pvlib 0.11.2__py3-none-any.whl → 0.12.0__py3-none-any.whl

pvlib/tests/test_singlediode.py

@@ -1,608 +0,0 @@
-"""
-testing single-diode methods using JW Bishop 1988
-"""
-
-import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
-import scipy
-from pvlib import pvsystem
-from pvlib.singlediode import (bishop88_mpp, estimate_voc, VOLTAGE_BUILTIN,
-                               bishop88, bishop88_i_from_v, bishop88_v_from_i)
-import pytest
-from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal
-from .conftest import DATA_DIR
-
-POA = 888
-TCELL = 55
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['brentq', 'newton'])
-def test_method_spr_e20_327(method, cec_module_spr_e20_327):
-    """test pvsystem.singlediode with different methods on SPR-E20-327"""
-    spr_e20_327 = cec_module_spr_e20_327
-    x = pvsystem.calcparams_desoto(
-        effective_irradiance=POA, temp_cell=TCELL,
-        alpha_sc=spr_e20_327['alpha_sc'], a_ref=spr_e20_327['a_ref'],
-        I_L_ref=spr_e20_327['I_L_ref'], I_o_ref=spr_e20_327['I_o_ref'],
-        R_sh_ref=spr_e20_327['R_sh_ref'], R_s=spr_e20_327['R_s'],
-        EgRef=1.121, dEgdT=-0.0002677)
-    pvs = pvsystem.singlediode(*x, method='lambertw')
-    out = pvsystem.singlediode(*x, method=method)
-
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_sc'], out['i_sc'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['v_oc'], out['v_oc'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_mp'], out['i_mp'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['v_mp'], out['v_mp'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['p_mp'], out['p_mp'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_x'], out['i_x'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_xx'], out['i_xx'])
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['brentq', 'newton'])
-def test_newton_fs_495(method, cec_module_fs_495):
-    """test pvsystem.singlediode with different methods on FS495"""
-    fs_495 = cec_module_fs_495
-    x = pvsystem.calcparams_desoto(
-        effective_irradiance=POA, temp_cell=TCELL,
-        alpha_sc=fs_495['alpha_sc'], a_ref=fs_495['a_ref'],
-        I_L_ref=fs_495['I_L_ref'], I_o_ref=fs_495['I_o_ref'],
-        R_sh_ref=fs_495['R_sh_ref'], R_s=fs_495['R_s'],
-        EgRef=1.475, dEgdT=-0.0003)
-    pvs = pvsystem.singlediode(*x, method='lambertw')
-    out = pvsystem.singlediode(*x, method=method)
-
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_sc'], out['i_sc'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['v_oc'], out['v_oc'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_mp'], out['i_mp'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['v_mp'], out['v_mp'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['p_mp'], out['p_mp'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_x'], out['i_x'])
-    assert np.isclose(pvs['i_xx'], out['i_xx'])
-
-
-def build_precise_iv_curve_dataframe(file_csv, file_json):
-    """
-    Reads a precise IV curve parameter set CSV and JSON to create a DataFrame.
-    The CSV contains the parameters of the single diode equation which are used
-    to generate the JSON data. The data are calculated using [1]_ with 40
-    decimal digits of precision in order have at least 16 decimal digits of
-    precision when they are stored in JSON. The precision is sufficient for the
-    difference between the left and right side of the single diode equation to
-    be less than :math:`1 \times 10^{-16}` when the numbers from the JSON are
-    read as mpmath floats. The code to generate these IV curve data is from
-    [2]_. The data and tests that use this function were added in :pull:`1573`.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    file_csv: str
-        Path to a CSV file of IV curve parameter sets.
-
-    file_json: str
-        Path to a JSON file of precise IV curves.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-        A DataFrame with these columns: ``Index``, ``photocurrent``,
-        ``saturation_current``, ``resistance_series``, ``resistance_shunt``,
-        ``n``, ``cells_in_series``, ``Voltages``, ``Currents``,
-        ``diode_voltage``, ``v_oc``, ``i_sc``, ``v_mp``, ``i_mp``, ``p_mp``,
-        ``i_x``, ``i_xx`, ``Temperature``, ``Irradiance``, ``Sweep Direction``,
-        ``Datetime``, ``Boltzmann``, ``Elementary Charge``, and ``Vth``. The
-        columns ``Irradiance``, ``Sweep Direction`` are None or empty strings.
