scipy 1.16.2__cp311-cp311-win_arm64.whl

scipy/stats/_distn_infrastructure.py

@@ -0,0 +1,4201 @@
+#
+# Author:  Travis Oliphant  2002-2011 with contributions from
+#          SciPy Developers 2004-2011
+#
+from scipy._lib._util import getfullargspec_no_self as _getfullargspec
+
+import sys
+import keyword
+import re
+import types
+import warnings
+from itertools import zip_longest
+
+from scipy._lib import doccer
+from ._distr_params import distcont, distdiscrete
+from scipy._lib._util import check_random_state
+import scipy._lib.array_api_extra as xpx
+
+from scipy.special import comb, entr
+
+
+# for root finding for continuous distribution ppf, and maximum likelihood
+# estimation
+from scipy import optimize
+
+# for functions of continuous distributions (e.g. moments, entropy, cdf)
+from scipy import integrate
+
+# to approximate the pdf of a continuous distribution given its cdf
+from scipy.stats._finite_differences import _derivative
+
+# for scipy.stats.entropy. Attempts to import just that function or file
+# have cause import problems
+from scipy import stats
+
+from numpy import (arange, putmask, ones, shape, ndarray, zeros, floor,
+                   logical_and, log, sqrt, place, argmax, vectorize, asarray,
+                   nan, inf, isinf, empty)
+
+import numpy as np
+from ._constants import _XMAX, _LOGXMAX
+from ._censored_data import CensoredData
+from scipy.stats._warnings_errors import FitError
+
+# These are the docstring parts used for substitution in specific
+# distribution docstrings
+
+docheaders = {'methods': """\nMethods\n-------\n""",
+              'notes': """\nNotes\n-----\n""",
+              'examples': """\nExamples\n--------\n"""}
+
+_doc_rvs = """\
+rvs(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1, size=1, random_state=None)
+    Random variates.
+"""
+_doc_pdf = """\
+pdf(x, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Probability density function.
+"""
+_doc_logpdf = """\
+logpdf(x, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Log of the probability density function.
+"""
+_doc_pmf = """\
+pmf(k, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Probability mass function.
+"""
+_doc_logpmf = """\
+logpmf(k, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Log of the probability mass function.
+"""
+_doc_cdf = """\
+cdf(x, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Cumulative distribution function.
+"""
+_doc_logcdf = """\
+logcdf(x, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Log of the cumulative distribution function.
+"""
+_doc_sf = """\
+sf(x, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Survival function  (also defined as ``1 - cdf``, but `sf` is sometimes more accurate).
+"""  # noqa: E501
+_doc_logsf = """\
+logsf(x, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Log of the survival function.
+"""
+_doc_ppf = """\
+ppf(q, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Percent point function (inverse of ``cdf`` --- percentiles).
+"""
+_doc_isf = """\
+isf(q, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Inverse survival function (inverse of ``sf``).
+"""
+_doc_moment = """\
+moment(order, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Non-central moment of the specified order.
+"""
+_doc_stats = """\
+stats(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1, moments='mv')
+    Mean('m'), variance('v'), skew('s'), and/or kurtosis('k').
+"""
+_doc_entropy = """\
+entropy(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    (Differential) entropy of the RV.
+"""
+_doc_fit = """\
+fit(data)
+    Parameter estimates for generic data.
+    See `scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit.html#scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit>`__ for detailed documentation of the
+    keyword arguments.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+_doc_expect = """\
+expect(func, args=(%(shapes_)s), loc=0, scale=1, lb=None, ub=None, conditional=False, **kwds)
+    Expected value of a function (of one argument) with respect to the distribution.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+_doc_expect_discrete = """\
+expect(func, args=(%(shapes_)s), loc=0, lb=None, ub=None, conditional=False)
+    Expected value of a function (of one argument) with respect to the distribution.
+"""
+_doc_median = """\
+median(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Median of the distribution.
+"""
+_doc_mean = """\
+mean(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Mean of the distribution.
+"""
+_doc_var = """\
+var(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Variance of the distribution.
+"""
+_doc_std = """\
+std(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Standard deviation of the distribution.
+"""
+_doc_interval = """\
+interval(confidence, %(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    Confidence interval with equal areas around the median.
+"""
+_doc_allmethods = ''.join([docheaders['methods'], _doc_rvs, _doc_pdf,
+                           _doc_logpdf, _doc_cdf, _doc_logcdf, _doc_sf,
+                           _doc_logsf, _doc_ppf, _doc_isf, _doc_moment,
+                           _doc_stats, _doc_entropy, _doc_fit,
+                           _doc_expect, _doc_median,
+                           _doc_mean, _doc_var, _doc_std, _doc_interval])
+
+_doc_default_longsummary = """\
+As an instance of the `rv_continuous` class, `%(name)s` object inherits from it
+a collection of generic methods (see below for the full list),
+and completes them with details specific for this particular distribution.
+"""
+
+_doc_default_frozen_note = """
+Alternatively, the object may be called (as a function) to fix the shape,
+location, and scale parameters returning a "frozen" continuous RV object:
+
+rv = %(name)s(%(shapes)s, loc=0, scale=1)
+    - Frozen RV object with the same methods but holding the given shape,
+      location, and scale fixed.
+"""
+_doc_default_example = """\
+Examples
+--------
+>>> import numpy as np
+>>> from scipy.stats import %(name)s
+>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
+
+Get the support:
+
+%(set_vals_stmt)s
+>>> lb, ub = %(name)s.support(%(shapes)s)
+
+Calculate the first four moments:
+
+>>> mean, var, skew, kurt = %(name)s.stats(%(shapes)s, moments='mvsk')
+
+Display the probability density function (``pdf``):
+
+>>> x = np.linspace(%(name)s.ppf(0.01, %(shapes)s),
+...                 %(name)s.ppf(0.99, %(shapes)s), 100)
+>>> ax.plot(x, %(name)s.pdf(x, %(shapes)s),
+...        'r-', lw=5, alpha=0.6, label='%(name)s pdf')
+
+Alternatively, the distribution object can be called (as a function)
+to fix the shape, location and scale parameters. This returns a "frozen"
+RV object holding the given parameters fixed.
+
+Freeze the distribution and display the frozen ``pdf``:
+
+>>> rv = %(name)s(%(shapes)s)
+>>> ax.plot(x, rv.pdf(x), 'k-', lw=2, label='frozen pdf')
+
+Check accuracy of ``cdf`` and ``ppf``:
+
+>>> vals = %(name)s.ppf([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], %(shapes)s)
+>>> np.allclose([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], %(name)s.cdf(vals, %(shapes)s))
+True
+
+Generate random numbers:
+
+>>> r = %(name)s.rvs(%(shapes)s, size=1000)
+
+And compare the histogram:
+
+>>> ax.hist(r, density=True, bins='auto', histtype='stepfilled', alpha=0.2)
+>>> ax.set_xlim([x[0], x[-1]])
+>>> ax.legend(loc='best', frameon=False)
+>>> plt.show()
+
+"""
+
+_doc_default_locscale = """\
+The probability density above is defined in the "standardized" form. To shift
+and/or scale the distribution use the ``loc`` and ``scale`` parameters.
+Specifically, ``%(name)s.pdf(x, %(shapes)s, loc, scale)`` is identically
+equivalent to ``%(name)s.pdf(y, %(shapes)s) / scale`` with
+``y = (x - loc) / scale``. Note that shifting the location of a distribution
+does not make it a "noncentral" distribution; noncentral generalizations of
+some distributions are available in separate classes.
+"""
+
+_doc_default = ''.join([_doc_default_longsummary,
+                        _doc_allmethods,
+                        '\n',
+                        _doc_default_example])
+
+_doc_default_before_notes = ''.join([_doc_default_longsummary,
+                                     _doc_allmethods])
+
+docdict = {
+    'rvs': _doc_rvs,
+    'pdf': _doc_pdf,
+    'logpdf': _doc_logpdf,
+    'cdf': _doc_cdf,
+    'logcdf': _doc_logcdf,
+    'sf': _doc_sf,
+    'logsf': _doc_logsf,
+    'ppf': _doc_ppf,
+    'isf': _doc_isf,
+    'stats': _doc_stats,
+    'entropy': _doc_entropy,
+    'fit': _doc_fit,
+    'moment': _doc_moment,
+    'expect': _doc_expect,
+    'interval': _doc_interval,
+    'mean': _doc_mean,
+    'std': _doc_std,
+    'var': _doc_var,
+    'median': _doc_median,
+    'allmethods': _doc_allmethods,
+    'longsummary': _doc_default_longsummary,
+    'frozennote': _doc_default_frozen_note,
+    'example': _doc_default_example,
+    'default': _doc_default,
+    'before_notes': _doc_default_before_notes,
+    'after_notes': _doc_default_locscale
+}
+
+# Reuse common content between continuous and discrete docs, change some
+# minor bits.
+docdict_discrete = docdict.copy()
+
+docdict_discrete['pmf'] = _doc_pmf
+docdict_discrete['logpmf'] = _doc_logpmf
+docdict_discrete['expect'] = _doc_expect_discrete
+_doc_disc_methods = ['rvs', 'pmf', 'logpmf', 'cdf', 'logcdf', 'sf', 'logsf',
+                     'ppf', 'isf', 'stats', 'entropy', 'expect', 'median',
+                     'mean', 'var', 'std', 'interval']
+for obj in _doc_disc_methods:
+    docdict_discrete[obj] = docdict_discrete[obj].replace(', scale=1', '')
+
+_doc_disc_methods_err_varname = ['cdf', 'logcdf', 'sf', 'logsf']
+for obj in _doc_disc_methods_err_varname:
+    docdict_discrete[obj] = docdict_discrete[obj].replace('(x, ', '(k, ')
+
+docdict_discrete.pop('pdf')
+docdict_discrete.pop('logpdf')
+
+_doc_allmethods = ''.join([docdict_discrete[obj] for obj in _doc_disc_methods])
+docdict_discrete['allmethods'] = docheaders['methods'] + _doc_allmethods
+
+docdict_discrete['longsummary'] = _doc_default_longsummary.replace(
+    'rv_continuous', 'rv_discrete')
+
+_doc_default_frozen_note = """
+Alternatively, the object may be called (as a function) to fix the shape and
+location parameters returning a "frozen" discrete RV object:
+
+rv = %(name)s(%(shapes)s, loc=0)
+    - Frozen RV object with the same methods but holding the given shape and
+      location fixed.
+"""
+docdict_discrete['frozennote'] = _doc_default_frozen_note
+
+_doc_default_discrete_example = """\
+Examples
+--------
+>>> import numpy as np
+>>> from scipy.stats import %(name)s
+>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
+
+Get the support:
+
+%(set_vals_stmt)s
+>>> lb, ub = %(name)s.support(%(shapes)s)
+
+Calculate the first four moments:
+
+>>> mean, var, skew, kurt = %(name)s.stats(%(shapes)s, moments='mvsk')
+
+Display the probability mass function (``pmf``):
+
+>>> x = np.arange(%(name)s.ppf(0.01, %(shapes)s),
+...               %(name)s.ppf(0.99, %(shapes)s))
+>>> ax.plot(x, %(name)s.pmf(x, %(shapes)s), 'bo', ms=8, label='%(name)s pmf')
+>>> ax.vlines(x, 0, %(name)s.pmf(x, %(shapes)s), colors='b', lw=5, alpha=0.5)
+
+Alternatively, the distribution object can be called (as a function)
+to fix the shape and location. This returns a "frozen" RV object holding
+the given parameters fixed.
+
+Freeze the distribution and display the frozen ``pmf``:
+
+>>> rv = %(name)s(%(shapes)s)
+>>> ax.vlines(x, 0, rv.pmf(x), colors='k', linestyles='-', lw=1,
+...         label='frozen pmf')
+>>> ax.legend(loc='best', frameon=False)
+>>> plt.show()
+
+Check accuracy of ``cdf`` and ``ppf``:
+
+>>> prob = %(name)s.cdf(x, %(shapes)s)
+>>> np.allclose(x, %(name)s.ppf(prob, %(shapes)s))
+True
+
+Generate random numbers:
+
+>>> r = %(name)s.rvs(%(shapes)s, size=1000)
+"""
+
+
+_doc_default_discrete_locscale = """\
+The probability mass function above is defined in the "standardized" form.
+To shift distribution use the ``loc`` parameter.
+Specifically, ``%(name)s.pmf(k, %(shapes)s, loc)`` is identically
+equivalent to ``%(name)s.pmf(k - loc, %(shapes)s)``.
+"""
+
+docdict_discrete['example'] = _doc_default_discrete_example
+docdict_discrete['after_notes'] = _doc_default_discrete_locscale
+
+_doc_default_before_notes = ''.join([docdict_discrete['longsummary'],
+                                     docdict_discrete['allmethods']])
+docdict_discrete['before_notes'] = _doc_default_before_notes
+
+_doc_default_disc = ''.join([docdict_discrete['longsummary'],
+                             docdict_discrete['allmethods'],
+                             docdict_discrete['frozennote'],
+                             docdict_discrete['example']])
+docdict_discrete['default'] = _doc_default_disc
+
+# clean up all the separate docstring elements, we do not need them anymore
+for obj in [s for s in dir() if s.startswith('_doc_')]:
+    exec('del ' + obj)
+del obj
+
+
+def _moment(data, n, mu=None):
+    if mu is None:
+        mu = data.mean()
+    return ((data - mu)**n).mean()
+
+
+def _moment_from_stats(n, mu, mu2, g1, g2, moment_func, args):
+    if (n == 0):
+        return 1.0
+    elif (n == 1):
+        if mu is None:
+            val = moment_func(1, *args)
+        else:
+            val = mu
+    elif (n == 2):
+        if mu2 is None or mu is None:
+            val = moment_func(2, *args)
+        else:
+            val = mu2 + mu*mu
+    elif (n == 3):
+        if g1 is None or mu2 is None or mu is None:
+            val = moment_func(3, *args)
+        else:
+            mu3 = g1 * np.power(mu2, 1.5)  # 3rd central moment
+            val = mu3+3*mu*mu2+mu*mu*mu  # 3rd non-central moment
+    elif (n == 4):
+        if g1 is None or g2 is None or mu2 is None or mu is None:
+            val = moment_func(4, *args)
+        else:
+            mu4 = (g2+3.0)*(mu2**2.0)  # 4th central moment
+            mu3 = g1*np.power(mu2, 1.5)  # 3rd central moment
+            val = mu4+4*mu*mu3+6*mu*mu*mu2+mu*mu*mu*mu
+    else:
+        val = moment_func(n, *args)
+
+    return val
+
+
+def _skew(data):
+    """
+    skew is third central moment / variance**(1.5)
+    """
+    data = np.ravel(data)
+    mu = data.mean()
+    m2 = ((data - mu)**2).mean()
+    m3 = ((data - mu)**3).mean()
+    return m3 / np.power(m2, 1.5)
+
+
+def _kurtosis(data):
+    """Fisher's excess kurtosis is fourth central moment / variance**2 - 3."""
+    data = np.ravel(data)
+    mu = data.mean()
+    m2 = ((data - mu)**2).mean()
+    m4 = ((data - mu)**4).mean()
+    return m4 / m2**2 - 3
+
+def _vectorize_rvs_over_shapes(_rvs1):
+    """Decorator that vectorizes _rvs method to work on ndarray shapes"""
+    # _rvs1 must be a _function_ that accepts _scalar_ args as positional
+    # arguments, `size` and `random_state` as keyword arguments.
+    # _rvs1 must return a random variate array with shape `size`. If `size` is
+    # None, _rvs1 must return a scalar.
+    # When applied to _rvs1, this decorator broadcasts ndarray args
+    # and loops over them, calling _rvs1 for each set of scalar args.
