activerecord 5.0.7.2 → 6.1.1

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters
     class StatementPool # :nodoc:
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       DEFAULT_STATEMENT_LIMIT = 1000
 
       def initialize(statement_limit = nil)
-        @cache = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
+        @cache = Hash.new { |h, pid| h[pid] = {} }
         @statement_limit = statement_limit || DEFAULT_STATEMENT_LIMIT
       end
 
@@ -46,14 +48,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
+        def cache
+          @cache[Process.pid]
+        end
 
-      def cache
-        @cache[Process.pid]
-      end
-
-      def dealloc(stmt)
-        raise NotImplementedError
-      end
+        def dealloc(stmt)
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling
-    RAILS_ENV   = -> { (Rails.env if defined?(Rails.env)) || ENV["RAILS_ENV"] || ENV["RACK_ENV"] }
+    RAILS_ENV   = -> { (Rails.env if defined?(Rails.env)) || ENV["RAILS_ENV"].presence || ENV["RACK_ENV"].presence }
     DEFAULT_ENV = -> { RAILS_ENV.call || "default_env" }
 
     # Establishes the connection to the database. Accepts a hash as input where
@@ -44,44 +46,226 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # The exceptions AdapterNotSpecified, AdapterNotFound and +ArgumentError+
     # may be returned on an error.
-    def establish_connection(spec = nil)
-      raise RuntimeError, "Anonymous class is not allowed." unless name
+    def establish_connection(config_or_env = nil)
+      config_or_env ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
+      db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(config_or_env)
+      connection_handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
+    end
 
-      spec     ||= DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_sym
-      resolver =   ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new configurations
-      # TODO: uses name on establish_connection, for backwards compatibility
-      spec     =   resolver.spec(spec, self == Base ? "primary" : name)
+    # Connects a model to the databases specified. The +database+ keyword
+    # takes a hash consisting of a +role+ and a +database_key+.
+    #
+    # This will create a connection handler for switching between connections,
+    # look up the config hash using the +database_key+ and finally
+    # establishes a connection to that config.
+    #
+    #   class AnimalsModel < ApplicationRecord
+    #     self.abstract_class = true
+    #
+    #     connects_to database: { writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # +connects_to+ also supports horizontal sharding. The horizontal sharding API
+    # also supports read replicas. Connect a model to a list of shards like this:
+    #
+    #   class AnimalsModel < ApplicationRecord
+    #     self.abstract_class = true
+    #
+    #     connects_to shards: {
+    #       default: { writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica },
+    #       shard_two: { writing: :primary_shard_two, reading: :primary_shard_replica_two }
+    #     }
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Returns an array of database connections.
+    def connects_to(database: {}, shards: {})
+      raise NotImplementedError, "`connects_to` can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base or abstract classes" unless self == Base || abstract_class?
 
-      unless respond_to?(spec.adapter_method)
-        raise AdapterNotFound, "database configuration specifies nonexistent #{spec.config[:adapter]} adapter"
+      if database.present? && shards.present?
+        raise ArgumentError, "`connects_to` can only accept a `database` or `shards` argument, but not both arguments."
       end
 
-      remove_connection(spec.name)
-      self.connection_specification_name = spec.name
-      connection_handler.establish_connection spec
+      connections = []
+
+      database.each do |role, database_key|
+        db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(database_key)
+        handler = lookup_connection_handler(role.to_sym)
+
+        connections << handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: role)
+      end
+
+      shards.each do |shard, database_keys|
+        database_keys.each do |role, database_key|
+          db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(database_key)
+          handler = lookup_connection_handler(role.to_sym)
+
+          connections << handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: role, shard: shard.to_sym)
+        end
+      end
+
+      connections
     end
 
