exiftool_vendored 10.31.0 → 10.40.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-10.31/lib/Image/ExifTool/MIE.pm

@@ -1,2564 +0,0 @@
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# File:         MIE.pm
-#
-# Description:  Read/write MIE meta information
-#
-# Revisions:    11/18/2005 - P. Harvey Created
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-package Image::ExifTool::MIE;
-
-use strict;
-use vars qw($VERSION %tableDefaults);
-use Image::ExifTool qw(:DataAccess :Utils);
-use Image::ExifTool::Exif;
-use Image::ExifTool::GPS;
-
-$VERSION = '1.46';
-
-sub ProcessMIE($$);
-sub ProcessMIEGroup($$$);
-sub WriteMIEGroup($$$);
-sub CheckMIE($$$);
-sub GetLangInfo($$);
-
-# local variables
-my $hasZlib;        # 1=Zlib available, 0=no Zlib
-my %mieCode;        # reverse lookup for MIE format names
-my $doneMieMap;     # flag indicating we added user-defined groups to %mieMap
-
-# MIE format codes
-my %mieFormat = (
-    0x00 => 'undef',
-    0x10 => 'MIE',
-    0x18 => 'MIE',
-    0x20 => 'string', # ASCII (ISO 8859-1)
-    0x28 => 'utf8',
-    0x29 => 'utf16',
-    0x2a => 'utf32',
-    0x30 => 'string_list',
-    0x38 => 'utf8_list',
-    0x39 => 'utf16_list',
-    0x3a => 'utf32_list',
-    0x40 => 'int8u',
-    0x41 => 'int16u',
-    0x42 => 'int32u',
-    0x43 => 'int64u',
-    0x48 => 'int8s',
-    0x49 => 'int16s',
-    0x4a => 'int32s',
-    0x4b => 'int64s',
-    0x52 => 'rational32u',
-    0x53 => 'rational64u',
-    0x5a => 'rational32s',
-    0x5b => 'rational64s',
-    0x61 => 'fixed16u',
-    0x62 => 'fixed32u',
-    0x69 => 'fixed16s',
-    0x6a => 'fixed32s',
-    0x72 => 'float',
-    0x73 => 'double',
-    0x80 => 'free',
-);
-
-# map of MIE directory locations
-my %mieMap = (
-   'MIE-Meta'       => 'MIE',
-   'MIE-Audio'      => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Camera'     => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Doc'        => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Geo'        => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Image'      => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-MakerNotes' => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Preview'    => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Thumbnail'  => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Video'      => 'MIE-Meta',
-   'MIE-Flash'      => 'MIE-Camera',
-   'MIE-Lens'       => 'MIE-Camera',
-   'MIE-Orient'     => 'MIE-Camera',
-   'MIE-Extender'   => 'MIE-Lens',
-   'MIE-GPS'        => 'MIE-Geo',
-   'MIE-UTM'        => 'MIE-Geo',
-   'MIE-Canon'      => 'MIE-MakerNotes',
-    EXIF            => 'MIE-Meta',
-    XMP             => 'MIE-Meta',
-    IPTC            => 'MIE-Meta',
-    ICC_Profile     => 'MIE-Meta',
-    ID3             => 'MIE-Meta',
-    CanonVRD        => 'MIE-Canon',
-    IFD0            => 'EXIF',
-    IFD1            => 'IFD0',
-    ExifIFD         => 'IFD0',
-    GPS             => 'IFD0',
-    SubIFD          => 'IFD0',
-    GlobParamIFD    => 'IFD0',
-    PrintIM         => 'IFD0',
-    InteropIFD      => 'ExifIFD',
-    MakerNotes      => 'ExifIFD',
-);
-
-# convenience variables for common tagInfo entries
-my %binaryConv = (
-    Writable => 'undef',
-    Binary => 1,
-);
-my %dateInfo = (
-    Shift => 'Time',
-    PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
-    PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val)',
-);
-my %noYes = ( 0 => 'No', 1 => 'Yes' );
-my %offOn = ( 0 => 'Off', 1 => 'On' );
-
-# default entries for MIE tag tables
-%tableDefaults = (
-    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMIE,
-    WRITE_PROC   => \&ProcessMIE,
-    CHECK_PROC   => \&CheckMIE,
-    LANG_INFO    => \&GetLangInfo,
-    WRITABLE     => 'string',
-    PREFERRED    => 1,
-);
-
-# MIE info
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Main = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Main' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Main',
-    NOTES => q{
-        MIE is a flexible format which may be used as a stand-alone meta information
-        format, for encapsulation of other files and information, or as a trailer
-        appended to other file formats.  The tables below represent currently
-        defined MIE tags, however ExifTool will also extract any other information
-        present in a MIE file.
-
-        When writing MIE information, some special features are supported:
-
-        1) String values may be written as ASCII (ISO 8859-1) or UTF-8.  ExifTool
-        automatically detects the presence of wide characters and treats the string
-        appropriately. Internally, UTF-8 text may be converted to UTF-16 or UTF-32
-        and stored in this format in the file if it is more compact.
-
-        2) All MIE string-value tags support localized text.  Localized values are
-        written by adding a language/country code to the tag name in the form
-        C<TAG-xx_YY>, where C<TAG> is the tag name, C<xx> is a 2-character lower
-        case ISO 639-1 language code, and C<YY> is a 2-character upper case ISO
-        3166-1 alpha 2 country code (eg. C<Title-en_US>).  But as usual, the user
-        interface is case-insensitive, and ExifTool will write the correct case to
-        the file.
-
-        3) Some numerical MIE tags allow units of measurement to be specified.  For
-        these tags, units may be added in brackets immediately following the value
-        (eg. C<55(mi/h)>).  If no units are specified, the default units are
-        written.
-
-        See L<http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/MIE1.1-20070121.pdf> for the
-        official MIE specification.
-    },
-   '0Type' => {
-        Name => 'SubfileType',
-        Notes => q{
-            the capitalized common extension for this type of file.  If the extension
-            has a dot-3 abbreviation, then the longer version is used here. For
-            instance, JPEG and TIFF are used, not JPG and TIF
-        },
-    },
-   '0Vers' => {
-        Name => 'MIEVersion',
-        Notes => 'version 1.1 is assumed if not specified',
-    },
-   '1Directory' => {
-        Name => 'SubfileDirectory',
-        Notes => 'original directory for the file',
-    },
-   '1Name'      => {
-        Name => 'SubfileName',
-        Notes => 'the file name, including extension if it exists',
-    },
-   '2MIME'      => { Name => 'SubfileMIMEType' },
-    Meta => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Meta',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Meta',
-        },
-    },
-    data => {
-        Name => 'SubfileData',
-        Notes => 'the subfile data',
-        %binaryConv,
-    },
-    rsrc => {
-        Name => 'SubfileResource',
-        Notes => 'subfile resource fork if it exists',
-        %binaryConv,
-    },
-    zmd5 => {
-        Name => 'MD5Digest',
-        Notes => q{
-            16-byte MD5 digest written in binary form or as a 32-character hex-encoded
-            ASCII string. Value is an MD5 digest of the entire 0MIE group as it would be
-            with the digest value itself set to all null bytes
-        },
-    },
-    zmie => {
-        Name => 'TrailerSignature',
-        Writable => 'undef',
-        Notes => q{
-            used as the last element in the main "0MIE" group to identify a MIE trailer
-            when appended to another type of file.  ExifTool will create this tag if set
-            to any value, but always with an empty data block
-        },
-        ValueConvInv => '""',   # data block must be empty
-    },
-);
-
-# MIE meta information group
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Meta = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Meta', 2 => 'Image' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Meta',
-    Audio => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Audio',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Audio',
-        },
-    },
-    Camera => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Camera',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Camera',
-        },
-    },
-    Document => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Doc',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Doc',
-        },
-    },
-    EXIF => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::Main',
-            ProcessProc => \&Image::ExifTool::ProcessTIFF,
-            WriteProc => \&Image::ExifTool::WriteTIFF,
-        },
-    },
-    Geo => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Geo',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Geo',
-        },
-    },
-    ICCProfile  => {
-        Name => 'ICC_Profile',
-        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ICC_Profile::Main' },
-    },
-    ID3  => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::ID3::Main' } },
-    IPTC => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::IPTC::Main' } },
-    Image => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Image',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Image',
-        },
-    },
-    MakerNotes => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::MakerNotes',
-            DirName => 'MIE-MakerNotes',
-        },
-    },
-    Preview => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Preview',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Preview',
-        },
-    },
-    Thumbnail => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Thumbnail',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Thumbnail',
-        },
-    },
-    Video => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Video',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Video',
-        },
-    },
-    XMP => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main' } },
-);
-
-# MIE document information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Doc = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Doc', 2 => 'Document' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Doc',
-    NOTES => 'Information describing the main document, image or file.',
-    Author      => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
-    Comment     => { },
-    Contributors=> { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, List => 1 },
-    Copyright   => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
-    CreateDate  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateInfo },
-    EMail       => { Name => 'Email', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
-    Keywords    => { List => 1 },
-    ModifyDate  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateInfo },
-    OriginalDate=> {
-        Name => 'DateTimeOriginal',
-        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
-        %dateInfo,
-    },
-    Phone       => { Name => 'PhoneNumber', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
-    References  => { List => 1 },
-    Software    => { },
-    Title       => { },
-    URL         => { },
-);
-
-# MIE geographic information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Geo = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Geo', 2 => 'Location' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Geo',
-    NOTES => 'Information related to geographic location.',
-    Address     => { },
-    City        => { },
-    Country     => { },
-    GPS => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::GPS',
-            DirName => 'MIE-GPS',
-        },
-    },
-    PostalCode  => { },
-    State       => { Notes => 'state or province' },
-    UTM => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::UTM',
-            DirName => 'MIE-UTM',
-        },
-    },
-);
-
-# MIE GPS information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::GPS = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-GPS', 2 => 'Location' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-GPS',
-    Altitude   => {
-        Name => 'GPSAltitude',
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Units => [ qw(m ft) ],
-        Notes => q{'m' above sea level unless 'ft' specified},
-    },
-    Bearing => {
-        Name => 'GPSDestBearing',
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Units => [ qw(deg deg{mag}) ],
-        Notes => q{'deg' CW from true north unless 'deg{mag}' specified},
-    },
-    Datum   => { Name => 'GPSMapDatum', Notes => 'WGS-84 assumed if not specified' },
-    Differential => {
-        Name => 'GPSDifferential',
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        PrintConv => {
-            0 => 'No Correction',
-            1 => 'Differential Corrected',
-        },
-    },
-    Distance => {
-        Name => 'GPSDestDistance',
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Units => [ qw(km mi nmi) ],
-        Notes => q{'km' unless 'mi' or 'nmi' specified},
-    },
-    Heading  => {
-        Name => 'GPSTrack',
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Units => [ qw(deg deg{mag}) ],
-        Notes => q{'deg' CW from true north unless 'deg{mag}' specified},
-    },
-    Latitude => {
-        Name => 'GPSLatitude',
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Count => -1,
-        Notes => q{
