passagemath-symbolics 10.6.37__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/local_frame.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1490 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Local Frames
+
+The class :class:`LocalFrame` implements local frames on vector bundles
+(see :class:`~sage.manifolds.vector_bundle.TopologicalVectorBundle` or
+:class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.vector_bundle.DifferentiableVectorBundle`).
+
+For `k=0,1,\dots`, a *local frame* on a vector bundle `E \to M` of class `C^k`
+and rank `n` is a local section `(e_1,\dots,e_n):U \to E^n` of class `C^k`
+defined on some subset `U` of the base space `M`, such that `e(p)` is a basis of
+the fiber `E_p` for any `p \in U`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Michael Jung (2019): initial version
+
+EXAMPLES:
+
+Defining a global frame on a topological vector bundle of rank 3::
+
+    sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top')
+    sage: E = M.vector_bundle(3, 'E')
+    sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+    Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1,e_2))
+
+This frame is now the default frame of the corresponding section module and
+saved in the vector bundle::
+
+    sage: e in E.frames()
+    True
+    sage: sec_module = E.section_module(); sec_module
+    Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M
+     with values in the real vector bundle E of rank 3
+    sage: sec_module.default_basis()
+    Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1,e_2))
+
+However, the default frame can be changed::
+
+    sage: sec_module.set_default_basis(e)
+    sage: sec_module.default_basis()
+    Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1,e_2))
+
+The elements of a local frame are local sections in the vector bundle::
+
+    sage: for vec in e:
+    ....:     print(vec)
+    Section e_0 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3
+     Section e_1 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3
+     Section e_2 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3
+
+Each element of a vector frame can be accessed by its index::
+
+    sage: e[0]
+    Section e_0 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3
+
+The slice operator ``:`` can be used to access to more than one element::
+
+    sage: e[0:2]
+    (Section e_0 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+     Section e_1 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3)
+    sage: e[:]
+    (Section e_0 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+     Section e_1 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+     Section e_2 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+     real vector bundle E of rank 3)
+
+The index range depends on the starting index defined on the manifold::
+
+    sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top', start_index=1)
+    sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+    sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+    sage: c_xyz_U = c_xyz.restrict(U)
+    sage: E = M.vector_bundle(3, 'E')
+    sage: e = E.local_frame('e', domain=U); e
+    Local frame (E|_U, (e_1,e_2,e_3))
+    sage: [e[i] for i in M.irange()]
+    [Section e_1 on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold
+     M with values in the real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+     Section e_2 on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold
+     M with values in the real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+     Section e_3 on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold
+     M with values in the real vector bundle E of rank 3]
+    sage: e[1], e[2], e[3]
+    (Section e_1 on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold
+     M with values in the real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+     Section e_2 on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold
+     M with values in the real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+     Section e_3 on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold
+     M with values in the real vector bundle E of rank 3)
+
+Let us check that the local sections ``e[i]`` are indeed the frame vectors
+from their components with respect to the frame `e`::
+
+    sage: e[1].comp(e)[:]
+    [1, 0, 0]
+    sage: e[2].comp(e)[:]
+    [0, 1, 0]
+    sage: e[3].comp(e)[:]
+    [0, 0, 1]
+
+Defining a local frame on a vector bundle, the dual coframe is automatically
+created, which, by default, bares the same name (here `e`)::
+
+    sage: E.coframes()
+    [Local coframe (E|_U, (e^1,e^2,e^3))]
+    sage: e_dual = E.coframes()[0] ; e_dual
+    Local coframe (E|_U, (e^1,e^2,e^3))
+    sage: e_dual is e.coframe()
+    True
+
+Let us check that the coframe `(e^i)` is indeed the dual of the vector
+frame `(e_i)`::
+
+    sage: e_dual[1](e[1]) # linear form e^1 applied to local section e_1
+    Scalar field e^1(e_1) on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological
+     manifold M
+    sage: e_dual[1](e[1]).expr() # the explicit expression of e^1(e_1)
+    1
+    sage: e_dual[1](e[1]).expr(), e_dual[1](e[2]).expr(), e_dual[1](e[3]).expr()
+    (1, 0, 0)
+    sage: e_dual[2](e[1]).expr(), e_dual[2](e[2]).expr(), e_dual[2](e[3]).expr()
+    (0, 1, 0)
+    sage: e_dual[3](e[1]).expr(), e_dual[3](e[2]).expr(), e_dual[3](e[3]).expr()
+    (0, 0, 1)
+
+Via bundle automorphisms, a new frame can be created from an existing one::
+
+    sage: sec_module_U = E.section_module(domain=U)
+    sage: change_frame = sec_module_U.automorphism()
+    sage: change_frame[:] = [[0,1,0],[0,0,1],[1,0,0]]
+    sage: f = e.new_frame(change_frame, 'f'); f
+    Local frame (E|_U, (f_1,f_2,f_3))
+
+A copy of this automorphism and its inverse is now part of the vector bundle's
+frame changes::
+
+    sage: E.change_of_frame(e, f)
+    Automorphism of the Free module C^0(U;E) of sections on the Open subset U of
+     the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+     bundle E of rank 3
+    sage: E.change_of_frame(e, f) == change_frame
+    True
+    sage: E.change_of_frame(f, e) == change_frame.inverse()
+    True
+
+Let us check the components of `f` with respect to the frame `e`::
+
+    sage: f[1].comp(e)[:]
+    [0, 0, 1]
+    sage: f[2].comp(e)[:]
+    [1, 0, 0]
+    sage: f[3].comp(e)[:]
+    [0, 1, 0]
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013-2018 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2019 Michael Jung <micjung@uni-potsdam.de>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.tensor.modules.finite_rank_free_module import FiniteRankFreeModule
+from sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis import FreeModuleBasis, FreeModuleCoBasis
+
+
+class LocalCoFrame(FreeModuleCoBasis):
+    r"""
+    Local coframe on a vector bundle.