-
-    References
-    ----------
-    .. [1] The mpmath development team. (2023). mpmath: a Python library for
-       arbitrary-precision floating-point arithmetic (version 1.2.1).
-       `mpmath <mpmath.org>`_
-
-    .. [2] The ivcurves development team. (2022). Code to generate precise
-       solutions to the single diode equation.
-       `ivcurves <github.com/cwhanse/ivcurves>`_
-    """
-    params = pd.read_csv(file_csv)
-    curves_metadata = pd.read_json(file_json)
-    curves = pd.DataFrame(curves_metadata['IV Curves'].values.tolist())
-    curves['cells_in_series'] = curves_metadata['cells_in_series']
-    joined = params.merge(curves, on='Index', how='inner',
-                          suffixes=(None, '_drop'), validate='one_to_one')
-    joined = joined[(c for c in joined.columns if not c.endswith('_drop'))]
-
-    # parse strings to np.float64
-    is_array = ['Currents', 'Voltages', 'diode_voltage']
-    for col in is_array:
-        joined[col] = [np.asarray(a, dtype=np.float64) for a in joined[col]]
-    is_number = ['v_oc', 'i_sc', 'v_mp', 'i_mp', 'p_mp', 'i_x', 'i_xx',
-                 'Temperature']
-    joined[is_number] = joined[is_number].astype(np.float64)
-
-    joined['Boltzmann'] = scipy.constants.Boltzmann
-    joined['Elementary Charge'] = scipy.constants.elementary_charge
-    joined['Vth'] = (
-        joined['Boltzmann'] * joined['Temperature']
-        / joined['Elementary Charge']
-    )
-
-    return joined
-
-
-@pytest.fixture(scope='function', params=[
-    {
-        'csv': f'{DATA_DIR}/precise_iv_curves_parameter_sets1.csv',
-        'json': f'{DATA_DIR}/precise_iv_curves1.json'
-    },
-    {
-        'csv': f'{DATA_DIR}/precise_iv_curves_parameter_sets2.csv',
-        'json': f'{DATA_DIR}/precise_iv_curves2.json'
-    }
-], ids=[1, 2])
-def precise_iv_curves(request):
-    file_csv, file_json = request.param['csv'], request.param['json']
-    pc = build_precise_iv_curve_dataframe(file_csv, file_json)
-    params = ['photocurrent', 'saturation_current', 'resistance_series',
-              'resistance_shunt']
-    singlediode_params = pc.loc[:, params]
-    singlediode_params['nNsVth'] = pc['n'] * pc['cells_in_series'] * pc['Vth']
-    return singlediode_params, pc
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['lambertw', 'brentq', 'newton'])
-def test_singlediode_precision(method, precise_iv_curves):
-    """
-    Tests the accuracy of singlediode. ivcurve_pnts is not tested.
-    """
-    x, pc = precise_iv_curves
-    outs = pvsystem.singlediode(method=method, **x)
-
-    assert np.allclose(pc['i_sc'], outs['i_sc'], atol=1e-10, rtol=0)
-    assert np.allclose(pc['v_oc'], outs['v_oc'], atol=1e-10, rtol=0)
-    assert np.allclose(pc['i_mp'], outs['i_mp'], atol=7e-8, rtol=0)
-    assert np.allclose(pc['v_mp'], outs['v_mp'], atol=1e-6, rtol=0)
-    assert np.allclose(pc['p_mp'], outs['p_mp'], atol=1e-10, rtol=0)
-    assert np.allclose(pc['i_x'], outs['i_x'], atol=1e-10, rtol=0)
-
-    # This test should pass with atol=9e-8 on MacOS and Windows.
-    # The atol was lowered to pass on Linux when the vectorized umath module
-    # introduced in NumPy 1.22.0 is used.
-    assert np.allclose(pc['i_xx'], outs['i_xx'], atol=1e-6, rtol=0)
-
-
-def test_singlediode_lambert_negative_voc(mocker):
-    """Tests approximation to zero of v_oc when it is negative and small.