-            1 to 3 numbers: degrees, minutes then seconds.  South latitudes are stored
-            as all negative numbers, but may be entered as positive numbers with a
-            trailing 'S' for convenience.  For example, these are all equivalent: "-40
-            -30", "-40.5", "40 30 0.00 S"
-        },
-        ValueConv    => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
-        ValueConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 0)',
-        PrintConv    => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
-    },
-    Longitude => {
-        Name => 'GPSLongitude',
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Count => -1,
-        Notes => q{
-            1 to 3 numbers: degrees, minutes then seconds.  West longitudes are
-            negative, but may be entered as positive numbers with a trailing 'W'
-        },
-        ValueConv    => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
-        ValueConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 0)',
-        PrintConv    => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
-        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($val, 1)',
-    },
-    MeasureMode => {
-        Name => 'GPSMeasureMode',
-        Writable => 'int8u',
-        PrintConv => { 2 => '2-D', 3 => '3-D' },
-    },
-    Satellites => 'GPSSatellites',
-    Speed => {
-        Name => 'GPSSpeed',
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Units => [ qw(km/h mi/h m/s kn) ],
-        Notes => q{'km/h' unless 'mi/h', 'm/s' or 'kn' specified},
-    },
-    DateTime => { Name => 'GPSDateTime', Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateInfo },
-);
-
-# MIE UTM information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::UTM = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-UTM', 2 => 'Location' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-UTM',
-    Datum    => { Name => 'UTMMapDatum', Notes => 'WGS-84 assumed if not specified' },
-    Easting  => { Name => 'UTMEasting' },
-    Northing => { Name => 'UTMNorthing' },
-    Zone     => { Name => 'UTMZone', Writable => 'int8s' },
-);
-
-# MIE image information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Image = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Image', 2 => 'Image' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Image',
-   '0Type'          => { Name => 'FullSizeImageType', Notes => 'JPEG if not specified' },
-   '1Name'          => { Name => 'FullSizeImageName' },
-    BitDepth        => { Name => 'BitDepth', Writable => 'int16u' },
-    ColorSpace      => { Notes => 'standard ColorSpace values are "sRGB" and "Adobe RGB"' },
-    Components      => {
-        Name => 'ComponentsConfiguration',
-        Notes => 'string composed of R, G, B, Y, Cb and Cr',
-    },
-    Compression     => { Name => 'CompressionRatio', Writable => 'rational32u' },
-    ImageSize       => {
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Count => -1,
-        Notes => '2 or 3 values, for number of XY or XYZ pixels',
-        PrintConv => '$val=~tr/ /x/;$val',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/x/ /;$val',
-    },
-    Resolution      => {
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        Units => [ qw(/in /cm /deg /arcmin /arcsec), '' ],
-        Count => -1,
-        Notes => q{
-            1 to 3 values.  A single value for equal resolution in all directions, or
-            separate X, Y and Z values if necessary.  Units are '/in' unless '/cm',
-            '/deg', '/arcmin', '/arcsec' or '' specified
-        },
-        PrintConv => '$val=~tr/ /x/;$val',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/x/ /;$val',
-    },
-    data => {
-        Name => 'FullSizeImage',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
-        %binaryConv,
-        RawConv => '$self->ValidateImage(\$val,$tag)',
-    },
-);
-
-# MIE preview image
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Preview = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Preview', 2 => 'Image' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Preview',
-   '0Type'  => { Name => 'PreviewImageType', Notes => 'JPEG if not specified' },
-   '1Name'  => { Name => 'PreviewImageName' },
-    ImageSize => {
-        Name => 'PreviewImageSize',
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Count => -1,
-        Notes => '2 or 3 values, for number of XY or XYZ pixels',
-        PrintConv => '$val=~tr/ /x/;$val',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/x/ /;$val',
-    },
-    data => {
-        Name => 'PreviewImage',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
-        %binaryConv,
-        RawConv => '$self->ValidateImage(\$val,$tag)',
-    },
-);
-
-# MIE thumbnail image
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Thumbnail = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Thumbnail', 2 => 'Image' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Thumbnail',
-   '0Type'  => { Name => 'ThumbnailImageType', Notes => 'JPEG if not specified' },
-   '1Name'  => { Name => 'ThumbnailImageName' },
-    ImageSize => {
-        Name => 'ThumbnailImageSize',
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Count => -1,
-        Notes => '2 or 3 values, for number of XY or XYZ pixels',
-        PrintConv => '$val=~tr/ /x/;$val',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val=~tr/x/ /;$val',
-    },
-    data => {
-        Name => 'ThumbnailImage',
-        Groups => { 2 => 'Preview' },
-        %binaryConv,
-        RawConv => '$self->ValidateImage(\$val,$tag)',
-    },
-);
-
-# MIE audio information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Audio = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Audio', 2 => 'Audio' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Audio',
-    NOTES => q{
-        For the Audio group (and any other group containing a 'data' element), tags
-        refer to the contained data if present, otherwise they refer to the main
-        SubfileData.  The C<0Type> and C<1Name> elements should exist only if C<data>
-        is present.
-    },
-   '0Type'      => { Name => 'RelatedAudioFileType', Notes => 'MP3 if not specified' },
-   '1Name'      => { Name => 'RelatedAudioFileName' },
-    SampleBits  => { Writable => 'int16u' },
-    Channels    => { Writable => 'int8u' },
-    Compression => { Name => 'AudioCompression' },
-    Duration    => { Writable => 'rational64u', PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)' },
-    SampleRate  => { Writable => 'int32u' },
-    data        => { Name => 'RelatedAudioFile', %binaryConv },
-);
-
-# MIE video information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Video = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Video', 2 => 'Video' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Video',
-   '0Type'      => { Name => 'RelatedVideoFileType', Notes => 'MOV if not specified' },
-   '1Name'      => { Name => 'RelatedVideoFileName' },
-    Codec       => { },
-    Duration    => { Writable => 'rational64u', PrintConv => 'ConvertDuration($val)' },
-    data        => { Name => 'RelatedVideoFile', %binaryConv },
-);
-
-# MIE camera information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Camera = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Camera', 2 => 'Camera' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Camera',
-    Brightness      => { Writable => 'int8s' },
-    ColorTemperature=> { Writable => 'int32u' },
-    ColorBalance    => {
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        Count => 3,
-        Notes => 'RGB scaling factors',
-    },
-    Contrast        => { Writable => 'int8s' },
-    DigitalZoom     => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    ExposureComp    => { Name => 'ExposureCompensation', Writable => 'rational64s' },
-    ExposureMode    => { },
-    ExposureTime    => {
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)',
-        PrintConvInv => '$val',
-    },
-    Flash => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Flash',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Flash',
-        },
-    },
-    FirmwareVersion => { },
-    FocusMode       => { },
-    ISO             => { Writable => 'int16u' },
-    ISOSetting      => {
-        Writable => 'int16u',
-        Notes => '0 = Auto, otherwise manual ISO speed setting',
-    },
-    ImageNumber     => { Writable => 'int32u' },
-    ImageQuality    => { Notes => 'Economy, Normal, Fine, Super Fine or Raw' },
-    ImageStabilization => { Writable => 'int8u', %offOn },
-    Lens => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Lens',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Lens',
-        },
-    },
-    Make            => { },
-    MeasuredEV      => { Writable => 'rational64s' },
-    Model           => { },
-    OwnerName       => { },
-    Orientation     => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Orient',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Orient',
-        },
-    },
-    Saturation      => { Writable => 'int8s' },
-    SensorSize      => {
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        Count => 2,
-        Notes => 'width and height of active sensor area in mm',
-    },
-    SerialNumber    => { },
-    Sharpness       => { Writable => 'int8s' },
-    ShootingMode    => { },
-);
-
-# Camera orientation information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Orient = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Orient', 2 => 'Camera' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Orient',
-    NOTES => 'These tags describe the camera orientation.',
-    Azimuth     => {
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Units => [ qw(deg deg{mag}) ],
-        Notes => q{'deg' CW from true north unless 'deg{mag}' specified},
-    },
-    Declination => { Writable => 'rational64s' },
-    Elevation   => { Writable => 'rational64s' },
-    RightAscension => { Writable => 'rational64s' },
-    Rotation => {
-        Writable => 'rational64s',
-        Notes => 'CW rotation angle of camera about lens axis',
-    },
-);
-
-# MIE camera lens information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Lens = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Lens', 2 => 'Camera' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Lens',
-    NOTES => q{
-        All recorded lens parameters (focal length, aperture, etc) include the
-        effects of the extender if present.
-    },
-    Extender => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Extender',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Extender',
-        },
-    },
-    FNumber         => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    FocalLength     => { Writable => 'rational64u', Notes => 'all focal lengths in mm' },
-    FocusDistance   => {
-        Writable => 'rational64u',
-        Units => [ qw(m ft) ],
-        Notes => q{'m' unless 'ft' specified},
-    },
-    Make            => { Name => 'LensMake' },
-    MaxAperture     => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    MaxApertureAtMaxFocal => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    MaxFocalLength  => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    MinAperture     => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    MinFocalLength  => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    Model           => { Name => 'LensModel' },
-    OpticalZoom     => { Writable => 'rational64u' },
-    SerialNumber    => { Name => 'LensSerialNumber' },
-);
-
-# MIE lens extender information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Extender = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Extender', 2 => 'Camera' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Extender',
-    Magnification   => { Name => 'ExtenderMagnification', Writable => 'rational64s' },
-    Make            => { Name => 'ExtenderMake' },
-    Model           => { Name => 'ExtenderModel' },
-    SerialNumber    => { Name => 'ExtenderSerialNumber' },
-);
-
-# MIE camera flash information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Flash = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Flash', 2 => 'Camera' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Flash',
-    ExposureComp    => { Name => 'FlashExposureComp', Writable => 'rational64s' },
-    Fired           => { Name => 'FlashFired', Writable => 'int8u', PrintConv => \%noYes },
-    GuideNumber     => { Name => 'FlashGuideNumber' },
-    Make            => { Name => 'FlashMake' },
-    Mode            => { Name => 'FlashMode' },
-    Model           => { Name => 'FlashModel' },
-    SerialNumber    => { Name => 'FlashSerialNumber' },
-    Type            => { Name => 'FlashType', Notes => '"Internal" or "External"' },
-);
-
-# MIE maker notes information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::MakerNotes = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-MakerNotes' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-MakerNotes',
-    NOTES => q{
-        MIE maker notes are contained within separate groups for each manufacturer
-        to avoid name conflicts.