+    # For usage example, see _nchypergeom_gen
+    def _rvs(*args, size, random_state):
+        _rvs1_size, _rvs1_indices = _check_shape(args[0].shape, size)
+
+        size = np.array(size)
+        _rvs1_size = np.array(_rvs1_size)
+        _rvs1_indices = np.array(_rvs1_indices)
+
+        if np.all(_rvs1_indices):  # all args are scalars
+            return _rvs1(*args, size, random_state)
+
+        out = np.empty(size)
+
+        # out.shape can mix dimensions associated with arg_shape and _rvs1_size
+        # Sort them to arg_shape + _rvs1_size for easy indexing of dimensions
+        # corresponding with the different sets of scalar args
+        j0 = np.arange(out.ndim)
+        j1 = np.hstack((j0[~_rvs1_indices], j0[_rvs1_indices]))
+        out = np.moveaxis(out, j1, j0)
+
+        for i in np.ndindex(*size[~_rvs1_indices]):
+            # arg can be squeezed because singleton dimensions will be
+            # associated with _rvs1_size, not arg_shape per _check_shape
+            out[i] = _rvs1(*[np.squeeze(arg)[i] for arg in args],
+                           _rvs1_size, random_state)
+
+        return np.moveaxis(out, j0, j1)  # move axes back before returning
+    return _rvs
+
+
+def _fit_determine_optimizer(optimizer):
+    if not callable(optimizer) and isinstance(optimizer, str):
+        if not optimizer.startswith('fmin_'):
+            optimizer = "fmin_"+optimizer
+        if optimizer == 'fmin_':
+            optimizer = 'fmin'
+        try:
+            optimizer = getattr(optimize, optimizer)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"{optimizer} is not a valid optimizer") from e
+    return optimizer
+
+def _isintegral(x):
+    return x == np.round(x)
+
+def _sum_finite(x):
+    """
+    For a 1D array x, return a tuple containing the sum of the
+    finite values of x and the number of nonfinite values.
+
+    This is a utility function used when evaluating the negative
+    loglikelihood for a distribution and an array of samples.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy.stats._distn_infrastructure import _sum_finite
+    >>> tot, nbad = _sum_finite(np.array([-2, -np.inf, 5, 1]))
+    >>> tot
+    4.0
+    >>> nbad
+    1
+    """
+    finite_x = np.isfinite(x)
+    bad_count = finite_x.size - np.count_nonzero(finite_x)
+    return np.sum(x[finite_x]), bad_count
+
+
+# Frozen RV class
+class rv_frozen:
+
+    def __init__(self, dist, *args, **kwds):
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwds = kwds
+
+        # create a new instance
+        self.dist = dist.__class__(**dist._updated_ctor_param())
+
+        shapes, _, _ = self.dist._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        self.a, self.b = self.dist._get_support(*shapes)
+
+    @property
+    def random_state(self):
+        return self.dist._random_state
+
+    @random_state.setter
+    def random_state(self, seed):
+        self.dist._random_state = check_random_state(seed)
+
+    def cdf(self, x):
+        return self.dist.cdf(x, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def logcdf(self, x):
+        return self.dist.logcdf(x, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def ppf(self, q):
+        return self.dist.ppf(q, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def isf(self, q):
+        return self.dist.isf(q, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def rvs(self, size=None, random_state=None):
+        kwds = self.kwds.copy()
+        kwds.update({'size': size, 'random_state': random_state})
+        return self.dist.rvs(*self.args, **kwds)
+
+    def sf(self, x):
+        return self.dist.sf(x, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def logsf(self, x):
+        return self.dist.logsf(x, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def stats(self, moments='mv'):
+        kwds = self.kwds.copy()
+        kwds.update({'moments': moments})
+        return self.dist.stats(*self.args, **kwds)
+
+    def median(self):
+        return self.dist.median(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def mean(self):
+        return self.dist.mean(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def var(self):
+        return self.dist.var(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def std(self):
+        return self.dist.std(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def moment(self, order=None):
+        return self.dist.moment(order, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def entropy(self):
+        return self.dist.entropy(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def interval(self, confidence=None):
+        return self.dist.interval(confidence, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def expect(self, func=None, lb=None, ub=None, conditional=False, **kwds):
+        # expect method only accepts shape parameters as positional args
+        # hence convert self.args, self.kwds, also loc/scale
+        # See the .expect method docstrings for the meaning of
+        # other parameters.
+        a, loc, scale = self.dist._parse_args(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+        if isinstance(self.dist, rv_discrete):
+            return self.dist.expect(func, a, loc, lb, ub, conditional, **kwds)
+        else:
+            return self.dist.expect(func, a, loc, scale, lb, ub,
+                                    conditional, **kwds)
+
+    def support(self):
+        return self.dist.support(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+
+class rv_discrete_frozen(rv_frozen):
+
+    def pmf(self, k):
+        return self.dist.pmf(k, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def logpmf(self, k):  # No error
+        return self.dist.logpmf(k, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+
+class rv_continuous_frozen(rv_frozen):
+
+    def pdf(self, x):
+        return self.dist.pdf(x, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def logpdf(self, x):
+        return self.dist.logpdf(x, *self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+
+def argsreduce(cond, *args):
+    """Clean arguments to:
+
+    1. Ensure all arguments are iterable (arrays of dimension at least one
+    2. If cond != True and size > 1, ravel(args[i]) where ravel(condition) is
+       True, in 1D.
+
+    Return list of processed arguments.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy.stats._distn_infrastructure import argsreduce
+    >>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
+    >>> A = rng.random((4, 5))
+    >>> B = 2
+    >>> C = rng.random((1, 5))
+    >>> cond = np.ones(A.shape)
+    >>> [A1, B1, C1] = argsreduce(cond, A, B, C)
+    >>> A1.shape
+    (4, 5)
+    >>> B1.shape
+    (1,)
+    >>> C1.shape
+    (1, 5)
+    >>> cond[2,:] = 0
+    >>> [A1, B1, C1] = argsreduce(cond, A, B, C)
+    >>> A1.shape
+    (15,)
+    >>> B1.shape
+    (1,)
+    >>> C1.shape
+    (15,)
+
+    """
+    # some distributions assume arguments are iterable.
+    newargs = np.atleast_1d(*args)
+
+    # np.atleast_1d returns an array if only one argument, or a list of arrays
+    # if more than one argument.
+    if not isinstance(newargs, (list | tuple)):
+        newargs = (newargs,)
+
+    if np.all(cond):
+        # broadcast arrays with cond
+        *newargs, cond = np.broadcast_arrays(*newargs, cond)
+        return [arg.ravel() for arg in newargs]
+
+    s = cond.shape
+    # np.extract returns flattened arrays, which are not broadcastable together
+    # unless they are either the same size or size == 1.
+    return [(arg if np.size(arg) == 1
+            else np.extract(cond, np.broadcast_to(arg, s)))
+            for arg in newargs]
+
+
+parse_arg_template = """
+def _parse_args(self, %(shape_arg_str)s %(locscale_in)s):
+    return (%(shape_arg_str)s), %(locscale_out)s
+
+def _parse_args_rvs(self, %(shape_arg_str)s %(locscale_in)s, size=None):
+    return self._argcheck_rvs(%(shape_arg_str)s %(locscale_out)s, size=size)
+
+def _parse_args_stats(self, %(shape_arg_str)s %(locscale_in)s, moments='mv'):
+    return (%(shape_arg_str)s), %(locscale_out)s, moments
+"""
+
+
+class rv_generic:
+    """Class which encapsulates common functionality between rv_discrete
+    and rv_continuous.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, seed=None):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        # figure out if _stats signature has 'moments' keyword
+        sig = _getfullargspec(self._stats)
+        self._stats_has_moments = ((sig.varkw is not None) or
+                                   ('moments' in sig.args) or
+                                   ('moments' in sig.kwonlyargs))
+        self._random_state = check_random_state(seed)
+
+    @property
+    def random_state(self):
+        """Get or set the generator object for generating random variates.
+
+        If `random_state` is None (or `np.random`), the
+        `numpy.random.RandomState` singleton is used.
+        If `random_state` is an int, a new ``RandomState`` instance is used,
+        seeded with `random_state`.
+        If `random_state` is already a ``Generator`` or ``RandomState``
+        instance, that instance is used.
+
+        """
+        return self._random_state
+
+    @random_state.setter
+    def random_state(self, seed):
+        self._random_state = check_random_state(seed)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        try:
+            self.__dict__.update(state)
+            # attaches the dynamically created methods on each instance.
+            # if a subclass overrides rv_generic.__setstate__, or implements
+            # it's own _attach_methods, then it must make sure that
+            # _attach_argparser_methods is called.
+            self._attach_methods()
+        except ValueError:
+            # reconstitute an old pickle scipy<1.6, that contains
+            # (_ctor_param, random_state) as state
+            self._ctor_param = state[0]
+            self._random_state = state[1]
+            self.__init__()
+
+    def _attach_methods(self):
+        """Attaches dynamically created methods to the rv_* instance.
+
+        This method must be overridden by subclasses, and must itself call
+         _attach_argparser_methods. This method is called in __init__ in
+         subclasses, and in __setstate__
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _attach_argparser_methods(self):
+        """
+        Generates the argument-parsing functions dynamically and attaches
+        them to the instance.
+
+        Should be called from `_attach_methods`, typically in __init__ and
+        during unpickling (__setstate__)
+        """
+        ns = {}
+        exec(self._parse_arg_template, ns)
+        # NB: attach to the instance, not class
+        for name in ['_parse_args', '_parse_args_stats', '_parse_args_rvs']:
+            setattr(self, name, types.MethodType(ns[name], self))
+
+    def _construct_argparser(
+            self, meths_to_inspect, locscale_in, locscale_out):
+        """Construct the parser string for the shape arguments.
+
+        This method should be called in __init__ of a class for each
+        distribution. It creates the `_parse_arg_template` attribute that is
+        then used by `_attach_argparser_methods` to dynamically create and
+        attach the `_parse_args`, `_parse_args_stats`, `_parse_args_rvs`
+        methods to the instance.
+
+        If self.shapes is a non-empty string, interprets it as a
+        comma-separated list of shape parameters.
+
+        Otherwise inspects the call signatures of `meths_to_inspect`
+        and constructs the argument-parsing functions from these.
+        In this case also sets `shapes` and `numargs`.
+        """
+
+        if self.shapes:
+            # sanitize the user-supplied shapes
+            if not isinstance(self.shapes, str):
+                raise TypeError('shapes must be a string.')
+
+            shapes = self.shapes.replace(',', ' ').split()
+
+            for field in shapes:
+                if keyword.iskeyword(field):
+                    raise SyntaxError('keywords cannot be used as shapes.')
+                if not re.match('^[_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*$', field):
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        'shapes must be valid python identifiers')
+        else:
+            # find out the call signatures (_pdf, _cdf etc), deduce shape
+            # arguments. Generic methods only have 'self, x', any further args
+            # are shapes.
+            shapes_list = []
+            for meth in meths_to_inspect:
+                shapes_args = _getfullargspec(meth)  # NB does not contain self
+                args = shapes_args.args[1:]       # peel off 'x', too
+
+                if args:
+                    shapes_list.append(args)
+
+                    # *args or **kwargs are not allowed w/automatic shapes
+                    if shapes_args.varargs is not None:
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            '*args are not allowed w/out explicit shapes')
+                    if shapes_args.varkw is not None:
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            '**kwds are not allowed w/out explicit shapes')
+                    if shapes_args.kwonlyargs:
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            'kwonly args are not allowed w/out explicit shapes')
+                    if shapes_args.defaults is not None:
+                        raise TypeError('defaults are not allowed for shapes')
+
+            if shapes_list:
+                shapes = shapes_list[0]
+
+                # make sure the signatures are consistent
+                for item in shapes_list:
+                    if item != shapes:
+                        raise TypeError('Shape arguments are inconsistent.')
+            else:
+                shapes = []
+
+        # have the arguments, construct the method from template
+        shapes_str = ', '.join(shapes) + ', ' if shapes else ''  # NB: not None
+        dct = dict(shape_arg_str=shapes_str,
+                   locscale_in=locscale_in,
+                   locscale_out=locscale_out,
+                   )
+
+        # this string is used by _attach_argparser_methods
+        self._parse_arg_template = parse_arg_template % dct
+
+        self.shapes = ', '.join(shapes) if shapes else None
+        if not hasattr(self, 'numargs'):
+            # allows more general subclassing with *args
+            self.numargs = len(shapes)
+
+    def _construct_doc(self, docdict, shapes_vals=None):
+        """Construct the instance docstring with string substitutions."""
+        tempdict = docdict.copy()
+        tempdict['name'] = self.name or 'distname'
+        tempdict['shapes'] = self.shapes or ''
+
+        if shapes_vals is None:
+            shapes_vals = ()
+        try:
+            vals = ', '.join(f'{val:.3g}' for val in shapes_vals)
+        except TypeError:
+            vals = ', '.join(f'{val}' for val in shapes_vals)
+        tempdict['vals'] = vals
+
+        tempdict['shapes_'] = self.shapes or ''
+        if self.shapes and self.numargs == 1:
+            tempdict['shapes_'] += ','
+
+        if self.shapes:
+            tempdict['set_vals_stmt'] = f'>>> {self.shapes} = {vals}'
+        else:
+            tempdict['set_vals_stmt'] = ''
+
+        if self.shapes is None:
+            # remove shapes from call parameters if there are none
+            for item in ['default', 'before_notes']:
+                tempdict[item] = tempdict[item].replace(
+                    "\n%(shapes)s : array_like\n    shape parameters", "")
+        for i in range(2):
+            if self.shapes is None:
+                # necessary because we use %(shapes)s in two forms (w w/o ", ")
+                self.__doc__ = self.__doc__.replace("%(shapes)s, ", "")
+            try:
+                self.__doc__ = doccer.docformat(self.__doc__, tempdict)
+            except TypeError as e:
+                raise Exception("Unable to construct docstring for "
+                                f"distribution \"{self.name}\": {repr(e)}") from e
+
+        # correct for empty shapes
+        self.__doc__ = self.__doc__.replace('(, ', '(').replace(', )', ')')
+
+    def _construct_default_doc(self, longname=None,
+                               docdict=None, discrete='continuous'):
+        """Construct instance docstring from the default template."""
+        if longname is None:
+            longname = 'A'
+        self.__doc__ = ''.join([f'{longname} {discrete} random variable.',
+                                '\n\n%(before_notes)s\n', docheaders['notes'],
+                                '\n%(example)s'])
+        self._construct_doc(docdict)
+
+    def freeze(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Freeze the distribution for the given arguments.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution.  Should include all
+            the non-optional arguments, may include ``loc`` and ``scale``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        rv_frozen : rv_frozen instance
+            The frozen distribution.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(self, rv_continuous):
+            return rv_continuous_frozen(self, *args, **kwds)
+        else:
+            return rv_discrete_frozen(self, *args, **kwds)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        return self.freeze(*args, **kwds)
+    __call__.__doc__ = freeze.__doc__
+
+    # The actual calculation functions (no basic checking need be done)
+    # If these are defined, the others won't be looked at.
+    # Otherwise, the other set can be defined.
+    def _stats(self, *args, **kwds):
+        return None, None, None, None
+
+    # Noncentral moments (also known as the moment about the origin).
+    # Expressed in LaTeX, munp would be $\mu'_{n}$, i.e. "mu-sub-n-prime".
+    # The primed mu is a widely used notation for the noncentral moment.
+    def _munp(self, n, *args):
+        # Silence floating point warnings from integration.
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            vals = self.generic_moment(n, *args)
+        return vals
+
+    def _argcheck_rvs(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # Handle broadcasting and size validation of the rvs method.
+        # Subclasses should not have to override this method.
+        # The rule is that if `size` is not None, then `size` gives the
+        # shape of the result (integer values of `size` are treated as
+        # tuples with length 1; i.e. `size=3` is the same as `size=(3,)`.)
+        #
+        # `args` is expected to contain the shape parameters (if any), the
+        # location and the scale in a flat tuple (e.g. if there are two
+        # shape parameters `a` and `b`, `args` will be `(a, b, loc, scale)`).
+        # The only keyword argument expected is 'size'.
+        size = kwargs.get('size', None)
+        all_bcast = np.broadcast_arrays(*args)
+
+        def squeeze_left(a):
+            while a.ndim > 0 and a.shape[0] == 1:
+                a = a[0]
+            return a
+
+        # Eliminate trivial leading dimensions.  In the convention
+        # used by numpy's random variate generators, trivial leading
+        # dimensions are effectively ignored.  In other words, when `size`
+        # is given, trivial leading dimensions of the broadcast parameters
+        # in excess of the number of dimensions  in size are ignored, e.g.