-    See singlediode.py:_lambertw > comment 'Set small elements <0 in v_oc to 0'
-    """
-    # Next values should result in a negative v_oc out of `_lambertw_v_from_i`
-    # however, we can't ensure that the output belongs to (-1e-12, 0), so we
-    # mock it. It depends on the platform and Python distro. See issue #2000.
-    patcher = mocker.patch("pvlib.singlediode._lambertw_v_from_i")
-    x = np.array([0.0, 1.480501e-11, 0.178, 8000.0, 1.797559])
-    patcher.return_value = -9.999e-13
-    outs = pvsystem.singlediode(*x, method="lambertw")
-    assert outs["v_oc"] == 0
-
-    # Testing for an array
-    patcher.return_value = np.array([-9.999e-13, -1.001e-13])
-    x = np.array([x, x]).T
-    outs = pvsystem.singlediode(*x, method="lambertw")
-    assert_array_equal(outs["v_oc"], [0, 0])
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['lambertw', 'brentq', 'newton'])
-def test_v_from_i_i_from_v_precision(method, precise_iv_curves):
-    """
-    Tests the accuracy of pvsystem.v_from_i and pvsystem.i_from_v.
-    """
-    x, pc = precise_iv_curves
-    pc_i, pc_v = pc['Currents'], pc['Voltages']
-    for i, v, (_, x_one_curve) in zip(pc_i, pc_v, x.iterrows()):
-        out_i = pvsystem.i_from_v(voltage=v, method=method, **x_one_curve)
-        out_v = pvsystem.v_from_i(current=i, method=method, **x_one_curve)
-
-        assert np.allclose(i, out_i, atol=1e-10, rtol=0)
-        assert np.allclose(v, out_v, atol=1e-10, rtol=0)
-
-
-def get_pvsyst_fs_495():
-    """
-    PVsyst parameters for First Solar FS-495 module from PVSyst-6.7.2 database.
-
-    I_L_ref derived from Isc_ref conditions::
-
-        I_L_ref = (I_sc_ref + Id + Ish) / (1 - d2mutau/(Vbi*N_s - Vd))
-
-    where::
-
-        Vd = I_sc_ref * R_s
-        Id = I_o_ref * (exp(Vd / nNsVt) - 1)
-        Ish = Vd / R_sh_ref
-
-    """
-    return {
-        'd2mutau': 1.31, 'alpha_sc': 0.00039, 'gamma_ref': 1.48,
-        'mu_gamma': 0.001, 'I_o_ref': 9.62e-10, 'R_sh_ref': 5000,
-        'R_sh_0': 12500, 'R_sh_exp': 3.1, 'R_s': 4.6, 'beta_oc': -0.2116,
-        'EgRef': 1.5, 'cells_in_series': 108, 'cells_in_parallel': 2,
-        'I_sc_ref': 1.55, 'V_oc_ref': 86.5, 'I_mp_ref': 1.4, 'V_mp_ref': 67.85,
-        'temp_ref': 25, 'irrad_ref': 1000, 'I_L_ref': 1.5743233463848496
-    }
-
-# DeSoto @(888[W/m**2], 55[degC]) = {Pmp: 72.71, Isc: 1.402, Voc: 75.42)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    'poa, temp_cell, expected, tol', [
-        # reference conditions
-        (
-            get_pvsyst_fs_495()['irrad_ref'],
-            get_pvsyst_fs_495()['temp_ref'],
-            {
-                'pmp': (get_pvsyst_fs_495()['I_mp_ref'] *
-                        get_pvsyst_fs_495()['V_mp_ref']),
-                'isc': get_pvsyst_fs_495()['I_sc_ref'],
-                'voc': get_pvsyst_fs_495()['V_oc_ref']
-            },
-            (5e-4, 0.04)
-        ),
-        # other conditions
-        (
-            POA,
-            TCELL,
-            {
-                'pmp': 76.262,
-                'isc': 1.3868,
-                'voc': 79.292
-            },
-            (1e-4, 1e-4)
-        )
-    ]
-)
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['newton', 'brentq'])
-def test_pvsyst_recombination_loss(method, poa, temp_cell, expected, tol):
-    """test PVSst recombination loss"""
-    pvsyst_fs_495 = get_pvsyst_fs_495()
-    # first evaluate PVSyst model with thin-film recombination loss current
-    # at reference conditions
-    x = pvsystem.calcparams_pvsyst(
-        effective_irradiance=poa, temp_cell=temp_cell,
-        alpha_sc=pvsyst_fs_495['alpha_sc'],
-        gamma_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['gamma_ref'],
-        mu_gamma=pvsyst_fs_495['mu_gamma'], I_L_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['I_L_ref'],