-    },
-    Canon => {
-        SubDirectory => {
-            TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Canon',
-            DirName => 'MIE-Canon',
-        },
-    },
-    Casio       => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    FujiFilm    => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Kodak       => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    KonicaMinolta=>{ SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Nikon       => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Olympus     => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Panasonic   => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Pentax      => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Ricoh       => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Sigma       => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-    Sony        => { SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown' } },
-);
-
-# MIE Canon-specific information
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Canon = (
-    %tableDefaults,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Canon' },
-    WRITE_GROUP => 'MIE-Canon',
-    VRD => {
-        Name => 'CanonVRD',
-        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::CanonVRD::Main' },
-    },
-);
-
-%Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown = (
-    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessMIE,
-    GROUPS => { 1 => 'MIE-Unknown' },
-);
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Add user-defined MIE groups to %mieMap
-# Inputs: none;  Returns: nothing, but sets $doneMieMap flag
-sub UpdateMieMap()
-{
-    $doneMieMap = 1;    # set flag so we only do this once
-    return unless %Image::ExifTool::UserDefined;
-    my ($tableName, @tables, %doneTable, $tagID);
-    # get list of top-level MIE tables with user-defined tags
-    foreach $tableName (keys %Image::ExifTool::UserDefined) {
-        next unless $tableName =~ /^Image::ExifTool::MIE::/;
-        my $userTable = $Image::ExifTool::UserDefined{$tableName};
-        my $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable($tableName) or next;
-        # copy the WRITE_GROUP from the actual table
-        $$userTable{WRITE_GROUP} = $$tagTablePtr{WRITE_GROUP};
-        # add to list of tables to process
-        $doneTable{$tableName} = 1;
-        push @tables, [$tableName, $userTable];
-    }
-    # recursively add all user-defined groups to MIE map
-    while (@tables) {
-        my ($tableName, $tagTablePtr) = @{shift @tables};
-        my $parent = $$tagTablePtr{WRITE_GROUP};
-        $parent or warn("No WRITE_GROUP for $tableName\n"), next;
-        $mieMap{$parent} or warn("$parent is not in MIE map\n"), next;
-        foreach $tagID (TagTableKeys($tagTablePtr)) {
-            my $tagInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$tagID};
-            next unless ref $tagInfo eq 'HASH' and $$tagInfo{SubDirectory};
-            my $subTableName = $tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{TagTable};
-            my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable($subTableName) or next;
-            # only care about MIE tables
-            next unless $$subTablePtr{PROCESS_PROC} and
-                        $$subTablePtr{PROCESS_PROC} eq \&ProcessMIE;
-            my $group = $$subTablePtr{WRITE_GROUP};
-            $group or warn("No WRITE_GROUP for $subTableName\n"), next;
-            if ($mieMap{$group} and $mieMap{$group} ne $parent) {
-                warn("$group already has different parent ($mieMap{$group})\n"), next;
-            }
-            $mieMap{$group} = $parent;  # add to map
-            # process tables within this one too
-            $doneTable{$subTableName} and next;
-            $doneTable{$subTableName} = 1;
-            push @tables, [$subTableName, $subTablePtr];
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Get localized version of tagInfo hash
-# Inputs: 0) tagInfo hash ref, 1) locale code (eg. "en_CA")
-# Returns: new tagInfo hash ref, or undef if invalid
-sub GetLangInfo($$)
-{
-    my ($tagInfo, $langCode) = @_;
-    # check for properly formatted language code
-    return undef unless $langCode =~ /^[a-z]{2}([-_])[A-Z]{2}$/;
-    # use '_' as a separator, but recognize '_' or '-'
-    $langCode =~ tr/-/_/ if $1 eq '-';
-    # can only set locale on string types
-    return undef if $$tagInfo{Writable} and $$tagInfo{Writable} ne 'string';
-    return Image::ExifTool::GetLangInfo($tagInfo, $langCode);
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# return true if we have Zlib::Compress
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) verb for what you want to do with the info
-# Returns: 1 if Zlib available, 0 otherwise
-sub HasZlib($$)
-{
-    unless (defined $hasZlib) {
-        $hasZlib = eval { require Compress::Zlib };
-        unless ($hasZlib) {
-            $hasZlib = 0;
-            $_[0]->Warn("Install Compress::Zlib to $_[1] compressed information");
-        }
-    }
-    return $hasZlib;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Get format code for MIE group element with current byte order
-# Inputs: 0) [optional] true to convert result to chr()
-# Returns: format code
-sub MIEGroupFormat(;$)
-{
-    my $chr = shift;
-    my $format = GetByteOrder() eq 'MM' ? 0x10 : 0x18;
-    return $chr ? chr($format) : $format;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# ReadValue() with added support for UTF formats (utf8, utf16 and utf32)
-# Inputs: 0) data reference, 1) value offset, 2) format string,
-#         3) number of values (or undef to use all data)
-#         4) valid data length relative to offset, 5) returned rational ref
-# Returns: converted value, or undefined if data isn't there
-#          or list of values in list context
-# Notes: all string formats are converted to UTF8
-sub ReadMIEValue($$$$$;$)
-{
-    my ($dataPt, $offset, $format, $count, $size, $ratPt) = @_;
-    my $val;
-    if ($format =~ /^(utf(8|16|32)|string)/) {
-        if ($1 eq 'utf8' or $1 eq 'string') {
-            # read the 8-bit string
-            $val = substr($$dataPt, $offset, $size);
-            # (as of ExifTool 7.62, leave string values unconverted)
-        } else {
-            # convert to UTF8
-            my $fmt;
-            if (GetByteOrder() eq 'MM') {
-                $fmt = ($1 eq 'utf16') ? 'n' : 'N';
-            } else {
-                $fmt = ($1 eq 'utf16') ? 'v' : 'V';
-            }
-            my @unpk = unpack("x$offset$fmt$size",$$dataPt);
-            if ($] >= 5.006001) {
-                $val = pack('C0U*', @unpk);
-            } else {
-                $val = Image::ExifTool::PackUTF8(@unpk);
-            }
-        }
-        # truncate at null unless this is a list
-        # (strings shouldn't have a null, but just in case)
-        $val =~ s/\0.*//s unless $format =~ /_list$/;
-    } else {
-        $format = 'undef' if $format eq 'free'; # read 'free' as 'undef'
-        return ReadValue($dataPt, $offset, $format, $count, $size, $ratPt);
-    }
-    return $val;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# validate raw values for writing
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) tagInfo hash ref, 2) raw value ref
-# Returns: error string or undef (and possibly changes value) on success
-sub CheckMIE($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $tagInfo, $valPtr) = @_;
-    my $format = $$tagInfo{Writable} || $tagInfo->{Table}->{WRITABLE};
-    my $err;
-
-    return 'No writable format' if not $format or $format eq '1';
-    # handle units if supported by this tag
-    my $ulist = $$tagInfo{Units};
-    if ($ulist and $$valPtr =~ /(.*)\((.*)\)$/) {
-        my ($val, $units) = ($1, $2);
-        ($units) = grep /^$units$/i, @$ulist;
-        defined $units or return 'Allowed units: (' . join('|', @$ulist) . ')';
-        $err = Image::ExifTool::CheckValue(\$val, $format, $$tagInfo{Count});
-        # add units back onto value
-        $$valPtr = "$val($units)" unless $err;
-    } elsif ($format !~ /^(utf|string|undef)/ and $$valPtr =~ /\)$/) {
-        return 'Units not supported';
-    } else {
-        if ($format eq 'string' and $$et{OPTIONS}{Charset} ne 'UTF8' and
-            $$valPtr =~ /[\x80-\xff]/)
-        {
-            # convert from Charset to UTF-8
-            $$valPtr = $et->Encode($$valPtr,'UTF8');
-        }
-        $err = Image::ExifTool::CheckValue($valPtr, $format, $$tagInfo{Count});
-    }
-    return $err;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Rewrite a MIE directory
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) DirInfo reference, 2) tag table ptr
-# Returns: undef on success, otherwise error message (empty message if nothing to write)
-sub WriteMIEGroup($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile};
-    my $dirName = $$dirInfo{DirName};
-    my $toWrite = $$dirInfo{ToWrite} || '';
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
-    my $optCompress = $et->Options('Compress');
-    my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
-    my ($msg, $err, $ok, $sync, $delGroup);
-    my $tag = '';
-    my $deletedTag = '';
-
-    # count each MIE directory found and make name for this specific instance
-    my ($grp1, %isWriting);
-    my $cnt = $$et{MIE_COUNT};
-    my $grp = $tagTablePtr->{GROUPS}->{1};
-    my $n = $$cnt{'MIE-Main'} || 0;
-    if ($grp eq 'MIE-Main') {
-        $$cnt{$grp} = ++$n;
-        ($grp1 = $grp) =~ s/MIE-/MIE$n-/;
-    } else {
-        ($grp1 = $grp) =~ s/MIE-/MIE$n-/;
-        my $m = $$cnt{$grp1} = ($$cnt{$grp1} || 0) + 1;
-        $isWriting{"$grp$m"} = 1;   # eg. 'MIE-Doc2'
-        $isWriting{$grp1} = 1;      # eg. 'MIE1-Doc'
-        $grp1 .= $m;
-    }
-    # build lookup for all valid group names for this MIE group
-    $isWriting{$grp} = 1;           # eg. 'MIE-Doc'
-    $isWriting{$grp1} = 1;          # eg. 'MIE1-Doc2'
-    $isWriting{"MIE$n"} = 1;        # eg. 'MIE1'
-
-    # determine if we are deleting this group
-    if (%{$$et{DEL_GROUP}}) {
-        $delGroup = 1 if $$et{DEL_GROUP}{MIE} or
-                         $$et{DEL_GROUP}{$grp} or
-                         $$et{DEL_GROUP}{$grp1} or
-                         $$et{DEL_GROUP}{"MIE$n"};
-    }
-
-    # prepare lookups and lists for writing
-    my $newTags = $et->GetNewTagInfoHash($tagTablePtr);
-    my ($addDirs, $editDirs) = $et->GetAddDirHash($tagTablePtr, $dirName);
-    my @editTags = sort keys %$newTags, keys %$editDirs;
-    $verbose and print $out $raf ? 'Writing' : 'Creating', " $grp1:\n";
-
-    # loop through elements in MIE group
-    MieElement: for (;;) {
-        my ($format, $tagLen, $valLen, $units, $oldHdr, $buff);
-        my $lastTag = $tag;
-        if ($raf) {
-            # read first 4 bytes of element header
-            my $n = $raf->Read($oldHdr, 4);
-            if ($n != 4) {
-                last if $n or defined $sync;
-                undef $raf; # all done reading
-                $ok = 1;
-            }
-        }
-        if ($raf) {
-            ($sync, $format, $tagLen, $valLen) = unpack('aC3', $oldHdr);
-            $sync eq '~' or $msg = 'Invalid sync byte', last;
-
-            # read tag name
-            if ($tagLen) {
-                $raf->Read($tag, $tagLen) == $tagLen or last;
-                $oldHdr .= $tag;    # add tag to element header
-                $et->Warn("MIE tag '$tag' out of sequence") if $tag lt $lastTag;
-                # separate units from tag name if they exist
-                $units = $1 if $tag =~ s/\((.*)\)$//;
-            } else {
-                $tag = '';
-            }
-
-            # get multi-byte value length if necessary
-            if ($valLen > 252) {
-                # calculate number of bytes in extended DataLength
-                my $n = 1 << (256 - $valLen);
-                $raf->Read($buff, $n) == $n or last;
-                $oldHdr .= $buff;   # add to old header
-                my $fmt = 'int' . ($n * 8) . 'u';
-                $valLen = ReadValue(\$buff, 0, $fmt, 1, $n);
-                if ($valLen > 0x7fffffff) {
-                    $msg = "Can't write $tag (DataLength > 2GB not yet supported)";
-                    last;
-                }
-            }
-            # don't rewrite free bytes or information in deleted groups
-            if ($format eq 0x80 or ($delGroup and $tagLen and ($format & 0xf0) != 0x10)) {
-                $raf->Seek($valLen, 1) or $msg = 'Seek error', last;
-                if ($verbose > 1) {
-                    my $free = ($format eq 0x80) ? ' free' : '';
-                    print $out "    - $grp1:$tag ($valLen$free bytes)\n";
-                }
-                ++$$et{CHANGED} if $delGroup;
-                next;
-            }
-        } else {
-            # no more elements to read
-            $tagLen = $valLen = 0;
-            $tag = '';
-        }
-#
-# write necessary new tags and process directories
-#
-        while (@editTags) {
-            last if $tagLen and $editTags[0] gt $tag;
-            # we are writing the new tag now
-            my ($newVal, $writable, $oldVal, $newFormat, $compress);
-            my $newTag = shift @editTags;
-            my $newInfo = $$editDirs{$newTag};
-            if ($newInfo) {
-                # create the new subdirectory or rewrite existing non-MIE directory
-                my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable($newInfo->{SubDirectory}->{TagTable});
-                unless ($subTablePtr) {
-                    $et->Warn("No tag table for $newTag $$newInfo{Name}");
-                    next;
-                }
-                my %subdirInfo;
-                my $isMieGroup = ($$subTablePtr{WRITE_PROC} and
-                                  $$subTablePtr{WRITE_PROC} eq \&ProcessMIE);
-
-                if ($newTag eq $tag) {
-                    # make sure that either both or neither old and new tags are MIE groups
-                    if ($isMieGroup xor ($format & 0xf3) == 0x10) {
-                        $et->Warn("Tag '$tag' not expected type");
-                        next;   # don't write our new tag
-                    }
-                    # uncompress existing directory into $oldVal since we are editing it
-                    if ($format & 0x04) {
-                        last unless HasZlib($et, 'edit');
-                        $raf->Read($oldVal, $valLen) == $valLen or last MieElement;
-                        my $stat;
-                        my $inflate = Compress::Zlib::inflateInit();
-                        $inflate and ($oldVal, $stat) = $inflate->inflate($oldVal);
-                        unless ($inflate and $stat == Compress::Zlib::Z_STREAM_END()) {
-                            $msg = "Error inflating $tag";
-                            last MieElement;
-                        }
-                        $compress = 1;
-                        $valLen = length $oldVal;    # uncompressed value length
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    # don't create this directory unless necessary
-                    next unless $$addDirs{$newTag};
-                }
-
-                if ($isMieGroup) {
-                    my $hdr;
-                    if ($newTag eq $tag) {
-                        # rewrite existing directory later unless it was compressed
-                        last unless $compress;
-                        # rewrite directory to '$newVal'
-                        $newVal = '';
-                        %subdirInfo = (
-                            OutFile => \$newVal,
-                            RAF => new File::RandomAccess(\$oldVal),
-                        );
-                    } elsif ($optCompress and not $$dirInfo{IsCompressed}) {
-                        # write to memory so we can compress the new MIE group
-                        $compress = 1;
-                        %subdirInfo = (
-                            OutFile => \$newVal,
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        $hdr = '~' . MIEGroupFormat(1) . chr(length($newTag)) .