+
+    A *local coframe* on a vector bundle `E \to M` of class `C^k` is a
+    local section `e^*: U \to E^n` of class `C^k` on some subset `U` of the base
+    space `M`, such that `e^*(p)` is a basis of the fiber `E^*_p` of the dual
+    bundle for any `p \in U`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``frame`` -- the local frame dual to the coframe
+    - ``symbol`` -- either a string, to be used as a common base for the
+      symbols of the linear forms constituting the coframe, or a tuple of
+      strings, representing the individual symbols of the linear forms
+    - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+      as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the linear forms constituting
+      the coframe, or a tuple of strings, representing the individual LaTeX
+      symbols of the linear forms; if ``None``, ``symbol`` is used in place of
+      ``latex_symbol``
+    - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a single
+      string) tuple of strings representing the indices labelling the linear
+      forms  of the coframe; if ``None``, the indices will be generated as
+      integers within the range declared on the coframe's domain
+    - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings representing
+      the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the linear forms of the coframe; if
+      ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Local coframe on a topological vector bundle of rank 3::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top', start_index=1)
+        sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+        sage: E = M.vector_bundle(3, 'E')
+        sage: e = E.local_frame('e')
+        sage: from sage.manifolds.local_frame import LocalCoFrame
+        sage: f = LocalCoFrame(e, 'f'); f
+        Local coframe (E|_M, (f^1,f^2,f^3))
+
+    The local coframe can also be obtained by using the method
+    :meth:`~sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis.FreeModuleBasis.dual_basis` or
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.local_frame.LocalFrame.coframe`::
+
+        sage: e_dual = e.dual_basis(); e_dual
+        Local coframe (E|_M, (e^1,e^2,e^3))
+        sage: e_dual is e.coframe()
+        True
+        sage: e_dual is f
+        False
+        sage: e_dual[:] == f[:]
+        True
+        sage: f[1].display(e)
+        f^1 = e^1
+
+    The consisted linear forms can be obtained via the operator ``[]``::
+
+        sage: f[1], f[2], f[3]
+        (Linear form f^1 on the Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+         bundle E of rank 3,
+         Linear form f^2 on the Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+         bundle E of rank 3,
+         Linear form f^3 on the Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+         bundle E of rank 3)
+
+    Checking that `f` is the dual of `e`::
+
+        sage: f[1](e[1]).expr(), f[1](e[2]).expr(), f[1](e[3]).expr()
+        (1, 0, 0)
+        sage: f[2](e[1]).expr(), f[2](e[2]).expr(), f[2](e[3]).expr()
+        (0, 1, 0)
+        sage: f[3](e[1]).expr(), f[3](e[2]).expr(), f[3](e[3]).expr()
+        (0, 0, 1)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, frame, symbol, latex_symbol=None, indices=None,
+                 latex_indices=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a local coframe, dual to a given local frame.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e')
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.local_frame import LocalCoFrame
+            sage: f = LocalCoFrame(e, 'f'); f
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (f^0,f^1))
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+        """
+        self._domain = frame.domain()
+        self._base_space = frame.base_space()
+        self._vbundle = frame.vector_bundle()
+        FreeModuleCoBasis.__init__(self, frame, symbol,
+                                   latex_symbol=latex_symbol, indices=indices,
+                                   latex_indices=latex_indices)
+        # The coframe is added to the vector bundle's set of coframes
+        self._vbundle._coframes.append(self)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e')
+            sage: f = e.coframe()
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Local coframe (E|_M, (e^0,e^1))'
+            sage: repr(f)  # indirect doctest
+            'Local coframe (E|_M, (e^0,e^1))'
+            sage: f  # indirect doctest
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (e^0,e^1))
+        """
+        desc = "Local coframe " + self._name
+        return desc
+
+    def at(self, point):
+        r"""
+        Return the value of ``self`` at a given point on the base space, this
+        value being a basis of the dual vector bundle at this point.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`;
+          point `p` in the domain `U` of the coframe (denoted `f` hereafter)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis.FreeModuleCoBasis`
+          representing the basis `f(p)` of the vector space `E^*_p`,
+          dual to the vector bundle fiber `E_p`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Cobasis of a vector bundle fiber::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='top', start_index=1)
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e')
+            sage: e_dual = e.coframe(); e_dual
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (e^1,e^2))
+            sage: p = M.point((-1,2), name='p')
+            sage: e_dual_p = e_dual.at(p) ; e_dual_p
+            Dual basis (e^1,e^2) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the
+            2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: type(e_dual_p)
+            <class 'sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis.FreeModuleCoBasis_with_category'>
+            sage: e_dual_p[1]
+            Linear form e^1 on the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+            sage: e_dual_p[2]
+            Linear form e^2 on the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+            sage: e_dual_p is e.at(p).dual_basis()
+            True
+        """
+        return self._basis.at(point).dual_basis()
+
+    def set_name(self, symbol, latex_symbol=None, indices=None,
+                 latex_indices=None, index_position='up',
+                 include_domain=True):
+        r"""
+        Set (or change) the text name and LaTeX name of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``symbol`` -- either a string, to be used as a common base for the
+          symbols of the linear forms constituting the coframe, or a list/tuple
+          of strings, representing the individual symbols of the linear forms
+        - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+          as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the linear forms
+          constituting the coframe, or a list/tuple of strings, representing the
+          individual LaTeX symbols of the linear forms; if ``None``, ``symbol``
+          is used in place of ``latex_symbol``
+        - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a
+          single string) tuple of strings representing the indices labelling
+          the linear forms of the coframe; if ``None``, the indices will be
+          generated as integers within the range declared on ``self``
+        - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings
+          representing the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the linear forms;
+          if ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+        - ``index_position`` -- (default: ``'up'``) determines the position
+          of the indices labelling the linear forms of the coframe; can be
+          either ``'down'`` or ``'up'``
+        - ``include_domain`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); determining whether
+          the name of the domain is included in the beginning of the coframe
+          name
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e').coframe(); e
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (e^0,e^1))
+            sage: e.set_name('f'); e
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (f^0,f^1))
+            sage: e.set_name('e', latex_symbol=r'\epsilon')
+            sage: latex(e)
+            \left(E|_{M}, \left(\epsilon^{0},\epsilon^{1}\right)\right)
+            sage: e.set_name('e', include_domain=False); e
+            Local coframe (e^0,e^1)
+            sage: e.set_name(['a', 'b'], latex_symbol=[r'\alpha', r'\beta']); e
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (a,b))
+            sage: latex(e)
+            \left(E|_{M}, \left(\alpha,\beta\right)\right)
+            sage: e.set_name('e', indices=['x','y'],
+            ....:            latex_indices=[r'\xi', r'\zeta']); e
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (e^x,e^y))
+            sage: latex(e)
+            \left(E|_{M}, \left(e^{\xi},e^{\zeta}\right)\right)
+        """
+        super().set_name(symbol, latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                         indices=indices,
+                         latex_indices=latex_indices,
+                         index_position=index_position)
+        if include_domain:
+            # Redefinition of the name and the LaTeX name to include the domain
+            self._name = "({}|_{}, {})".format(self._vbundle._name,
+                                                self._domain._name, self._name)
+            self._latex_name = r"\left({}|_{{{}}}, {}\right)".format(
+                                                    self._vbundle._latex_name,
+                                                    self._domain._latex_name,
+                                                    self._latex_name)
+
+#******************************************************************************
+
+
+class LocalFrame(FreeModuleBasis):
+    r"""
+    Local frame on a vector bundle.