+        #   >>> np.random.normal([[1, 3, 5]], [[[[0.01]]]], size=3)
+        #   array([ 1.00104267,  3.00422496,  4.99799278])
+        # If `size` is not given, the exact broadcast shape is preserved:
+        #   >>> np.random.normal([[1, 3, 5]], [[[[0.01]]]])
+        #   array([[[[ 1.00862899,  3.00061431,  4.99867122]]]])
+        #
+        all_bcast = [squeeze_left(a) for a in all_bcast]
+        bcast_shape = all_bcast[0].shape
+        bcast_ndim = all_bcast[0].ndim
+
+        if size is None:
+            size_ = bcast_shape
+        else:
+            size_ = tuple(np.atleast_1d(size))
+
+        # Check compatibility of size_ with the broadcast shape of all
+        # the parameters.  This check is intended to be consistent with
+        # how the numpy random variate generators (e.g. np.random.normal,
+        # np.random.beta) handle their arguments.   The rule is that, if size
+        # is given, it determines the shape of the output.  Broadcasting
+        # can't change the output size.
+
+        # This is the standard broadcasting convention of extending the
+        # shape with fewer dimensions with enough dimensions of length 1
+        # so that the two shapes have the same number of dimensions.
+        ndiff = bcast_ndim - len(size_)
+        if ndiff < 0:
+            bcast_shape = (1,)*(-ndiff) + bcast_shape
+        elif ndiff > 0:
+            size_ = (1,)*ndiff + size_
+
+        # This compatibility test is not standard.  In "regular" broadcasting,
+        # two shapes are compatible if for each dimension, the lengths are the
+        # same or one of the lengths is 1.  Here, the length of a dimension in
+        # size_ must not be less than the corresponding length in bcast_shape.
+        ok = all([bcdim == 1 or bcdim == szdim
+                  for (bcdim, szdim) in zip(bcast_shape, size_)])
+        if not ok:
+            raise ValueError("size does not match the broadcast shape of "
+                             f"the parameters. {size}, {size_}, {bcast_shape}")
+
+        param_bcast = all_bcast[:-2]
+        loc_bcast = all_bcast[-2]
+        scale_bcast = all_bcast[-1]
+
+        return param_bcast, loc_bcast, scale_bcast, size_
+
+    # These are the methods you must define (standard form functions)
+    # NB: generic _pdf, _logpdf, _cdf are different for
+    # rv_continuous and rv_discrete hence are defined in there
+    def _argcheck(self, *args):
+        """Default check for correct values on args and keywords.
+
+        Returns condition array of 1's where arguments are correct and
+         0's where they are not.
+
+        """
+        cond = 1
+        for arg in args:
+            cond = logical_and(cond, (asarray(arg) > 0))
+        return cond
+
+    def _get_support(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Return the support of the (unscaled, unshifted) distribution.
+
+        *Must* be overridden by distributions which have support dependent
+        upon the shape parameters of the distribution.  Any such override
+        *must not* set or change any of the class members, as these members
+        are shared amongst all instances of the distribution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, ... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        a, b : numeric (float, or int or +/-np.inf)
+            end-points of the distribution's support for the specified
+            shape parameters.
+        """
+        return self.a, self.b
+
+    def _support_mask(self, x, *args):
+        a, b = self._get_support(*args)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            return (a <= x) & (x <= b)
+
+    def _open_support_mask(self, x, *args):
+        a, b = self._get_support(*args)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            return (a < x) & (x < b)
+
+    def _rvs(self, *args, size=None, random_state=None):
+        # This method must handle size being a tuple, and it must
+        # properly broadcast *args and size.  size might be
+        # an empty tuple, which means a scalar random variate is to be
+        # generated.
+
+        # Use basic inverse cdf algorithm for RV generation as default.
+        U = random_state.uniform(size=size)
+        Y = self._ppf(U, *args)
+        return Y
+
+    def _logcdf(self, x, *args):
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            return log(self._cdf(x, *args))
+
+    def _sf(self, x, *args):
+        return 1.0-self._cdf(x, *args)
+
+    def _logsf(self, x, *args):
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            return log(self._sf(x, *args))
+
+    def _ppf(self, q, *args):
+        return self._ppfvec(q, *args)
+
+    def _isf(self, q, *args):
+        return self._ppf(1.0-q, *args)  # use correct _ppf for subclasses
+
+    # These are actually called, and should not be overwritten if you
+    # want to keep error checking.
+    def rvs(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Random variates of given type.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            Scale parameter (default=1).
+        size : int or tuple of ints, optional
+            Defining number of random variates (default is 1).
+        random_state : {None, int, `numpy.random.Generator`,
+                        `numpy.random.RandomState`}, optional
+
+            If `random_state` is None (or `np.random`), the
+            `numpy.random.RandomState` singleton is used.
+            If `random_state` is an int, a new ``RandomState`` instance is
+            used, seeded with `random_state`.
+            If `random_state` is already a ``Generator`` or ``RandomState``
+            instance, that instance is used.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        rvs : ndarray or scalar
+            Random variates of given `size`.
+
+        """
+        discrete = kwds.pop('discrete', None)
+        rndm = kwds.pop('random_state', None)
+        args, loc, scale, size = self._parse_args_rvs(*args, **kwds)
+        cond = logical_and(self._argcheck(*args), (scale >= 0))
+        if not np.all(cond):
+            message = ("Domain error in arguments. The `scale` parameter must "
+                       "be positive for all distributions, and many "
+                       "distributions have restrictions on shape parameters. "
+                       f"Please see the `scipy.stats.{self.name}` "
+                       "documentation for details.")
+            raise ValueError(message)
+
+        if np.all(scale == 0):
+            return loc*ones(size, 'd')
+
+        # extra gymnastics needed for a custom random_state
+        if rndm is not None:
+            random_state_saved = self._random_state
+            random_state = check_random_state(rndm)
+        else:
+            random_state = self._random_state
+
+        vals = self._rvs(*args, size=size, random_state=random_state)
+
+        vals = vals * scale + loc
+
+        # do not forget to restore the _random_state
+        if rndm is not None:
+            self._random_state = random_state_saved
+
+        # Cast to int if discrete
+        if discrete and not isinstance(self, rv_sample):
+            if size == ():
+                vals = int(vals)
+            else:
+                vals = vals.astype(np.int64)
+
+        return vals
+
+    def stats(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Some statistics of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional (continuous RVs only)
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+        moments : str, optional
+            composed of letters ['mvsk'] defining which moments to compute:
+            'm' = mean,
+            'v' = variance,
+            's' = (Fisher's) skew,
+            'k' = (Fisher's) kurtosis.
+            (default is 'mv')
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        stats : sequence
+            of requested moments.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale, moments = self._parse_args_stats(*args, **kwds)
+        # scale = 1 by construction for discrete RVs
+        loc, scale = map(asarray, (loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        cond = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0) & (loc == loc)
+        output = []
+        default = np.full(shape(cond), fill_value=self.badvalue)
+
+        # Use only entries that are valid in calculation
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *(args+(scale, loc)))
+            scale, loc, goodargs = goodargs[-2], goodargs[-1], goodargs[:-2]
+
+            if self._stats_has_moments:
+                mu, mu2, g1, g2 = self._stats(*goodargs,
+                                              **{'moments': moments})
+            else:
+                mu, mu2, g1, g2 = self._stats(*goodargs)
+
+            if 'm' in moments:
+                if mu is None:
+                    mu = self._munp(1, *goodargs)
+                out0 = default.copy()
+                place(out0, cond, mu * scale + loc)
+                output.append(out0)
+
+            if 'v' in moments:
+                if mu2 is None:
+                    mu2p = self._munp(2, *goodargs)
+                    if mu is None:
+                        mu = self._munp(1, *goodargs)
+                    # if mean is inf then var is also inf
+                    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                        mu2 = np.where(~np.isinf(mu), mu2p - mu**2, np.inf)
+                out0 = default.copy()
+                place(out0, cond, mu2 * scale * scale)
+                output.append(out0)
+
+            if 's' in moments:
+                if g1 is None:
+                    mu3p = self._munp(3, *goodargs)
+                    if mu is None:
+                        mu = self._munp(1, *goodargs)
+                    if mu2 is None:
+                        mu2p = self._munp(2, *goodargs)
+                        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                            mu2 = mu2p - mu * mu
+                    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                        mu3 = (-mu*mu - 3*mu2)*mu + mu3p
+                        g1 = mu3 / np.power(mu2, 1.5)
+                out0 = default.copy()
+                place(out0, cond, g1)
+                output.append(out0)
+
+            if 'k' in moments:
+                if g2 is None:
+                    mu4p = self._munp(4, *goodargs)
+                    if mu is None:
+                        mu = self._munp(1, *goodargs)
+                    if mu2 is None:
+                        mu2p = self._munp(2, *goodargs)
+                        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                            mu2 = mu2p - mu * mu
+                    if g1 is None:
+                        mu3 = None
+                    else:
+                        # (mu2**1.5) breaks down for nan and inf
+                        mu3 = g1 * np.power(mu2, 1.5)
+                    if mu3 is None:
+                        mu3p = self._munp(3, *goodargs)
+                        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                            mu3 = (-mu * mu - 3 * mu2) * mu + mu3p
+                    with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+                        mu4 = ((-mu**2 - 6*mu2) * mu - 4*mu3)*mu + mu4p
+                        g2 = mu4 / mu2**2.0 - 3.0
+                out0 = default.copy()
+                place(out0, cond, g2)
+                output.append(out0)
+        else:  # no valid args
+            output = [default.copy() for _ in moments]
+
+        output = [out[()] for out in output]
+        if len(output) == 1:
+            return output[0]
+        else:
+            return tuple(output)
+
+    def entropy(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Differential entropy of the RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+        scale : array_like, optional  (continuous distributions only).
+            Scale parameter (default=1).
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        Entropy is defined base `e`:
+
+        >>> import numpy as np
+        >>> from scipy.stats._distn_infrastructure import rv_discrete
+        >>> drv = rv_discrete(values=((0, 1), (0.5, 0.5)))
+        >>> np.allclose(drv.entropy(), np.log(2.0))
+        True
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        # NB: for discrete distributions scale=1 by construction in _parse_args
+        loc, scale = map(asarray, (loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0) & (loc == loc)
+        output = zeros(shape(cond0), 'd')
+        place(output, (1-cond0), self.badvalue)
+        goodargs = argsreduce(cond0, scale, *args)
+        goodscale = goodargs[0]
+        goodargs = goodargs[1:]
+        place(output, cond0, self.vecentropy(*goodargs) + log(goodscale))
+        return output[()]
+
+    def moment(self, order, *args, **kwds):
+        """non-central moment of distribution of specified order.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        order : int, order >= 1
+            Order of moment.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : float
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        """
+        n = order
+        shapes, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        args = np.broadcast_arrays(*(*shapes, loc, scale))
+        *shapes, loc, scale = args
+
+        i0 = np.logical_and(self._argcheck(*shapes), scale > 0)
+        i1 = np.logical_and(i0, loc == 0)
+        i2 = np.logical_and(i0, loc != 0)
+
+        args = argsreduce(i0, *shapes, loc, scale)
+        *shapes, loc, scale = args
+
+        if (floor(n) != n):
+            raise ValueError("Moment must be an integer.")
+        if (n < 0):
+            raise ValueError("Moment must be positive.")
+        mu, mu2, g1, g2 = None, None, None, None
+        if (n > 0) and (n < 5):
+            if self._stats_has_moments:
+                mdict = {'moments': {1: 'm', 2: 'v', 3: 'vs', 4: 'mvsk'}[n]}
+            else:
+                mdict = {}
+            mu, mu2, g1, g2 = self._stats(*shapes, **mdict)
+        val = np.empty(loc.shape)  # val needs to be indexed by loc
+        val[...] = _moment_from_stats(n, mu, mu2, g1, g2, self._munp, shapes)
+
+        # Convert to transformed  X = L + S*Y
+        # E[X^n] = E[(L+S*Y)^n] = L^n sum(comb(n, k)*(S/L)^k E[Y^k], k=0...n)
+        result = zeros(i0.shape)
+        place(result, ~i0, self.badvalue)
+
+        if i1.any():
+            res1 = scale[loc == 0]**n * val[loc == 0]
+            place(result, i1, res1)
+
+        if i2.any():
+            mom = [mu, mu2, g1, g2]
+            arrs = [i for i in mom if i is not None]
+            idx = [i for i in range(4) if mom[i] is not None]
+            if any(idx):
+                arrs = argsreduce(loc != 0, *arrs)
+                j = 0
+                for i in idx:
+                    mom[i] = arrs[j]
+                    j += 1
+            mu, mu2, g1, g2 = mom
+            args = argsreduce(loc != 0, *shapes, loc, scale, val)
+            *shapes, loc, scale, val = args
+
+            res2 = zeros(loc.shape, dtype='d')
+            fac = scale / loc
+            for k in range(n):
+                valk = _moment_from_stats(k, mu, mu2, g1, g2, self._munp,
+                                          shapes)
+                res2 += comb(n, k, exact=True)*fac**k * valk
+            res2 += fac**n * val
+            res2 *= loc**n
+            place(result, i2, res2)
+
+        return result[()]
+
+    def median(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Median of the distribution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter, Default is 0.
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            Scale parameter, Default is 1.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        median : float
+            The median of the distribution.
+
+        See Also
+        --------
+        rv_discrete.ppf
+            Inverse of the CDF
+
+        """
+        return self.ppf(0.5, *args, **kwds)
+
+    def mean(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Mean of the distribution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        mean : float
+            the mean of the distribution
+
+        """
+        kwds['moments'] = 'm'
+        res = self.stats(*args, **kwds)
+        if isinstance(res, ndarray) and res.ndim == 0:
+            return res[()]
+        return res
+
+    def var(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Variance of the distribution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        var : float
+            the variance of the distribution
+
+        """
+        kwds['moments'] = 'v'
+        res = self.stats(*args, **kwds)
+        if isinstance(res, ndarray) and res.ndim == 0:
+            return res[()]
+        return res
+
+    def std(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """Standard deviation of the distribution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        std : float
+            standard deviation of the distribution
+
+        """
+        kwds['moments'] = 'v'
+        res = sqrt(self.stats(*args, **kwds))
+        return res
+
+    def interval(self, confidence, *args, **kwds):
+        """Confidence interval with equal areas around the median.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        confidence : array_like of float
+            Probability that an rv will be drawn from the returned range.
+            Each value should be in the range [0, 1].
+        arg1, arg2, ... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter, Default is 0.
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter, Default is 1.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        a, b : ndarray of float
+            end-points of range that contain ``100 * alpha %`` of the rv's
+            possible values.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This is implemented as ``ppf([p_tail, 1-p_tail])``, where
+        ``ppf`` is the inverse cumulative distribution function and
+        ``p_tail = (1-confidence)/2``. Suppose ``[c, d]`` is the support of a
+        discrete distribution; then ``ppf([0, 1]) == (c-1, d)``. Therefore,
+        when ``confidence=1`` and the distribution is discrete, the left end
+        of the interval will be beyond the support of the distribution.
+        For discrete distributions, the interval will limit the probability
+        in each tail to be less than or equal to ``p_tail`` (usually
+        strictly less).
+
+        """
+        alpha = confidence
+
+        alpha = asarray(alpha)
+        if np.any((alpha > 1) | (alpha < 0)):
+            raise ValueError("alpha must be between 0 and 1 inclusive")
+        q1 = (1.0-alpha)/2
+        q2 = (1.0+alpha)/2
+        a = self.ppf(q1, *args, **kwds)
+        b = self.ppf(q2, *args, **kwds)
+        return a, b
+
+    def support(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Support of the distribution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, ... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter, Default is 0.
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter, Default is 1.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        a, b : array_like
+            end-points of the distribution's support.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwargs)
+        arrs = np.broadcast_arrays(*args, loc, scale)
+        args, loc, scale = arrs[:-2], arrs[-2], arrs[-1]
+        cond = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0)
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        if cond.all():
+            return _a * scale + loc, _b * scale + loc
+        elif cond.ndim == 0:
+            return self.badvalue, self.badvalue
+        # promote bounds to at least float to fill in the badvalue
+        _a, _b = np.asarray(_a).astype('d'), np.asarray(_b).astype('d')
+        out_a, out_b = _a * scale + loc, _b * scale + loc
+        place(out_a, 1-cond, self.badvalue)
+        place(out_b, 1-cond, self.badvalue)
+        return out_a, out_b
+
+    def nnlf(self, theta, x):
+        """Negative loglikelihood function.