-                               "\0" . $newTag;
-                        %subdirInfo = (
-                            OutFile => $outfile,
-                            ToWrite => $toWrite . $hdr,
-                        );
-                    }
-                    $subdirInfo{DirName} = $newInfo->{SubDirectory}->{DirName} || $newTag;
-                    $subdirInfo{Parent} = $dirName;
-                    # don't compress elements of an already compressed group
-                    $subdirInfo{IsCompressed} = $$dirInfo{IsCompressed} || $compress;
-                    $msg = WriteMIEGroup($et, \%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr);
-                    last MieElement if $msg;
-                    # message is defined but empty if nothing was written
-                    if (defined $msg) {
-                        undef $msg; # not a problem if nothing was written
-                        next;
-                    } elsif (not $compress) {
-                        # group was written already
-                        $toWrite = '';
-                        next;
-                    } elsif (length($newVal) <= 4) {    # terminator only?
-                        $verbose and print $out "Deleted compressed $grp1 (empty)\n";
-                        next MieElement if $newTag eq $tag; # deleting the directory
-                        next;       # not creating the new directory
-                    }
-                    $writable = 'undef';
-                    $newFormat = MIEGroupFormat();
-                } else {
-                    if ($newTag eq $tag) {
-                        unless ($compress) {
-                            # read and edit existing directory
-                            $raf->Read($oldVal, $valLen) == $valLen or last MieElement;
-                        }
-                        %subdirInfo = (
-                            DataPt  => \$oldVal,
-                            DataLen => $valLen,
-                            DirName => $$newInfo{Name},
-                            DataPos => $$dirInfo{IsCompressed} ? undef : $raf->Tell() - $valLen,
-                            DirStart=> 0,
-                            DirLen  => $valLen,
-                        );
-                        # write Compact subdirectories if we will compress the data
-                        if (($compress or $optCompress or $$dirInfo{IsCompressed}) and
-                            eval { require Compress::Zlib })
-                        {
-                            $subdirInfo{Compact} = 1;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    $subdirInfo{Parent} = $dirName;
-                    my $writeProc = $newInfo->{SubDirectory}->{WriteProc};
-                    # reset processed lookup to avoid errors in case of multiple EXIF blocks
-                    $$et{PROCESSED} = { };
-                    $newVal = $et->WriteDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr, $writeProc);
-                    if (defined $newVal) {
-                        if ($newVal eq '') {
-                            next MieElement if $newTag eq $tag; # deleting the directory
-                            next;       # not creating the new directory
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        next unless defined $oldVal;
-                        $newVal = $oldVal;  # just copy over the old directory
-                    }
-                    $writable = 'undef';
-                    $newFormat = 0x00;  # all other directories are 'undef' format
-                }
-            } else {
-
-                # get the new tag information
-                $newInfo = $$newTags{$newTag};
-                my $nvHash = $et->GetNewValueHash($newInfo);
-                my @newVals;
-
-                # write information only to specified group
-                my $writeGroup = $$nvHash{WriteGroup};
-                last unless $isWriting{$writeGroup};
-
-                # if tag existed, must decide if we want to overwrite the value
-                if ($newTag eq $tag) {
-                    my $isOverwriting;
-                    my $isList = $$newInfo{List};
-                    if ($isList) {
-                        last if $$nvHash{CreateOnly};
-                        $isOverwriting = -1;    # force processing list elements individually
-                    } else {
-                        $isOverwriting = $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash);
-                        last unless $isOverwriting;
-                    }
-                    my ($val, $cmpVal);
-                    if ($isOverwriting < 0 or $verbose > 1) {
-                        # check to be sure we can uncompress the value if necessary
-                        HasZlib($et, 'edit') or last if $format & 0x04;
-                        # read the old value
-                        $raf->Read($oldVal, $valLen) == $valLen or last MieElement;
-                        # uncompress if necessary
-                        if ($format & 0x04) {
-                            my $stat;
-                            my $inflate = Compress::Zlib::inflateInit();
-                            # must save original compressed value in case we decide
-                            # not to overwrite it later
-                            $cmpVal = $oldVal;
-                            $inflate and ($oldVal, $stat) = $inflate->inflate($oldVal);
-                            unless ($inflate and $stat == Compress::Zlib::Z_STREAM_END()) {
-                                $msg = "Error inflating $tag";
-                                last MieElement;
-                            }
-                            $valLen = length $oldVal;    # update value length
-                        }
-                        # convert according to specified format
-                        my $formatStr = $mieFormat{$format & 0xfb} || 'undef';
-                        $val = ReadMIEValue(\$oldVal, 0, $formatStr, undef, $valLen);
-                        if ($isOverwriting < 0 and defined $val) {
-                            # handle list values individually
-                            if ($isList) {
-                                my (@vals, $v);
-                                if ($formatStr =~ /_list$/) {
-                                    @vals = split "\0", $val;
-                                } else {
-                                    @vals = $val;
-                                }
-                                # keep any list items that we aren't overwriting
-                                foreach $v (@vals) {
-                                    next if $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, $v);
-                                    push @newVals, $v;
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                # test to see if we really want to overwrite the value
-                                $isOverwriting = $et->IsOverwriting($nvHash, $val);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if ($isOverwriting) {
-                        # skip the old value if we didn't read it already
-                        unless (defined $oldVal) {
-                            $raf->Seek($valLen, 1) or $msg = 'Seek error';
-                        }
-                        if ($verbose > 1) {
-                            $val .= "($units)" if defined $units;
-                            $et->VerboseValue("- $grp1:$$newInfo{Name}", $val);
-                        }
-                        $deletedTag = $tag;     # remember that we deleted this tag
-                        ++$$et{CHANGED}; # we deleted the old value
-                    } else {
-                        if (defined $oldVal) {
-                            # write original compressed value
-                            $oldVal = $cmpVal if defined $cmpVal;
-                        } else {
-                            $raf->Read($oldVal, $valLen) == $valLen or last MieElement;
-                        }
-                        # write the old value now
-                        Write($outfile, $toWrite, $oldHdr, $oldVal) or $err = 1;
-                        $toWrite = '';
-                        next MieElement;
-                    }
-                    unless (@newVals) {
-                        # unshift the new tag info to write it later
-                        unshift @editTags, $newTag;
-                        next MieElement;    # get next element from file
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    # write new value if creating, or if List and list existed, or
-                    # if tag was previously deleted
-                    next unless $$nvHash{IsCreating} or
-                        (($newTag eq $lastTag and ($$newInfo{List} or $deletedTag eq $lastTag)
-                        and not $$nvHash{EditOnly}));
-                }
-                # get the new value to write (undef to delete)
-                push @newVals, $et->GetNewValue($nvHash);
-                next unless @newVals;
-                $writable = $$newInfo{Writable} || $$tagTablePtr{WRITABLE};
-                if ($writable eq 'string') {
-                    # join multiple values into a single string
-                    $newVal = join "\0", @newVals;
-                    # write string as UTF-8,16 or 32 if value contains valid UTF-8 codes
-                    require Image::ExifTool::XMP;
-                    my $isUTF8 = Image::ExifTool::XMP::IsUTF8(\$newVal);
-                    if ($isUTF8 > 0) {
-                        $writable = 'utf8';
-                        # write UTF-16 or UTF-32 if it is more compact
-                        my $to = $isUTF8 > 1 ? 'UCS4' : 'UCS2';
-                        my $tmp = Image::ExifTool::Decode(undef,$newVal,'UTF8',undef,$to);
-                        if (length $tmp < length $newVal) {
-                            $newVal = $tmp;
-                            $writable = ($isUTF8 > 1) ? 'utf32' : 'utf16';
-                        }
-                    }
-                    # write as a list if we have multiple values
-                    $writable .= '_list' if @newVals > 1;
-                } else {
-                    # should only be one element in the list
-                    $newVal = shift @newVals;
-                }
-                $newFormat = $mieCode{$writable};
-                unless (defined $newFormat) {
-                    $msg = "Bad format '$writable' for $$newInfo{Name}";
-                    next MieElement;
-                }
-            }
-
-            # write the new or edited element
-            while (defined $newFormat) {
-                my $valPt = \$newVal;
-                # remove units from value and add to tag name if supported by this tag
-                if ($$newInfo{Units}) {
-                    my $val2;
-                    if ($$valPt =~ /(.*)\((.*)\)$/) {
-                        $val2 = $1;
-                        $newTag .= "($2)";
-                    } else {
-                        $val2 = $$valPt;
-                        # add default units
-                        my $ustr = '(' . $newInfo->{Units}->[0] . ')';
-                        $newTag .= $ustr;
-                        $$valPt .= $ustr;
-                    }
-                    $valPt = \$val2;
-                }
-                # convert value if necessary
-                if ($writable !~ /^(utf|string|undef)/) {
-                    my $val3 = WriteValue($$valPt, $writable, $$newInfo{Count});
-                    defined $val3 or $et->Warn("Error writing $newTag"), last;
-                    $valPt = \$val3;
-                }
-                my $len = length $$valPt;
-                # compress value before writing if required
-                if (($compress or $optCompress) and not $$dirInfo{IsCompressed} and
-                    HasZlib($et, 'write'))
-                {
-                    my $deflate = Compress::Zlib::deflateInit();
-                    my $val4;
-                    if ($deflate) {
-                        $val4 = $deflate->deflate($$valPt);
-                        $val4 .= $deflate->flush() if defined $val4;
-                    }
-                    if (defined $val4) {
-                        my $len4 = length $val4;
-                        my $saved = $len - $len4;
-                        # only use compressed data if it is smaller
-                        if ($saved > 0) {
-                            $verbose and print $out "  [$newTag compression saved $saved bytes]\n";
-                            $newFormat |= 0x04; # set compressed bit
-                            $len = $len4;       # set length
-                            $valPt = \$val4;    # set value pointer
-                        } elsif ($verbose) {
-                            print $out "  [$newTag compression saved $saved bytes -- written uncompressed]\n";
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        $et->Warn("Error deflating $newTag (written uncompressed)");
-                    }
-                }
-                # calculate the DataLength code
-                my $extLen;
-                if ($len < 253) {
-                    $extLen = '';
-                } elsif ($len < 65536) {