-    class MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig # :nodoc:
-      def initialize(raw_configurations)
-        @raw_config = raw_configurations.dup
-        @env = DEFAULT_ENV.call.to_s
+    # Connects to a role (ex writing, reading or a custom role) and/or
+    # shard for the duration of the block. At the end of the block the
+    # connection will be returned to the original role / shard.
+    #
+    # If only a role is passed, Active Record will look up the connection
+    # based on the requested role. If a non-established role is requested
+    # an `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` error will be raised:
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+    #     Dog.create! # creates dog using dog writing connection
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+    #     Dog.create! # throws exception because we're on a replica
+    #   end
+    #
+    # When swapping to a shard, the role must be passed as well. If a non-existent
+    # shard is passed, an `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` error will be
+    # raised.
+    #
+    # When a shard and role is passed, Active Record will first lookup the role,
+    # and then look up the connection by shard key.
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading, shard: :shard_one_replica) do
+    #     Dog.first # finds first Dog record stored on the shard one replica
+    #   end
+    #
+    # The database kwarg is deprecated and will be removed in 6.2.0 without replacement.
+    def connected_to(database: nil, role: nil, shard: nil, prevent_writes: false, &blk)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        if self != Base
+          raise NotImplementedError, "`connected_to` can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base with legacy connection handling."
+        end
+      else
+        if self != Base && !abstract_class
+          raise NotImplementedError, "calling `connected_to` is only allowed on ActiveRecord::Base or abstract classes."
+        end
+      end
+
+      if database && (role || shard)
+        raise ArgumentError, "`connected_to` cannot accept a `database` argument with any other arguments."
+      elsif database
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("The database key in `connected_to` is deprecated. It will be removed in Rails 6.2.0 without replacement.")
+
+        if database.is_a?(Hash)
+          role, database = database.first
+          role = role.to_sym
+        end
+
+        db_config, owner_name = resolve_config_for_connection(database)
+        handler = lookup_connection_handler(role)
+
+        handler.establish_connection(db_config, owner_name: owner_name, role: role)
+
+        with_handler(role, &blk)
+      elsif role || shard
+        unless role
+          raise ArgumentError, "`connected_to` cannot accept a `shard` argument without a `role`."
+        end
+
+        with_role_and_shard(role, shard, prevent_writes, &blk)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "must provide a `shard` and/or `role`."
       end
+    end
 
-      # Returns fully resolved connection hashes.
-      # Merges connection information from `ENV['DATABASE_URL']` if available.
-      def resolve
-        ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(config).resolve_all
+    # Connects a role and/or shard to the provided connection names. Optionally `prevent_writes`
+    # can be passed to block writes on a connection. `reading` will automatically set
+    # `prevent_writes` to true.
+    #
+    # `connected_to_many` is an alternative to deeply nested `connected_to` blocks.
+    #
+    # Usage:
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(AnimalsRecord, MealsRecord], role: :reading) do
+    #     Dog.first # Read from animals replica
+    #     Dinner.first # Read from meals replica
+    #     Person.first # Read from primary writer
+    #   end
+    def connected_to_many(classes, role:, shard: nil, prevent_writes: false)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        raise NotImplementedError, "connected_to_many is not available with legacy connection handling"
       end
 
-      private
-        def config
-          @raw_config.dup.tap do |cfg|
-            if url = ENV['DATABASE_URL']
-              cfg[@env] ||= {}
-              cfg[@env]["url"] ||= url
-            end
-          end
+      if self != Base || classes.include?(Base)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "connected_to_many can only be called on ActiveRecord::Base."
+      end
+
+      prevent_writes = true if role == reading_role
+
+      connected_to_stack << { role: role, shard: shard, prevent_writes: prevent_writes, klasses: classes }
+      yield
+    ensure
+      connected_to_stack.pop
+    end
+
+    # Use a specified connection.
+    #
+    # This method is useful for ensuring that a specific connection is
+    # being used. For example, when booting a console in readonly mode.
+    #
+    # It is not recommended to use this method in a request since it
+    # does not yield to a block like `connected_to`.
+    def connecting_to(role: default_role, shard: default_shard, prevent_writes: false)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        raise NotImplementedError, "`connecting_to` is not available with `legacy_connection_handling`."
+      end
+
+      prevent_writes = true if role == reading_role
+
+      self.connected_to_stack << { role: role, shard: shard, prevent_writes: prevent_writes, klasses: [self] }
+    end
+
+    # Prevent writing to the database regardless of role.
+    #
+    # In some cases you may want to prevent writes to the database
+    # even if you are on a database that can write. `while_preventing_writes`
+    # will prevent writes to the database for the duration of the block.
+    #
+    # This method does not provide the same protection as a readonly
+    # user and is meant to be a safeguard against accidental writes.
+    #
+    # See `READ_QUERY` for the queries that are blocked by this
+    # method.
+    def while_preventing_writes(enabled = true, &block)
+      if legacy_connection_handling
+        connection_handler.while_preventing_writes(enabled, &block)
+      else
+        connected_to(role: current_role, prevent_writes: enabled, &block)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if role is the current connected role.
+    #
+    #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :writing) #=> true
+    #     ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to?(role: :reading) #=> false
+    #   end
+    def connected_to?(role:, shard: ActiveRecord::Base.default_shard)
+      current_role == role.to_sym && current_shard == shard.to_sym
+    end
+
+    def lookup_connection_handler(handler_key) # :nodoc:
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+        handler_key ||= ActiveRecord::Base.writing_role
+        connection_handlers[handler_key] ||= ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
+      else
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Clears the query cache for all connections associated with the current thread.
+    def clear_query_caches_for_current_thread
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each_value do |handler|
+          clear_on_handler(handler)
         end
+      else
+        clear_on_handler(ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler)
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns the connection currently associated with the class. This can
@@ -93,21 +277,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     attr_writer :connection_specification_name
 