+        Notes
+        -----
+        This is ``-sum(log pdf(x, theta), axis=0)`` where `theta` are the
+        parameters (including loc and scale).
+        """
+        loc, scale, args = self._unpack_loc_scale(theta)
+        if not self._argcheck(*args) or scale <= 0:
+            return inf
+        x = (asarray(x)-loc) / scale
+        n_log_scale = len(x) * log(scale)
+        if np.any(~self._support_mask(x, *args)):
+            return inf
+        return self._nnlf(x, *args) + n_log_scale
+
+    def _nnlf(self, x, *args):
+        return -np.sum(self._logpxf(x, *args), axis=0)
+
+    def _nlff_and_penalty(self, x, args, log_fitfun):
+        # negative log fit function
+        cond0 = ~self._support_mask(x, *args)
+        n_bad = np.count_nonzero(cond0, axis=0)
+        if n_bad > 0:
+            x = argsreduce(~cond0, x)[0]
+        logff = log_fitfun(x, *args)
+        finite_logff = np.isfinite(logff)
+        n_bad += np.sum(~finite_logff, axis=0)
+        if n_bad > 0:
+            penalty = n_bad * log(_XMAX) * 100
+            return -np.sum(logff[finite_logff], axis=0) + penalty
+        return -np.sum(logff, axis=0)
+
+    def _penalized_nnlf(self, theta, x):
+        """Penalized negative loglikelihood function.
+        i.e., - sum (log pdf(x, theta), axis=0) + penalty
+        where theta are the parameters (including loc and scale)
+        """
+        loc, scale, args = self._unpack_loc_scale(theta)
+        if not self._argcheck(*args) or scale <= 0:
+            return inf
+        x = asarray((x-loc) / scale)
+        n_log_scale = len(x) * log(scale)
+        return self._nlff_and_penalty(x, args, self._logpxf) + n_log_scale
+
+    def _penalized_nlpsf(self, theta, x):
+        """Penalized negative log product spacing function.
+        i.e., - sum (log (diff (cdf (x, theta))), axis=0) + penalty
+        where theta are the parameters (including loc and scale)
+        Follows reference [1] of scipy.stats.fit
+        """
+        loc, scale, args = self._unpack_loc_scale(theta)
+        if not self._argcheck(*args) or scale <= 0:
+            return inf
+        x = (np.sort(x) - loc)/scale
+
+        def log_psf(x, *args):
+            x, lj = np.unique(x, return_counts=True)  # fast for sorted x
+            cdf_data = self._cdf(x, *args) if x.size else []
+            if not (x.size and 1 - cdf_data[-1] <= 0):
+                cdf = np.concatenate(([0], cdf_data, [1]))
+                lj = np.concatenate((lj, [1]))
+            else:
+                cdf = np.concatenate(([0], cdf_data))
+            # here we could use logcdf w/ logsumexp trick to take differences,
+            # but in the context of the method, it seems unlikely to matter
+            return lj * np.log(np.diff(cdf) / lj)
+
+        return self._nlff_and_penalty(x, args, log_psf)
+
+
+class _ShapeInfo:
+    def __init__(self, name, integrality=False, domain=(-np.inf, np.inf),
+                 inclusive=(True, True)):
+        self.name = name
+        self.integrality = integrality
+        self.endpoints = domain
+        self.inclusive = inclusive
+
+        domain = list(domain)
+        if np.isfinite(domain[0]) and not inclusive[0]:
+            domain[0] = np.nextafter(domain[0], np.inf)
+        if np.isfinite(domain[1]) and not inclusive[1]:
+            domain[1] = np.nextafter(domain[1], -np.inf)
+        self.domain = domain
+
+
+def _get_fixed_fit_value(kwds, names):
+    """
+    Given names such as ``['f0', 'fa', 'fix_a']``, check that there is
+    at most one non-None value in `kwds` associated with those names.
+    Return that value, or None if none of the names occur in `kwds`.
+    As a side effect, all occurrences of those names in `kwds` are
+    removed.
+    """
+    vals = [(name, kwds.pop(name)) for name in names if name in kwds]
+    if len(vals) > 1:
+        repeated = [name for name, val in vals]
+        raise ValueError("fit method got multiple keyword arguments to "
+                         "specify the same fixed parameter: " +
+                         ', '.join(repeated))
+    return vals[0][1] if vals else None
+
+
+#  continuous random variables: implement maybe later
+#
+#  hf  --- Hazard Function (PDF / SF)
+#  chf  --- Cumulative hazard function (-log(SF))
+#  psf --- Probability sparsity function (reciprocal of the pdf) in
+#                units of percent-point-function (as a function of q).
+#                Also, the derivative of the percent-point function.
+
+
+class rv_continuous(rv_generic):
+    """A generic continuous random variable class meant for subclassing.
+
+    `rv_continuous` is a base class to construct specific distribution classes
+    and instances for continuous random variables. It cannot be used
+    directly as a distribution.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    momtype : int, optional
+        The type of generic moment calculation to use: 0 for pdf, 1 (default)
+        for ppf.
+    a : float, optional
+        Lower bound of the support of the distribution, default is minus
+        infinity.
+    b : float, optional
+        Upper bound of the support of the distribution, default is plus
+        infinity.
+    xtol : float, optional
+        The tolerance for fixed point calculation for generic ppf.
+    badvalue : float, optional
+        The value in a result arrays that indicates a value that for which
+        some argument restriction is violated, default is np.nan.
+    name : str, optional
+        The name of the instance. This string is used to construct the default
+        example for distributions.
+    longname : str, optional
+        This string is used as part of the first line of the docstring returned
+        when a subclass has no docstring of its own. Note: `longname` exists
+        for backwards compatibility, do not use for new subclasses.
+    shapes : str, optional
+        The shape of the distribution. For example ``"m, n"`` for a
+        distribution that takes two integers as the two shape arguments for all
+        its methods. If not provided, shape parameters will be inferred from
+        the signature of the private methods, ``_pdf`` and ``_cdf`` of the
+        instance.
+    seed : {None, int, `numpy.random.Generator`, `numpy.random.RandomState`}, optional
+        If `seed` is None (or `np.random`), the `numpy.random.RandomState`
+        singleton is used.
+        If `seed` is an int, a new ``RandomState`` instance is used,
+        seeded with `seed`.
+        If `seed` is already a ``Generator`` or ``RandomState`` instance then
+        that instance is used.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    a, b : float, optional
+        Lower/upper bound of the support of the unshifted/unscaled distribution.
+        This value is unaffected by the `loc` and `scale` parameters.
+        To calculate the support of the shifted/scaled distribution,
+        use the `support` method.
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    rvs
+    pdf
+    logpdf
+    cdf
+    logcdf
+    sf
+    logsf
+    ppf
+    isf
+    moment
+    stats
+    entropy
+    expect
+    median
+    mean
+    std
+    var
+    interval
+    __call__
+    fit
+    fit_loc_scale
+    nnlf
+    support
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    Public methods of an instance of a distribution class (e.g., ``pdf``,
+    ``cdf``) check their arguments and pass valid arguments to private,
+    computational methods (``_pdf``, ``_cdf``). For ``pdf(x)``, ``x`` is valid
+    if it is within the support of the distribution.
+    Whether a shape parameter is valid is decided by an ``_argcheck`` method
+    (which defaults to checking that its arguments are strictly positive.)
+
+    **Subclassing**
+
+    New random variables can be defined by subclassing the `rv_continuous` class
+    and re-defining at least the ``_pdf`` or the ``_cdf`` method (normalized
+    to location 0 and scale 1).
+
+    If positive argument checking is not correct for your RV
+    then you will also need to re-define the ``_argcheck`` method.
+
+    For most of the scipy.stats distributions, the support interval doesn't
+    depend on the shape parameters. ``x`` being in the support interval is
+    equivalent to ``self.a <= x <= self.b``.  If either of the endpoints of
+    the support do depend on the shape parameters, then
+    i) the distribution must implement the ``_get_support`` method; and
+    ii) those dependent endpoints must be omitted from the distribution's
+    call to the ``rv_continuous`` initializer.
+
+    Correct, but potentially slow defaults exist for the remaining
+    methods but for speed and/or accuracy you can over-ride::
+
+      _logpdf, _cdf, _logcdf, _ppf, _rvs, _isf, _sf, _logsf
+
+    The default method ``_rvs`` relies on the inverse of the cdf, ``_ppf``,
+    applied to a uniform random variate. In order to generate random variates
+    efficiently, either the default ``_ppf`` needs to be overwritten (e.g.
+    if the inverse cdf can expressed in an explicit form) or a sampling
+    method needs to be implemented in a custom ``_rvs`` method.
+
+    If possible, you should override ``_isf``, ``_sf`` or ``_logsf``.
+    The main reason would be to improve numerical accuracy: for example,
+    the survival function ``_sf`` is computed as ``1 - _cdf`` which can
+    result in loss of precision if ``_cdf(x)`` is close to one.
+
+    **Methods that can be overwritten by subclasses**
+    ::
+
+      _rvs
+      _pdf
+      _cdf
+      _sf
+      _ppf
+      _isf
+      _stats
+      _munp
+      _entropy
+      _argcheck
+      _get_support
+
+    There are additional (internal and private) generic methods that can
+    be useful for cross-checking and for debugging, but might work in all
+    cases when directly called.
+
+    A note on ``shapes``: subclasses need not specify them explicitly. In this
+    case, `shapes` will be automatically deduced from the signatures of the
+    overridden methods (`pdf`, `cdf` etc).
+    If, for some reason, you prefer to avoid relying on introspection, you can
+    specify ``shapes`` explicitly as an argument to the instance constructor.
+
+
+    **Frozen Distributions**
+
+    Normally, you must provide shape parameters (and, optionally, location and
+    scale parameters to each call of a method of a distribution.
+
+    Alternatively, the object may be called (as a function) to fix the shape,
+    location, and scale parameters returning a "frozen" continuous RV object:
+
+    rv = generic(<shape(s)>, loc=0, scale=1)
+        `rv_frozen` object with the same methods but holding the given shape,
+        location, and scale fixed
+
+    **Statistics**
+
+    Statistics are computed using numerical integration by default.
+    For speed you can redefine this using ``_stats``:
+
+     - take shape parameters and return mu, mu2, g1, g2
+     - If you can't compute one of these, return it as None
+     - Can also be defined with a keyword argument ``moments``, which is a
+       string composed of "m", "v", "s", and/or "k".
+       Only the components appearing in string should be computed and
+       returned in the order "m", "v", "s", or "k"  with missing values
+       returned as None.
+
+    Alternatively, you can override ``_munp``, which takes ``n`` and shape
+    parameters and returns the n-th non-central moment of the distribution.
+
+    **Deepcopying / Pickling**
+
+    If a distribution or frozen distribution is deepcopied (pickled/unpickled,
+    etc.), any underlying random number generator is deepcopied with it. An
+    implication is that if a distribution relies on the singleton RandomState
+    before copying, it will rely on a copy of that random state after copying,
+    and ``np.random.seed`` will no longer control the state.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    To create a new Gaussian distribution, we would do the following:
+
+    >>> from scipy.stats import rv_continuous
+    >>> class gaussian_gen(rv_continuous):
+    ...     "Gaussian distribution"
+    ...     def _pdf(self, x):
+    ...         return np.exp(-x**2 / 2.) / np.sqrt(2.0 * np.pi)
+    >>> gaussian = gaussian_gen(name='gaussian')
+
+    ``scipy.stats`` distributions are *instances*, so here we subclass
+    `rv_continuous` and create an instance. With this, we now have
+    a fully functional distribution with all relevant methods automagically
+    generated by the framework.
+
+    Note that above we defined a standard normal distribution, with zero mean
+    and unit variance. Shifting and scaling of the distribution can be done
+    by using ``loc`` and ``scale`` parameters: ``gaussian.pdf(x, loc, scale)``
+    essentially computes ``y = (x - loc) / scale`` and
+    ``gaussian._pdf(y) / scale``.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, momtype=1, a=None, b=None, xtol=1e-14,
+                 badvalue=None, name=None, longname=None,
+                 shapes=None, seed=None):
+
+        super().__init__(seed)
+
+        # save the ctor parameters, cf generic freeze
+        self._ctor_param = dict(
+            momtype=momtype, a=a, b=b, xtol=xtol,
+            badvalue=badvalue, name=name, longname=longname,
+            shapes=shapes, seed=seed)
+
+        if badvalue is None:
+            badvalue = nan
+        if name is None:
+            name = 'Distribution'
+        self.badvalue = badvalue
+        self.name = name
+        self.a = a
+        self.b = b
+        if a is None:
+            self.a = -inf
+        if b is None:
+            self.b = inf
+        self.xtol = xtol
+        self.moment_type = momtype
+        self.shapes = shapes
+
+        self._construct_argparser(meths_to_inspect=[self._pdf, self._cdf],
+                                  locscale_in='loc=0, scale=1',
+                                  locscale_out='loc, scale')
+        self._attach_methods()
+
+        if longname is None:
+            if name[0] in ['aeiouAEIOU']:
+                hstr = "An "
+            else:
+                hstr = "A "
+            longname = hstr + name
+
+        if sys.flags.optimize < 2:
+            # Skip adding docstrings if interpreter is run with -OO
+            if self.__doc__ is None:
+                self._construct_default_doc(longname=longname,
+                                            docdict=docdict,
+                                            discrete='continuous')
+            else:
+                dct = dict(distcont)
+                self._construct_doc(docdict, dct.get(self.name))
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        dct = self.__dict__.copy()
+
+        # these methods will be remade in __setstate__
+        # _random_state attribute is taken care of by rv_generic
+        attrs = ["_parse_args", "_parse_args_stats", "_parse_args_rvs",
+                 "_cdfvec", "_ppfvec", "vecentropy", "generic_moment"]
+        [dct.pop(attr, None) for attr in attrs]
+        return dct
+
+    def _attach_methods(self):
+        """
+        Attaches dynamically created methods to the rv_continuous instance.
+        """
+        # _attach_methods is responsible for calling _attach_argparser_methods
+        self._attach_argparser_methods()
+
+        # nin correction
+        self._ppfvec = vectorize(self._ppf_single, otypes='d')
+        self._ppfvec.nin = self.numargs + 1
+        self.vecentropy = vectorize(self._entropy, otypes='d')
+        self._cdfvec = vectorize(self._cdf_single, otypes='d')
+        self._cdfvec.nin = self.numargs + 1
+
+        if self.moment_type == 0:
+            self.generic_moment = vectorize(self._mom0_sc, otypes='d')
+        else:
+            self.generic_moment = vectorize(self._mom1_sc, otypes='d')
+        # Because of the *args argument of _mom0_sc, vectorize cannot count the
+        # number of arguments correctly.
+        self.generic_moment.nin = self.numargs + 1
+
+    def _updated_ctor_param(self):
+        """Return the current version of _ctor_param, possibly updated by user.
+
+        Used by freezing.
+        Keep this in sync with the signature of __init__.
+        """
+        dct = self._ctor_param.copy()
+        dct['a'] = self.a
+        dct['b'] = self.b
+        dct['xtol'] = self.xtol
+        dct['badvalue'] = self.badvalue
+        dct['name'] = self.name
+        dct['shapes'] = self.shapes
+        return dct
+
+    def _ppf_to_solve(self, x, q, *args):
+        return self.cdf(*(x, )+args)-q
+
+    def _ppf_single(self, q, *args):
+        factor = 10.
