::ExifTool::CheckValue($valPtr, $format, $count);
+    }
+    return undef;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Write CR2 file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) dirInfo reference (must have read first 16 bytes)
+#         2) tag table reference
+# Returns: true on success
+sub WriteCR2($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt} or return 0;
+    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile} or return 0;
+    $$dirInfo{RAF} or return 0;
+
+    # check CR2 signature
+    if ($$dataPt !~ /^.{8}CR\x02\0/s) {
+        my ($msg, $minor);
+        if ($$dataPt =~ /^.{8}CR/s) {
+            $msg = 'Unsupported Canon RAW file. May cause problems if rewritten';
+            $minor = 1;
+        } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /^.{8}\xba\xb0\xac\xbb/s) {
+            $msg = 'Can not currently write Canon 1D RAW images';
+        } else {
+            $msg = 'Unrecognized Canon RAW file';
+        }
+        return 0 if $et->Error($msg, $minor);
+    }
+
+    # CR2 has a 16-byte header
+    $$dirInfo{NewDataPos} = 16;
+    my $newData = $et->WriteDirectory($dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+    return 0 unless defined $newData;
+    unless ($$dirInfo{LastIFD}) {
+        $et->Error("CR2 image IFD may not be deleted");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (length($newData)) {
+        # build 16 byte header for Canon RAW file
+        my $header = substr($$dataPt, 0, 16);
+        # set IFD0 pointer (may not be 16 if edited by PhotoMechanic)
+        Set32u(16, \$header, 4);
+        # last 4 bytes of header is pointer to last IFD
+        Set32u($$dirInfo{LastIFD}, \$header, 12);
+        Write($outfile, $header, $newData) or return 0;
+        undef $newData;     # free memory
+
+        # copy over image data now if necessary
+        if (ref $$dirInfo{ImageData}) {
+            $et->CopyImageData($$dirInfo{ImageData}, $outfile) or return 0;
+            delete $$dirInfo{ImageData};
+        }
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Write CanonRaw (CRW) information
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) source dirInfo reference,
+#         2) tag table reference
+# Returns: true on success
+# Notes: Increments ExifTool CHANGED flag for each tag changed This routine is
+# different from all of the other write routines because Canon RAW files are
+# designed well!  So it isn't necessary to buffer the data in memory before
+# writing it out.  Therefore this routine doesn't return the directory data as
+# the rest of the Write routines do.  Instead, it writes to the dirInfo
+# OutFile on the fly --> much faster, efficient, and less demanding on memory!
+sub WriteCanonRaw($$$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    $et or return 1;    # allow dummy access to autoload this package
+    my $blockStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart};
+    my $blockSize = $$dirInfo{DirLen};
+    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF} or return 0;
+    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile} or return 0;
+    my $outPos = $$dirInfo{OutPos} or return 0;
+    my $outBase = $outPos;
+    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
+    my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
+    my ($buff, $tagInfo);
+
+    # 4 bytes at end of block give directory position within block
+    $raf->Seek($blockStart+$blockSize-4, 0) or return 0;
+    $raf->Read($buff, 4) == 4 or return 0;
+    my $dirOffset = Get32u(\$buff,0) + $blockStart;
+    $raf->Seek($dirOffset, 0) or return 0;
+    $raf->Read($buff, 2) == 2 or return 0;
+    my $entries = Get16u(\$buff,0);             # get number of entries in directory
+    # read the directory (10 bytes per entry)
+    $raf->Read($buff, 10 * $entries) == 10 * $entries or return 0;
+    my $newDir = '';
+
+    # get hash of new information keyed by tagID
+    my $newTags = $et->GetNewTagInfoHash($tagTablePtr);
+
+    # generate list of tags to add or delete (currently, we only allow JpgFromRaw
+    # and ThumbnailImage, to be added or deleted from the root CanonRaw directory)
+    my (@addTags, %delTag);
+    if ($$dirInfo{Nesting} == 0) {
+        my $tagID;
+        foreach $tagID (keys %$newTags) {
+            my $permanent = $newTags->{$tagID}->{Permanent};
+            push(@addTags, $tagID) if defined($permanent) and not $permanent;
+        }
+    }
+
+    my $index;
+    for ($index=0; ; ++$index) {
+        my ($pt, $tag, $size, $valuePtr, $ptr, $value);
+        if ($index<$entries) {
+            $pt = 10 * $index;
+            $tag = Get16u(\$buff, $pt);
+            $size = Get32u(\$buff, $pt+2);
+            $valuePtr = Get32u(\$buff, $pt+6);
+            $ptr = $valuePtr + $blockStart;        # all pointers relative to block start
+        }
+        # add any required new tags
+        # NOTE: can't currently add tags where value is stored in directory
+        if (@addTags and (not defined($tag) or $tag >= $addTags[0])) {
+            my $addTag = shift @addTags;
+            $tagInfo = $$newTags{$addTag};
+            my $newVal = $et->GetNewValue($tagInfo);
+            if (defined $newVal) {
+                # pad value to an even length (Canon ImageBrowser and ZoomBrowser
+                # version 6.1.1 have problems with odd-sized embedded JPEG images
+                # even if the value is padded to maintain alignment, so do this
+                # before calculating the size for the directory entry)
+                $newVal .= "\0" if length($newVal) & 0x01;
+                # add new directory entry
+                $newDir .= Set16u($addTag) . Set32u(length($newVal)) .