-    # Return the specification id from this class otherwise look it up
-    # in the parent.
+    # Return the connection specification name from the current class or its parent.
     def connection_specification_name
       if !defined?(@connection_specification_name) || @connection_specification_name.nil?
-        return self == Base ? "primary" : superclass.connection_specification_name
+        return self == Base ? Base.name : superclass.connection_specification_name
       end
       @connection_specification_name
     end
 
-    def connection_id
-      ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_id ||= Thread.current.object_id
-    end
-
-    def connection_id=(connection_id)
-      ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_id = connection_id
+    def primary_class? # :nodoc:
+      self == Base || defined?(ApplicationRecord) && self == ApplicationRecord
     end
 
     # Returns the configuration of the associated connection as a hash:
@@ -117,32 +296,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Please use only for reading.
     def connection_config
-      connection_pool.spec.config
+      connection_pool.db_config.configuration_hash
+    end
+    deprecate connection_config: "Use connection_db_config instead"
+
+    # Returns the db_config object from the associated connection:
+    #
+    #  ActiveRecord::Base.connection_db_config
+    #    #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10 @env_name="development",
+    #      @name="primary", @config={pool: 5, timeout: 5000, database: "db/development.sqlite3", adapter: "sqlite3"}>
+    #
+    # Use only for reading.
+    def connection_db_config
+      connection_pool.db_config
     end
 
     def connection_pool
-      connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(connection_specification_name) or raise ConnectionNotEstablished
+      connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(connection_specification_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard) || raise(ConnectionNotEstablished)
     end
 
     def retrieve_connection
-      connection_handler.retrieve_connection(connection_specification_name)
+      connection_handler.retrieve_connection(connection_specification_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
     end
 
     # Returns +true+ if Active Record is connected.
     def connected?
-      connection_handler.connected?(connection_specification_name)
+      connection_handler.connected?(connection_specification_name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
     end
 
     def remove_connection(name = nil)
       name ||= @connection_specification_name if defined?(@connection_specification_name)
-      # if removing a connection that have a pool, we reset the
+      # if removing a connection that has a pool, we reset the
       # connection_specification_name so it will use the parent
       # pool.
-      if connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(name)
+      if connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
         self.connection_specification_name = nil
       end
 
-      connection_handler.remove_connection(name)
+      connection_handler.remove_connection_pool(name, role: current_role, shard: current_shard)
     end
 
     def clear_cache! # :nodoc:
@@ -150,6 +341,57 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     delegate :clear_active_connections!, :clear_reloadable_connections!,
-      :clear_all_connections!, :to => :connection_handler
+      :clear_all_connections!, :flush_idle_connections!, to: :connection_handler
+
+    private
+      def clear_on_handler(handler)
+        handler.all_connection_pools.each do |pool|
+          pool.connection.clear_query_cache if pool.active_connection?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_config_for_connection(config_or_env)
+        raise "Anonymous class is not allowed." unless name
+
+        owner_name = primary_class? ? Base.name : name
+        self.connection_specification_name = owner_name
+
+        db_config = Base.configurations.resolve(config_or_env)
+        [db_config, owner_name]
+      end
+
+      def with_handler(handler_key, &blk)
+        handler = lookup_connection_handler(handler_key)
+        swap_connection_handler(handler, &blk)
+      end
+
+      def with_role_and_shard(role, shard, prevent_writes)
+        prevent_writes = true if role == reading_role
+
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+          with_handler(role.to_sym) do
+            connection_handler.while_preventing_writes(prevent_writes) do
+              self.connected_to_stack << { shard: shard, klasses: [self] }
+              yield
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          self.connected_to_stack << { role: role, shard: shard, prevent_writes: prevent_writes, klasses: [self] }
+          return_value = yield
+          return_value.load if return_value.is_a? ActiveRecord::Relation
+          return_value
+        end
+      ensure
+        self.connected_to_stack.pop
+      end
+
+      def swap_connection_handler(handler, &blk) # :nodoc:
+        old_handler, ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler, handler
+        return_value = yield
+        return_value.load if return_value.is_a? ActiveRecord::Relation
+        return_value
+      ensure
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler = old_handler
+      end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/core.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-require 'thread'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/enumerable"
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
+require "active_support/parameter_filter"
+require "concurrent/map"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Core
@@ -16,9 +19,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # retrieved on both a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
       mattr_accessor :logger, instance_writer: false
 