-        I_o_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['I_o_ref'], R_sh_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_ref'],
-        R_sh_0=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_0'], R_sh_exp=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_exp'],
-        R_s=pvsyst_fs_495['R_s'],
-        cells_in_series=pvsyst_fs_495['cells_in_series'],
-        EgRef=pvsyst_fs_495['EgRef']
-    )
-    il_pvsyst, io_pvsyst, rs_pvsyst, rsh_pvsyst, nnsvt_pvsyst = x
-    voc_est_pvsyst = estimate_voc(photocurrent=il_pvsyst,
-                                  saturation_current=io_pvsyst,
-                                  nNsVth=nnsvt_pvsyst)
-    vd_pvsyst = np.linspace(0, voc_est_pvsyst, 1000)
-    pvsyst = bishop88(
-        diode_voltage=vd_pvsyst, photocurrent=il_pvsyst,
-        saturation_current=io_pvsyst, resistance_series=rs_pvsyst,
-        resistance_shunt=rsh_pvsyst, nNsVth=nnsvt_pvsyst,
-        d2mutau=pvsyst_fs_495['d2mutau'],
-        NsVbi=VOLTAGE_BUILTIN*pvsyst_fs_495['cells_in_series']
-    )
-    # test max power
-    assert np.isclose(max(pvsyst[2]), expected['pmp'], *tol)
-
-    # test short circuit current
-    isc_pvsyst = np.interp(0, pvsyst[1], pvsyst[0])
-    assert np.isclose(isc_pvsyst, expected['isc'], *tol)
-
-    # test open circuit voltage
-    voc_pvsyst = np.interp(0, pvsyst[0][::-1], pvsyst[1][::-1])
-    assert np.isclose(voc_pvsyst, expected['voc'], *tol)
-
-    # repeat tests as above with specialized bishop88 functions
-    y = dict(d2mutau=pvsyst_fs_495['d2mutau'],
-             NsVbi=VOLTAGE_BUILTIN*pvsyst_fs_495['cells_in_series'])
-
-    mpp_88 = bishop88_mpp(*x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(mpp_88[2], expected['pmp'], *tol)
-
-    isc_88 = bishop88_i_from_v(0, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(isc_88, expected['isc'], *tol)
-
-    voc_88 = bishop88_v_from_i(0, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(voc_88, expected['voc'], *tol)
-
-    ioc_88 = bishop88_i_from_v(voc_88, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(ioc_88, 0.0, *tol)
-
-    vsc_88 = bishop88_v_from_i(isc_88, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(vsc_88, 0.0, *tol)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    'brk_params, recomb_params, poa, temp_cell, expected, tol', [
-        # reference conditions without breakdown model
-        (
-            (0., -5.5, 3.28),
-            (get_pvsyst_fs_495()['d2mutau'],
-             VOLTAGE_BUILTIN * get_pvsyst_fs_495()['cells_in_series']),
-            get_pvsyst_fs_495()['irrad_ref'],
-            get_pvsyst_fs_495()['temp_ref'],
-            {
-                'pmp': (get_pvsyst_fs_495()['I_mp_ref'] *  # noqa: W504
-                        get_pvsyst_fs_495()['V_mp_ref']),
-                'isc': get_pvsyst_fs_495()['I_sc_ref'],
-                'voc': get_pvsyst_fs_495()['V_oc_ref']
-            },
-            (5e-4, 0.04)
-        ),
-        # other conditions with breakdown model on and recombination model off
-        (
-            (1.e-4, -5.5, 3.28),
-            (0., np.inf),
-            POA,
-            TCELL,
-            {
-                'pmp': 79.723,
-                'isc': 1.4071,
-                'voc': 79.646
-            },
-            (1e-4, 1e-4)
-        )
-    ]
-)
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['newton', 'brentq'])
-def test_pvsyst_breakdown(method, brk_params, recomb_params, poa, temp_cell,
-                          expected, tol):
-    """test PVSyst recombination loss"""
-    pvsyst_fs_495 = get_pvsyst_fs_495()
-    # first evaluate PVSyst model with thin-film recombination loss current
-    # at reference conditions
-    x = pvsystem.calcparams_pvsyst(