-                    $extLen = Set16u($len);
-                    $len = 255;
-                } elsif ($len <= 0x7fffffff) {
-                    $extLen = Set32u($len);
-                    $len = 254;
-                } else {
-                    $et->Warn("Can't write $newTag (DataLength > 2GB not yet suppported)");
-                    last; # don't write this tag
-                }
-                # write this element (with leading MIE group element if not done already)
-                my $hdr = $toWrite . '~' . chr($newFormat) . chr(length $newTag);
-                Write($outfile, $hdr, chr($len), $newTag, $extLen, $$valPt) or $err = 1;
-                $toWrite = '';
-                # we changed a tag unless just editing a subdirectory
-                unless ($$editDirs{$newTag}) {
-                    $et->VerboseValue("+ $grp1:$$newInfo{Name}", $newVal);
-                    ++$$et{CHANGED};
-                }
-                last;   # didn't want to loop anyway
-            }
-            next MieElement if defined $oldVal;
-        }
-#
-# rewrite existing element or descend into uncompressed MIE group
-#
-        # all done this MIE group if we reached the terminator element
-        unless ($tagLen) {
-            # skip over existing terminator data (if any)
-            last if $valLen and not $raf->Seek($valLen, 1);
-            $ok = 1;
-            # write group terminator if necessary
-            unless ($toWrite) {
-                # write end-of-group terminator element
-                my $term = "~\0\0\0";
-                unless ($$dirInfo{Parent}) {
-                    # write extended terminator for file-level group
-                    my $len = ref $outfile eq 'SCALAR' ? length($$outfile) : tell $outfile;
-                    $len += 10; # include length of terminator itself
-                    if ($len and $len <= 0x7fffffff) {
-                        $term = "~\0\0\x06" . Set32u($len) . MIEGroupFormat(1) . "\x04";
-                    }
-                }
-                Write($outfile, $term) or $err = 1;
-            }
-            last;
-        }
-
-        # descend into existing uncompressed MIE group
-        if ($format == 0x10 or $format == 0x18) {
-            my ($subTablePtr, $dirName);
-            my $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
-            if ($tagInfo and $$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
-                $dirName = $tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{DirName};
-                my $subTable = $tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{TagTable};
-                $subTablePtr = $subTable ? GetTagTable($subTable) : $tagTablePtr;
-            } else {
-                $subTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown');
-            }
-            my $hdr = '~' . chr($format) . chr(length $tag) . "\0" . $tag;
-            my %subdirInfo = (
-                DirName => $dirName || $tag,
-                RAF     => $raf,
-                ToWrite => $toWrite . $hdr,
-                OutFile => $outfile,
-                Parent  => $dirName,
-                IsCompressed => $$dirInfo{IsCompressed},
-            );
-            my $oldOrder = GetByteOrder();
-            SetByteOrder($format & 0x08 ? 'II' : 'MM');
-            $msg = WriteMIEGroup($et, \%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr);
-            SetByteOrder($oldOrder);
-            last if $msg;
-            if (defined $msg) {
-                undef $msg; # no problem if nothing written
-            } else {
-                $toWrite = '';
-            }
-            next;
-        }
-        # just copy existing element
-        my $oldVal;
-        $raf->Read($oldVal, $valLen) == $valLen or last;
-        if ($toWrite) {
-            Write($outfile, $toWrite) or $err = 1;
-            $toWrite = '';
-        }
-        Write($outfile, $oldHdr, $oldVal) or $err = 1;
-    }
-    # return error message
-    if ($err) {
-        $msg = 'Error writing file';
-    } elsif (not $ok and not $msg) {
-        $msg = 'Unexpected end of file';
-    } elsif (not $msg and $toWrite) {
-        $msg = '';  # flag for nothing written
-        $verbose and print $out "Deleted $grp1 (empty)\n";
-    }
-    return $msg;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Process MIE directory
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) DirInfo reference, 2) tag table ref
-# Returns: undef on success, or error message if there was a problem
-# Notes: file pointer is positioned at the MIE end on entry
-sub ProcessMIEGroup($$$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-    my $verbose = $et->Options('Verbose');
-    my $out = $et->Options('TextOut');
-    my $notUTF8 = ($$et{OPTIONS}{Charset} ne 'UTF8');
-    my ($msg, $buff, $ok, $oldIndent, $mime);
-    my $lastTag = '';
-
-    # get group 1 names: $grp doesn't have numbers (eg. 'MIE-Doc'),
-    # and $grp1 does (eg. 'MIE1-Doc1')
-    my $cnt = $$et{MIE_COUNT};
-    my $grp1 = $tagTablePtr->{GROUPS}->{1};
-    my $n = $$cnt{'MIE-Main'} || 0;
-    if ($grp1 eq 'MIE-Main') {
-        $$cnt{$grp1} = ++$n;
-        $grp1 =~ s/MIE-/MIE$n-/ if $n > 1;
-    } else {
-        $grp1 =~ s/MIE-/MIE$n-/ if $n > 1;
-        $$cnt{$grp1} = ($$cnt{$grp1} || 0) + 1;
-        $grp1 .= $$cnt{$grp1} if $$cnt{$grp1} > 1;
-    }
-    # set group1 name for all tags extracted from this group
-    $$et{SET_GROUP1} = $grp1;
-
-    if ($verbose) {
-        $oldIndent = $$et{INDENT};
-        $$et{INDENT} .= '| ';
-        $et->VerboseDir($grp1);
-    }
-    my $wasCompressed = $$dirInfo{WasCompressed};
-
-    # process all MIE elements
-    for (;;) {
-        $raf->Read($buff, 4) == 4 or last;
-        my ($sync, $format, $tagLen, $valLen) = unpack('aC3', $buff);
-        $sync eq '~' or $msg = 'Invalid sync byte', last;
-
-        # read tag name
-        my ($tag, $units);
-        if ($tagLen) {
-            $raf->Read($tag, $tagLen) == $tagLen or last;
-            $et->Warn("MIE tag '$tag' out of sequence") if $tag lt $lastTag;
-            $lastTag = $tag;
-            # separate units from tag name if they exist
-            $units = $1 if $tag =~ s/\((.*)\)$//;
-        } else {
-            $tag = '';
-        }
-
-        # get multi-byte value length if necessary
-        if ($valLen > 252) {
-            my $n = 1 << (256 - $valLen);
-            $raf->Read($buff, $n) == $n or last;
-            my $fmt = 'int' . ($n * 8) . 'u';
-            $valLen = ReadValue(\$buff, 0, $fmt, 1, $n);
-            if ($valLen > 0x7fffffff) {
-                $msg = "Can't read $tag (DataLength > 2GB not yet supported)";
-                last;
-            }
-        }
-
-        # all done if we reached the group terminator
-        unless ($tagLen) {
-            # skip over terminator data block
-            $ok = 1 unless $valLen and not $raf->Seek($valLen, 1);
-            last;
-        }
-
-        # get tag information hash unless this is free space
-        my ($tagInfo, $value);
-        while ($format != 0x80) {
-            $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tag);
-            last if $tagInfo;
-            # extract tags with locale code
-            if ($tag =~ /\W/) {
-                if ($tag =~ /^(\w+)-([a-z]{2}_[A-Z]{2})$/) {
-                    my ($baseTag, $langCode) = ($1, $2);
-                    $tagInfo = $et->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $baseTag);
-                    $tagInfo = GetLangInfo($tagInfo, $langCode) if $tagInfo;
-                    last if $tagInfo;
-                } else {
-                    $et->Warn('Invalid MIE tag name');
-                    last;
-                }
-            }
-            # extract unknown tags if specified
-            $tagInfo = {
-                Name => $tag,
-                Writable => 0,
-                PrintConv => 'length($val) > 60 ? substr($val,0,55) . "[...]" : $val',
-            };
-            AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tag, $tagInfo);
-            last;
-        }
-
-        # read value and uncompress if necessary
-        my $formatStr = $mieFormat{$format & 0xfb} || 'undef';
-        if ($tagInfo or ($formatStr eq 'MIE' and $format & 0x04)) {
-            $raf->Read($value, $valLen) == $valLen or last;
-            if ($format & 0x04) {
-                if ($verbose) {
-                    print $out "$$et{INDENT}\[Tag '$tag' $valLen bytes compressed]\n";
-                }
-                next unless HasZlib($et, 'decode');
-                my $stat;
-                my $inflate = Compress::Zlib::inflateInit();
-                $inflate and ($value, $stat) = $inflate->inflate($value);
-                unless ($inflate and $stat == Compress::Zlib::Z_STREAM_END()) {
-                    $et->Warn("Error inflating $tag");
-                    next;
-                }
-                $valLen = length $value;
-                $wasCompressed = 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        # process this tag
-        if ($formatStr eq 'MIE') {
-            # process MIE directory
-            my ($subTablePtr, $dirName);
-            if ($tagInfo and $$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
-                $dirName = $tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{DirName};
-                my $subTable = $tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{TagTable};
-                $subTablePtr = $subTable ? GetTagTable($subTable) : $tagTablePtr;
-            } else {
-                $subTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::MIE::Unknown');
-            }
-            if ($verbose) {
-                my $order = ', byte order ' . GetByteOrder();
-                $et->VerboseInfo($tag, $tagInfo, Size => $valLen, Extra => $order);
-            }
-            my %subdirInfo = (
-                DirName => $dirName || $tag,
-                RAF     => $raf,
-                Parent  => $$dirInfo{DirName},
-                WasCompressed => $wasCompressed,
-            );
-            # read from uncompressed data instead if necessary
-            $subdirInfo{RAF} = new File::RandomAccess(\$value) if $valLen;
-
-            my $oldOrder = GetByteOrder();
-            SetByteOrder($format & 0x08 ? 'II' : 'MM');
-            $msg = ProcessMIEGroup($et, \%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr);
-            SetByteOrder($oldOrder);
-            $$et{SET_GROUP1} = $grp1;    # restore this group1 name
-            last if $msg;
-        } else {
-            # process MIE data format types
-            if ($tagInfo) {
-                my $rational;
-                # extract tag value
-                my $val = ReadMIEValue(\$value, 0, $formatStr, undef, $valLen, \$rational);
-                unless (defined $val) {
-                    $et->Warn("Error reading $tag value");
-                    $val = '<err>';
-                }
-                # save type or mime type
-                $mime = $val if $tag eq '0Type' or $tag eq '2MIME';
-                if ($verbose) {
-                    my $count;
-                    my $s = Image::ExifTool::FormatSize($formatStr);
-                    if ($s and $formatStr !~ /^(utf|string|undef)/) {
-                        $count = $valLen / $s;
-                    }
-                    $et->VerboseInfo($lastTag, $tagInfo,
-                        DataPt  => \$value,
-                        DataPos => $raf->Tell() - $valLen,
-                        Size    => $valLen,
-                        Format  => $formatStr,
-                        Value   => $val,
-                        Count   => $count,
-                    );
-                }
-                if ($$tagInfo{SubDirectory}) {
-                    my $subTablePtr = GetTagTable($tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{TagTable});
-                    my %subdirInfo = (
-                        DirName => $$tagInfo{Name},
-                        DataPt  => \$value,
-                        DataLen => $valLen,
-                        DirStart=> 0,
-                        DirLen  => $valLen,
-                        Parent  => $$dirInfo{DirName},
-                        WasCompressed => $wasCompressed,
-                    );
-                    # set DataPos and Base for uncompressed information only
-                    unless ($wasCompressed) {
-                        $subdirInfo{DataPos} = 0; # (relative to Base)
-                        $subdirInfo{Base}    = $raf->Tell() - $valLen;
-                    }
-                    # reset PROCESSED lookup for each MIE directory
-                    # (there is no possibility of double-processing a MIE directory)
-                    $$et{PROCESSED} = { };
-                    my $processProc = $tagInfo->{SubDirectory}->{ProcessProc};
-                    delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
-                    delete $$et{NO_LIST};
-                    $et->ProcessDirectory(\%subdirInfo, $subTablePtr, $processProc);
-                    $$et{SET_GROUP1} = $grp1;
-                    $$et{NO_LIST} = 1;
-                } else {
-                    # convert to specified character set if necessary
