xcoll 0.5.12__py3-none-any.whl → 0.6.1__py3-none-any.whl

xcoll/scattering_routines/geant4/collimasim/lib/pybind11/docs/advanced/misc.rst

@@ -1,337 +0,0 @@
-Miscellaneous
-#############
-
-.. _macro_notes:
-
-General notes regarding convenience macros
-==========================================
-
-pybind11 provides a few convenience macros such as
-:func:`PYBIND11_DECLARE_HOLDER_TYPE` and ``PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_*``. Since these
-are "just" macros that are evaluated in the preprocessor (which has no concept
-of types), they *will* get confused by commas in a template argument; for
-example, consider:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(MyReturnType<T1, T2>, Class<T3, T4>, func)
-
-The limitation of the C preprocessor interprets this as five arguments (with new
-arguments beginning after each comma) rather than three.  To get around this,
-there are two alternatives: you can use a type alias, or you can wrap the type
-using the ``PYBIND11_TYPE`` macro:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    // Version 1: using a type alias
-    using ReturnType = MyReturnType<T1, T2>;
-    using ClassType = Class<T3, T4>;
-    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(ReturnType, ClassType, func);
-
-    // Version 2: using the PYBIND11_TYPE macro:
-    PYBIND11_OVERRIDE(PYBIND11_TYPE(MyReturnType<T1, T2>),
-                      PYBIND11_TYPE(Class<T3, T4>), func)
-
-The ``PYBIND11_MAKE_OPAQUE`` macro does *not* require the above workarounds.
-
-.. _gil:
-
-Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)
-=============================
-
-When calling a C++ function from Python, the GIL is always held.
-The classes :class:`gil_scoped_release` and :class:`gil_scoped_acquire` can be
-used to acquire and release the global interpreter lock in the body of a C++
-function call. In this way, long-running C++ code can be parallelized using
-multiple Python threads. Taking :ref:`overriding_virtuals` as an example, this
-could be realized as follows (important changes highlighted):
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-    :emphasize-lines: 8,9,31,32
-
-    class PyAnimal : public Animal {
-    public:
-        /* Inherit the constructors */
-        using Animal::Animal;
-
-        /* Trampoline (need one for each virtual function) */
-        std::string go(int n_times) {
-            /* Acquire GIL before calling Python code */
-            py::gil_scoped_acquire acquire;
-
-            PYBIND11_OVERRIDE_PURE(
-                std::string, /* Return type */
-                Animal,      /* Parent class */
-                go,          /* Name of function */
-                n_times      /* Argument(s) */
-            );
-        }
-    };
-
-    PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
-        py::class_<Animal, PyAnimal> animal(m, "Animal");
-        animal
-            .def(py::init<>())
-            .def("go", &Animal::go);
-
-        py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", animal)
-            .def(py::init<>());
-
-        m.def("call_go", [](Animal *animal) -> std::string {
-            /* Release GIL before calling into (potentially long-running) C++ code */
-            py::gil_scoped_release release;
-            return call_go(animal);
-        });
-    }
-
-The ``call_go`` wrapper can also be simplified using the ``call_guard`` policy
-(see :ref:`call_policies`) which yields the same result:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    m.def("call_go", &call_go, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>());
-
-
-Binding sequence data types, iterators, the slicing protocol, etc.
-==================================================================
-
-Please refer to the supplemental example for details.
-
-.. seealso::
-
-    The file :file:`tests/test_sequences_and_iterators.cpp` contains a
-    complete example that shows how to bind a sequence data type, including
-    length queries (``__len__``), iterators (``__iter__``), the slicing
-    protocol and other kinds of useful operations.
-
-
-Partitioning code over multiple extension modules
-=================================================
-
-It's straightforward to split binding code over multiple extension modules,
-while referencing types that are declared elsewhere. Everything "just" works
-without any special precautions. One exception to this rule occurs when
-extending a type declared in another extension module. Recall the basic example
-from Section :ref:`inheritance`.