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      #
+      # Specifies if the methods calling database queries should be logged below
+      # their relevant queries. Defaults to false.
+      mattr_accessor :verbose_query_logs, instance_writer: false, default: false
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      #
+      # Specifies the names of the queues used by background jobs.
+      mattr_accessor :queues, instance_accessor: false, default: {}
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      #
+      # Specifies the job used to destroy associations in the background
+      class_attribute :destroy_association_async_job, instance_writer: false, instance_predicate: false, default: false
+
       ##
       # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
-      # as a Hash.
+      # as an ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations object.
       #
       # For example, the following database.yml...
       #
@@ -32,22 +54,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # ...would result in ActiveRecord::Base.configurations to look like this:
       #
-      #   {
-      #      'development' => {
-      #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-      #         'database' => 'db/development.sqlite3'
-      #      },
-      #      'production' => {
-      #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-      #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
-      #      }
-      #   }
+      #   #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fd1acbdf800 @configurations=[
+      #     #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10 @env_name="development",
+      #       @name="primary", @config={adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/development.sqlite3"}>,
+      #     #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbdea90 @env_name="production",
+      #       @name="primary", @config={adapter: "sqlite3", database: "db/production.sqlite3"}>
+      #   ]>
       def self.configurations=(config)
-        @@configurations = ActiveRecord::ConnectionHandling::MergeAndResolveDefaultUrlConfig.new(config).resolve
+        @@configurations = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.new(config)
       end
       self.configurations = {}
 
-      # Returns fully resolved configurations hash
+      # Returns fully resolved ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations object
       def self.configurations
         @@configurations
       end
@@ -56,8 +74,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # :singleton-method:
       # Determines whether to use Time.utc (using :utc) or Time.local (using :local) when pulling
       # dates and times from the database. This is set to :utc by default.
-      mattr_accessor :default_timezone, instance_writer: false
-      self.default_timezone = :utc
+      mattr_accessor :default_timezone, instance_writer: false, default: :utc
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
@@ -67,41 +84,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
       # supports migrations. Use :ruby if you want to have different database
       # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
-      mattr_accessor :schema_format, instance_writer: false
-      self.schema_format = :ruby
+      mattr_accessor :schema_format, instance_writer: false, default: :ruby
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
-      # Specifies if an error should be raised on query limit or order being
+      # Specifies if an error should be raised if the query has an order being
       # ignored when doing batch queries. Useful in applications where the
-      # limit or scope being ignored is error-worthy, rather than a warning.
-      mattr_accessor :error_on_ignored_order_or_limit, instance_writer: false
-      self.error_on_ignored_order_or_limit = false
+      # scope being ignored is error-worthy, rather than a warning.
+      mattr_accessor :error_on_ignored_order, instance_writer: false, default: false
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
       # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions
-      mattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations, instance_writer: false
-      self.timestamped_migrations = true
+      mattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations, instance_writer: false, default: true
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
       # Specify whether schema dump should happen at the end of the
-      # db:migrate rake task. This is true by default, which is useful for the
+      # db:migrate rails command. This is true by default, which is useful for the
       # development environment. This should ideally be false in the production
       # environment where dumping schema is rarely needed.
-      mattr_accessor :dump_schema_after_migration, instance_writer: false
-      self.dump_schema_after_migration = true
+      mattr_accessor :dump_schema_after_migration, instance_writer: false, default: true
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
-      # Specifies which database schemas to dump when calling db:structure:dump.
+      # Specifies which database schemas to dump when calling db:schema:dump.
       # If the value is :schema_search_path (the default), any schemas listed in
       # schema_search_path are dumped. Use :all to dump all schemas regardless
       # of schema_search_path, or a string of comma separated schemas for a
       # custom list.
-      mattr_accessor :dump_schemas, instance_writer: false
-      self.dump_schemas = :schema_search_path
+      mattr_accessor :dump_schemas, instance_writer: false, default: :schema_search_path
 
       ##
       # :singleton-method:
@@ -110,122 +122,278 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # be used to identify queries which load thousands of records and
       # potentially cause memory bloat.
       mattr_accessor :warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than, instance_writer: false
-      self.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than = nil
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Show a warning when Rails couldn't parse your database.yml
+      # for multiple databases.
+      mattr_accessor :suppress_multiple_database_warning, instance_writer: false, default: false
 
       mattr_accessor :maintain_test_schema, instance_accessor: false
 
-      mattr_accessor :belongs_to_required_by_default, instance_accessor: false
+      class_attribute :belongs_to_required_by_default, instance_accessor: false
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Set the application to log or raise when an association violates strict loading.
+      # Defaults to :raise.
+      mattr_accessor :action_on_strict_loading_violation, instance_accessor: false, default: :raise
+
+      class_attribute :strict_loading_by_default, instance_accessor: false, default: false
+
+      mattr_accessor :writing_role, instance_accessor: false, default: :writing
+
+      mattr_accessor :reading_role, instance_accessor: false, default: :reading
+
+      mattr_accessor :has_many_inversing, instance_accessor: false, default: false
 