+
+    A *local frame* on a vector bundle `E \to M` of class `C^k` is a local
+    section `(e_1,\dots,e_n):U \to E^n` of class `C^k` defined on some subset `U`
+    of the base space `M`, such that `e(p)` is a basis of the fiber `E_p` for
+    any `p \in U`.
+
+    For each instantiation of a local frame, a local coframe is automatically
+    created, as an instance of the class :class:`LocalCoFrame`. It is returned
+    by the method :meth:`coframe`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``section_module`` -- free module of local sections over `U` in the given
+      vector bundle `E \to M`
+    - ``symbol`` -- either a string, to be used as a common base for the
+      symbols of the local sections constituting the local frame, or a tuple
+      of strings, representing the individual symbols of the local sections
+    - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+      as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the local sections constituting
+      the local frame, or a tuple of strings, representing the individual
+      LaTeX symbols of the local sections; if ``None``, ``symbol`` is used in
+      place of ``latex_symbol``
+    - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a single
+      string) tuple of strings representing the indices labelling the local
+      sections of the frame; if ``None``, the indices will be generated as
+      integers within the range declared on the local frame's domain
+    - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings representing
+      the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the  local sections; if
+      ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+    - ``symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``symbol`` but for the
+      dual coframe; if ``None``, ``symbol`` must be a string and is used
+      for the common base of the symbols of the elements of the dual coframe
+    - ``latex_symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``latex_symbol``
+      but for the dual coframe
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Defining a local frame on a 3-dimensional vector bundle over a 3-dimensional
+    manifold::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', start_index=1, structure='top')
+        sage: E = M.vector_bundle(3, 'E')
+        sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+        Local frame (E|_M, (e_1,e_2,e_3))
+        sage: latex(e)
+        \left(E|_{M}, \left(e_{1},e_{2},e_{3}\right)\right)
+
+    The individual elements of the vector frame are accessed via square
+    brackets, with the possibility to invoke the slice operator '``:``' to
+    get more than a single element::
+
+        sage: e[2]
+        Section e_2 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in
+         the real vector bundle E of rank 3
+        sage: e[1:3]
+        (Section e_1 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in
+         the real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+         Section e_2 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in
+         the real vector bundle E of rank 3)
+        sage: e[:]
+        (Section e_1 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in
+         the real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+         Section e_2 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in
+         the real vector bundle E of rank 3,
+         Section e_3 on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in
+         the real vector bundle E of rank 3)
+
+    The LaTeX symbol can be specified::
+
+        sage: eps = E.local_frame('eps', latex_symbol=r'\epsilon')
+        sage: latex(eps)
+        \left(E|_{M}, \left(\epsilon_{1},\epsilon_{2},\epsilon_{3}\right)\right)
+
+    By default, the elements of the local frame are labelled by integers
+    within the range specified at the manifold declaration. It is however
+    possible to fully customize the labels, via the argument ``indices``::
+
+        sage: u = E.local_frame('u', indices=('x', 'y', 'z')) ; u
+        Local frame (E|_M, (u_x,u_y,u_z))
+        sage: u[1]
+        Section u_x on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in
+         the real vector bundle E of rank 3
+        sage: u.coframe()
+        Local coframe (E|_M, (u^x,u^y,u^z))
+
+    The LaTeX format of the indices can be adjusted::
+
+        sage: v = E.local_frame('v', indices=('a', 'b', 'c'),
+        ....:                    latex_indices=(r'\alpha', r'\beta', r'\gamma'))
+        sage: v
+        Local frame (E|_M, (v_a,v_b,v_c))
+        sage: latex(v)
+        \left(E|_{M}, \left(v_{\alpha},v_{\beta},v_{\gamma}\right)\right)
+        sage: latex(v.coframe())
+        \left(E|_{M}, \left(v^{\alpha},v^{\beta},v^{\gamma}\right)\right)
+
+    The symbol of each element of the local frame can also be freely chosen,
+    by providing a tuple of symbols as the first argument of ``local_frame``;
+    it is then mandatory to specify as well some symbols for the dual coframe::
+
+        sage: h = E.local_frame(('a', 'b', 'c'), symbol_dual=('A', 'B', 'C')); h
+        Local frame (E|_M, (a,b,c))
+        sage: h[1]
+        Section a on the 3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the
+         real vector bundle E of rank 3
+        sage: h.coframe()
+        Local coframe (E|_M, (A,B,C))
+        sage: h.coframe()[1]
+        Linear form A on the Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+         bundle E of rank 3
+
+    Local frames are bases of free modules formed by local sections::
+
+        sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='top', start_index=1)
+        sage: X.<x,y> = N.chart()
+        sage: U = N.open_subset('U')
+        sage: F = N.vector_bundle(2, 'F')
+        sage: f = F.local_frame('f', domain=U)
+        sage: f.module()
+        Free module C^0(U;F) of sections on the Open subset U of the
+         2-dimensional topological manifold N with values in the real vector
+         bundle F of rank 2
+        sage: f.module().base_ring()
+        Algebra of scalar fields on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+         topological manifold N
+        sage: f.module() is F.section_module(domain=f.domain())
+        True
+        sage: f in F.section_module(domain=U).bases()
+        True
+
+    The value of the local frame at a given point is a basis of the
+    corresponding fiber::
+
+        sage: X_U = X.restrict(U) # We need coordinates on the subset
+        sage: p = N((0,1), name='p') ; p
+        Point p on the 2-dimensional topological manifold N
+        sage: f.at(p)
+        Basis (f_1,f_2) on the Fiber of F at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+         topological manifold N
+    """
+
+    # The following class attribute must be redefined by any derived class:
+    _cobasis_class = LocalCoFrame
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, section_module, symbol,
+                              latex_symbol=None, indices=None,
+                              latex_indices=None, symbol_dual=None,
+                              latex_symbol_dual=None):
+        """
+        Transform input lists into tuples for the unique representation of
+        LocalFrame.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: C0 = E.section_module(force_free=True)
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.local_frame import LocalFrame
+            sage: e = LocalFrame(C0, ['a', 'b'], symbol_dual=['A', 'B']); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (a,b))
+            sage: e.dual_basis()
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (A,B))
+            sage: e is LocalFrame(C0, ('a', 'b'), symbol_dual=('A', 'B'))
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(symbol, list):
+            symbol = tuple(symbol)
+        if isinstance(latex_symbol, list):
+            latex_symbol = tuple(latex_symbol)
+        if isinstance(indices, list):
+            indices = tuple(indices)
+        if isinstance(latex_indices, list):
+            latex_indices = tuple(latex_indices)