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    py::class_<Pet> pet(m, "Pet");
-    pet.def(py::init<const std::string &>())
-       .def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);
-
-    py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet /* <- specify parent */)
-        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
-        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
-
-Suppose now that ``Pet`` bindings are defined in a module named ``basic``,
-whereas the ``Dog`` bindings are defined somewhere else. The challenge is of
-course that the variable ``pet`` is not available anymore though it is needed
-to indicate the inheritance relationship to the constructor of ``class_<Dog>``.
-However, it can be acquired as follows:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    py::object pet = (py::object) py::module_::import("basic").attr("Pet");
-
-    py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet)
-        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
-        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
-
-Alternatively, you can specify the base class as a template parameter option to
-``class_``, which performs an automated lookup of the corresponding Python
-type. Like the above code, however, this also requires invoking the ``import``
-function once to ensure that the pybind11 binding code of the module ``basic``
-has been executed:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    py::module_::import("basic");
-
-    py::class_<Dog, Pet>(m, "Dog")
-        .def(py::init<const std::string &>())
-        .def("bark", &Dog::bark);
-
-Naturally, both methods will fail when there are cyclic dependencies.
-
-Note that pybind11 code compiled with hidden-by-default symbol visibility (e.g.
-via the command line flag ``-fvisibility=hidden`` on GCC/Clang), which is
-required for proper pybind11 functionality, can interfere with the ability to
-access types defined in another extension module.  Working around this requires
-manually exporting types that are accessed by multiple extension modules;
-pybind11 provides a macro to do just this:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    class PYBIND11_EXPORT Dog : public Animal {
-        ...
-    };
-
-Note also that it is possible (although would rarely be required) to share arbitrary
-C++ objects between extension modules at runtime. Internal library data is shared
-between modules using capsule machinery [#f6]_ which can be also utilized for
-storing, modifying and accessing user-defined data. Note that an extension module
-will "see" other extensions' data if and only if they were built with the same
-pybind11 version. Consider the following example:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    auto data = reinterpret_cast<MyData *>(py::get_shared_data("mydata"));
-    if (!data)
-        data = static_cast<MyData *>(py::set_shared_data("mydata", new MyData(42)));
-
-If the above snippet was used in several separately compiled extension modules,
-the first one to be imported would create a ``MyData`` instance and associate
-a ``"mydata"`` key with a pointer to it. Extensions that are imported later
-would be then able to access the data behind the same pointer.
-
-.. [#f6] https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html#using-capsules
-
-Module Destructors
-==================
-
-pybind11 does not provide an explicit mechanism to invoke cleanup code at
-module destruction time. In rare cases where such functionality is required, it
-is possible to emulate it using Python capsules or weak references with a
-destruction callback.
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    auto cleanup_callback = []() {
-        // perform cleanup here -- this function is called with the GIL held
-    };
-
-    m.add_object("_cleanup", py::capsule(cleanup_callback));
-
-This approach has the potential downside that instances of classes exposed
-within the module may still be alive when the cleanup callback is invoked
-(whether this is acceptable will generally depend on the application).