       class_attribute :default_connection_handler, instance_writer: false
 
+      class_attribute :default_role, instance_writer: false
+
+      class_attribute :default_shard, instance_writer: false
+
+      mattr_accessor :legacy_connection_handling, instance_writer: false, default: true
+
+      self.filter_attributes = []
+
       def self.connection_handler
-        ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_handler || default_connection_handler
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:ar_connection_handler) || default_connection_handler
       end
 
       def self.connection_handler=(handler)
-        ActiveRecord::RuntimeRegistry.connection_handler = handler
+        Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:ar_connection_handler, handler)
+      end
+
+      def self.connection_handlers
+        unless legacy_connection_handling
+          raise NotImplementedError, "The new connection handling does not support accessing multiple connection handlers."
+        end
+
+        @@connection_handlers ||= {}
+      end
+
+      def self.connection_handlers=(handlers)
+        unless legacy_connection_handling
+          raise NotImplementedError, "The new connection handling does not setting support multiple connection handlers."
+        end
+
+        @@connection_handlers = handlers
+      end
+
+      # Returns the symbol representing the current connected role.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :writing
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_role #=> :reading
+      #   end
+      def self.current_role
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+          connection_handlers.key(connection_handler) || default_role
+        else
+          connected_to_stack.reverse_each do |hash|
+            return hash[:role] if hash[:role] && hash[:klasses].include?(Base)
+            return hash[:role] if hash[:role] && hash[:klasses].include?(abstract_base_class)
+          end
+
+          default_role
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the symbol representing the current connected shard.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard #=> :default
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing, shard: :one) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard #=> :one
+      #   end
+      def self.current_shard
+        connected_to_stack.reverse_each do |hash|
+          return hash[:shard] if hash[:shard] && hash[:klasses].include?(Base)
+          return hash[:shard] if hash[:shard] && hash[:klasses].include?(abstract_base_class)
+        end
+
+        default_shard
+      end
+
+      # Returns the symbol representing the current setting for
+      # preventing writes.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes #=> true
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :writing) do
+      #     ActiveRecord::Base.current_preventing_writes #=> false
+      #   end
+      def self.current_preventing_writes
+        if legacy_connection_handling
+          connection_handler.prevent_writes
+        else
+          connected_to_stack.reverse_each do |hash|
+            return hash[:prevent_writes] if !hash[:prevent_writes].nil? && hash[:klasses].include?(Base)
+            return hash[:prevent_writes] if !hash[:prevent_writes].nil? && hash[:klasses].include?(abstract_base_class)
+          end
+
+          false
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.connected_to_stack # :nodoc:
+        if connected_to_stack = Thread.current.thread_variable_get(:ar_connected_to_stack)
+          connected_to_stack
+        else
+          connected_to_stack = Concurrent::Array.new
+          Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:ar_connected_to_stack, connected_to_stack)
+          connected_to_stack
+        end
+      end
+
+      def self.abstract_base_class # :nodoc:
+        klass = self
+
+        until klass == Base
+          break if klass.abstract_class?
+          klass = klass.superclass
+        end
+
+        klass
+      end
+
+      def self.allow_unsafe_raw_sql # :nodoc:
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.2")
+      end
+
+      def self.allow_unsafe_raw_sql=(value) # :nodoc:
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql= is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.2")
       end
 
       self.default_connection_handler = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler.new
+      self.default_role = writing_role
+      self.default_shard = :default
+
+      def self.strict_loading_violation!(owner:, association:) # :nodoc:
+        case action_on_strict_loading_violation
+        when :raise
+          message = "`#{association}` called on `#{owner}` is marked for strict_loading and cannot be lazily loaded."
+          raise ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError.new(message)
+        when :log
+          name = "strict_loading_violation.active_record"
+          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name, owner: owner, association: association)
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     module ClassMethods
-      def allocate
-        define_attribute_methods
-        super
-      end
-
       def initialize_find_by_cache # :nodoc:
-        @find_by_statement_cache = { true => {}.extend(Mutex_m), false => {}.extend(Mutex_m) }
+        @find_by_statement_cache = { true => Concurrent::Map.new, false => Concurrent::Map.new }
       end
 
       def inherited(child_class) # :nodoc:
         # initialize cache at class definition for thread safety
         child_class.initialize_find_by_cache
+        unless child_class.base_class?
+          klass = self
+          until klass.base_class?
+            klass.initialize_find_by_cache
+            klass = klass.superclass
+          end
+        end
         super
       end
 