-        effective_irradiance=poa, temp_cell=temp_cell,
-        alpha_sc=pvsyst_fs_495['alpha_sc'],
-        gamma_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['gamma_ref'],
-        mu_gamma=pvsyst_fs_495['mu_gamma'], I_L_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['I_L_ref'],
-        I_o_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['I_o_ref'], R_sh_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_ref'],
-        R_sh_0=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_0'], R_sh_exp=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_exp'],
-        R_s=pvsyst_fs_495['R_s'],
-        cells_in_series=pvsyst_fs_495['cells_in_series'],
-        EgRef=pvsyst_fs_495['EgRef']
-    )
-    il_pvsyst, io_pvsyst, rs_pvsyst, rsh_pvsyst, nnsvt_pvsyst = x
-
-    d2mutau, NsVbi = recomb_params
-    breakdown_factor, breakdown_voltage, breakdown_exp = brk_params
-
-    voc_est_pvsyst = estimate_voc(photocurrent=il_pvsyst,
-                                  saturation_current=io_pvsyst,
-                                  nNsVth=nnsvt_pvsyst)
-    vd_pvsyst = np.linspace(0, voc_est_pvsyst, 1000)
-    pvsyst = bishop88(
-        diode_voltage=vd_pvsyst, photocurrent=il_pvsyst,
-        saturation_current=io_pvsyst, resistance_series=rs_pvsyst,
-        resistance_shunt=rsh_pvsyst, nNsVth=nnsvt_pvsyst,
-        d2mutau=d2mutau, NsVbi=NsVbi,
-        breakdown_factor=breakdown_factor, breakdown_voltage=breakdown_voltage,
-        breakdown_exp=breakdown_exp
-    )
-    # test max power
-    assert np.isclose(max(pvsyst[2]), expected['pmp'], *tol)
-
-    # test short circuit current
-    isc_pvsyst = np.interp(0, pvsyst[1], pvsyst[0])
-    assert np.isclose(isc_pvsyst, expected['isc'], *tol)
-
-    # test open circuit voltage
-    voc_pvsyst = np.interp(0, pvsyst[0][::-1], pvsyst[1][::-1])
-    assert np.isclose(voc_pvsyst, expected['voc'], *tol)
-
-    # repeat tests as above with specialized bishop88 functions
-    y = {'d2mutau': recomb_params[0], 'NsVbi': recomb_params[1],
-         'breakdown_factor': brk_params[0], 'breakdown_voltage': brk_params[1],
-         'breakdown_exp': brk_params[2]}
-
-    mpp_88 = bishop88_mpp(*x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(mpp_88[2], expected['pmp'], *tol)
-
-    isc_88 = bishop88_i_from_v(0, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(isc_88, expected['isc'], *tol)
-
-    voc_88 = bishop88_v_from_i(0, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(voc_88, expected['voc'], *tol)
-
-    ioc_88 = bishop88_i_from_v(voc_88, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(ioc_88, 0.0, *tol)
-
-    vsc_88 = bishop88_v_from_i(isc_88, *x, **y, method=method)
-    assert np.isclose(vsc_88, 0.0, *tol)
-
-
-@pytest.fixture
-def bishop88_arguments():
-    pvsyst_fs_495 = get_pvsyst_fs_495()
-    # evaluate PVSyst model with thin-film recombination loss current
-    # at reference conditions
-    x = pvsystem.calcparams_pvsyst(
-        effective_irradiance=pvsyst_fs_495['irrad_ref'],
-        temp_cell=pvsyst_fs_495['temp_ref'],
-        alpha_sc=pvsyst_fs_495['alpha_sc'],
-        gamma_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['gamma_ref'],
-        mu_gamma=pvsyst_fs_495['mu_gamma'], I_L_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['I_L_ref'],
-        I_o_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['I_o_ref'], R_sh_ref=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_ref'],
-        R_sh_0=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_0'], R_sh_exp=pvsyst_fs_495['R_sh_exp'],
-        R_s=pvsyst_fs_495['R_s'],
-        cells_in_series=pvsyst_fs_495['cells_in_series'],
-        EgRef=pvsyst_fs_495['EgRef']
-    )
-    y = dict(d2mutau=pvsyst_fs_495['d2mutau'],