+        left, right = self._get_support(*args)
+
+        if np.isinf(left):
+            left = min(-factor, right)
+            while self._ppf_to_solve(left, q, *args) > 0.:
+                left, right = left * factor, left
+            # left is now such that cdf(left) <= q
+            # if right has changed, then cdf(right) > q
+
+        if np.isinf(right):
+            right = max(factor, left)
+            while self._ppf_to_solve(right, q, *args) < 0.:
+                left, right = right, right * factor
+            # right is now such that cdf(right) >= q
+
+        return optimize.brentq(self._ppf_to_solve,
+                               left, right, args=(q,)+args, xtol=self.xtol)
+
+    # moment from definition
+    def _mom_integ0(self, x, m, *args):
+        return x**m * self.pdf(x, *args)
+
+    def _mom0_sc(self, m, *args):
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        return integrate.quad(self._mom_integ0, _a, _b,
+                              args=(m,)+args)[0]
+
+    # moment calculated using ppf
+    def _mom_integ1(self, q, m, *args):
+        return (self.ppf(q, *args))**m
+
+    def _mom1_sc(self, m, *args):
+        return integrate.quad(self._mom_integ1, 0, 1, args=(m,)+args)[0]
+
+    def _pdf(self, x, *args):
+        return _derivative(self._cdf, x, dx=1e-5, args=args, order=5)
+
+    # Could also define any of these
+    def _logpdf(self, x, *args):
+        p = self._pdf(x, *args)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            return log(p)
+
+    def _logpxf(self, x, *args):
+        # continuous distributions have PDF, discrete have PMF, but sometimes
+        # the distinction doesn't matter. This lets us use `_logpxf` for both
+        # discrete and continuous distributions.
+        return self._logpdf(x, *args)
+
+    def _cdf_single(self, x, *args):
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        return integrate.quad(self._pdf, _a, x, args=args)[0]
+
+    def _cdf(self, x, *args):
+        return self._cdfvec(x, *args)
+
+    def _logcdf(self, x, *args):
+        median = self._ppf(0.5, *args)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            return xpx.apply_where(
+                x < median, (x,) + args,
+                lambda x, *args: np.log(self._cdf(x, *args)),
+                lambda x, *args: np.log1p(-self._sf(x, *args)))
+
+    def _logsf(self, x, *args):
+        median = self._ppf(0.5, *args)
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            return xpx.apply_where(
+                x > median, (x,) + args,
+                lambda x, *args: np.log(self._sf(x, *args)),
+                lambda x, *args: np.log1p(-self._cdf(x, *args)))
+
+    # generic _argcheck, _sf, _ppf, _isf, _rvs are defined
+    # in rv_generic
+
+    def pdf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        """Probability density function at x of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : array_like
+            quantiles
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pdf : ndarray
+            Probability density function evaluated at x
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        x, loc, scale = map(asarray, (x, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        dtyp = np.promote_types(x.dtype, np.float64)
+        x = np.asarray((x - loc)/scale, dtype=dtyp)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond1 = self._support_mask(x, *args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = zeros(shape(cond), dtyp)
+        putmask(output, (1-cond0)+np.isnan(x), self.badvalue)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((x,)+args+(scale,)))
+            scale, goodargs = goodargs[-1], goodargs[:-1]
+            place(output, cond, self._pdf(*goodargs) / scale)
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def logpdf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        """Log of the probability density function at x of the given RV.
+
+        This uses a more numerically accurate calculation if available.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : array_like
+            quantiles
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        logpdf : array_like
+            Log of the probability density function evaluated at x
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        x, loc, scale = map(asarray, (x, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        dtyp = np.promote_types(x.dtype, np.float64)
+        x = np.asarray((x - loc)/scale, dtype=dtyp)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond1 = self._support_mask(x, *args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = empty(shape(cond), dtyp)
+        output.fill(-inf)
+        putmask(output, (1-cond0)+np.isnan(x), self.badvalue)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((x,)+args+(scale,)))
+            scale, goodargs = goodargs[-1], goodargs[:-1]
+            place(output, cond, self._logpdf(*goodargs) - log(scale))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def cdf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Cumulative distribution function of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : array_like
+            quantiles
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        cdf : ndarray
+            Cumulative distribution function evaluated at `x`
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        x, loc, scale = map(asarray, (x, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        dtyp = np.promote_types(x.dtype, np.float64)
+        x = np.asarray((x - loc)/scale, dtype=dtyp)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond1 = self._open_support_mask(x, *args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond2 = (x >= np.asarray(_b)) & cond0
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = zeros(shape(cond), dtyp)
+        place(output, (1-cond0)+np.isnan(x), self.badvalue)
+        place(output, cond2, 1.0)
+        if np.any(cond):  # call only if at least 1 entry
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((x,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, self._cdf(*goodargs))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def logcdf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        """Log of the cumulative distribution function at x of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : array_like
+            quantiles
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        logcdf : array_like
+            Log of the cumulative distribution function evaluated at x
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        x, loc, scale = map(asarray, (x, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        dtyp = np.promote_types(x.dtype, np.float64)
+        x = np.asarray((x - loc)/scale, dtype=dtyp)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond1 = self._open_support_mask(x, *args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond2 = (x >= _b) & cond0
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = empty(shape(cond), dtyp)
+        output.fill(-inf)
+        place(output, (1-cond0)*(cond1 == cond1)+np.isnan(x), self.badvalue)
+        place(output, cond2, 0.0)
+        if np.any(cond):  # call only if at least 1 entry
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((x,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, self._logcdf(*goodargs))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def sf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        """Survival function (1 - `cdf`) at x of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : array_like
+            quantiles
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        sf : array_like
+            Survival function evaluated at x
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        x, loc, scale = map(asarray, (x, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        dtyp = np.promote_types(x.dtype, np.float64)
+        x = np.asarray((x - loc)/scale, dtype=dtyp)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond1 = self._open_support_mask(x, *args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond2 = cond0 & (x <= _a)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = zeros(shape(cond), dtyp)
+        place(output, (1-cond0)+np.isnan(x), self.badvalue)
+        place(output, cond2, 1.0)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((x,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, self._sf(*goodargs))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def logsf(self, x, *args, **kwds):
+        """Log of the survival function of the given RV.
+
+        Returns the log of the "survival function," defined as (1 - `cdf`),
+        evaluated at `x`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : array_like
+            quantiles
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        logsf : ndarray
+            Log of the survival function evaluated at `x`.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        x, loc, scale = map(asarray, (x, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        dtyp = np.promote_types(x.dtype, np.float64)
+        x = np.asarray((x - loc)/scale, dtype=dtyp)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond1 = self._open_support_mask(x, *args) & (scale > 0)
+        cond2 = cond0 & (x <= _a)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = empty(shape(cond), dtyp)
+        output.fill(-inf)
+        place(output, (1-cond0)+np.isnan(x), self.badvalue)
+        place(output, cond2, 0.0)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((x,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, self._logsf(*goodargs))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def ppf(self, q, *args, **kwds):
+        """Percent point function (inverse of `cdf`) at q of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        q : array_like
+            lower tail probability
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        x : array_like
+            quantile corresponding to the lower tail probability q.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        q, loc, scale = map(asarray, (q, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0) & (loc == loc)
+        cond1 = (0 < q) & (q < 1)
+        cond2 = cond0 & (q == 0)
+        cond3 = cond0 & (q == 1)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = np.full(shape(cond), fill_value=self.badvalue)
+
+        lower_bound = _a * scale + loc
+        upper_bound = _b * scale + loc
+        place(output, cond2, argsreduce(cond2, lower_bound)[0])
+        place(output, cond3, argsreduce(cond3, upper_bound)[0])
+
+        if np.any(cond):  # call only if at least 1 entry
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((q,)+args+(scale, loc)))
+            scale, loc, goodargs = goodargs[-2], goodargs[-1], goodargs[:-2]
+            place(output, cond, self._ppf(*goodargs) * scale + loc)
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def isf(self, q, *args, **kwds):
+        """Inverse survival function (inverse of `sf`) at q of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        q : array_like
+            upper tail probability
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            location parameter (default=0)
+        scale : array_like, optional
+            scale parameter (default=1)
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        x : ndarray or scalar
+            Quantile corresponding to the upper tail probability q.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, scale = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        q, loc, scale = map(asarray, (q, loc, scale))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (scale > 0) & (loc == loc)
+        cond1 = (0 < q) & (q < 1)
+        cond2 = cond0 & (q == 1)
+        cond3 = cond0 & (q == 0)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = np.full(shape(cond), fill_value=self.badvalue)
+
+        lower_bound = _a * scale + loc
+        upper_bound = _b * scale + loc
+        place(output, cond2, argsreduce(cond2, lower_bound)[0])
+        place(output, cond3, argsreduce(cond3, upper_bound)[0])
+
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((q,)+args+(scale, loc)))
+            scale, loc, goodargs = goodargs[-2], goodargs[-1], goodargs[:-2]
+            place(output, cond, self._isf(*goodargs) * scale + loc)
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def _unpack_loc_scale(self, theta):
+        try:
+            loc = theta[-2]
+            scale = theta[-1]
+            args = tuple(theta[:-2])
+        except IndexError as e:
+            raise ValueError("Not enough input arguments.") from e
+        return loc, scale, args
+
+    def _nnlf_and_penalty(self, x, args):
+        """
+        Compute the penalized negative log-likelihood for the
+        "standardized" data (i.e. already shifted by loc and
+        scaled by scale) for the shape parameters in `args`.
+
+        `x` can be a 1D numpy array or a CensoredData instance.
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, CensoredData):
+            # Filter out the data that is not in the support.
+            xs = x._supported(*self._get_support(*args))
+            n_bad = len(x) - len(xs)
+            i1, i2 = xs._interval.T
+            terms = [
+                # logpdf of the noncensored data.
+                self._logpdf(xs._uncensored, *args),
+                # logcdf of the left-censored data.
+                self._logcdf(xs._left, *args),
+                # logsf of the right-censored data.
+                self._logsf(xs._right, *args),
+                # log of probability of the interval-censored data.
+                np.log(self._delta_cdf(i1, i2, *args)),
+            ]
+        else:
+            cond0 = ~self._support_mask(x, *args)
+            n_bad = np.count_nonzero(cond0)
+            if n_bad > 0:
+                x = argsreduce(~cond0, x)[0]
+            terms = [self._logpdf(x, *args)]
+
+        totals, bad_counts = zip(*[_sum_finite(term) for term in terms])
+        total = sum(totals)
+        n_bad += sum(bad_counts)
+
+        return -total + n_bad * _LOGXMAX * 100
+
+    def _penalized_nnlf(self, theta, x):
+        """Penalized negative loglikelihood function.
+
+        i.e., - sum (log pdf(x, theta), axis=0) + penalty
+        where theta are the parameters (including loc and scale)
+        """
+        loc, scale, args = self._unpack_loc_scale(theta)
+        if not self._argcheck(*args) or scale <= 0:
+            return inf
+        if isinstance(x, CensoredData):
+            x = (x - loc) / scale
+            n_log_scale = (len(x) - x.num_censored()) * log(scale)
+        else:
+            x = (x - loc) / scale
+            n_log_scale = len(x) * log(scale)
+
+        return self._nnlf_and_penalty(x, args) + n_log_scale
+
+    def _fitstart(self, data, args=None):
+        """Starting point for fit (shape arguments + loc + scale)."""
+        if args is None:
+            args = (1.0,)*self.numargs
+        loc, scale = self._fit_loc_scale_support(data, *args)
+        return args + (loc, scale)
+
+    def _reduce_func(self, args, kwds, data=None):
+        """
+        Return the (possibly reduced) function to optimize in order to find MLE
+        estimates for the .fit method.
+        """
+        # Convert fixed shape parameters to the standard numeric form: e.g. for
+        # stats.beta, shapes='a, b'. To fix `a`, the caller can give a value
+        # for `f0`, `fa` or 'fix_a'.  The following converts the latter two
+        # into the first (numeric) form.
+        shapes = []
+        if self.shapes:
+            shapes = self.shapes.replace(',', ' ').split()
+            for j, s in enumerate(shapes):
+                key = 'f' + str(j)
+                names = [key, 'f' + s, 'fix_' + s]
+                val = _get_fixed_fit_value(kwds, names)
+                if val is not None:
+                    kwds[key] = val
+
+        args = list(args)
+        Nargs = len(args)
+        fixedn = []
+        names = [f'f{n}' for n in range(Nargs - 2)] + ['floc', 'fscale']
+        x0 = []
+        for n, key in enumerate(names):
+            if key in kwds:
+                fixedn.append(n)
+                args[n] = kwds.pop(key)
+            else:
+                x0.append(args[n])
+
+        methods = {"mle", "mm"}
+        method = kwds.pop('method', "mle").lower()
+        if method == "mm":
+            n_params = len(shapes) + 2 - len(fixedn)
+            exponents = (np.arange(1, n_params+1))[:, np.newaxis]
+            data_moments = np.sum(data[None, :]**exponents/len(data), axis=1)
+
+            def objective(theta, x):
+                return self._moment_error(theta, x, data_moments)
+
+        elif method == "mle":
+            objective = self._penalized_nnlf
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Method '{method}' not available; "
+                             f"must be one of {methods}")
+
+        if len(fixedn) == 0:
+            func = objective
+            restore = None
+        else:
+            if len(fixedn) == Nargs:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "All parameters fixed. There is nothing to optimize.")
+
+            def restore(args, theta):
+                # Replace with theta for all numbers not in fixedn
+                # This allows the non-fixed values to vary, but
+                #  we still call self.nnlf with all parameters.
+                i = 0
+                for n in range(Nargs):
+                    if n not in fixedn:
+                        args[n] = theta[i]
+                        i += 1
+                return args
+
+            def func(theta, x):
+                newtheta = restore(args[:], theta)
+                return objective(newtheta, x)
+
+        return x0, func, restore, args
+
+    def _moment_error(self, theta, x, data_moments):
+        loc, scale, args = self._unpack_loc_scale(theta)
+        if not self._argcheck(*args) or scale <= 0:
+            return inf
+
+        dist_moments = np.array([self.moment(i+1, *args, loc=loc, scale=scale)
+                                 for i in range(len(data_moments))])
+        if np.any(np.isnan(dist_moments)):
+            raise ValueError("Method of moments encountered a non-finite "
+                             "distribution moment and cannot continue. "
+                             "Consider trying method='MLE'.")
+
+        return (((data_moments - dist_moments) /
+                 np.maximum(np.abs(data_moments), 1e-8))**2).sum()
+
+    def fit(self, data, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Return estimates of shape (if applicable), location, and scale
+        parameters from data. The default estimation method is Maximum
+        Likelihood Estimation (MLE), but Method of Moments (MM)
+        is also available.
+
+        Starting estimates for the fit are given by input arguments;
+        for any arguments not provided with starting estimates,
+        ``self._fitstart(data)`` is called to generate such.
+
+        One can hold some parameters fixed to specific values by passing in
+        keyword arguments ``f0``, ``f1``, ..., ``fn`` (for shape parameters)
+        and ``floc`` and ``fscale`` (for location and scale parameters,
+        respectively).
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        data : array_like or `CensoredData` instance
+            Data to use in estimating the distribution parameters.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : floats, optional
+            Starting value(s) for any shape-characterizing arguments (those not
+            provided will be determined by a call to ``_fitstart(data)``).
+            No default value.
+        **kwds : floats, optional
+            - `loc`: initial guess of the distribution's location parameter.
+            - `scale`: initial guess of the distribution's scale parameter.
+
+            Special keyword arguments are recognized as holding certain
+            parameters fixed:
+
+            - f0...fn : hold respective shape parameters fixed.
+              Alternatively, shape parameters to fix can be specified by name.
+              For example, if ``self.shapes == "a, b"``, ``fa`` and ``fix_a``
+              are equivalent to ``f0``, and ``fb`` and ``fix_b`` are
+              equivalent to ``f1``.
+
+            - floc : hold location parameter fixed to specified value.
+
+            - fscale : hold scale parameter fixed to specified value.
+
+            - optimizer : The optimizer to use.  The optimizer must take
+              ``func`` and starting position as the first two arguments,
+              plus ``args`` (for extra arguments to pass to the
+              function to be optimized) and ``disp``.
+              The ``fit`` method calls the optimizer with ``disp=0`` to suppress output.
+              The optimizer must return the estimated parameters.
+
+            - method : The method to use. The default is "MLE" (Maximum
+              Likelihood Estimate); "MM" (Method of Moments)
+              is also available.
+
+        Raises
+        ------
+        TypeError, ValueError
+            If an input is invalid
+        `~scipy.stats.FitError`
+            If fitting fails or the fit produced would be invalid
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        parameter_tuple : tuple of floats
+            Estimates for any shape parameters (if applicable), followed by
+            those for location and scale. For most random variables, shape
+            statistics will be returned, but there are exceptions (e.g.
+            ``norm``).