       def find(*ids) # :nodoc:
         # We don't have cache keys for this stuff yet
         return super unless ids.length == 1
-        return super if block_given? ||
-                        primary_key.nil? ||
-                        scope_attributes? ||
-                        columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) ||
-                        ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
-
-        id  = ids.first
-        if ActiveRecord::Base === id
-          id = id.id
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-            You are passing an instance of ActiveRecord::Base to `find`.
-            Please pass the id of the object by calling `.id`.
-          MSG
-        end
+        return super if block_given? || primary_key.nil? || scope_attributes?
+
+        id = ids.first
+
+        return super if StatementCache.unsupported_value?(id)
 
         key = primary_key
 
         statement = cached_find_by_statement(key) { |params|
           where(key => params.bind).limit(1)
         }
-        record = statement.execute([id], self, connection).first
-        unless record
-          raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{primary_key}'=#{id}",
-                                   name, primary_key, id)
-        end
-        record
-      rescue RangeError
-        raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with an out of range value for '#{primary_key}'",
-                                 name, primary_key)
+
+        statement.execute([id], connection).first ||
+          raise(RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{id}", name, key, id))
       end
 
       def find_by(*args) # :nodoc:
-        return super if scope_attributes? || reflect_on_all_aggregations.any?
+        return super if scope_attributes?
 
         hash = args.first
+        return super unless Hash === hash
+
+        values = hash.values.map! { |value| value.respond_to?(:id) ? value.id : value }
+        return super if values.any? { |v| StatementCache.unsupported_value?(v) }
+
+        keys = hash.keys.map! do |key|
+          attribute_aliases[name = key.to_s] || begin
+            reflection = _reflect_on_association(name)
+            if reflection&.belongs_to? && !reflection.polymorphic?
+              reflection.join_foreign_key
+            elsif reflect_on_aggregation(name)
+              return super
+            else
+              name
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-        return super if !(Hash === hash) || hash.values.any? { |v|
-          v.nil? || Array === v || Hash === v || Relation === v || Base === v
-        }
-
-        # We can't cache Post.find_by(author: david) ...yet
-        return super unless hash.keys.all? { |k| columns_hash.has_key?(k.to_s) }
-
-        keys = hash.keys
+        return super unless keys.all? { |k| columns_hash.key?(k) }
 
         statement = cached_find_by_statement(keys) { |params|
-          wheres = keys.each_with_object({}) { |param, o|
-            o[param] = params.bind
-          }
+          wheres = keys.index_with { params.bind }
           where(wheres).limit(1)
         }
+
         begin
-          statement.execute(hash.values, self, connection).first
+          statement.execute(values, connection).first
         rescue TypeError
           raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-        rescue RangeError
-          nil
         end
       end
 
       def find_by!(*args) # :nodoc:
-        find_by(*args) or raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name}", name)
+        find_by(*args) || raise(RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name}", name))
       end
 
       def initialize_generated_modules # :nodoc:
         generated_association_methods
       end
 
-      def generated_association_methods
+      def generated_association_methods # :nodoc:
         @generated_association_methods ||= begin
           mod = const_set(:GeneratedAssociationMethods, Module.new)
+          private_constant :GeneratedAssociationMethods
           include mod
+
           mod
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns columns which shouldn't be exposed while calling +#inspect+.
+      def filter_attributes
+        if defined?(@filter_attributes)
+          @filter_attributes
+        else
+          superclass.filter_attributes
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Specifies columns which shouldn't be exposed while calling +#inspect+.
+      attr_writer :filter_attributes
+
       # Returns a string like 'Post(id:integer, title:string, body:text)'
-      def inspect
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
         if self == Base
           super
         elsif abstract_class?
@@ -233,41 +401,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         elsif !connected?
           "#{super} (call '#{super}.connection' to establish a connection)"
         elsif table_exists?
-          attr_list = attribute_types.map { |name, type| "#{name}: #{type.type}" } * ', '
+          attr_list = attribute_types.map { |name, type| "#{name}: #{type.type}" } * ", "
           "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
         else
           "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
         end
       end
 
-      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
-      def ===(object)
+      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for decorated models.
+      def ===(object) # :nodoc:
         object.is_a?(self)
       end
 
       # Returns an instance of <tt>Arel::Table</tt> loaded with the current table name.
       #
       #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.and(self.arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0)) }
+      #     scope :published_and_commented, -> { published.and(arel_table[:comments_count].gt(0)) }
       #   end
       def arel_table # :nodoc:
-        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, type_caster: type_caster)
-      end
-
-      # Returns the Arel engine.
-      def arel_engine # :nodoc:
-        @arel_engine ||=
-          if Base == self || connection_handler.retrieve_connection_pool(connection_specification_name)
-            self
-          else
-            superclass.arel_engine
-          end
+        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, klass: self)
       end
 
       def arel_attribute(name, table = arel_table) # :nodoc:
-        name = attribute_alias(name) if attribute_alias?(name)
         table[name]
       end
+      deprecate :arel_attribute
 
       def predicate_builder # :nodoc:
         @predicate_builder ||= PredicateBuilder.new(table_metadata)
@@ -277,28 +435,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
         TypeCaster::Map.new(self)
       end
 