+        if isinstance(symbol_dual, list):
+            symbol_dual = tuple(symbol_dual)
+        if isinstance(latex_symbol_dual, list):
+            latex_symbol_dual = tuple(latex_symbol_dual)
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, section_module,
+                                     symbol, latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                                     indices=indices,
+                                     latex_indices=latex_indices,
+                                     symbol_dual=symbol_dual,
+                                     latex_symbol_dual=latex_symbol_dual)
+
+    def __init__(self, section_module, symbol, latex_symbol=None, indices=None,
+                 latex_indices=None, symbol_dual=None, latex_symbol_dual=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a local frame on a vector bundle.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: C0 = E.section_module(force_free=True)
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.local_frame import LocalFrame
+            sage: e = LocalFrame(C0, 'e', latex_symbol=r'\epsilon'); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: TestSuite(e).run()
+        """
+        ###
+        # Some sanity check:
+        if not isinstance(section_module, FiniteRankFreeModule):
+            raise ValueError("the {} has already been constructed as a "
+                             "non-free module and therefore cannot have "
+                             "a basis".format(section_module))
+        self._domain = section_module.domain()
+        self._base_space = section_module.base_space()
+        self._vbundle = section_module.vector_bundle()
+        FreeModuleBasis.__init__(self, section_module,
+                                 symbol, latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                                 indices=indices, latex_indices=latex_indices,
+                                 symbol_dual=symbol_dual,
+                                 latex_symbol_dual=latex_symbol_dual)
+        if self._vbundle._def_frame is None:
+            self._vbundle._def_frame = self
+        # The frame is added to the domain's modules of frames, as well as to
+        # all the superdomain's modules of frames; moreover the first defined
+        # frame is considered as the default one
+        for sd in self._domain._supersets:
+            if sd in self._vbundle._section_modules:
+                smodule = self._vbundle._section_modules[sd]
+                if smodule.default_frame() is None:
+                    smodule.set_default_frame(self)
+                # Initialization of the zero element of the section module:
+                if not isinstance(smodule, FiniteRankFreeModule):
+                    smodule(0)._add_comp_unsafe(self)
+                    # (since new components are initialized to zero)
+        ###
+        # Add this frame to the list of frames of the overlying vector bundle:
+        self._vbundle._add_local_frame(self)
+
+        self._coframe = self.dual_basis()  # Shortcut for self._dual_basis
+        ###
+        # Frame restrictions:
+        self._subframes = set([self]) # Set of frames which are just a
+                        # restriction of self
+        self._superframes = set([self]) # Set of frames for which self is a
+                        # restriction of
+        self._restrictions = {} # Key: subdomain of self._domain; value:
+                        # restriction of self on this subdomain
+
+    ###### Methods that must be redefined by derived classes of ######
+    ###### FreeModuleBasis                                      ######
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: repr(e)  # indirect doctest
+            'Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1))'
+            sage: e  # indirect doctest
+            Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1))
+        """
+        desc = "Local frame " + self._name
+        return desc
+
+    def _new_instance(self, symbol, latex_symbol=None, indices=None,
+                      latex_indices=None, symbol_dual=None,
+                      latex_symbol_dual=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a new local frame on the same section module as ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``symbol`` -- either a string, to be used as a common base for the
+          symbols of the sections constituting the local frame, or a
+          tuple of strings, representing the individual symbols of the local
+          sections
+        - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+          as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the local sections
+          constituting the local frame, or a tuple of strings, representing
+          the individual LaTeX symbols of the local sections; if ``None``,
+          ``symbol`` is used in place of ``latex_symbol``
+        - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a
+          single string) tuple of strings representing the indices labelling
+          the local sections of the frame; if ``None``, the indices will be
+          generated as integers within the range declared on the local frame's
+          domain
+        - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings
+          representing the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the local sections;
+          if ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+        - ``symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``symbol`` but for the
+          dual coframe; if ``None``, ``symbol`` must be a string and is used
+          for the common base of the symbols of the elements of the dual
+          coframe
+        - ``latex_symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``latex_symbol``
+          but for the dual coframe
+
+        OUTPUT: instance of :class:`LocalFrame`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e')
+            sage: e._new_instance('f')
+            Local frame (E|_M, (f_0,f_1))
+        """
+        return LocalFrame(self._fmodule, symbol, latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                           indices=indices, latex_indices=latex_indices,
+                           symbol_dual=symbol_dual,
+                           latex_symbol_dual=latex_symbol_dual)
+
+    ###### End of methods to be redefined by derived classes ######
+
+    def domain(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the domain on which ``self`` is defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e', domain=U); e
+            Local frame (E|_U, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: e.domain()
+            Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return self._domain
+
+    def base_space(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the base space on which the overlying vector bundle is defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e', domain=U)
+            sage: e.base_space()
+            3-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        return self._base_space
+
+    def vector_bundle(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the vector bundle on which ``self`` is defined.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e', domain=U)
+            sage: e.vector_bundle()
+            Topological real vector bundle E -> M of rank 2 over the base space
+            3-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: e.vector_bundle() is E
+            True
+        """
+        return self._vbundle
+
+    def coframe(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the coframe of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: e.coframe()
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (e^0,e^1))
+        """
+        return self._coframe
+
+    def new_frame(self, change_of_frame, symbol, latex_symbol=None,
+                  indices=None, latex_indices=None, symbol_dual=None,
+                  latex_symbol_dual=None):
+        r"""
+        Define a new local frame from ``self``.