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        With ``method="MLE"`` (default), the fit is computed by minimizing
+        the negative log-likelihood function. A large, finite penalty
+        (rather than infinite negative log-likelihood) is applied for
+        observations beyond the support of the distribution.
+
+        With ``method="MM"``, the fit is computed by minimizing the L2 norm
+        of the relative errors between the first *k* raw (about zero) data
+        moments and the corresponding distribution moments, where *k* is the
+        number of non-fixed parameters.
+        More precisely, the objective function is::
+
+            (((data_moments - dist_moments)
+              / np.maximum(np.abs(data_moments), 1e-8))**2).sum()
+
+        where the constant ``1e-8`` avoids division by zero in case of
+        vanishing data moments. Typically, this error norm can be reduced to
+        zero.
+        Note that the standard method of moments can produce parameters for
+        which some data are outside the support of the fitted distribution;
+        this implementation does nothing to prevent this.
+
+        For either method,
+        the returned answer is not guaranteed to be globally optimal; it
+        may only be locally optimal, or the optimization may fail altogether.
+        If the data contain any of ``np.nan``, ``np.inf``, or ``-np.inf``,
+        the `fit` method will raise a ``RuntimeError``.
+
+        When passing a ``CensoredData`` instance to ``data``, the log-likelihood
+        function is defined as:
+
+        .. math::
+
+            l(\pmb{\theta}; k) & = \sum
+                                    \log(f(k_u; \pmb{\theta}))
+                                + \sum
+                                    \log(F(k_l; \pmb{\theta})) \\
+                                & + \sum
+                                    \log(1 - F(k_r; \pmb{\theta})) \\
+                                & + \sum
+                                    \log(F(k_{\text{high}, i}; \pmb{\theta})
+                                    - F(k_{\text{low}, i}; \pmb{\theta}))
+
+        where :math:`f` and :math:`F` are the pdf and cdf, respectively, of the
+        function being fitted, :math:`\pmb{\theta}` is the parameter vector,
+        :math:`u` are the indices of uncensored observations,
+        :math:`l` are the indices of left-censored observations,
+        :math:`r` are the indices of right-censored observations,
+        subscripts "low"/"high" denote endpoints of interval-censored observations, and
+        :math:`i` are the indices of interval-censored observations.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+
+        Generate some data to fit: draw random variates from the `beta`
+        distribution
+
+        >>> import numpy as np
+        >>> from scipy.stats import beta
+        >>> a, b = 1., 2.
+        >>> rng = np.random.default_rng(172786373191770012695001057628748821561)
+        >>> x = beta.rvs(a, b, size=1000, random_state=rng)
+
+        Now we can fit all four parameters (``a``, ``b``, ``loc`` and
+        ``scale``):
+
+        >>> a1, b1, loc1, scale1 = beta.fit(x)
+        >>> a1, b1, loc1, scale1
+        (1.0198945204435628, 1.9484708982737828, 4.372241314917588e-05, 0.9979078845964814)
+
+        The fit can be done also using a custom optimizer:
+
+        >>> from scipy.optimize import minimize
+        >>> def custom_optimizer(func, x0, args=(), disp=0):
+        ...     res = minimize(func, x0, args, method="slsqp", options={"disp": disp})
+        ...     if res.success:
+        ...         return res.x
+        ...     raise RuntimeError('optimization routine failed')
+        >>> a1, b1, loc1, scale1 = beta.fit(x, method="MLE", optimizer=custom_optimizer)
+        >>> a1, b1, loc1, scale1
+        (1.0198821087258905, 1.948484145914738, 4.3705304486881485e-05, 0.9979104663953395)
+
+        We can also use some prior knowledge about the dataset: let's keep
+        ``loc`` and ``scale`` fixed:
+
+        >>> a1, b1, loc1, scale1 = beta.fit(x, floc=0, fscale=1)
+        >>> loc1, scale1
+        (0, 1)
+
+        We can also keep shape parameters fixed by using ``f``-keywords. To
+        keep the zero-th shape parameter ``a`` equal 1, use ``f0=1`` or,
+        equivalently, ``fa=1``:
+
+        >>> a1, b1, loc1, scale1 = beta.fit(x, fa=1, floc=0, fscale=1)
+        >>> a1
+        1
+
+        Not all distributions return estimates for the shape parameters.
+        ``norm`` for example just returns estimates for location and scale:
+
+        >>> from scipy.stats import norm
+        >>> x = norm.rvs(a, b, size=1000, random_state=123)
+        >>> loc1, scale1 = norm.fit(x)
+        >>> loc1, scale1
+        (0.92087172783841631, 2.0015750750324668)
+        """ # noqa: E501
+        method = kwds.get('method', "mle").lower()
+
+        censored = isinstance(data, CensoredData)
+        if censored:
+            if method != 'mle':
+                raise ValueError('For censored data, the method must'
+                                 ' be "MLE".')
+            if data.num_censored() == 0:
+                # There are no censored values in data, so replace the
+                # CensoredData instance with a regular array.
+                data = data._uncensored
+                censored = False
+
+        Narg = len(args)
+        if Narg > self.numargs:
+            raise TypeError("Too many input arguments.")
+
+        # Check the finiteness of data only if data is not an instance of
+        # CensoredData.  The arrays in a CensoredData instance have already
+        # been validated.
+        if not censored:
+            # Note: `ravel()` is called for backwards compatibility.
+            data = np.asarray(data).ravel()
+            if not np.isfinite(data).all():
+                raise ValueError("The data contains non-finite values.")
+
+        start = [None]*2
+        if (Narg < self.numargs) or not ('loc' in kwds and
+                                         'scale' in kwds):
+            # get distribution specific starting locations
+            start = self._fitstart(data)
+            args += start[Narg:-2]
+        loc = kwds.pop('loc', start[-2])
+        scale = kwds.pop('scale', start[-1])
+        args += (loc, scale)
+        x0, func, restore, args = self._reduce_func(args, kwds, data=data)
+        optimizer = kwds.pop('optimizer', optimize.fmin)
+        # convert string to function in scipy.optimize
+        optimizer = _fit_determine_optimizer(optimizer)
+        # by now kwds must be empty, since everybody took what they needed
+        if kwds:
+            raise TypeError(f"Unknown arguments: {kwds}.")
+
+        # In some cases, method of moments can be done with fsolve/root
+        # instead of an optimizer, but sometimes no solution exists,
+        # especially when the user fixes parameters. Minimizing the sum
+        # of squares of the error generalizes to these cases.
+        vals = optimizer(func, x0, args=(data,), disp=0)
+        obj = func(vals, data)
+
+        if restore is not None:
+            vals = restore(args, vals)
+        vals = tuple(vals)
+
+        loc, scale, shapes = self._unpack_loc_scale(vals)
+        if not (np.all(self._argcheck(*shapes)) and scale > 0):
+            raise FitError("Optimization converged to parameters that are "
+                           "outside the range allowed by the distribution.")
+
+        if method == 'mm':
+            if not np.isfinite(obj):
+                raise FitError("Optimization failed: either a data moment "
+                               "or fitted distribution moment is "
+                               "non-finite.")
+
+        return vals
+
+    def _fit_loc_scale_support(self, data, *args):
+        """Estimate loc and scale parameters from data accounting for support.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        data : array_like
+            Data to fit.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Lhat : float
+            Estimated location parameter for the data.
+        Shat : float
+            Estimated scale parameter for the data.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, CensoredData):
+            # For this estimate, "uncensor" the data by taking the
+            # given endpoints as the data for the left- or right-censored
+            # data, and the mean for the interval-censored data.
+            data = data._uncensor()
+        else:
+            data = np.asarray(data)
+
+        # Estimate location and scale according to the method of moments.
+        loc_hat, scale_hat = self.fit_loc_scale(data, *args)
+
+        # Compute the support according to the shape parameters.
+        self._argcheck(*args)
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        a, b = _a, _b
+        support_width = b - a
+
+        # If the support is empty then return the moment-based estimates.
+        if support_width <= 0:
+            return loc_hat, scale_hat
+
+        # Compute the proposed support according to the loc and scale
+        # estimates.
+        a_hat = loc_hat + a * scale_hat
+        b_hat = loc_hat + b * scale_hat
+
+        # Use the moment-based estimates if they are compatible with the data.
+        data_a = np.min(data)
+        data_b = np.max(data)
+        if a_hat < data_a and data_b < b_hat:
+            return loc_hat, scale_hat
+
+        # Otherwise find other estimates that are compatible with the data.
+        data_width = data_b - data_a
+        rel_margin = 0.1
+        margin = data_width * rel_margin
+
+        # For a finite interval, both the location and scale
+        # should have interesting values.
+        if support_width < np.inf:
+            loc_hat = (data_a - a) - margin
+            scale_hat = (data_width + 2 * margin) / support_width
+            return loc_hat, scale_hat
+
+        # For a one-sided interval, use only an interesting location parameter.
+        if a > -np.inf:
+            return (data_a - a) - margin, 1
+        elif b < np.inf:
+            return (data_b - b) + margin, 1
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError
+
+    def fit_loc_scale(self, data, *args):
+        """
+        Estimate loc and scale parameters from data using 1st and 2nd moments.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        data : array_like
+            Data to fit.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Lhat : float
+            Estimated location parameter for the data.
+        Shat : float
+            Estimated scale parameter for the data.
+
+        """
+        mu, mu2 = self.stats(*args, **{'moments': 'mv'})
+        tmp = asarray(data)
+        muhat = tmp.mean()
+        mu2hat = tmp.var()
+        Shat = sqrt(mu2hat / mu2)
+        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
+            Lhat = muhat - Shat*mu
+        if not np.isfinite(Lhat):
+            Lhat = 0
+        if not (np.isfinite(Shat) and (0 < Shat)):
+            Shat = 1
+        return Lhat, Shat
+
+    def _entropy(self, *args):
+        def integ(x):
+            val = self._pdf(x, *args)
+            return entr(val)
+
+        # upper limit is often inf, so suppress warnings when integrating
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        with np.errstate(over='ignore'):
+            h = integrate.quad(integ, _a, _b)[0]
+
+        if not np.isnan(h):
+            return h
+        else:
+            # try with different limits if integration problems
+            low, upp = self.ppf([1e-10, 1. - 1e-10], *args)
+            if np.isinf(_b):
+                upper = upp
+            else:
+                upper = _b
+            if np.isinf(_a):
+                lower = low
+            else:
+                lower = _a
+            return integrate.quad(integ, lower, upper)[0]
+
+    def expect(self, func=None, args=(), loc=0, scale=1, lb=None, ub=None,
+               conditional=False, **kwds):
+        """Calculate expected value of a function with respect to the
+        distribution by numerical integration.
+
+        The expected value of a function ``f(x)`` with respect to a
+        distribution ``dist`` is defined as::
+
+                    ub
+            E[f(x)] = Integral(f(x) * dist.pdf(x)),
+                    lb
+
+        where ``ub`` and ``lb`` are arguments and ``x`` has the ``dist.pdf(x)``
+        distribution. If the bounds ``lb`` and ``ub`` correspond to the
+        support of the distribution, e.g. ``[-inf, inf]`` in the default
+        case, then the integral is the unrestricted expectation of ``f(x)``.
+        Also, the function ``f(x)`` may be defined such that ``f(x)`` is ``0``
+        outside a finite interval in which case the expectation is
+        calculated within the finite range ``[lb, ub]``.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        func : callable, optional
+            Function for which integral is calculated. Takes only one argument.
+            The default is the identity mapping f(x) = x.
+        args : tuple, optional
+            Shape parameters of the distribution.
+        loc : float, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+        scale : float, optional
+            Scale parameter (default=1).
+        lb, ub : scalar, optional
+            Lower and upper bound for integration. Default is set to the
+            support of the distribution.
+        conditional : bool, optional
+            If True, the integral is corrected by the conditional probability
+            of the integration interval.  The return value is the expectation
+            of the function, conditional on being in the given interval.
+            Default is False.
+
+        Additional keyword arguments are passed to the integration routine.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        expect : float
+            The calculated expected value.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        The integration behavior of this function is inherited from
+        `scipy.integrate.quad`. Neither this function nor
+        `scipy.integrate.quad` can verify whether the integral exists or is
+        finite. For example ``cauchy(0).mean()`` returns ``np.nan`` and
+        ``cauchy(0).expect()`` returns ``0.0``.
+
+        Likewise, the accuracy of results is not verified by the function.
+        `scipy.integrate.quad` is typically reliable for integrals that are
+        numerically favorable, but it is not guaranteed to converge
+        to a correct value for all possible intervals and integrands. This
+        function is provided for convenience; for critical applications,
+        check results against other integration methods.
+
+        The function is not vectorized.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+
+        To understand the effect of the bounds of integration consider
+
+        >>> from scipy.stats import expon
+        >>> expon(1).expect(lambda x: 1, lb=0.0, ub=2.0)
+        0.6321205588285578
+
+        This is close to
+
+        >>> expon(1).cdf(2.0) - expon(1).cdf(0.0)
+        0.6321205588285577
+
+        If ``conditional=True``
+
+        >>> expon(1).expect(lambda x: 1, lb=0.0, ub=2.0, conditional=True)
+        1.0000000000000002
+
+        The slight deviation from 1 is due to numerical integration.
+
+        The integrand can be treated as a complex-valued function
+        by passing ``complex_func=True`` to `scipy.integrate.quad` .
+
+        >>> import numpy as np
+        >>> from scipy.stats import vonmises
+        >>> res = vonmises(loc=2, kappa=1).expect(lambda x: np.exp(1j*x),
+        ...                                       complex_func=True)
+        >>> res
+        (-0.18576377217422957+0.40590124735052263j)
+
+        >>> np.angle(res)  # location of the (circular) distribution
+        2.0
+
+        """
+        lockwds = {'loc': loc,
+                   'scale': scale}
+        self._argcheck(*args)
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        if func is None:
+            def fun(x, *args):
+                return x * self.pdf(x, *args, **lockwds)
+        else:
+            def fun(x, *args):
+                return func(x) * self.pdf(x, *args, **lockwds)
+        if lb is None:
+            lb = loc + _a * scale
+        if ub is None:
+            ub = loc + _b * scale
+
+        cdf_bounds = self.cdf([lb, ub], *args, **lockwds)
+        invfac = cdf_bounds[1] - cdf_bounds[0]
+
+        kwds['args'] = args
+
+        # split interval to help integrator w/ infinite support; see gh-8928
+        alpha = 0.05  # split body from tails at probability mass `alpha`
+        inner_bounds = np.array([alpha, 1-alpha])
+        cdf_inner_bounds = cdf_bounds[0] + invfac * inner_bounds
+        c, d = loc + self._ppf(cdf_inner_bounds, *args) * scale
+
+        # Do not silence warnings from integration.
+        lbc = integrate.quad(fun, lb, c, **kwds)[0]
+        cd = integrate.quad(fun, c, d, **kwds)[0]
+        dub = integrate.quad(fun, d, ub, **kwds)[0]
+        vals = (lbc + cd + dub)
+
+        if conditional:
+            vals /= invfac
+        return np.array(vals)[()]  # make it a numpy scalar like other methods
+
+    def _param_info(self):
+        shape_info = self._shape_info()
+        loc_info = _ShapeInfo("loc", False, (-np.inf, np.inf), (False, False))
+        scale_info = _ShapeInfo("scale", False, (0, np.inf), (False, False))
+        param_info = shape_info + [loc_info, scale_info]
+        return param_info
+
+    # For now, _delta_cdf is a private method.
+    def _delta_cdf(self, x1, x2, *args, loc=0, scale=1):
+        """
+        Compute CDF(x2) - CDF(x1).
+
+        Where x1 is greater than the median, compute SF(x1) - SF(x2),
+        otherwise compute CDF(x2) - CDF(x1).
+
+        This function is only useful if `dist.sf(x, ...)` has an implementation
+        that is numerically more accurate than `1 - dist.cdf(x, ...)`.
+        """
+        cdf1 = self.cdf(x1, *args, loc=loc, scale=scale)
+        # Possible optimizations (needs investigation-these might not be
+        # better):
+        # * Use xpx.apply_where instead of np.where
+        # * Instead of cdf1 > 0.5, compare x1 to the median.