-                    if ($notUTF8 and $formatStr =~ /^(utf|string)/) {
-                        $val = $et->Decode($val, 'UTF8');
-                    }
-                    if ($formatStr =~ /_list$/) {
-                        # split list value into separate strings
-                        my @vals = split "\0", $val;
-                        $val = \@vals;
-                    }
-                    if (defined $units) {
-                        $val = "@$val" if ref $val; # convert string list to number list
-                        # add units to value if specified
-                        $val .= "($units)" if defined $units;
-                    }
-                    my $key = $et->FoundTag($tagInfo, $val);
-                    $$et{RATIONAL}{$key} = $rational if defined $rational and defined $key;
-                }
-            } else {
-                # skip over unknown information or free bytes
-                $raf->Seek($valLen, 1) or $msg = 'Seek error', last;
-                $verbose and $et->VerboseInfo($tag, undef, Size => $valLen);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    # modify MIME type if necessary
-    $mime and not $$dirInfo{Parent} and $et->ModifyMimeType($mime);
-
-    $ok or $msg or $msg = 'Unexpected end of file';
-    $verbose and $$et{INDENT} = $oldIndent;
-    return $msg;
-}
-
-#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Read/write a MIE file
-# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) DirInfo reference
-# Returns: 1 on success, 0 if this wasn't a valid MIE file, or -1 on write error
-# - process as a trailer if "Trailer" flag set in dirInfo
-sub ProcessMIE($$)
-{
-    my ($et, $dirInfo) = @_;
-    return 1 unless defined $et;
-    my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF};
-    my $outfile = $$dirInfo{OutFile};
-    my ($buff, $err, $msg, $pos, $end, $isCreating);
-    my $numDocs = 0;
-#
-# process as a trailer (from end of file) if specified
-#
-    if ($$dirInfo{Trailer}) {
-        my $offset = $$dirInfo{Offset} || 0;    # offset from end of file
-        $raf->Seek(-10 - $offset, 2) or return 0;
-        for (;;) {
-            # read and validate last 10 bytes
-            $raf->Read($buff, 10) == 10 or last;
-            last unless $buff =~ /~\0\0\x06.{4}(\x10|\x18)(\x04)$/s or
-                        $buff =~ /(\x10|\x18)(\x08)$/s;
-            SetByteOrder($1 eq "\x10" ? 'MM' : 'II');
-            my $len = ($2 eq "\x04") ? Get32u(\$buff, 4) : Get64u(\$buff, 0);
-            my $curPos = $raf->Tell() or last;
-            last if $len < 12 or $len > $curPos;
-            # validate element header if 8-byte offset was used
-            if ($2 eq "\x08") {
-                last if $len < 14;
-                $raf->Seek($curPos - 14, 0) and $raf->Read($buff, 4) or last;
-                last unless $buff eq "~\0\0\x0a";
-            }
-            # looks like a good group, so remember start position
-            $pos = $curPos - $len;
-            $end = $curPos unless $end;
-            # seek to 10 bytes from end of previous group
-            $raf->Seek($pos - 10, 0) or last;
-        }
-        # seek to start of first MIE group
-        return 0 unless defined $pos and $raf->Seek($pos, 0);
-        # update DataPos and DirLen for ProcessTrailers()
-        $$dirInfo{DataPos} = $pos;
-        $$dirInfo{DirLen} = $end - $pos;
-        if ($outfile and $$et{DEL_GROUP}{MIE}) {
-            # delete the trailer
-            $et->VPrint(0,"  Deleting MIE trailer\n");
-            ++$$et{CHANGED};
-            return 1;
-        } elsif ($et->Options('Verbose') or $$et{HTML_DUMP}) {
-            $et->DumpTrailer($dirInfo);
-        }
-    }
-#
-# loop through all documents in MIE file
-#
-    for (;;) {
-        # look for "0MIE" group element
-        my $num = $raf->Read($buff, 8);
-        if ($num == 8) {
-            # verify file identifier
-            if ($buff =~ /^~(\x10|\x18)\x04(.)0MIE/s) {
-                SetByteOrder($1 eq "\x10" ? 'MM' : 'II');
-                my $len = ord($2);
-                # skip extended DataLength if it exists
-                if ($len > 252 and not $raf->Seek(1 << (256 - $len), 1)) {
-                    $msg = 'Seek error';
-                    last;
-                }
-            } else {
-                return 0 unless $numDocs;   # not a MIE file
-                if ($buff =~ /^~/) {
-                    $msg = 'Non-standard file-level MIE element';
-                } else {
-                    $msg = 'Invalid MIE file-level data';
-                }
-            }
-        } elsif ($numDocs) {
-            last unless $num;   # OK, all done with file
-            $msg = 'Truncated MIE element header';
-        } else {
-            return 0 if $num or not $outfile;
-            # we have the ability to create a MIE file from scratch
-            $buff = ''; # start from nothing
-            # set byte order according to preferences
-            $et->SetPreferredByteOrder();
-            $isCreating = 1;
-        }
-        if ($msg) {
-            last if $$dirInfo{Trailer}; # allow other trailers after MIE
-            if ($outfile) {
-                $et->Error($msg);
-            } else {
-                $et->Warn($msg);
-            }
-            last;
-        }
-        # this is a new MIE document -- increment document count
-        unless ($numDocs) {
-            # this is a valid MIE file (unless a trailer on another file)
-            $et->SetFileType();
-            $$et{NO_LIST} = 1;   # handle lists ourself
-            $$et{MIE_COUNT} = { };
-            undef $hasZlib;
-        }
-        ++$numDocs;
-
-        # process the MIE groups recursively, beginning with the main MIE group
-        my $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::MIE::Main');
-
-        my %subdirInfo = (
-            DirName => 'MIE',
-            RAF => $raf,
-            OutFile => $outfile,
-            # don't define Parent so WriteMIEGroup() writes extended terminator
-        );
-        if ($outfile) {
-            # generate lookup for MIE format codes if not done already
-            unless (%mieCode) {
-                foreach (keys %mieFormat) {
-                    $mieCode{$mieFormat{$_}} = $_;
-                }
-            }
-            # update %mieMap with user-defined MIE groups
-            UpdateMieMap() unless $doneMieMap;
-            # initialize write directories, with MIE tags taking priority
-            # (note that this may re-initialize directories when writing trailer
-            #  to another type of image, but this is OK because we are done writing
-            #  the other format by the time we start writing the trailer)
-            $et->InitWriteDirs(\%mieMap, 'MIE');
-            $subdirInfo{ToWrite} = '~' . MIEGroupFormat(1) . "\x04\xfe0MIE\0\0\0\0";
-            $msg = WriteMIEGroup($et, \%subdirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
-            if ($msg) {
-                $et->Error($msg);
-                $err = 1;
-                last;
-            } elsif (defined $msg and $isCreating) {
-                last;
-            }
-        } else {
-            $msg = ProcessMIEGroup($et, \%subdirInfo, $tagTablePtr);
-            if ($msg) {
-                $et->Warn($msg);
-                last;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    delete $$et{NO_LIST};
-    delete $$et{MIE_COUNT};
-    delete $$et{SET_GROUP1};
-    return $err ? -1 : 1;
-}
-
-1;  # end
-
-__END__
-
-=head1 NAME
-
-Image::ExifTool::MIE - Read/write MIE meta information
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
-This module is used by Image::ExifTool
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-This module contains routines required by Image::ExifTool to read and write
-information in MIE files.
-
-=head1 WHAT IS MIE?
-
-MIE stands for "Meta Information Encapsulation".  The MIE format is an
-extensible, dedicated meta information format which supports storage of
-binary as well as textual meta information.  MIE can be used to encapsulate
-meta information from many sources and bundle it together with any type of
-file.
-
-=head2 Features
-
-Below is very subjective score card comparing the features of a number of
-common file and meta information formats, and comparing them to MIE.  The
-following features are rated for each format with a score of 0 to 10:
-
-  1) Extensible (can incorporate user-defined information).
-  2) Meaningful tag ID's (hint to meaning of unknown information).
-  3) Sequential read/write ability (streamable).
-  4) Hierarchical information structure.
-  5) Easy to implement reader/writer/editor.
-  6) Order of information well defined.
-  7) Large data lengths supported: >64kB (+5) and >4GB (+5).
-  8) Localized text strings.
-  9) Multiple documents in a single file.
- 10) Compact format doesn't squander disk space or bandwidth.
- 11) Compressed meta information supported.
- 12) Relocatable data elements (ie. no fixed offsets).
- 13) Binary meta information (+7) with variable byte order (+3).
- 14) Mandatory tags not required (an unnecessary complication).
- 15) Append information to end of file without editing.
-
-                          Feature number                   Total
-     Format  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15   Score
-     ------ ---------------------------------------------  -----
-     MIE    10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10    150
-     PDF    10 10  0 10  0  0 10  0 10 10 10  0  7 10 10     97
-     PNG    10 10 10  0  8  0  5 10  0 10 10 10  0 10  0     93
-     XMP    10 10 10 10  2  0 10 10 10  0  0 10  0 10  0     92
-     AIFF    0  5 10 10 10  0  5  0  0 10  0 10  7 10  0     77
-     RIFF    0  5 10 10 10  0  5  0  0 10  0 10  7 10  0     77
-     JPEG   10  0 10  0 10  0  0  0  0 10  0 10  7 10  0     67
-     EPS    10 10 10  0  0  0 10  0 10  0  0  5  0 10  0     65
-     CIFF    0  0  0 10 10  0  5  0  0 10  0 10 10 10  0     65
-     TIFF    0  0  0 10  5 10  5  0 10 10  0  0 10  0  0     60
-     EXIF    0  0  0 10  5 10  0  0  0 10  0  0 10  0  0     45
-     IPTC    0  0 10  0  8  0  0  0  0 10  0 10  7  0  0     45
-
-By design, MIE ranks highest by a significant margin.  Other formats with
-reasonable scores are PDF, PNG and XMP, but each has significant weak
-points.  What may be surprising is that TIFF, EXIF and IPTC rank so low.
-
-As well as scoring high in all these features, the MIE format has the unique
-ability to encapsulate any other type of file, and provides a non-invasive
-method of adding meta information to a file.  The meta information is
-logically separated from the original file data, which is extremely
-important because meta information is routinely lost when files are edited.
-
-Also, the MIE format supports multiple files by simple concatenation,
-enabling all kinds of wonderful features such as linear databases, edit
-histories or non-intrusive file updates.  This ability can also be leveraged
-to allow MIE-format trailers to be added to some other file types.
-
-=head1 MIE 1.1 FORMAT SPECIFICATION (2007-01-21)
-
-=head2 File Structure
-
-A MIE file consists of a series of MIE elements.  A MIE element may contain
-either data or a group of MIE elements, providing a hierarchical format for
-storing data.  Each MIE element is identified by a human-readable tag name,
-and may store data from zero to 2^64-1 bytes in length.
-
-=head2 File Signature
-
-The first element in the MIE file must be an uncompressed MIE group element
-with a tag name of "0MIE".  This restriction allows the first 8 bytes of a
-MIE file to be used to identify a MIE format file.  The following table
-lists the two possible initial byte sequences for a MIE-format file (the
-first for big-endian, and the second for little-endian byte ordering):
-
-    Byte Number:      0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7
-
-    C Characters:     ~ \x10 \x04    ?    0    M    I    E
-        or            ~ \x18 \x04    ?    0    M    I    E
-
-    Hexadecimal:     7e   10   04    ?   30   4d   49   45
-        or           7e   18   04    ?   30   4d   49   45
-
-    Decimal:        126   16    4    ?   48   77   73   69
-        or          126   24    4    ?   48   77   73   69
-
-Note that byte 1 may have one of the two possible values (0x10 or 0x18), and
-byte 3 may have any value (0x00 to 0xff).
-
-=head2 Element Structure
-
-    1 byte  SyncByte = 0x7e (decimal 126, character '~')
-    1 byte  FormatCode (see below)
-    1 byte  TagLength (T)
-    1 byte  DataLength (gives D if DataLength < 253)
-    T bytes TagName (T given by TagLength)
-    2 bytes DataLength2 [exists only if DataLength == 255 (0xff)]
-    4 bytes DataLength4 [exists only if DataLength == 254 (0xfe)]
-    8 bytes DataLength8 [exists only if DataLength == 253 (0xfd)]
-    D bytes DataBlock (D given by DataLength)
-
-The minimum element length is 4 bytes (for a group terminator).  The maximum
-DataBlock size is 2^64-1 bytes.  TagLength and DataLength are unsigned
-integers, and the byte ordering for multi-byte DataLength fields is
-specified by the containing MIE group element.  The SyncByte is byte
-aligned, so no padding is added to align on an N-byte boundary.