+
+        The new local frame is defined from vector bundle automorphisms; its
+        module is the same as that of the current frame.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``change_of_frame`` --
+          :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.free_module_automorphism.FreeModuleAutomorphism`;
+          vector bundle automorphisms `P` that relates
+          the current frame `(e_i)` to the new frame `(f_i)` according
+          to `f_i = P(e_i)`
+        - ``symbol`` -- either a string, to be used as a common base for the
+          symbols of the sections constituting the local frame, or a
+          list/tuple of strings, representing the individual symbols of the
+          sections
+        - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+          as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the sections
+          constituting the local frame, or a list/tuple of strings,
+          representing the individual LaTeX symbols of the sections;
+          if ``None``, ``symbol`` is used in place of ``latex_symbol``
+        - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a
+          single string) tuple of strings representing the indices labelling
+          the sections of the frame; if ``None``, the indices will be
+          generated as integers within the range declared on ``self``
+        - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings
+          representing the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the sections;
+          if ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+        - ``symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``symbol`` but for the
+          dual coframe; if ``None``, ``symbol`` must be a string and is used
+          for the common base of the symbols of the elements of the dual
+          coframe
+        - ``latex_symbol_dual`` -- (default: ``None``) same as ``latex_symbol``
+          but for the dual coframe
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the new frame `(f_i)`, as an instance of :class:`LocalFrame`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Orthogonal transformation of a frame on the 2-dimensional trivial vector
+        bundle over the Euclidean plane::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='top', start_index=1)
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+            Local frame (E|_R^2, (e_1,e_2))
+            sage: orth = E.section_module().automorphism()
+            sage: orth[:] = [[sqrt(3)/2, -1/2], [1/2, sqrt(3)/2]]
+            sage: f = e.new_frame(orth, 'f')
+            sage: f[1][:]
+            [1/2*sqrt(3), 1/2]
+            sage: f[2][:]
+            [-1/2, 1/2*sqrt(3)]
+            sage: a =  E.change_of_frame(e,f)
+            sage: a[:]
+            [1/2*sqrt(3)        -1/2]
+            [        1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
+            sage: a == orth
+            True
+            sage: a is orth
+            False
+            sage: a._components # random (dictionary output)
+            {Local frame (E|_D_0, (e_1,e_2)): 2-indices components w.r.t.
+             Local frame (E|_D_0, (e_1,e_2)),
+             Local frame (E|_D_0, (f_1,f_2)): 2-indices components w.r.t.
+             Local frame (E|_D_0, (f_1,f_2))}
+            sage: a.comp(f)[:]
+            [1/2*sqrt(3)        -1/2]
+             [        1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
+            sage: a1 = E.change_of_frame(f,e)
+            sage: a1[:]
+            [1/2*sqrt(3)         1/2]
+            [       -1/2 1/2*sqrt(3)]
+            sage: a1 == orth.inverse()
+            True
+            sage: a1 is orth.inverse()
+            False
+            sage: e[1].comp(f)[:]
+            [1/2*sqrt(3), -1/2]
+            sage: e[2].comp(f)[:]
+            [1/2, 1/2*sqrt(3)]
+        """
+        the_new_frame = self.new_basis(change_of_frame, symbol,
+                                       latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                                       indices=indices,
+                                       latex_indices=latex_indices,
+                                       symbol_dual=symbol_dual,
+                                       latex_symbol_dual=latex_symbol_dual)
+        self._vbundle._frame_changes[(self, the_new_frame)] = \
+                            self._fmodule._basis_changes[(self, the_new_frame)]
+        self._vbundle._frame_changes[(the_new_frame, self)] = \
+                            self._fmodule._basis_changes[(the_new_frame, self)]
+        return the_new_frame
+
+    def restrict(self, subdomain):
+        r"""
+        Return the restriction of ``self`` to some open subset of its domain.
+
+        If the restriction has not been defined yet, it is constructed here.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``subdomain`` -- open subset `V` of the current frame domain `U`
+
+        OUTPUT: the restriction of the current frame to `V` as a :class:`LocalFrame`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Restriction of a frame defined on `\RR^2` to the unit disk::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='top', start_index=1)
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+            Local frame (E|_R^2, (e_1,e_2))
+            sage: a = E.section_module().automorphism()
+            sage: a[:] = [[1-y^2,0], [1+x^2, 2]]
+            sage: f = e.new_frame(a, 'f'); f
+            Local frame (E|_R^2, (f_1,f_2))
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: x^2+y^2<1})
+            sage: e_U = e.restrict(U); e_U
+            Local frame (E|_U, (e_1,e_2))
+            sage: f_U = f.restrict(U) ; f_U
+            Local frame (E|_U, (f_1,f_2))
+
+        The vectors of the restriction have the same symbols as those of the
+        original frame::
+
+            sage: f_U[1].display()
+            f_1 = (-y^2 + 1) e_1 + (x^2 + 1) e_2
+            sage: f_U[2].display()
+            f_2 = 2 e_2
+
+        Actually, the components are the restrictions of the original frame
+        vectors::
+
+            sage: f_U[1] is f[1].restrict(U)
+            True
+            sage: f_U[2] is f[2].restrict(U)
+            True
+        """
+        if subdomain == self._domain:
+            return self
+        if subdomain not in self._restrictions:
+            if not subdomain.is_subset(self._domain):
+                raise ValueError("the provided domain is not a subdomain of " +
+                                 "the current frame's domain")
+            # First one tries to get the restriction from a tighter domain:
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if subdomain.is_subset(dom) and subdomain in rst._restrictions:
+                    res = rst._restrictions[subdomain]