+        result = np.where(cdf1 > 0.5,
+                          (self.sf(x1, *args, loc=loc, scale=scale)
+                           - self.sf(x2, *args, loc=loc, scale=scale)),
+                          self.cdf(x2, *args, loc=loc, scale=scale) - cdf1)
+        if result.ndim == 0:
+            result = result[()]
+        return result
+
+
+# Helpers for the discrete distributions
+def _drv2_moment(self, n, *args):
+    """Non-central moment of discrete distribution."""
+    def fun(x):
+        return np.power(x, n) * self._pmf(x, *args)
+
+    _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+    return _expect(fun, _a, _b, self._ppf(0.5, *args), self.inc)
+
+
+def _drv2_ppfsingle(self, q, *args):  # Use basic bisection algorithm
+    _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+    b = _b
+    a = _a
+
+    step = 10
+    if isinf(b):            # Be sure ending point is > q
+        b = float(max(100*q, 10))
+        while 1:
+            if b >= _b:
+                qb = 1.0
+                break
+            qb = self._cdf(b, *args)
+            if (qb < q):
+                b += step
+                step *= 2
+            else:
+                break
+    else:
+        qb = 1.0
+
+    step = 10
+    if isinf(a):    # be sure starting point < q
+        a = float(min(-100*q, -10))
+        while 1:
+            if a <= _a:
+                qb = 0.0
+                break
+            qa = self._cdf(a, *args)
+            if (qa > q):
+                a -= step
+                step *= 2
+            else:
+                break
+    else:
+        qa = self._cdf(a, *args)
+
+    if np.isinf(a) or np.isinf(b):
+        message = "Arguments that bracket the requested quantile could not be found."
+        raise RuntimeError(message)
+
+    # maximum number of bisections within the normal float64s
+    # maxiter = int(np.log2(finfo.max) - np.log2(finfo.smallest_normal))
+    maxiter = 2046
+    for i in range(maxiter):
+        if (qa == q):
+            return a
+        if (qb == q):
+            return b
+        if b <= a+1:
+            if qa > q:
+                return a
+            else:
+                return b
+        c = int((a+b)/2.0)
+        qc = self._cdf(c, *args)
+        if (qc < q):
+            if a != c:
+                a = c
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError('updating stopped, endless loop')
+            qa = qc
+        elif (qc > q):
+            if b != c:
+                b = c
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError('updating stopped, endless loop')
+            qb = qc
+        else:
+            return c
+
+
+# Must over-ride one of _pmf or _cdf or pass in
+#  x_k, p(x_k) lists in initialization
+
+
+class rv_discrete(rv_generic):
+    """A generic discrete random variable class meant for subclassing.
+
+    `rv_discrete` is a base class to construct specific distribution classes
+    and instances for discrete random variables. It can also be used
+    to construct an arbitrary distribution defined by a list of support
+    points and corresponding probabilities.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    a : float, optional
+        Lower bound of the support of the distribution, default: 0
+    b : float, optional
+        Upper bound of the support of the distribution, default: plus infinity
+    moment_tol : float, optional
+        The tolerance for the generic calculation of moments.
+    values : tuple of two array_like, optional
+        ``(xk, pk)`` where ``xk`` are integers and ``pk`` are the non-zero
+        probabilities between 0 and 1 with ``sum(pk) = 1``. ``xk``
+        and ``pk`` must have the same shape, and ``xk`` must be unique.
+    inc : integer, optional
+        Increment for the support of the distribution.
+        Default is 1. (other values have not been tested)
+    badvalue : float, optional
+        The value in a result arrays that indicates a value that for which
+        some argument restriction is violated, default is np.nan.
+    name : str, optional
+        The name of the instance. This string is used to construct the default
+        example for distributions.
+    longname : str, optional
+        This string is used as part of the first line of the docstring returned
+        when a subclass has no docstring of its own. Note: `longname` exists
+        for backwards compatibility, do not use for new subclasses.
+    shapes : str, optional
+        The shape of the distribution. For example "m, n" for a distribution
+        that takes two integers as the two shape arguments for all its methods
+        If not provided, shape parameters will be inferred from
+        the signatures of the private methods, ``_pmf`` and ``_cdf`` of
+        the instance.
+    seed : {None, int, `numpy.random.Generator`, `numpy.random.RandomState`}, optional
+        If `seed` is None (or `np.random`), the `numpy.random.RandomState`
+        singleton is used.
+        If `seed` is an int, a new ``RandomState`` instance is used,
+        seeded with `seed`.
+        If `seed` is already a ``Generator`` or ``RandomState`` instance then
+        that instance is used.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    a, b : float, optional
+        Lower/upper bound of the support of the unshifted/unscaled distribution.
+        This value is unaffected by the `loc` and `scale` parameters.
+        To calculate the support of the shifted/scaled distribution,
+        use the `support` method.
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    rvs
+    pmf
+    logpmf
+    cdf
+    logcdf
+    sf
+    logsf
+    ppf
+    isf
+    moment
+    stats
+    entropy
+    expect
+    median
+    mean
+    std
+    var
+    interval
+    __call__
+    support
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This class is similar to `rv_continuous`. Whether a shape parameter is
+    valid is decided by an ``_argcheck`` method (which defaults to checking
+    that its arguments are strictly positive.)
+    The main differences are as follows.
+
+    - The support of the distribution is a set of integers.
+    - Instead of the probability density function, ``pdf`` (and the
+      corresponding private ``_pdf``), this class defines the
+      *probability mass function*, `pmf` (and the corresponding
+      private ``_pmf``.)
+    - There is no ``scale`` parameter.
+    - The default implementations of methods (e.g. ``_cdf``) are not designed
+      for distributions with support that is unbounded below (i.e.
+      ``a=-np.inf``), so they must be overridden.
+
+    To create a new discrete distribution, we would do the following:
+
+    >>> from scipy.stats import rv_discrete
+    >>> class poisson_gen(rv_discrete):
+    ...     "Poisson distribution"
+    ...     def _pmf(self, k, mu):
+    ...         return exp(-mu) * mu**k / factorial(k)
+
+    and create an instance::
+
+    >>> poisson = poisson_gen(name="poisson")
+
+    Note that above we defined the Poisson distribution in the standard form.
+    Shifting the distribution can be done by providing the ``loc`` parameter
+    to the methods of the instance. For example, ``poisson.pmf(x, mu, loc)``
+    delegates the work to ``poisson._pmf(x-loc, mu)``.
+
+    **Discrete distributions from a list of probabilities**
+
+    Alternatively, you can construct an arbitrary discrete rv defined
+    on a finite set of values ``xk`` with ``Prob{X=xk} = pk`` by using the
+    ``values`` keyword argument to the `rv_discrete` constructor.
+
+    **Deepcopying / Pickling**
+
+    If a distribution or frozen distribution is deepcopied (pickled/unpickled,
+    etc.), any underlying random number generator is deepcopied with it. An
+    implication is that if a distribution relies on the singleton RandomState
+    before copying, it will rely on a copy of that random state after copying,
+    and ``np.random.seed`` will no longer control the state.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Custom made discrete distribution:
+
+    >>> import numpy as np
+    >>> from scipy import stats
+    >>> xk = np.arange(7)
+    >>> pk = (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.1, 0.1, 0.0, 0.2)
+    >>> custm = stats.rv_discrete(name='custm', values=(xk, pk))
+    >>>
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
+    >>> ax.plot(xk, custm.pmf(xk), 'ro', ms=12, mec='r')
+    >>> ax.vlines(xk, 0, custm.pmf(xk), colors='r', lw=4)
+    >>> plt.show()
+
+    Random number generation:
+
+    >>> R = custm.rvs(size=100)
+
+    """
+    def __new__(cls, a=0, b=inf, name=None, badvalue=None,
+                moment_tol=1e-8, values=None, inc=1, longname=None,
+                shapes=None, seed=None):
+
+        if values is not None:
+            # dispatch to a subclass
+            return super().__new__(rv_sample)
+        else:
+            # business as usual
+            return super().__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, a=0, b=inf, name=None, badvalue=None,
+                 moment_tol=1e-8, values=None, inc=1, longname=None,
+                 shapes=None, seed=None):
+
+        super().__init__(seed)
+
+        # cf generic freeze
+        self._ctor_param = dict(
+            a=a, b=b, name=name, badvalue=badvalue,
+            moment_tol=moment_tol, values=values, inc=inc,
+            longname=longname, shapes=shapes, seed=seed)
+
+        if badvalue is None:
+            badvalue = nan
+        self.badvalue = badvalue
+        self.a = a
+        self.b = b
+        self.moment_tol = moment_tol
+        self.inc = inc
+        self.shapes = shapes
+
+        if values is not None:
+            raise ValueError("rv_discrete.__init__(..., values != None, ...)")
+
+        self._construct_argparser(meths_to_inspect=[self._pmf, self._cdf],
+                                  locscale_in='loc=0',
+                                  # scale=1 for discrete RVs
+                                  locscale_out='loc, 1')
+        self._attach_methods()
+        self._construct_docstrings(name, longname)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        dct = self.__dict__.copy()
+        # these methods will be remade in __setstate__
+        attrs = ["_parse_args", "_parse_args_stats", "_parse_args_rvs",
+                 "_cdfvec", "_ppfvec", "generic_moment"]
+        [dct.pop(attr, None) for attr in attrs]
+        return dct
+
+    def _attach_methods(self):
+        """Attaches dynamically created methods to the rv_discrete instance."""
+        self._cdfvec = vectorize(self._cdf_single, otypes='d')
+        self.vecentropy = vectorize(self._entropy)
+
+        # _attach_methods is responsible for calling _attach_argparser_methods
+        self._attach_argparser_methods()
+
+        # nin correction needs to be after we know numargs
+        # correct nin for generic moment vectorization
+        _vec_generic_moment = vectorize(_drv2_moment, otypes='d')
+        _vec_generic_moment.nin = self.numargs + 2
+        self.generic_moment = types.MethodType(_vec_generic_moment, self)
+
+        # correct nin for ppf vectorization
+        _vppf = vectorize(_drv2_ppfsingle, otypes='d')
+        _vppf.nin = self.numargs + 2
+        self._ppfvec = types.MethodType(_vppf, self)
+
+        # now that self.numargs is defined, we can adjust nin
+        self._cdfvec.nin = self.numargs + 1
+
+    def _construct_docstrings(self, name, longname):
+        if name is None:
+            name = 'Distribution'
+        self.name = name
+
+        # generate docstring for subclass instances
+        if longname is None:
+            if name[0] in ['aeiouAEIOU']:
+                hstr = "An "
+            else:
+                hstr = "A "
+            longname = hstr + name
+
+        if sys.flags.optimize < 2:
+            # Skip adding docstrings if interpreter is run with -OO
+            if self.__doc__ is None:
+                self._construct_default_doc(longname=longname,
+                                            docdict=docdict_discrete,
+                                            discrete='discrete')
+            else:
+                dct = dict(distdiscrete)
+                self._construct_doc(docdict_discrete, dct.get(self.name))
+
+            # discrete RV do not have the scale parameter, remove it
+            self.__doc__ = self.__doc__.replace(
+                '\n    scale : array_like, '
+                'optional\n        scale parameter (default=1)', '')
+
+    def _updated_ctor_param(self):
+        """Return the current version of _ctor_param, possibly updated by user.
+
+        Used by freezing.
+        Keep this in sync with the signature of __init__.
+        """
+        dct = self._ctor_param.copy()
+        dct['a'] = self.a
+        dct['b'] = self.b
+        dct['badvalue'] = self.badvalue
+        dct['moment_tol'] = self.moment_tol
+        dct['inc'] = self.inc
+        dct['name'] = self.name
+        dct['shapes'] = self.shapes
+        return dct
+
+    def _nonzero(self, k, *args):
+        return floor(k) == k
+
+    def _pmf(self, k, *args):
+        return self._cdf(k, *args) - self._cdf(k-1, *args)
+
+    def _logpmf(self, k, *args):
+        with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
+            return log(self._pmf(k, *args))
+
+    def _logpxf(self, k, *args):
+        # continuous distributions have PDF, discrete have PMF, but sometimes
+        # the distinction doesn't matter. This lets us use `_logpxf` for both
+        # discrete and continuous distributions.
+        return self._logpmf(k, *args)
+
+    def _unpack_loc_scale(self, theta):
+        try:
+            loc = theta[-1]
+            scale = 1
+            args = tuple(theta[:-1])
+        except IndexError as e:
+            raise ValueError("Not enough input arguments.") from e
+        return loc, scale, args
+
+    def _cdf_single(self, k, *args):
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        m = arange(int(_a), k+1)
+        return np.sum(self._pmf(m, *args), axis=0)
+
+    def _cdf(self, x, *args):
+        k = floor(x).astype(np.float64)
+        return self._cdfvec(k, *args)
+
+    # generic _logcdf, _sf, _logsf, _ppf, _isf, _rvs defined in rv_generic
+
+    def rvs(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Random variates of given type.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+        size : int or tuple of ints, optional
+            Defining number of random variates (Default is 1). Note that `size`
+            has to be given as keyword, not as positional argument.
+        random_state : {None, int, `numpy.random.Generator`,
+                        `numpy.random.RandomState`}, optional
+
+            If `random_state` is None (or `np.random`), the
+            `numpy.random.RandomState` singleton is used.
+            If `random_state` is an int, a new ``RandomState`` instance is
+            used, seeded with `random_state`.
+            If `random_state` is already a ``Generator`` or ``RandomState``
+            instance, that instance is used.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        rvs : ndarray or scalar
+            Random variates of given `size`.
+
+        """
+        kwargs['discrete'] = True
+        return super().rvs(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def pmf(self, k, *args, **kwds):
+        """Probability mass function at k of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        k : array_like
+            Quantiles.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information)
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        pmf : array_like
+            Probability mass function evaluated at k
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        k, loc = map(asarray, (k, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        k = asarray(k-loc)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args)
+        cond1 = (k >= _a) & (k <= _b)
+        if not isinstance(self, rv_sample):
+            cond1 = cond1 & self._nonzero(k, *args)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = zeros(shape(cond), 'd')
+        place(output, (1-cond0) + np.isnan(k), self.badvalue)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((k,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, np.clip(self._pmf(*goodargs), 0, 1))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def logpmf(self, k, *args, **kwds):
+        """Log of the probability mass function at k of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        k : array_like
+            Quantiles.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter. Default is 0.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        logpmf : array_like
+            Log of the probability mass function evaluated at k.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        k, loc = map(asarray, (k, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        k = asarray(k-loc)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args)
+        cond1 = (k >= _a) & (k <= _b)
+        if not isinstance(self, rv_sample):
+            cond1 = cond1 & self._nonzero(k, *args)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = empty(shape(cond), 'd')
+        output.fill(-inf)
+        place(output, (1-cond0) + np.isnan(k), self.badvalue)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((k,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, self._logpmf(*goodargs))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def cdf(self, k, *args, **kwds):
+        """Cumulative distribution function of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        k : array_like, int
+            Quantiles.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        cdf : ndarray
+            Cumulative distribution function evaluated at `k`.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        k, loc = map(asarray, (k, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        k = asarray(k-loc)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args)
+        cond1 = (k >= _a) & (k < _b)
+        cond2 = (k >= _b)
+        cond3 = np.isneginf(k)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1 & np.isfinite(k)
+
+        output = zeros(shape(cond), 'd')
+        place(output, cond2*(cond0 == cond0), 1.0)
+        place(output, cond3*(cond0 == cond0), 0.0)
+        place(output, (1-cond0) + np.isnan(k), self.badvalue)
+
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((k,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, np.clip(self._cdf(*goodargs), 0, 1))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def logcdf(self, k, *args, **kwds):
+        """Log of the cumulative distribution function at k of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        k : array_like, int
+            Quantiles.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        logcdf : array_like
+            Log of the cumulative distribution function evaluated at k.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        k, loc = map(asarray, (k, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        k = asarray(k-loc)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args)
+        cond1 = (k >= _a) & (k < _b)
+        cond2 = (k >= _b)
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = empty(shape(cond), 'd')
+        output.fill(-inf)
+        place(output, (1-cond0) + np.isnan(k), self.badvalue)
+        place(output, cond2*(cond0 == cond0), 0.0)
+
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((k,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, self._logcdf(*goodargs))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def sf(self, k, *args, **kwds):
+        """Survival function (1 - `cdf`) at k of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        k : array_like
+            Quantiles.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        sf : array_like
+            Survival function evaluated at k.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        k, loc = map(asarray, (k, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        k = asarray(k-loc)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args)
+        cond1 = (k >= _a) & (k < _b)
+        cond2 = ((k < _a) | np.isneginf(k)) & cond0
+        cond = cond0 & cond1 & np.isfinite(k)
+        output = zeros(shape(cond), 'd')
+        place(output, (1-cond0) + np.isnan(k), self.badvalue)
+        place(output, cond2, 1.0)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((k,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, np.clip(self._sf(*goodargs), 0, 1))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def logsf(self, k, *args, **kwds):
+        """Log of the survival function of the given RV.