+                           Set32u($outPos - $outBase);
+                # write new value data
+                Write($outfile, $newVal) or return 0;
+                $outPos += length($newVal);     # update current position
+                $verbose > 1 and print $out "    + CanonRaw:$$tagInfo{Name}\n";
+                ++$$et{CHANGED};
+            }
+            # set flag to delete this tag if found later
+            $delTag{$addTag} = 1;
+        }
+        last unless defined $tag;           # all done if no more directory entries
+        return 0 if $tag & 0x8000;          # top bit should not be set
+        my $tagID = $tag & 0x3fff;          # get tag ID
+        my $tagType = ($tag >> 8) & 0x38;   # get tag type
+        my $valueInDir = ($tag & 0x4000);   # flag for value in directory
+
+        my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr,$tagID);
+        my $format = $crwTagFormat{$tagType};
+        my ($count, $subdir);
+        if ($tagInfo) {
+            $subdir = $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
+            $format = $$tagInfo{Format} if $$tagInfo{Format};
+            $count = $$tagInfo{Count};
+        }
+        if ($valueInDir) {
+            $size = 8;
+            $value = substr($buff, $pt+2, $size);
+            # set count to 1 by default for normal values in directory
+            $count = 1 if not defined $count and $format and
+                          $format ne 'string' and not $subdir;
+        } else {
+            if ($tagType==0x28 or $tagType==0x30) {
+                # this type of tag specifies a raw subdirectory
+                my $name;
+                $tagInfo and $name = $$tagInfo{Name};
+                $name or $name = sprintf("CanonRaw_0x%.4x", $tagID);
+                my %subdirInfo = (
+                    DirName  => $name,
+                    DataLen  => 0,
+                    DirStart => $ptr,
+                    DirLen   => $size,
+                    Nesting  => $$dirInfo{Nesting} + 1,
+                    RAF      => $raf,
+                    Parent   => $$dirInfo{DirName},
+                    OutFile  => $outfile,
+                    OutPos   => $outPos,
+                );
+                my $result = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+                return 0 unless $result;
+                # set size and pointer for this new directory
+                $size = $subdirInfo{OutPos} - $outPos;
+                $valuePtr = $outPos - $outBase;
+                $outPos = $subdirInfo{OutPos};
+            } else {
+                # verify that the value data is within this block
+                $valuePtr + $size <= $blockSize or return 0;
+                # read value from file
+                $raf->Seek($ptr, 0) or return 0;
+                $raf->Read($value, $size) == $size or return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        # set count from tagInfo count if necessary
+        if ($format and not $count) {
+            # set count according to format and size
+            my $fnum = $Image::ExifTool::Exif::formatNumber{$format};
+            my $fsiz = $Image::ExifTool::Exif::formatSize[$fnum];
+            $count = int($size / $fsiz);
+        }
+        # edit subdirectory if necessary
+        if ($tagInfo) {
+            if ($subdir and $$subdir{TagTable}) {
+                my $name = $$tagInfo{Name};
+                my $newTagTable = Image::ExifTool::GetTagTable($$subdir{TagTable});
+                return 0 unless $newTagTable;
+                my $subdirStart = 0;
+                #### eval Start ()
+                $subdirStart = eval $$subdir{Start} if $$subdir{Start};
+                my $dirData = \$value;
+                my %subdirInfo = (
+                    Name     => $name,
+                    DataPt   => $dirData,
+                    DataLen  => $size,
+                    DirStart => $subdirStart,
+                    DirLen   => $size - $subdirStart,
+                    Nesting  => $$dirInfo{Nesting} + 1,
+                    RAF      => $raf,
+                    Parent   => $$dirInfo{DirName},
+                );
+                #### eval Validate ($dirData, $subdirStart, $size)
+                if (defined $$subdir{Validate} and not eval $$subdir{Validate}) {
+                    $et->Warn("Invalid $name data");