-             NsVbi=VOLTAGE_BUILTIN*pvsyst_fs_495['cells_in_series'])
-    # Convert (*x, **y) in a bishop88_.* call to dict of arguments
-    args_dict = {
-        'photocurrent': x[0],
-        'saturation_current': x[1],
-        'resistance_series': x[2],
-        'resistance_shunt': x[3],
-        'nNsVth': x[4],
-    }
-    args_dict.update(y)
-    return args_dict
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method, method_kwargs', [
-    ('newton', {
-        'tol': 1e-8,
-        'rtol': 1e-8,
-        'maxiter': 30,
-    }),
-    ('brentq', {
-        'xtol': 1e-8,
-        'rtol': 1e-8,
-        'maxiter': 30,
-    })
-])
-def test_bishop88_kwargs_transfer(method, method_kwargs, mocker,
-                                  bishop88_arguments):
-    """test method_kwargs modifying optimizer does not break anything"""
-    # patch method namespace at singlediode module namespace
-    optimizer_mock = mocker.patch('pvlib.singlediode.' + method)
-
-    # check kwargs passed to bishop_.* are a subset of the call args
-    # since they are called with more keyword arguments
-
-    bishop88_i_from_v(0, **bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                      method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-    _, kwargs = optimizer_mock.call_args
-    assert method_kwargs.items() <= kwargs.items()
-
-    bishop88_v_from_i(0, **bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                      method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-    _, kwargs = optimizer_mock.call_args
-    assert method_kwargs.items() <= kwargs.items()
-
-    bishop88_mpp(**bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                 method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-    _, kwargs = optimizer_mock.call_args
-    assert method_kwargs.items() <= kwargs.items()
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method, method_kwargs', [
-    ('newton', {
-        'tol': 1e-4,
-        'rtol': 1e-4,
-        'maxiter': 20,
-        '_inexistent_param': "0.01"
-    }),
-    ('brentq', {
-        'xtol': 1e-4,
-        'rtol': 1e-4,
-        'maxiter': 20,
-        '_inexistent_param': "0.01"
-    })
-])
-def test_bishop88_kwargs_fails(method, method_kwargs, bishop88_arguments):
-    """test invalid method_kwargs passed onto the optimizer fail"""
-
-    pytest.raises(TypeError, bishop88_i_from_v,
-                  0, **bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                  method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-
-    pytest.raises(TypeError, bishop88_v_from_i,
-                  0, **bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                  method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-
-    pytest.raises(TypeError, bishop88_mpp,
-                  **bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                  method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['newton', 'brentq'])
-def test_bishop88_full_output_kwarg(method, bishop88_arguments):
-    """test call to bishop88_.* with full_output=True return values are ok"""
-    method_kwargs = {'full_output': True}
-
-    ret_val = bishop88_i_from_v(0, **bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                                method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-    assert isinstance(ret_val, tuple)  # ret_val must be a tuple
-    assert len(ret_val) == 2  # of two elements
-    assert isinstance(ret_val[0], float)  # first one has bishop88 result
-    assert isinstance(ret_val[1], tuple)  # second is output from optimizer
-    # any root finder returns at least 2 elements with full_output=True
-    assert len(ret_val[1]) >= 2
-