+
+        Returns the log of the "survival function," defined as 1 - `cdf`,
+        evaluated at `k`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        k : array_like
+            Quantiles.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        logsf : ndarray
+            Log of the survival function evaluated at `k`.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        k, loc = map(asarray, (k, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        k = asarray(k-loc)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args)
+        cond1 = (k >= _a) & (k < _b)
+        cond2 = (k < _a) & cond0
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = empty(shape(cond), 'd')
+        output.fill(-inf)
+        place(output, (1-cond0) + np.isnan(k), self.badvalue)
+        place(output, cond2, 0.0)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((k,)+args))
+            place(output, cond, self._logsf(*goodargs))
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def ppf(self, q, *args, **kwds):
+        """Percent point function (inverse of `cdf`) at q of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        q : array_like
+            Lower tail probability.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        k : array_like
+            Quantile corresponding to the lower tail probability, q.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        q, loc = map(asarray, (q, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (loc == loc)
+        cond1 = (q > 0) & (q < 1)
+        cond2 = (q == 1) & cond0
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+        output = np.full(shape(cond), fill_value=self.badvalue, dtype='d')
+        # output type 'd' to handle nin and inf
+        place(output, (q == 0)*(cond == cond), _a-1 + loc)
+        place(output, cond2, _b + loc)
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((q,)+args+(loc,)))
+            loc, goodargs = goodargs[-1], goodargs[:-1]
+            place(output, cond, self._ppf(*goodargs) + loc)
+
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def isf(self, q, *args, **kwds):
+        """Inverse survival function (inverse of `sf`) at q of the given RV.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        q : array_like
+            Upper tail probability.
+        arg1, arg2, arg3,... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+        loc : array_like, optional
+            Location parameter (default=0).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        k : ndarray or scalar
+            Quantile corresponding to the upper tail probability, q.
+
+        """
+        args, loc, _ = self._parse_args(*args, **kwds)
+        q, loc = map(asarray, (q, loc))
+        args = tuple(map(asarray, args))
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        cond0 = self._argcheck(*args) & (loc == loc)
+        cond1 = (q > 0) & (q < 1)
+        cond2 = (q == 1) & cond0
+        cond3 = (q == 0) & cond0
+        cond = cond0 & cond1
+
+        # same problem as with ppf; copied from ppf and changed
+        output = np.full(shape(cond), fill_value=self.badvalue, dtype='d')
+        # output type 'd' to handle nin and inf
+        lower_bound = _a - 1 + loc
+        upper_bound = _b + loc
+        place(output, cond2*(cond == cond), lower_bound)
+        place(output, cond3*(cond == cond), upper_bound)
+
+        # call place only if at least 1 valid argument
+        if np.any(cond):
+            goodargs = argsreduce(cond, *((q,)+args+(loc,)))
+            loc, goodargs = goodargs[-1], goodargs[:-1]
+            # PB same as ticket 766
+            place(output, cond, self._isf(*goodargs) + loc)
+
+        if output.ndim == 0:
+            return output[()]
+        return output
+
+    def _entropy(self, *args):
+        if hasattr(self, 'pk'):
+            return stats.entropy(self.pk)
+        else:
+            _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+            return _expect(lambda x: entr(self._pmf(x, *args)),
+                           _a, _b, self._ppf(0.5, *args), self.inc)
+
+    def expect(self, func=None, args=(), loc=0, lb=None, ub=None,
+               conditional=False, maxcount=1000, tolerance=1e-10, chunksize=32):
+        """
+        Calculate expected value of a function with respect to the distribution
+        for discrete distribution by numerical summation.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        func : callable, optional
+            Function for which the expectation value is calculated.
+            Takes only one argument.
+            The default is the identity mapping f(k) = k.
+        args : tuple, optional
+            Shape parameters of the distribution.
+        loc : float, optional
+            Location parameter.
+            Default is 0.
+        lb, ub : int, optional
+            Lower and upper bound for the summation, default is set to the
+            support of the distribution, inclusive (``lb <= k <= ub``).
+        conditional : bool, optional
+            If true then the expectation is corrected by the conditional
+            probability of the summation interval. The return value is the
+            expectation of the function, `func`, conditional on being in
+            the given interval (k such that ``lb <= k <= ub``).
+            Default is False.
+        maxcount : int, optional
+            Maximal number of terms to evaluate (to avoid an endless loop for
+            an infinite sum). Default is 1000.
+        tolerance : float, optional
+            Absolute tolerance for the summation. Default is 1e-10.
+        chunksize : int, optional
+            Iterate over the support of a distributions in chunks of this size.
+            Default is 32.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        expect : float
+            Expected value.
+
+        Notes
+        -----
+        For heavy-tailed distributions, the expected value may or
+        may not exist,
+        depending on the function, `func`. If it does exist, but the
+        sum converges
+        slowly, the accuracy of the result may be rather low. For instance, for
+        ``zipf(4)``, accuracy for mean, variance in example is only 1e-5.
+        increasing `maxcount` and/or `chunksize` may improve the result,
+        but may also make zipf very slow.
+
+        The function is not vectorized.
+
+        """
+        # Although `args` is just the shape parameters, `poisson_binom` needs this
+        # to split the vector-valued shape into a tuple of separate shapes
+        args, _, _ = self._parse_args(*args)
+
+        if func is None:
+            def fun(x):
+                # loc and args from outer scope
+                return (x+loc)*self._pmf(x, *args)
+        else:
+            def fun(x):
+                # loc and args from outer scope
+                return func(x+loc)*self._pmf(x, *args)
+        # used pmf because _pmf does not check support in randint and there
+        # might be problems(?) with correct self.a, self.b at this stage maybe
+        # not anymore, seems to work now with _pmf
+
+        _a, _b = self._get_support(*args)
+        if lb is None:
+            lb = _a
+        else:
+            lb = lb - loc   # convert bound for standardized distribution
+        if ub is None:
+            ub = _b
+        else:
+            ub = ub - loc   # convert bound for standardized distribution
+        if conditional:
+            invfac = self.sf(lb-1, *args) - self.sf(ub, *args)
+        else:
+            invfac = 1.0
+
+        if isinstance(self, rv_sample):
+            res = self._expect(fun, lb, ub)
+            return res / invfac
+
+        # iterate over the support, starting from the median
+        x0 = self._ppf(0.5, *args)
+        res = _expect(fun, lb, ub, x0, self.inc, maxcount, tolerance, chunksize)
+        return res / invfac
+
+    def _param_info(self):
+        shape_info = self._shape_info()
+        loc_info = _ShapeInfo("loc", True, (-np.inf, np.inf), (False, False))
+        param_info = shape_info + [loc_info]
+        return param_info
+
+
+def _expect(fun, lb, ub, x0, inc, maxcount=1000, tolerance=1e-10,
+            chunksize=32):
+    """Helper for computing the expectation value of `fun`."""
+    # short-circuit if the support size is small enough
+    if (ub - lb) <= chunksize:
+        supp = np.arange(lb, ub+1, inc)
+        vals = fun(supp)
+        return np.sum(vals)
+
+    # otherwise, iterate starting from x0
+    if x0 < lb:
+        x0 = lb
+    if x0 > ub:
+        x0 = ub
+
+    count, tot = 0, 0.
+    # iterate over [x0, ub] inclusive
+    for x in _iter_chunked(x0, ub+1, chunksize=chunksize, inc=inc):
+        count += x.size
+        delta = np.sum(fun(x))
+        tot += delta
+        if abs(delta) < tolerance * x.size:
+            break
+        if count > maxcount:
+            warnings.warn('expect(): sum did not converge',
+                          RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
+            return tot
+
+    # iterate over [lb, x0)
+    for x in _iter_chunked(x0-1, lb-1, chunksize=chunksize, inc=-inc):
+        count += x.size
+        delta = np.sum(fun(x))
+        tot += delta
+        if abs(delta) < tolerance * x.size:
+            break
+        if count > maxcount:
+            warnings.warn('expect(): sum did not converge',
+                          RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
+            break
+
+    return tot
+
+
+def _iter_chunked(x0, x1, chunksize=4, inc=1):
+    """Iterate from x0 to x1 in chunks of chunksize and steps inc.
+
+    x0 must be finite, x1 need not be. In the latter case, the iterator is
+    infinite.
+    Handles both x0 < x1 and x0 > x1. In the latter case, iterates downwards
+    (make sure to set inc < 0.)
+
+    >>> from scipy.stats._distn_infrastructure import _iter_chunked
+    >>> [x for x in _iter_chunked(2, 5, inc=2)]
+    [array([2, 4])]
+    >>> [x for x in _iter_chunked(2, 11, inc=2)]
+    [array([2, 4, 6, 8]), array([10])]
+    >>> [x for x in _iter_chunked(2, -5, inc=-2)]
+    [array([ 2,  0, -2, -4])]
+    >>> [x for x in _iter_chunked(2, -9, inc=-2)]
+    [array([ 2,  0, -2, -4]), array([-6, -8])]
+
+    """
+    if inc == 0:
+        raise ValueError('Cannot increment by zero.')
+    if chunksize <= 0:
+        raise ValueError(f'Chunk size must be positive; got {chunksize}.')
+
+    s = 1 if inc > 0 else -1
+    stepsize = abs(chunksize * inc)
+
+    x = np.copy(x0)
+    while (x - x1) * inc < 0:
+        delta = min(stepsize, abs(x - x1))
+        step = delta * s
+        supp = np.arange(x, x + step, inc)
+        x += step
+        yield supp
+
+
+class rv_sample(rv_discrete):
+    """A 'sample' discrete distribution defined by the support and values.
+
+    The ctor ignores most of the arguments, only needs the `values` argument.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, a=0, b=inf, name=None, badvalue=None,
+                 moment_tol=1e-8, values=None, inc=1, longname=None,
+                 shapes=None, seed=None):
+
+        super(rv_discrete, self).__init__(seed)
+
+        if values is None:
+            raise ValueError("rv_sample.__init__(..., values=None,...)")
+
+        # cf generic freeze
+        self._ctor_param = dict(
+            a=a, b=b, name=name, badvalue=badvalue,
+            moment_tol=moment_tol, values=values, inc=inc,
+            longname=longname, shapes=shapes, seed=seed)
+
+        if badvalue is None:
+            badvalue = nan
+        self.badvalue = badvalue
+        self.moment_tol = moment_tol
+        self.inc = inc
+        self.shapes = shapes
+        self.vecentropy = self._entropy
+
+        xk, pk = values
+
+        if np.shape(xk) != np.shape(pk):
+            raise ValueError("xk and pk must have the same shape.")
+        if np.less(pk, 0.0).any():
+            raise ValueError("All elements of pk must be non-negative.")
+        if not np.allclose(np.sum(pk), 1):
+            raise ValueError("The sum of provided pk is not 1.")
+        if not len(set(np.ravel(xk))) == np.size(xk):
+            raise ValueError("xk may not contain duplicate values.")
+
+        indx = np.argsort(np.ravel(xk))
+        self.xk = np.take(np.ravel(xk), indx, 0)
+        self.pk = np.take(np.ravel(pk), indx, 0)
+        self.a = self.xk[0]
+        self.b = self.xk[-1]
+
+        self.qvals = np.cumsum(self.pk, axis=0)
+
+        self.shapes = ' '   # bypass inspection
+
+        self._construct_argparser(meths_to_inspect=[self._pmf],
+                                  locscale_in='loc=0',
+                                  # scale=1 for discrete RVs
+                                  locscale_out='loc, 1')
+
+        self._attach_methods()
+
+        self._construct_docstrings(name, longname)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        dct = self.__dict__.copy()
+
+        # these methods will be remade in rv_generic.__setstate__,
+        # which calls rv_generic._attach_methods
+        attrs = ["_parse_args", "_parse_args_stats", "_parse_args_rvs"]
+        [dct.pop(attr, None) for attr in attrs]
+
+        return dct
+
+    def _attach_methods(self):
+        """Attaches dynamically created argparser methods."""
+        self._attach_argparser_methods()
+
+    def _get_support(self, *args):
+        """Return the support of the (unscaled, unshifted) distribution.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        arg1, arg2, ... : array_like
+            The shape parameter(s) for the distribution (see docstring of the
+            instance object for more information).
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        a, b : numeric (float, or int or +/-np.inf)
+            end-points of the distribution's support.
+        """
+        return self.a, self.b
+
+    def _pmf(self, x):
+        return np.select([x == k for k in self.xk],
+                         [np.broadcast_arrays(p, x)[0] for p in self.pk], 0)
+
+    def _cdf(self, x):
+        xx, xxk = np.broadcast_arrays(x[:, None], self.xk)
+        indx = np.argmax(xxk > xx, axis=-1) - 1
+        return self.qvals[indx]
+
+    def _ppf(self, q):
+        qq, sqq = np.broadcast_arrays(q[..., None], self.qvals)
+        indx = argmax(sqq >= qq, axis=-1)
+        return self.xk[indx]
+
+    def _rvs(self, size=None, random_state=None):
+        # Need to define it explicitly, otherwise .rvs() with size=None
+        # fails due to explicit broadcasting in _ppf
+        U = random_state.uniform(size=size)
+        if size is None:
+            U = np.array(U, ndmin=1)
+            Y = self._ppf(U)[0]
+        else:
+            Y = self._ppf(U)
+        return Y
+
+    def _entropy(self):
+        return stats.entropy(self.pk)
+
+    def generic_moment(self, n):
+        n = asarray(n)
+        return np.sum(self.xk**n[np.newaxis, ...] * self.pk, axis=0)
+
+    def _expect(self, fun, lb, ub, *args, **kwds):
+        # ignore all args, just do a brute force summation
+        supp = self.xk[(lb <= self.xk) & (self.xk <= ub)]
+        vals = fun(supp)
+        return np.sum(vals)
+
+
+def _check_shape(argshape, size):
+    """
+    This is a utility function used by `_rvs()` in the class geninvgauss_gen.
+    It compares the tuple argshape to the tuple size.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    argshape : tuple of integers
+        Shape of the arguments.
+    size : tuple of integers or integer
+        Size argument of rvs().
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    The function returns two tuples, scalar_shape and bc.
+
+    scalar_shape : tuple
+        Shape to which the 1-d array of random variates returned by
+        _rvs_scalar() is converted when it is copied into the
+        output array of _rvs().
+
+    bc : tuple of booleans
+        bc is an tuple the same length as size. bc[j] is True if the data
+        associated with that index is generated in one call of _rvs_scalar().
+
+    """
+    scalar_shape = []
+    bc = []
+    for argdim, sizedim in zip_longest(argshape[::-1], size[::-1],
+                                       fillvalue=1):
+        if sizedim > argdim or (argdim == sizedim == 1):
+            scalar_shape.append(sizedim)
+            bc.append(True)
+        else:
+            bc.append(False)
+    return tuple(scalar_shape[::-1]), tuple(bc[::-1])
+
+
+def get_distribution_names(namespace_pairs, rv_base_class):
+    """Collect names of statistical distributions and their generators.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    namespace_pairs : sequence
+        A snapshot of (name, value) pairs in the namespace of a module.
+    rv_base_class : class
+        The base class of random variable generator classes in a module.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    distn_names : list of strings
+        Names of the statistical distributions.
+    distn_gen_names : list of strings
+        Names of the generators of the statistical distributions.
+        Note that these are not simply the names of the statistical
+        distributions, with a _gen suffix added.
+
+    """
+    distn_names = []
+    distn_gen_names = []
+    for name, value in namespace_pairs:
+        if name.startswith('_'):
+            continue
+        if name.endswith('_gen') and issubclass(value, rv_base_class):
+            distn_gen_names.append(name)
+        if isinstance(value, rv_base_class):
+            distn_names.append(name)
+    return distn_names, distn_gen_names