+                    self._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                    res._superframes.update(self._superframes)
+                    for sframe2 in self._superframes:
+                        sframe2._subframes.add(res)
+                    return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+            # Secondly one tries to get the restriction from one previously
+            # defined on a larger domain:
+            for sframe in self._superframes:
+                if subdomain in sframe._restrictions:
+                    res = sframe._restrictions[subdomain]
+                    self._restrictions[subdomain] = res
+                    res._superframes.update(self._superframes)
+                    for sframe2 in self._superframes:
+                        sframe2._subframes.add(res)
+                    return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+            # If this point is reached, the restriction has to be created
+            # from scratch
+            resmodule = self._vbundle.section_module(domain=subdomain,
+                                                      force_free=True)
+            res = LocalFrame(resmodule,
+                              self._symbol, latex_symbol=self._latex_symbol,
+                              indices=self._indices,
+                              latex_indices=self._latex_indices,
+                              symbol_dual=self._symbol_dual,
+                              latex_symbol_dual=self._latex_symbol_dual)
+
+            new_vectors = list()
+            for i in self._fmodule.irange():
+                vrest = self[i].restrict(subdomain)
+                for j in self._fmodule.irange():
+                    vrest.add_comp(res)[j] = 0
+                vrest.add_comp(res)[i] = 1
+                new_vectors.append(vrest)
+            res._vec = tuple(new_vectors)
+            # Update of superframes and subframes:
+            for sframe in self._subframes:
+                if subdomain.is_subset(sframe.domain()):
+                    res._superframes.update(sframe._superframes)
+            for sframe in res._superframes:
+                sframe._subframes.add(res)
+                sframe._restrictions[subdomain] = res # includes sframe = self
+            for dom, rst in self._restrictions.items():
+                if dom.is_subset(subdomain):
+                    res._restrictions.update(rst._restrictions)
+                    res._subframes.update(rst._subframes)
+                    rst._superframes.update(res._superframes)
+
+        return self._restrictions[subdomain]
+
+    def at(self, point):
+        r"""
+        Return the value of ``self`` at a given point, this value being
+        a basis of the vector bundle fiber at the point.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint`; point
+          `p` in the domain `U` of the local frame (denoted `e` hereafter)
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis.FreeModuleBasis`
+          representing the basis `e(p)` of the vector bundle fiber
+          `E_p`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Basis of a fiber of a trivial vector bundle::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: p = M.point((-1,2), name='p')
+            sage: ep = e.at(p) ; ep
+            Basis (e_0,e_1) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+            sage: type(ep)
+            <class 'sage.tensor.modules.free_module_basis.FreeModuleBasis_with_category'>
+            sage: ep[0]
+            Vector e_0 in the fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+            sage: ep[1]
+            Vector e_1 in the fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+
+        Note that the symbols used to denote the vectors are same as those
+        for the vector fields of the frame. At this stage, ``ep`` is the unique
+        basis on fiber at ``p``::
+
+            sage: Ep = E.fiber(p)
+            sage: Ep.bases()
+            [Basis (e_0,e_1) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M]
+
+        Let us consider another local frame::
+
+            sage: aut = E.section_module().automorphism()
+            sage: aut[:] = [[1+y^2, 0], [0, 2]]
+            sage: f = e.new_frame(aut, 'f') ; f
+            Local frame (E|_M, (f_0,f_1))
+            sage: fp = f.at(p) ; fp
+            Basis (f_0,f_1) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+
+        There are now two bases on the fiber::
+
+            sage: Ep.bases()
+            [Basis (e_0,e_1) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M,
+             Basis (f_0,f_1) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M]
+
+        Moreover, the changes of bases in the tangent space have been
+        computed from the known relation between the frames ``e`` and
+        ``f`` (via the automorphism ``aut`` defined above)::
+
+            sage: Ep.change_of_basis(ep, fp)
+            Automorphism of the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+            sage: Ep.change_of_basis(ep, fp).display()
+            5 e_0⊗e^0 + 2 e_1⊗e^1
+            sage: Ep.change_of_basis(fp, ep)
+            Automorphism of the Fiber of E at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             topological manifold M
+            sage: Ep.change_of_basis(fp, ep).display()
+            1/5 e_0⊗e^0 + 1/2 e_1⊗e^1
+
+        The dual bases::
+
+            sage: e.coframe()
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (e^0,e^1))
+            sage: ep.dual_basis()
+            Dual basis (e^0,e^1) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the
+             2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: ep.dual_basis() is e.coframe().at(p)
+            True
+            sage: f.coframe()
+            Local coframe (E|_M, (f^0,f^1))
+            sage: fp.dual_basis()
+            Dual basis (f^0,f^1) on the Fiber of E at Point p on the
+             2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: fp.dual_basis() is f.coframe().at(p)
+            True
+        """
+        # Determination of the vector bundle fiber:
+        if point not in self._domain:
+            raise ValueError("the {} is not a point in the ".format(point) +
+                             "domain of {}".format(self))
+        vbf = self._vbundle.fiber(point)
+        # If the basis has already been constructed, it is simply returned:
+        vbf_frame_bases = vbf._frame_bases
+        if self in vbf_frame_bases:
+            return vbf_frame_bases[self]
+        for frame in vbf_frame_bases:
+            if self in frame._subframes or self in frame._superframes:
+                return vbf_frame_bases[frame]
+        # If this point is reached, the basis has to be constructed from
+        # scratch.