-
-=head3 FormatCode
-
-The format code is a bitmask that defines the format of the data:
-
-    7654 3210
-    ++++ ----  FormatType
-    ---- +---  TypeModifier
-    ---- -+--  Compressed
-    ---- --++  FormatSize
-
-=over 4
-
-=item FormatType (bitmask 0xf0):
-
-    0x00 - other (or unknown) data
-    0x10 - MIE group
-    0x20 - text string
-    0x30 - list of null-separated text strings
-    0x40 - integer
-    0x50 - rational
-    0x60 - fixed point
-    0x70 - floating point
-    0x80 - free space
-
-=item TypeModifier (bitmask 0x08):
-
-Modifies the meaning of certain FormatTypes (0x00-0x60):
-
-    0x08 - other data sensitive to MIE group byte order
-    0x18 - MIE group with little-endian byte ordering
-    0x28 - UTF encoded text string
-    0x38 - UTF encoded text string list
-    0x48 - signed integer
-    0x58 - signed rational (denominator is always unsigned)
-    0x68 - signed fixed-point
-
-=item Compressed (bitmask 0x04):
-
-If this bit is set, the data block is compressed using Zlib deflate.  An
-entire MIE group may be compressed, with the exception of file-level groups.
-
-=item FormatSize (bitmask 0x03):
-
-Gives the byte size of each data element:
-
-    0x00 - 8 bits  (1 byte)
-    0x01 - 16 bits (2 bytes)
-    0x02 - 32 bits (4 bytes)
-    0x03 - 64 bits (8 bytes)
-
-The number of bytes in a single value for this format is given by
-2**FormatSize (or 1 << FormatSize).  The number of values is the data length
-divided by this number of bytes.  It is an error if the data length is not
-an even multiple of the format size in bytes.
-
-=back
-
-The following is a list of all currently defined MIE FormatCode values for
-uncompressed data (add 0x04 to each value for compressed data):
-
-    0x00 - other data (insensitive to MIE group byte order) (1)
-    0x01 - other 16-bit data (may be byte swapped)
-    0x02 - other 32-bit data (may be byte swapped)
-    0x03 - other 64-bit data (may be byte swapped)
-    0x08 - other data (sensitive to MIE group byte order) (1)
-    0x10 - MIE group with big-endian values (1)
-    0x18 - MIE group with little-endian values (1)
-    0x20 - ASCII (ISO 8859-1) string (2,3)
-    0x28 - UTF-8 string (2,3,4)
-    0x29 - UTF-16 string (2,3,4)
-    0x2a - UTF-32 string (2,3,4)
-    0x30 - ASCII (ISO 8859-1) string list (3,5)
-    0x38 - UTF-8 string list (3,4,5)
-    0x39 - UTF-16 string list (3,4,5)
-    0x3a - UTF-32 string list (3,4,5)
-    0x40 - unsigned 8-bit integer
-    0x41 - unsigned 16-bit integer
-    0x42 - unsigned 32-bit integer
-    0x43 - unsigned 64-bit integer (6)
-    0x48 - signed 8-bit integer
-    0x49 - signed 16-bit integer
-    0x4a - signed 32-bit integer
-    0x4b - signed 64-bit integer (6)
-    0x52 - unsigned 32-bit rational (16-bit numerator then denominator) (7)
-    0x53 - unsigned 64-bit rational (32-bit numerator then denominator) (7)
-    0x5a - signed 32-bit rational (denominator is unsigned) (7)
-    0x5b - signed 64-bit rational (denominator is unsigned) (7)
-    0x61 - unsigned 16-bit fixed-point (high 8 bits is integer part) (8)
-    0x62 - unsigned 32-bit fixed-point (high 16 bits is integer part) (8)
-    0x69 - signed 16-bit fixed-point (high 8 bits is signed integer) (8)
-    0x6a - signed 32-bit fixed-point (high 16 bits is signed integer) (8)
-    0x72 - 32-bit IEEE float (not recommended for portability reasons)
-    0x73 - 64-bit IEEE double (not recommended for portability reasons) (6)
-    0x80 - free space (value data does not contain useful information)
-
-Notes:
-
-=over 4
-
-=item 1.
-
-The byte ordering specified by the MIE group TypeModifier applies to the MIE
-group element as well as all elements within the group.  Data for all
-FormatCodes except 0x08 (other data, sensitive to byte order) may be
-transferred between MIE groups with different byte order by byte swapping
-the uncompressed data according to the specified data format.  The following
-list illustrates the byte-swapping pattern, based on FormatSize, for all
-format types except rational (FormatType 0x50).
-
-      FormatSize              Change in Byte Sequence
-    --------------      -----------------------------------
-    0x00 (8 bits)       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (no change)
-    0x01 (16 bits)      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 1 0 3 2 5 4 7 6
-    0x02 (32 bits)      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4
-    0x03 (64 bits)      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 --> 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
-
-Rational values consist of two integers, so they are swapped as the next
-lower FormatSize.  For example, a 32-bit rational (FormatSize 0x02, and
-FormatCode 0x52 or 0x5a) is swapped as two 16-bit values (ie. as if it had
-FormatSize 0x01).
-
-=item 2.
-
-The TagName of a string element may have an 6-character suffix to indicate a
-specific locale. (eg. "Title-en_US", or "Keywords-de_DE").
-
-=item 3.
-
-Text strings are not normally null terminated, however they may be padded
-with one or more null characters to the end of the data block to allow
-strings to be edited within fixed-length data blocks.  Newlines in the text
-are indicated by a single LF (0x0a) character.
-
-=item 4.
-
-UTF strings must not begin with a byte order mark (BOM) since the byte order
-and byte size are specified by the MIE format.  If a BOM is found, it should
-be treated as a zero-width non-breaking space.
-
-=item 5.
-
-A list of text strings separated by null characters.  These lists must not
-be null padded or null terminated, since this would be interpreted as
-additional zero-length strings.  For ASCII and UTF-8 strings, the null
-character is a single zero (0x00) byte.  For UTF-16 or UTF-32 strings, the
-null character is 2 or 4 zero bytes respectively.
-
-=item 6.
-
-64-bit integers and doubles are subject to the specified byte ordering for
-both 32-bit words and bytes within these words.  For instance, the high
-order byte is always the first byte if big-endian, and the eighth byte if
-little-endian.  This means that some swapping is always necessary for these
-values on systems where the byte order differs from the word order (eg. some
-ARM systems), regardless of the endian-ness of the stored values.
-
-=item 7.
-
-Rational values are treated as two separate integers.  The numerator always
-comes first regardless of the byte ordering.  In a signed rational value,
-only the numerator is signed.  The denominator of all rational values is
-unsigned (eg. a signed 64-bit rational of 0x80000000/0x80000000 evaluates to
--1, not +1).
-
-=item 8.
-
-32-bit fixed point values are converted to floating point by treating them
-as an integer and dividing by an appropriate value.  eg)
-
-    16-bit fixed value = 16-bit integer value / 256.0
-    32-bit fixed value = 32-bit integer value / 65536.0
-
-=back
-
-=head3 TagLength
-
-Gives the length of the TagName string.  Any value between 0 and 255 is
-valid, but the TagLength of 0 is valid only for the MIE group terminator.
-
-=head3 DataLength
-
-DataLength is an unsigned byte that gives the number of bytes in the data
-block.  A value between 0 and 252 gives the data length directly, and
-numbers from 253 to 255 are reserved for extended DataLength codes.  Codes
-of 255, 254 and 253 indicate that the element contains an additional 2, 4 or
-8 byte unsigned integer representing the data length.
-
-    0-252      - length of data block
-    255 (0xff) - use DataLength2
-    254 (0xfe) - use DataLength4
-    253 (0xfd) - use DataLength8
-
-A DataLength of zero is valid for any element except a compressed MIE group.
-A zero DataLength for an uncompressed MIE group indicates that the group
-length is unknown.  For other elements, a zero length indicates there is no
-associated data.  A terminator element must have a DataLength of 0, 6 or 10,
-and may not use an extended DataLength.
-
-=head3 TagName
-
-The TagName string is 0 to 255 bytes long, and is composed of the ASCII
-characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9 and underline ('_').  Also, a dash ('-') is used to
-separate the language/country code in the TagName of a localized text
-string, and a units string (possibly containing other ASCII characters) may
-be appear in brackets at the end of the TagName.  The TagName string is NOT
-null terminated.  A MIE element with a tag string of zero length is reserved
-for the group terminator.
-
-MIE elements are sorted alphabetically by TagName within each group.
-Multiple elements with the same TagName are allowed, even within the same
-group.
-
-TagNames should be meaningful.  Case is significant.  Words should be
-lowercase with an uppercase first character, and acronyms should be all
-upper case.  The underline ("_") is provided to allow separation of two
-acronyms or two numbers, but it shouldn't be used unless necessary.  No
-separation is necessary between an acronym and a word (eg. "ISOSetting").
-
-All TagNames should start with an uppercase letter.  An exception to this
-rule allows tags to begin with a digit (0-9) if they must come before other
-tags in the sort order, or a lowercase letter (a-z) if they must come after.
-For instance, the '0Type' element begins with a digit so it comes before,
-and the 'data' element begins with a lowercase letter so that it comes after
-meta information tags in the main "0MIE" group.
-
-Tag names for localized text strings have an 6-character suffix with the
-following format:  The first character is a dash ('-'), followed by a
-2-character lower case ISO 639-1 language code, then an underline ('_'), and
-ending with a 2-character upper case ISO 3166-1 alpha 2 country code.  (eg.
-"-en_US", "-en_GB", "-de_DE" or "-fr_FR".  Note that "GB", and not "UK" is
-the code for Great Britain, although "UK" should be recognized for
-compatibility reasons.)  The suffix is included when sorting the tags
-alphabetically, so the default locale (with no tag-name suffix) always comes
-first.  If the country is unknown or not applicable, a country code of "XX"
-should be used.
-
-Tags with numerical values may allow units of measurement to be specified.
-The units string is stored in brackets at the end of the tag name, and is
-composed of zero or more ASCII characters in the range 0x21 to 0x7d,
-excluding the bracket characters 0x28 and 0x29.  (eg. "Resolution(/cm)" or
-"SpecificHeat(J/kg.K)".)  See L<Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits> for details. Unit
-strings are not localized, and may not be used in combination with localized
-text strings.
-
-Sets of tags which would require a common prefix should be added in a
-separate MIE group instead of adding the prefix to all tag names.  For
-example, instead of these TagName's:
-
-    ExternalFlashType
-    ExternalFlashSerialNumber
-    ExternalFlashFired
-
-one would instead designate a separate "ExternalFlash" MIE group to contain
-the following elements:
-
-    Type
-    SerialNumber
-    Fired
-
-=head3 DataLength2/4/8
-
-These extended DataLength fields exist only if DataLength is 255, 254 or
-253, and are respectively 2, 4 or 8 byte unsigned integers giving the data
-block length.  One of these values must be used if the data block is larger
-than 252 bytes, but they may be used if desired for smaller blocks too
-(although this may add a few unnecessary bytes to the MIE element).
-
-=head3 DataBlock
-
-The data value for the MIE element.  The format of the data is given by the
-FormatCode.  For MIE group elements, the data includes all contained
-elements and the group terminator.
-
-=head2 MIE groups
-
-All MIE data elements must be contained within a group.  A group begins with
-a MIE group element, and ends with a group terminator.  Groups may be nested
-in a hierarchy to arbitrary depth.
-
-A MIE group element is identified by a format code of 0x10 (big endian byte
-ordering) or 0x18 (little endian).  The group terminator is distinguished by
-a zero TagLength (it is the only element allowed to have a zero TagLength),
-and has a FormatCode of 0x00.
-
-The MIE group element is permitted to have a zero DataLength only if the
-data is uncompressed.  This special value indicates that the group length is
-unknown (otherwise the minimum value for DataLength is 4, corresponding the
-the minimum group size which includes a terminator of at least 4 bytes). If
-DataLength is zero, all elements in the group must be parsed until the group
-terminator is found.  If non-zero, DataLength includes the length of all
-elements contained within the group, including the group terminator.  Use of
-a non-zero DataLength is encouraged because it allows readers quickly skip
-over entire MIE groups.  For compressed groups DataLength must be non-zero,
-and is the length of the compressed group data (which includes the
-compressed group terminator).