-
-Alternatively, the capsule may also be stashed within a type object, which
-ensures that it not called before all instances of that type have been
-collected:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    auto cleanup_callback = []() { /* ... */ };
-    m.attr("BaseClass").attr("_cleanup") = py::capsule(cleanup_callback);
-
-Both approaches also expose a potentially dangerous ``_cleanup`` attribute in
-Python, which may be undesirable from an API standpoint (a premature explicit
-call from Python might lead to undefined behavior). Yet another approach that
-avoids this issue involves weak reference with a cleanup callback:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    // Register a callback function that is invoked when the BaseClass object is collected
-    py::cpp_function cleanup_callback(
-        [](py::handle weakref) {
-            // perform cleanup here -- this function is called with the GIL held
-
-            weakref.dec_ref(); // release weak reference
-        }
-    );
-
-    // Create a weak reference with a cleanup callback and initially leak it
-    (void) py::weakref(m.attr("BaseClass"), cleanup_callback).release();
-
-.. note::
-
-    PyPy does not garbage collect objects when the interpreter exits. An alternative
-    approach (which also works on CPython) is to use the :py:mod:`atexit` module [#f7]_,
-    for example:
-
-    .. code-block:: cpp
-
-        auto atexit = py::module_::import("atexit");
-        atexit.attr("register")(py::cpp_function([]() {
-            // perform cleanup here -- this function is called with the GIL held
-        }));
-
-    .. [#f7] https://docs.python.org/3/library/atexit.html
-
-
-Generating documentation using Sphinx
-=====================================
-
-Sphinx [#f4]_ has the ability to inspect the signatures and documentation
-strings in pybind11-based extension modules to automatically generate beautiful
-documentation in a variety formats. The python_example repository [#f5]_ contains a
-simple example repository which uses this approach.
-
-There are two potential gotchas when using this approach: first, make sure that
-the resulting strings do not contain any :kbd:`TAB` characters, which break the
-docstring parsing routines. You may want to use C++11 raw string literals,
-which are convenient for multi-line comments. Conveniently, any excess
-indentation will be automatically be removed by Sphinx. However, for this to
-work, it is important that all lines are indented consistently, i.e.:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    // ok
-    m.def("foo", &foo, R"mydelimiter(
-        The foo function
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-    )mydelimiter");
-
-    // *not ok*
-    m.def("foo", &foo, R"mydelimiter(The foo function
-
-        Parameters
-        ----------
-    )mydelimiter");
-
-By default, pybind11 automatically generates and prepends a signature to the docstring of a function
-registered with ``module_::def()`` and ``class_::def()``. Sometimes this
-behavior is not desirable, because you want to provide your own signature or remove
-the docstring completely to exclude the function from the Sphinx documentation.
-The class ``options`` allows you to selectively suppress auto-generated signatures:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
-        py::options options;
-        options.disable_function_signatures();
-
-        m.def("add", [](int a, int b) { return a + b; }, "A function which adds two numbers");
-    }
-
-Note that changes to the settings affect only function bindings created during the
-lifetime of the ``options`` instance. When it goes out of scope at the end of the module's init function,
-the default settings are restored to prevent unwanted side effects.
-
-.. [#f4] http://www.sphinx-doc.org
-.. [#f5] http://github.com/pybind/python_example
-
-.. _avoiding-cpp-types-in-docstrings:
-
-Avoiding C++ types in docstrings
-================================
-
-Docstrings are generated at the time of the declaration, e.g. when ``.def(...)`` is called.
-At this point parameter and return types should be known to pybind11.
-If a custom type is not exposed yet through a ``py::class_`` constructor or a custom type caster,
-its C++ type name will be used instead to generate the signature in the docstring:
-
-.. code-block:: text
-
-     |  __init__(...)
-     |      __init__(self: example.Foo, arg0: ns::Bar) -> None
-                                              ^^^^^^^
-
-
-This limitation can be circumvented by ensuring that C++ classes are registered with pybind11
-before they are used as a parameter or return type of a function:
-
-.. code-block:: cpp
-
-    PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {
-
-        auto pyFoo = py::class_<ns::Foo>(m, "Foo");
-        auto pyBar = py::class_<ns::Bar>(m, "Bar");
-
-        pyFoo.def(py::init<const ns::Bar&>());
-        pyBar.def(py::init<const ns::Foo&>());
-    }

xcoll/scattering_routines/geant4/collimasim/lib/pybind11/docs/advanced/pycpp/index.rst

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-Python C++ interface
-####################
-
-pybind11 exposes Python types and functions using thin C++ wrappers, which
-makes it possible to conveniently call Python code from C++ without resorting
-to Python's C API.
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   object
-   numpy
-   utilities