+        # The names of the basis vectors set to those of the frame sections:
+        basis = vbf.basis(self._symbol, latex_symbol=self._latex_symbol,
+                         indices=self._indices,
+                         latex_indices=self._latex_indices,
+                         symbol_dual=self._symbol_dual,
+                         latex_symbol_dual=self._latex_symbol_dual)
+        vbf_frame_bases[self] = basis
+        # Update of the change of bases in the fiber:
+        for frame_pair, automorph in self._vbundle._frame_changes.items():
+            frame1 = frame_pair[0]
+            frame2 = frame_pair[1]
+            if frame1 is self:
+                fr2 = None
+                for frame in vbf_frame_bases:
+                    if frame2 in frame._subframes:
+                        fr2 = frame
+                        break
+                if fr2 is not None:
+                    basis1 = basis
+                    basis2 = vbf_frame_bases[fr2]
+                    auto = vbf.automorphism()
+                    for frame, comp in automorph._components.items():
+                        bas = None
+                        if frame is frame1:
+                            bas = basis1
+                        if frame is frame2:
+                            bas = basis2
+                        if bas is not None:
+                            cauto = auto.add_comp(bas)
+                            for ind, val in comp._comp.items():
+                                cauto._comp[ind] = val(point)
+                    vbf._basis_changes[(basis1, basis2)] = auto
+            if frame2 is self:
+                fr1 = None
+                for frame in vbf_frame_bases:
+                    if frame1 in frame._subframes:
+                        fr1 = frame
+                        break
+                if fr1 is not None:
+                    basis1 = vbf_frame_bases[fr1]
+                    basis2 = basis
+                    auto = vbf.automorphism()
+                    for frame, comp in automorph._components.items():
+                        bas = None
+                        if frame is frame1:
+                            bas = basis1
+                        if frame is frame2:
+                            bas = basis2
+                        if bas is not None:
+                            cauto = auto.add_comp(bas)
+                            for ind, val in comp._comp.items():
+                                cauto._comp[ind] = val(point)
+                    vbf._basis_changes[(basis1, basis2)] = auto
+        return basis
+
+    def set_name(self, symbol, latex_symbol=None, indices=None,
+                 latex_indices=None, index_position='down',
+                 include_domain=True):
+        r"""
+        Set (or change) the text name and LaTeX name of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``symbol`` -- either a string, to be used as a common base for the
+          symbols of the local sections constituting the local frame, or a
+          list/tuple of strings, representing the individual symbols of the
+          local sections
+        - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+          as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the local sections
+          constituting the local frame, or a list/tuple of strings,
+          representing the individual LaTeX symbols of the local sections;
+          if ``None``, ``symbol`` is used in place of ``latex_symbol``
+        - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a
+          single string) tuple of strings representing the indices labelling
+          the local sections of the frame; if ``None``, the indices will be
+          generated as integers within the range declared on ``self``
+        - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings
+          representing the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the local sections;
+          if ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+        - ``index_position`` -- (default: ``'down'``) determines the position
+          of the indices labelling the local sections of the frame; can be
+          either ``'down'`` or ``'up'``
+        - ``include_domain`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); determining whether
+          the name of the domain is included in the beginning of the vector
+          frame name
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: e = E.local_frame('e'); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (e_0,e_1))
+            sage: e.set_name('f'); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (f_0,f_1))
+            sage: e.set_name('e', include_domain=False); e
+            Local frame (e_0,e_1)
+            sage: e.set_name(['a', 'b']); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (a,b))
+            sage: e.set_name('e', indices=['x', 'y']); e
+            Local frame (E|_M, (e_x,e_y))
+            sage: e.set_name('e', latex_symbol=r'\epsilon')
+            sage: latex(e)
+            \left(E|_{M}, \left(\epsilon_{0},\epsilon_{1}\right)\right)
+            sage: e.set_name('e', latex_symbol=[r'\alpha', r'\beta'])
+            sage: latex(e)
+            \left(E|_{M}, \left(\alpha,\beta\right)\right)
+            sage: e.set_name('e', latex_symbol='E',
+            ....:            latex_indices=[r'\alpha', r'\beta'])
+            sage: latex(e)
+            \left(E|_{M}, \left(E_{\alpha},E_{\beta}\right)\right)
+        """
+        super().set_name(symbol, latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                         indices=indices,
+                         latex_indices=latex_indices,
+                         index_position=index_position)
+        if include_domain:
+            # Redefinition of the name and the LaTeX name to include the domain
+            self._name = "({}|_{}, {})".format(self._vbundle._name,
+                                                self._domain._name, self._name)
+            self._latex_name = r"\left({}|_{{{}}}, {}\right)".format(
+                                                    self._vbundle._latex_name,
+                                                    self._domain._latex_name,
+                                                    self._latex_name)
+
+#******************************************************************************
+
+
+class TrivializationCoFrame(LocalCoFrame):
+    r"""
+    Trivialization coframe on a vector bundle.
+
+    A *trivialization coframe* is the coframe of the trivialization frame
+    induced by a trivialization (see: :class:`~sage.manifolds.local_frame.TrivializationFrame`).
+
+    More precisely, a *trivialization frame* on a vector bundle `E \to M` of
+    class `C^k` and rank `n` over the topological field `K` and over a
+    topological manifold `M` is a local coframe induced by a local
+    trivialization `\varphi:E|_U \to U \times K^n` of the domain `U \in M`.
+    Namely, the local dual sections
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \varphi^*e^i := \varphi(\;\cdot\;, e^i)
+
+    on `U` induce a local frame `(\varphi^*e^1, \dots, \varphi^*e^n)`, where
+    `(e^1, \dots, e^n)` is the dual of the standard basis of `K^n`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``triv_frame`` -- trivialization frame dual to the trivialization coframe
+    - ``symbol`` -- either a string, to be used as a common base for the
+      symbols of the dual sections constituting the coframe, or a tuple of
+      strings, representing the individual symbols of the dual sections
+    - ``latex_symbol`` -- (default: ``None``) either a string, to be used
+      as a common base for the LaTeX symbols of the dual sections constituting
+      the coframe, or a tuple of strings, representing the individual LaTeX
+      symbols of the dual sections; if ``None``, ``symbol`` is used in place of
+      ``latex_symbol``
+    - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``; used only if ``symbol`` is a single
+      string) tuple of strings representing the indices labelling the dual
+      sections of the coframe; if ``None``, the indices will be generated as