+                } else {
+                    $subdir = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $newTagTable);
+                    if (defined $subdir and length $subdir) {
+                        if ($subdirStart) {
+                            # add header before data directory
+                            $value = substr($value, 0, $subdirStart) . $subdir;
+                        } else {
+                            $value = $subdir;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } elsif ($$newTags{$tagID}) {
+                if ($delTag{$tagID}) {
+                    $verbose > 1 and print $out "    - CanonRaw:$$tagInfo{Name}\n";
+                    ++$$et{CHANGED};
+                    next;   # next since we already added this tag
+                }
+                my $oldVal;
+                if ($format) {
+                    $oldVal = ReadValue(\$value, 0, $format, $count, $size);
+                } else {
+                    $oldVal = $value;
+                }
+                my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($tagInfo);
+                if ($et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, $oldVal)) {
+                    my $newVal = $et->GetNewValue($nvHash);
+                    my $verboseVal;
+                    $verboseVal = $newVal if $verbose > 1;
+                    # convert to specified format if necessary
+                    if (defined $newVal and $format) {
+                        $newVal = WriteValue($newVal, $format, $count);
+                    }
+                    if (defined $newVal) {
+                        $value = $newVal;
+                        ++$$et{CHANGED};
+                        $et->VerboseValue("- CanonRaw:$$tagInfo{Name}", $oldVal);
+                        $et->VerboseValue("+ CanonRaw:$$tagInfo{Name}", $verboseVal);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if ($valueInDir) {
+            my $len = length $value;
+            if ($len < 8) {
+                # pad with original garbage in case it contained something useful
+                $value .= substr($buff, $pt+2+8-$len, 8-$len);
+            } elsif ($len > 8) {   # this shouldn't happen
+                warn "Value too long! -- trucated\n";
+                $value = substr($value, 0, 8);
+            }
+            # create new directory entry
+            $newDir .= Set16u($tag) . $value;
+            next;   # all done this entry
+        }
+        if (defined $value) {
+            # don't allow value to change length unless Writable is 'resize'
+            my $writable = $$tagInfo{Writable};
+            my $diff = length($value) - $size;
+            if ($diff) {
+                if ($writable and $writable eq 'resize') {
+                    $size += $diff; # allow size to change
+                } elsif ($diff > 0) {
+                    $value .= ("\0" x $diff);
+                } else {
+                    $value = substr($value, 0, $size);
+                }
+            }
+            # pad value if necessary to align on even-byte boundary (as per CIFF spec)
+            $value .= "\0" if $size & 0x01;
+            $valuePtr = $outPos - $outBase;
+            # write out value data
+            Write($outfile, $value) or return 0;
+            $outPos += length($value);  # update current position in outfile
+        }
+        # create new directory entry
+        $newDir .= Set16u($tag) . Set32u($size) . Set32u($valuePtr);
+    }
+    # add the directory counts and offset to the directory start,
+    $entries = length($newDir) / 10;
+    $newDir = Set16u($entries) . $newDir . Set32u($outPos - $outBase);
+    # write directory data
+    Write($outfile, $newDir) or return 0;
+
+    # update current output file position in dirInfo
+    $$dirInfo{OutPos} = $outPos + length($newDir);
+    # save outfile directory start (needed for rewriting VRD trailer)
+    $$dirInfo{OutDirStart} = $outPos - $outBase;
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# write Canon RAW (CRW) file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) dirInfo reference
+# Returns: 1 on success, 0 if this wasn't a valid CRW file,
+#          or -1 if a write error occurred
+sub WriteCRW($$)
+{
+    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
+    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile};