-    ret_val = bishop88_v_from_i(0, **bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                                method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-    assert isinstance(ret_val, tuple)  # ret_val must be a tuple
-    assert len(ret_val) == 2  # of two elements
-    assert isinstance(ret_val[0], float)  # first one has bishop88 result
-    assert isinstance(ret_val[1], tuple)  # second is output from optimizer
-    # any root finder returns at least 2 elements with full_output=True
-    assert len(ret_val[1]) >= 2
-
-    ret_val = bishop88_mpp(**bishop88_arguments, method=method,
-                           method_kwargs=method_kwargs)
-    assert isinstance(ret_val, tuple)  # ret_val must be a tuple
-    assert len(ret_val) == 2  # of two elements
-    assert isinstance(ret_val[0], tuple)  # first one has bishop88 result
-    assert len(ret_val[0]) == 3  # of three elements (I,V,P)
-    assert isinstance(ret_val[1], tuple)  # second is output from optimizer
-    # any root finder returns at least 2 elements with full_output=True
-    assert len(ret_val[1]) >= 2
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['newton', 'brentq'])
-def test_bishop88_pdSeries_len_one(method, bishop88_arguments):
-    for k, v in bishop88_arguments.items():
-        bishop88_arguments[k] = pd.Series([v])
-
-    # should not raise error
-    bishop88_i_from_v(pd.Series([0]), **bishop88_arguments, method=method)
-    bishop88_v_from_i(pd.Series([0]), **bishop88_arguments, method=method)
-    bishop88_mpp(**bishop88_arguments, method=method)
-
-
-def _sde_check_solution(i, v, il, io, rs, rsh, a, d2mutau=0., NsVbi=np.inf):
-    vd = v + rs * i
-    return il - io*np.expm1(vd/a) - vd/rsh - il*d2mutau/(NsVbi - vd) - i
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('method', ['newton', 'brentq'])
-def test_bishop88_init_cond(method):
-    # GH 2013
-    p = {'alpha_sc': 0.0012256,
-         'gamma_ref': 1.2916241612804187,
-         'mu_gamma': 0.00047308959960937403,
-         'I_L_ref': 3.068717040806731,
-         'I_o_ref': 2.2691248021217617e-11,
-         'R_sh_ref': 7000,
-         'R_sh_0': 7000,
-         'R_s': 4.602,
-         'cells_in_series': 268,
-         'R_sh_exp': 5.5,
-         'EgRef': 1.5}
-    NsVbi = 268 * 0.9
-    d2mutau = 1.4
-    irrad = np.arange(20, 1100, 20)
-    tc = np.arange(-25, 74, 1)
-    weather = np.array(np.meshgrid(irrad, tc)).T.reshape(-1, 2)
-    # with the above parameters and weather conditions, a few combinations
-    # result in voc_est > NsVbi, which causes failure of brentq and newton
-    # when the recombination parameters NsVbi and d2mutau are used.
-    sde_params = pvsystem.calcparams_pvsyst(weather[:, 0], weather[:, 1], **p)
-    # test _mpp
-    result = bishop88_mpp(*sde_params, d2mutau=d2mutau, NsVbi=NsVbi)
-    imp, vmp, pmp = result
-    err = np.abs(_sde_check_solution(
-        imp, vmp, sde_params[0], sde_params[1], sde_params[2], sde_params[3],
-        sde_params[4], d2mutau=d2mutau, NsVbi=NsVbi))
-    bad_results = np.isnan(pmp) | (pmp < 0) | (err > 0.00001)  # 0.01mA error
-    assert not bad_results.any()
-    # test v_from_i
-    vmp2 = bishop88_v_from_i(imp, *sde_params, d2mutau=d2mutau, NsVbi=NsVbi)
-    err = np.abs(_sde_check_solution(imp, vmp2, *sde_params, d2mutau=d2mutau,
-                                     NsVbi=NsVbi))
-    bad_results = np.isnan(vmp2) | (vmp2 < 0) | (err > 0.00001)
-    assert not bad_results.any()
-    # test v_from_i
-    imp2 = bishop88_i_from_v(vmp, *sde_params, d2mutau=d2mutau, NsVbi=NsVbi)
-    err = np.abs(_sde_check_solution(imp2, vmp, *sde_params, d2mutau=d2mutau,
-                                     NsVbi=NsVbi))
-    bad_results = np.isnan(imp2) | (imp2 < 0) | (err > 0.00001)
-    assert not bad_results.any()