-
-=head3 Group Terminator
-
-The group terminator has a FormatCode and TagLength of zero.  The terminator
-DataLength must be 0, 6 or 10 bytes, and extended DataLength codes may not
-be used.  With a zero DataLength, the byte sequence for a terminator is "7e
-00 00 00" (hex).  With a DataLength of 6 or 10 bytes, the terminator data
-block contains information about the length and byte ordering of the
-preceding group.  This additional information is recommended for file-level
-groups, and is used in multi-document MIE files and MIE trailers to allow
-the file to be scanned backwards from the end.  (This may also allow some
-documents to be recovered if part of the file is corrupted.)  The structure
-of this optional terminator data block is as follows:
-
-    4 or 8 bytes  GroupLength (unsigned integer)
-    1 byte        ByteOrder (0x10 or 0x18, same as MIE group)
-    1 byte        GroupLengthSize (0x04 or 0x08)
-
-The ByteOrder and GroupLengthSize values give the byte ordering and size of
-the GroupLength integer.  The GroupLength value is the total length of the
-entire MIE group ending with this terminator, including the opening MIE
-group element and the terminator itself.
-
-=head3 File-level MIE groups
-
-File-level MIE groups may NOT be compressed.
-
-All elements in a MIE file are contained within a special group with a
-TagName of "0MIE".  The purpose of the "OMIE" group is to provide a unique
-signature at the start of the file, and to encapsulate information allowing
-files to be easily combined.  The "0MIE" group must be terminated like any
-other group, but it is recommended that the terminator of a file-level group
-include the optional data block (defined above) to provide information about
-the group length and byte order.
-
-It is valid to have more than one "0MIE" group at the file level, allowing
-multiple documents in a single MIE file.  Furthermore, the MIE structure
-enables multi-document files to be generated by simply concatenating two or
-more MIE files.
-
-=head2 Scanning Backwards through a MIE File
-
-The steps below give an algorithm to quickly locate the last document in a
-MIE file:
-
-=over 4
-
-=item 1.
-
-Read the last 10 bytes of the file.  (Note that a valid MIE file may be as
-short as 12 bytes long, but a file this length contains only an an empty MIE
-group.)
-
-=item 2.
-
-If the last byte of the file is zero, then it is not possible to scan
-backward through the file, so the file must be scanned from the beginning.
-Otherwise, proceed to the next step.
-
-=item 3.
-
-If the last byte is 4 or 8, the terminator contains information about the
-byte ordering and length of the group.  Otherwise, stop here because this
-isn't a valid MIE file.
-
-=item 4.
-
-The next-to-last byte must be either 0x10 indicating big-endian byte
-ordering or 0x18 for little-endian ordering, otherwise this isn't a valid
-MIE file.
-
-=item 5.
-
-The value of the preceding 4 or 8 bytes gives the length of the complete
-file-level MIE group (GroupLength).  This length includes both the leading
-MIE group element and the terminator element itself.  The value is an
-unsigned integer with a byte length given in step 3), and a byte order from
-step 4).  From the current file position (at the end of the data read in
-step 1), seek backward by this number of bytes to find the start of the MIE
-group element for this document.
-
-=back
-
-This algorithm may be repeated again beginning at this point in the file to
-locate the next-to-last document, etc.
-
-The table below lists all 5 valid patterns for the last 14 bytes of a
-file-level MIE group, with all numbers in hex.  The comments indicate the
-length and byte ordering of GroupLength (xx) if available:
-
-  ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 00 00  - (no GroupLength)
-  ?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 10 04  - 4 bytes, big endian
-  ?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 18 04  - 4 bytes, little endian
-  7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 10 08  - 8 bytes, big endian
-  7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 18 08  - 8 bytes, little endian
-
-=head2 Trailer Signature
-
-The MIE format may be used for trailer information appended to other types
-of files.  When this is done, a signature must appear at the end of the main
-MIE group to uniquely identify the MIE format trailer.  To achieve this, a
-"zmie" trailer signature is written as the last element in the main "0MIE"
-group.  This element has a FormatCode of 0, a TagLength of 4, a DataLength
-of 0, and a TagName of "zmie".  With this signature, the hex byte sequence
-"7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65" appears immediately before the final group
-terminator, and the last 22 bytes of the trailer correspond to one of the
-following 4 patterns (where the trailer length is given by "xx", as above):
-
-  ?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 10 04
-  ?? ?? ?? ?? 7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 06 xx xx xx xx 18 04
-  7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 10 08
-  7e 00 04 00 7a 6d 69 65 7e 00 00 0a xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx 18 08
-
-Note that the zero-DataLength terminator may not be used here because the
-trailer length must be known for seeking backwards from the end of the file.
-
-Multiple trailers may be appended to the same file using this technique.
-
-=head2 MIE Data Values
-
-MIE data values for a given tag are usually not restricted to a specific
-FormatCode.  Any value may be represented in any appropriate format,
-including numbers represented in string (ASCII or UTF) form.
-
-It is preferred that closely related values with the same format are written
-to a single tag instead of using multiple tags.  This improves localization
-of like values and decreases MIE element overhead.  For instance, instead of
-separate ImageWidth and ImageHeight tags, a single ImageSize tag is defined.
-
-Tags which may take on a discrete set of values should have meaningful
-values if possible.  This improves the extensibility of the format and
-allows a more reasonable interpretation of unrecognized values.
-
-=head3 Numerical Representation
-
-Integer and floating point numbers may be represented in binary or string
-form.  In string form, integers are a series of digits with an optional
-leading sign (eg. "[+|-]DDDDDD"), and multiple values are separated by a
-single space character (eg. "23 128 -32").  Floating point numbers are
-similar but may also contain a decimal point and/or a signed exponent with a
-leading 'e' character (eg. "[+|-]DD[.DDDDDD][e(+|-)EEE]").  The string "inf"
-is used to represent infinity.  One advantage of numerical strings is that
-they can have an arbitrarily high precision because the possible number of
-significant digits is virtually unlimited.
-
-Note that numerical values may have associated units of measurement which
-are specified in the L</TagName> string.
-
-=head3 Date/Time Format
-
-All MIE dates are strings in the form "YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM:SS.ss+HH:MM".  The
-fractional seconds (".ss") are optional, and if included may contain any
-number of significant digits (unlike all other fields which are a fixed
-number of digits and must be padded with leading zeros if necessary).  The
-timezone ("+HH:MM" or "-HH:MM") is recommended but not required.  If not
-given, the local system timezone is assumed.
-
-=head2 MIME Type
-
-The basic MIME type for a MIE file is "application/x-mie", however the
-specific MIME type depends on the type of subfile, and is obtained by adding
-"x-mie-" to the MIME type of the subfile.  For example, with a subfile of
-type "image/jpeg", the MIE file MIME type is "image/x-mie-jpeg".  But note
-that the "x-" is not duplicated if the subfile MIME type already starts with
-"x-".  So a subfile with MIME type "image/x-raw" is contained within a MIE
-file of type "image/x-mie-raw", not "image/x-mie-x-raw".  In the case of
-multiple documents in a MIE file, the MIME type is taken from the first
-document.  Regardless of the subfile type, all MIE-format files should have
-a filename extension of ".MIE".
-
-=head2 Levels of Support
-
-Basic MIE reader/writer applications may choose not to provide support for
-some advanced features of the MIE format.  Features which may not be
-supported by all software are:
-
-=over 4
-
-=item Compression
-
-Software not supporting compression must ignore compressed elements and
-groups, but should be able to process the remaining information.
-
-=item Large data lengths
-
-Some software may limit the maximum size of a MIE group or element.
-Historically, a limit of 2GB may be imposed by some systems.  However,
-8-byte data lengths should be supported by all applications provided the
-value doesn't exceed the system limit.  (eg. For systems with a 2GB limit,
-8-byte data lengths should be supported if the upper 17 bits are all zero.)
-If a data length above the system limit is encountered, it may be necessary
-for the application to stop processing if it can not seek to the next
-element in the file.
-
-=back
-
-=head1 EXAMPLES
-
-This section gives examples for working with MIE information using ExifTool.
-
-=head2 Encapsulating Information with Data in a MIE File
-
-The following command encapsulates any file recognized by ExifTool inside a
-MIE file, and initializes MIE tags from information within the file:
-
-    exiftool -o new.mie -tagsfromfile FILE '-mie:all<all' \
-        '-subfilename<filename' '-subfiletype<filetype' \
-        '-subfilemimetype<mimetype' '-subfiledata<=FILE'
-
-where C<FILE> is the name of the file.
-
-For unrecognized files, this command may be used:
-
-    exiftool -o new.mie -subfilename=FILE -subfiletype=TYPE \
-        -subfilemimetype=MIME '-subfiledata<=FILE'
-
-where C<TYPE> and C<MIME> represent the source file type and MIME type
-respectively.
-
-=head2 Adding a MIE Trailer to a File
-
-The MIE format may also be used to store information in a trailer appended
-to another type of file.  Beware that trailers may not be compatible with
-all file formats, but JPEG and TIFF are two formats where additional trailer
-information doesn't create any problems for normal parsing of the file.
-Also note that this technique has the disadvantage that trailer information
-is commonly lost if the file is subsequently edited by other software.
-
-Creating a MIE trailer with ExifTool is a two-step process since ExifTool
-can't currently be used to add a MIE trailer directly.  The example below
-illustrates the steps for adding a MIE trailer with a small preview image
-(C<small.jpg>) to a destination JPEG image (C<dst.jpg>).
-
-Step 1) Create a MIE file with a TrailerSignature containing the desired
-information:
-
-    exiftool -o new.mie -trailersignature=1 -tagsfromfile small.jpg \
-        '-previewimagetype<filetype' '-previewimagesize<imagesize' \
-        '-previewimagename<filename' '-previewimage<=small.jpg'
-
-Step 2) Append the MIE information to another file.  In Unix, this can be
-done with the 'cat' command:
-
-    cat new.mie >> dst.jpg
-
-Once added, ExifTool may be used to edit or delete a MIE trailer in a JPEG
-or TIFF image.
-
-=head2 Multiple MIE Documents in a Single File
-
-The MIE specification allows multiple MIE documents (or trailers) to exist
-in a single file.  A file like this may be created by simply concatenating
-MIE documents.  ExifTool may be used to access information in a specific
-document by adding a copy number to the MIE group name.  For example:
-
-    # write the Author tag in the second MIE document
-    exiftool -mie2:author=phil test.mie
-
-    # delete the first MIE document from a file
-    exiftool -mie1:all= test.mie
-
-=head2 Units of Measurement
-
-Some MIE tags allow values to be specified in different units of
-measurement.  In the MIE file format these units are combined with the tag
-name, but when using ExifTool they are specified in brackets after the
-value:
-
-    exiftool -mie:gpsaltitude='7500(ft)' test.mie
-
-If no units are provided, the default units are written.
-
-=head2 Localized Text
-
-Localized text values are accessed by adding a language/country code to the
-tag name.  For example:
-
-    exiftool -comment-en_us='this is a comment' test.mie
-
-=head1 REVISIONS
-
-  2010-04-05 - Fixed "Format Size" Note 7 to give the correct number of bits
-               in the example rational value
-  2007-01-21 - Specified LF character (0x0a) for text newline sequence
-  2007-01-19 - Specified ISO 8859-1 character set for extended ASCII codes
-  2007-01-01 - Improved wording of Step 5 for scanning backwards in MIE file
-  2006-12-30 - Added EXAMPLES section and note about UTF BOM
-  2006-12-20 - MIE 1.1:  Changed meaning of TypeModifier bit (0x08) for
-               unknown data (FormatType 0x00), and documented byte swapping
-  2006-12-14 - MIE 1.0:  Added Data Values and Numerical Representations
-               sections, and added ability to specify units in tag names
-  2006-11-09 - Added Levels of Support section
-  2006-11-03 - Added Trailer Signature
-  2005-11-18 - Original specification created
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Copyright 2003-2016, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
-
-This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-under the same terms as Perl itself.  The MIE format itself is also
-copyright Phil Harvey, and is covered by the same free-use license.
-
-=head1 REFERENCES
-
-=over 4
-
-=item L<http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/MIE1.1-20070121.pdf>
-
-=back
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
-L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/MIE Tags>, L<Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits>,
-L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
-
-=cut
-