+    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
+    my $rtnVal = 0;
+    my ($buff, $err, $sig);
+
+    $raf->Read($buff,2) == 2    or return 0;
+    SetByteOrder($buff)         or return 0;
+    $raf->Read($buff,4) == 4    or return 0;
+    $raf->Read($sig,8) == 8     or return 0;   # get file signature
+    $sig =~ /^HEAP(CCDR|JPGM)/  or return 0;   # validate signature
+    my $type = $1;
+    my $hlen = Get32u(\$buff, 0);   # get header length
+
+    if ($$et{DEL_GROUP}{MakerNotes}) {
+        if ($type eq 'CCDR') {
+            $et->Error("Can't delete MakerNotes group in CRW file");
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            ++$$et{CHANGED};
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    # make XMP the preferred group for CRW files
+    if ($$et{FILE_TYPE} eq 'CRW') {
+        $et->InitWriteDirs(\%crwMap, 'XMP');
+    }
+
+    # write header
+    $raf->Seek(0, 0)            or return 0;
+    $raf->Read($buff, $hlen) == $hlen or return 0;
+    Write($outfile, $buff) or $err = 1;
+
+    $raf->Seek(0, 2)            or return 0;   # seek to end of file
+    my $filesize = $raf->Tell() or return 0;
+
+    # build directory information for main raw directory
+    my %dirInfo = (
+        DataLen  => 0,
+        DirStart => $hlen,
+        DirLen   => $filesize - $hlen,
+        Nesting  => 0,
+        RAF      => $raf,
+        Parent   => 'CRW',
+        OutFile  => $outfile,
+        OutPos   => $hlen,
+    );
+    # process the raw directory
+    my $tagTablePtr = Image::ExifTool::GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::CanonRaw::Main');
+    my $success = $et->WriteDirectory(\%dirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
+
+    my $trailPt;
+    while ($success) {
+        # check to see if trailer(s) exist(s)
+        my $trailInfo = Image::ExifTool::IdentifyTrailer($raf) or last;
+        # rewrite the trailer(s)
+        $buff = '';
+        $$trailInfo{OutFile} = \$buff;
+        $success = $et->ProcessTrailers($trailInfo) or last;
+        $trailPt = $$trailInfo{OutFile};
+        # nothing to write if trailers were deleted
+        undef $trailPt if length($$trailPt) < 4;
+        last;
+    }
+    if ($success) {
+        # add CanonVRD trailer if writing as a block
+        $trailPt = $et->AddNewTrailers($trailPt,'CanonVRD');
+        if (not $trailPt and $$et{ADD_DIRS}{CanonVRD}) {
+            # create CanonVRD from scratch if necessary
+            my $outbuff = '';
+            my $saveOrder = GetByteOrder();
+            require Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD;
+            if (Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::ProcessCanonVRD($et, { OutFile => \$outbuff }) > 0) {
+                $trailPt = \$outbuff;
+            }
+            SetByteOrder($saveOrder);
+        }
+        # write trailer
+        if ($trailPt) {
+            # must append DirStart pointer to end of trailer
+            my $newDirStart = Set32u($dirInfo{OutDirStart});
+            my $len = length $$trailPt;
+            my $pad = ($len & 0x01) ? ' ' : ''; # add pad byte if necessary
+            Write($outfile, $pad, substr($$trailPt,0,$len-4), $newDirStart) or $err = 1;
+        }
+        $rtnVal = $err ? -1 : 1;
+    } else {
+        $et->Error('Error rewriting CRW file');
+    }
+    return $rtnVal;
+}
+
+1; # end
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::WriteCanonRaw.pl - Write Canon RAW (CRW and CR2) information
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+These routines are autoloaded by Image::ExifTool::CanonRaw.
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+This file contains routines used by ExifTool to write Canon CRW and CR2
+files and metadata.
+
+=head1 NOTES
+
+The CRW format is a pleasure to work with.  All pointer offsets are relative
+to the start of the data for each directory.  If TIFF/EXIF had implemented
+pointers in this way, it would be MUCH easier to read and write TIFF/JPEG
+files, and would lead to far fewer problems with corrupted metadata.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2017, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::CanonRaw(3pm)|Image::ExifTool::CanonRaw>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>,
+L<http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/canon_raw.html>
+
+=cut