-      private
+      def _internal? # :nodoc:
+        false
+      end
 
       def cached_find_by_statement(key, &block) # :nodoc:
         cache = @find_by_statement_cache[connection.prepared_statements]
-        cache[key] || cache.synchronize {
-          cache[key] ||= StatementCache.create(connection, &block)
-        }
+        cache.compute_if_absent(key) { StatementCache.create(connection, &block) }
       end
 
-      def relation # :nodoc:
-        relation = Relation.create(self, arel_table, predicate_builder)
+      private
+        def relation
+          relation = Relation.create(self)
 
-        if finder_needs_type_condition? && !ignore_default_scope?
-          relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name)
-        else
-          relation
+          if finder_needs_type_condition? && !ignore_default_scope?
+            relation.where!(type_condition)
+          else
+            relation
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      def table_metadata # :nodoc:
-        TableMetadata.new(self, arel_table)
-      end
+        def table_metadata
+          TableMetadata.new(self, arel_table)
+        end
     end
 
     # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
@@ -310,7 +469,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # Instantiates a single new object
     #   User.new(first_name: 'Jamie')
     def initialize(attributes = nil)
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
+      @new_record = true
       @attributes = self.class._default_attributes.deep_dup
 
       init_internals
@@ -336,15 +495,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   post = Post.allocate
     #   post.init_with(coder)
     #   post.title # => 'hello world'
-    def init_with(coder)
+    def init_with(coder, &block)
       coder = LegacyYamlAdapter.convert(self.class, coder)
-      @attributes = coder['attributes']
-
-      init_internals
+      attributes = self.class.yaml_encoder.decode(coder)
+      init_with_attributes(attributes, coder["new_record"], &block)
+    end
 
-      @new_record = coder['new_record']
+    ##
+    # Initialize an empty model object from +attributes+.
+    # +attributes+ should be an attributes object, and unlike the
+    # `initialize` method, no assignment calls are made per attribute.
+    def init_with_attributes(attributes, new_record = false) # :nodoc:
+      @new_record = new_record
+      @attributes = attributes
 
-      self.class.define_attribute_methods
+      init_internals
 
       yield self if block_given?
 
@@ -383,12 +548,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     ##
     def initialize_dup(other) # :nodoc:
       @attributes = @attributes.deep_dup
-      @attributes.reset(self.class.primary_key)
+      @attributes.reset(@primary_key)
 
       _run_initialize_callbacks
 
-      @new_record  = true
-      @destroyed   = false
+      @new_record               = true
+      @previously_new_record    = false
+      @destroyed                = false
+      @_start_transaction_state = nil
 
       super
     end
@@ -406,11 +573,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.new.encode_with(coder)
     #   coder # => {"attributes" => {"id" => nil, ... }}
     def encode_with(coder)
-      # FIXME: Remove this when we better serialize attributes
-      coder['raw_attributes'] = attributes_before_type_cast
-      coder['attributes'] = @attributes
-      coder['new_record'] = new_record?
-      coder['active_record_yaml_version'] = 1
+      self.class.yaml_encoder.encode(@attributes, coder)
+      coder["new_record"] = new_record?
+      coder["active_record_yaml_version"] = 2
     end
 
     # Returns true if +comparison_object+ is the same exact object, or +comparison_object+
@@ -434,7 +599,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
     def hash
       if id
-        id.hash
+        self.class.hash ^ id.hash
       else
         super
       end
@@ -456,18 +621,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Allows sort on objects
     def <=>(other_object)
       if other_object.is_a?(self.class)
-        self.to_key <=> other_object.to_key
+        to_key <=> other_object.to_key
       else
         super
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
-    # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
+    def present? # :nodoc:
+      true
+    end
+
+    def blank? # :nodoc:
+      false
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the record is read only.
     def readonly?
       @readonly
     end
 
+    # Returns +true+ if the record is in strict_loading mode.
+    def strict_loading?
+      @strict_loading
+    end
+
+    # Sets the record to strict_loading mode. This will raise an error
+    # if the record tries to lazily load an association.
+    #
+    #   user = User.first
+    #   user.strict_loading!
+    #   user.comments.to_a
+    #   => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
+    def strict_loading!
+      @strict_loading = true
+    end
+
     # Marks this record as read only.
     def readonly!
       @readonly = true
@@ -482,14 +670,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # We check defined?(@attributes) not to issue warnings if the object is
       # allocated but not initialized.
       inspection = if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes
-                     self.class.column_names.collect { |name|
-                       if has_attribute?(name)
-                         "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
-                       end
-                     }.compact.join(", ")
-                   else
-                     "not initialized"
-                   end
+        self.class.attribute_names.collect do |name|
+          if _has_attribute?(name)
+            "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
+          end
+        end.compact.join(", ")
+      else
+        "not initialized"
+      end
+
       "#<#{self.class} #{inspection}>"
     end
 