+      integers within the range declared on the local frame's domain
+    - ``latex_indices`` -- (default: ``None``) tuple of strings representing
+      the indices for the LaTeX symbols of the dual sections of the coframe; if
+      ``None``, ``indices`` is used instead
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Trivialization coframe on a trivial vector bundle of rank 3::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', start_index=1, structure='top')
+        sage: X.<x,y,z> = M.chart()
+        sage: E = M.vector_bundle(3, 'E')
+        sage: phi = E.trivialization('phi'); phi
+        Trivialization (phi, E|_M)
+        sage: E.frames()
+        [Trivialization frame (E|_M, ((phi^*e_1),(phi^*e_2),(phi^*e_3)))]
+        sage: E.coframes()
+        [Trivialization coframe (E|_M, ((phi^*e^1),(phi^*e^2),(phi^*e^3)))]
+        sage: f = E.coframes()[0] ; f
+        Trivialization coframe (E|_M, ((phi^*e^1),(phi^*e^2),(phi^*e^3)))
+
+    The linear forms composing the coframe are obtained via the operator
+    ``[]``::
+
+        sage: f[1]
+        Linear form (phi^*e^1) on the Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+         bundle E of rank 3
+        sage: f[2]
+        Linear form (phi^*e^2) on the Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+         bundle E of rank 3
+        sage: f[3]
+        Linear form (phi^*e^3) on the Free module C^0(M;E) of sections on the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold M with values in the real vector
+         bundle E of rank 3
+        sage: f[1][:]
+        [1, 0, 0]
+        sage: f[2][:]
+        [0, 1, 0]
+        sage: f[3][:]
+        [0, 0, 1]
+
+    The coframe is the dual of the trivialization frame::
+
+        sage: e = phi.frame() ; e
+        Trivialization frame (E|_M, ((phi^*e_1),(phi^*e_2),(phi^*e_3)))
+        sage: f[1](e[1]).expr(), f[1](e[2]).expr(), f[1](e[3]).expr()
+        (1, 0, 0)
+        sage: f[2](e[1]).expr(), f[2](e[2]).expr(), f[2](e[3]).expr()
+        (0, 1, 0)
+        sage: f[3](e[1]).expr(), f[3](e[2]).expr(), f[3](e[3]).expr()
+        (0, 0, 1)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, triv_frame, symbol, latex_symbol=None,
+                 indices=None, latex_indices=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct a local coframe from a local trivialization.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='top')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: phi = E.trivialization('phi')
+            sage: from sage.manifolds.local_frame import TrivializationCoFrame
+            sage: f = TrivializationCoFrame(phi.frame(), 'omega'); f
+            Trivialization coframe (E|_M, (omega^0,omega^1))
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+        """
+        if not isinstance(triv_frame, TrivializationFrame):
+            raise TypeError("the first argument must be a local trivialization "
+                            "frame")
+        LocalCoFrame.__init__(self, triv_frame, symbol,
+                              latex_symbol=latex_symbol, indices=indices,
+                              latex_indices=latex_indices)
+        self._trivialization = triv_frame._trivialization
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: phi = E.trivialization('phi')
+            sage: e = phi.frame().coframe()
+            sage: e._repr_()
+            'Trivialization coframe (E|_M, ((phi^*e^1),(phi^*e^2)))'
+            sage: repr(e)  # indirect doctest
+            'Trivialization coframe (E|_M, ((phi^*e^1),(phi^*e^2)))'
+            sage: e  # indirect doctest
+            Trivialization coframe (E|_M, ((phi^*e^1),(phi^*e^2)))
+        """
+        return "Trivialization coframe " + self._name
+
+#******************************************************************************
+
+
+class TrivializationFrame(LocalFrame):
+    r"""
+    Trivialization frame on a topological vector bundle.
+
+    A *trivialization frame* on a topological vector bundle `E \to M` of rank
+    `n` over the topological field `K` and over a topological manifold `M` is a
+    local frame induced by a local trivialization `\varphi:E|_U \to U \times K^n`
+    of the domain `U \in M`. More precisely, the local sections
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \varphi^*e_i := \varphi(\;\cdot\;, e_i)
+
+    on `U` induce a local frame `(\varphi^*e_1, \dots, \varphi^*e_n)`, where
+    `(e_1, \dots, e_n)` is the standard basis of `K^n`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``trivialization`` -- the trivialization defined on the vector bundle
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+        sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+        sage: phi_U = E.trivialization('phi_U', domain=U)
+        sage: phi_U.frame()
+        Trivialization frame (E|_U, ((phi_U^*e_1),(phi_U^*e_2)))
+        sage: latex(phi_U.frame())
+        \left(E|_{U}, \left(\left(phi_U^* e_{ 1 }\right),\left(phi_U^* e_{ 2 }\right)\right)\right)
+    """
+
+    # The following class attribute must be redefined by any derived class:
+    _cobasis_class = TrivializationCoFrame
+
+    def __init__(self, trivialization):
+        r"""
+        Construct a trivialization frame.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: phi = E.trivialization('phi')
+            sage: e = phi.frame()
+            sage: TestSuite(e).run()
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.trivialization import Trivialization
+        from sage.misc.latex import latex
+        if not isinstance(trivialization, Trivialization):
+            raise TypeError("the first argument must be a trivialization")
+        ###
+        # Some useful variables:
+        triv = trivialization
+        domain = triv.domain()
+        vbundle = triv.vector_bundle()
+        ###
+        # Some sanity check:
+        smodule = vbundle._section_modules.get(domain)
+        if smodule and not isinstance(smodule, FiniteRankFreeModule):
+            raise ValueError("the {} has already been constructed as a "
+                             "non-free module and therefore cannot have "
+                             "a basis".format(smodule))
+        ###
+        # Set trivialization:
+        self._trivialization = triv
+        ###
+        # Define trivialization names
+        rank = vbundle.rank()
+        symbol = tuple("(" + triv._name + "^*" + "e_" + str(i) + ")"
+            for i in range(1, rank + 1))
+        symbol_dual = tuple("(" + triv._name + "^*" + "e^" + str(i) + ")"
+            for i in range(1, rank + 1))
+        latex_symbol = tuple(r'\left(' + triv._latex_name + r'^* e_{' +
+                             latex(i) + r'}\right)'
+                             for i in range(1, rank + 1))
+        latex_symbol_dual = tuple(r'\left(' + triv._latex_name + r'^* e^{' +
+                             latex(i) + r'}\right)'
+                             for i in range(1, rank + 1))
+        LocalFrame.__init__(self,
+                        vbundle.section_module(domain=domain, force_free=True),
+                        symbol=symbol, latex_symbol=latex_symbol,
+                        symbol_dual=symbol_dual,
+                        latex_symbol_dual=latex_symbol_dual)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: phi = E.trivialization('phi')
+            sage: e = phi.frame()
+            sage: e._repr_()
+            'Trivialization frame (E|_M, ((phi^*e_1),(phi^*e_2)))'
+            sage: repr(e)  # indirect doctest
+            'Trivialization frame (E|_M, ((phi^*e_1),(phi^*e_2)))'
+            sage: e  # indirect doctest
+            Trivialization frame (E|_M, ((phi^*e_1),(phi^*e_2)))
+        """
+        return "Trivialization frame " + self._name
+
+    def trivialization(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the underlying trivialization of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
+            sage: E = M.vector_bundle(2, 'E')
+            sage: phi_U = E.trivialization('phi_U', domain=U)
+            sage: e = phi_U.frame()
+            sage: e.trivialization()
+            Trivialization (phi_U, E|_U)
+            sage: e.trivialization() is phi_U
+            True
+        """
+        return self._trivialization