@@ -499,65 +688,80 @@ module ActiveRecord
       return super if custom_inspect_method_defined?
       pp.object_address_group(self) do
         if defined?(@attributes) && @attributes
-          column_names = self.class.column_names.select { |name| has_attribute?(name) || new_record? }
-          pp.seplist(column_names, proc { pp.text ',' }) do |column_name|
-            column_value = read_attribute(column_name)
-            pp.breakable ' '
+          attr_names = self.class.attribute_names.select { |name| _has_attribute?(name) }
+          pp.seplist(attr_names, proc { pp.text "," }) do |attr_name|
+            pp.breakable " "
             pp.group(1) do
-              pp.text column_name
-              pp.text ':'
+              pp.text attr_name
+              pp.text ":"
               pp.breakable
-              pp.pp column_value
+              value = _read_attribute(attr_name)
+              value = inspection_filter.filter_param(attr_name, value) unless value.nil?
+              pp.pp value
             end
           end
         else
-          pp.breakable ' '
-          pp.text 'not initialized'
+          pp.breakable " "
+          pp.text "not initialized"
         end
       end
     end
 
     # Returns a hash of the given methods with their names as keys and returned values as values.
     def slice(*methods)
-      Hash[methods.map! { |method| [method, public_send(method)] }].with_indifferent_access
+      methods.flatten.index_with { |method| public_send(method) }.with_indifferent_access
+    end
+
+    # Returns an array of the values returned by the given methods.
+    def values_at(*methods)
+      methods.flatten.map! { |method| public_send(method) }
     end
 
     private
+      # +Array#flatten+ will call +#to_ary+ (recursively) on each of the elements of
+      # the array, and then rescues from the possible +NoMethodError+. If those elements are
+      # +ActiveRecord::Base+'s, then this triggers the various +method_missing+'s that we have,
+      # which significantly impacts upon performance.
+      #
+      # So we can avoid the +method_missing+ hit by explicitly defining +#to_ary+ as +nil+ here.
+      #
+      # See also https://tenderlovemaking.com/2011/06/28/til-its-ok-to-return-nil-from-to_ary.html
+      def to_ary
+        nil
+      end
 
-    # Under Ruby 1.9, Array#flatten will call #to_ary (recursively) on each of the elements
-    # of the array, and then rescues from the possible NoMethodError. If those elements are
-    # ActiveRecord::Base's, then this triggers the various method_missing's that we have,
-    # which significantly impacts upon performance.
-    #
-    # So we can avoid the method_missing hit by explicitly defining #to_ary as nil here.
-    #
-    # See also http://tenderlovemaking.com/2011/06/28/til-its-ok-to-return-nil-from-to_ary.html
-    def to_ary # :nodoc:
-      nil
-    end
+      def init_internals
+        @primary_key              = self.class.primary_key
+        @readonly                 = false
+        @previously_new_record    = false
+        @destroyed                = false
+        @marked_for_destruction   = false
+        @destroyed_by_association = nil
+        @_start_transaction_state = nil
+        @strict_loading           = self.class.strict_loading_by_default
+
+        self.class.define_attribute_methods
+      end
 
-    def init_internals
-      @readonly                 = false
-      @destroyed                = false
-      @marked_for_destruction   = false
-      @destroyed_by_association = nil
-      @new_record               = true
-      @txn                      = nil
-      @_start_transaction_state = {}
-      @transaction_state        = nil
-    end
+      def initialize_internals_callback
+      end
 
-    def initialize_internals_callback
-    end
+      def custom_inspect_method_defined?
+        self.class.instance_method(:inspect).owner != ActiveRecord::Base.instance_method(:inspect).owner
+      end
 
-    def thaw
-      if frozen?
-        @attributes = @attributes.dup
+      class InspectionMask < DelegateClass(::String)
+        def pretty_print(pp)
+          pp.text __getobj__
+        end
       end
-    end
+      private_constant :InspectionMask
 
-    def custom_inspect_method_defined?
-      self.class.instance_method(:inspect).owner != ActiveRecord::Base.instance_method(:inspect).owner
-    end
+      def inspection_filter
+        @inspection_filter ||= begin
+          mask = InspectionMask.new(ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter::FILTERED)
+          ActiveSupport::ParameterFilter.new(self.class.filter_attributes, mask: mask)
+        end
+      end
   end
 end