passagemath-symbolics 10.6.37__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/diff_map.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1315 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Differentiable Maps between Differentiable Manifolds
+
+The class :class:`DiffMap` implements differentiable maps from a differentiable
+manifold `M` to a differentiable manifold `N` over the same topological field
+`K` as `M` (in most applications, `K = \RR` or `K = \CC`):
+
+.. MATH::
+
+    \Phi: M \longrightarrow N
+
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon, Michal Bejger (2013-2015): initial version
+- Marco Mancini (2018): pullback parallelization
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- Chap. 1 of [KN1963]_
+- Chaps. 2 and 3 of [Lee2013]_
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015-2021 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#       Copyright (C) 2018 Marco Mancini <marco.mancini@obspm.fr>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from sage.manifolds.continuous_map import ContinuousMap
+from sage.parallel.decorate import parallel
+from sage.parallel.parallelism import Parallelism
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sage.manifolds.point import ManifoldPoint
+    from sage.tensor.modules.free_module_morphism import FiniteRankFreeModuleMorphism
+
+
+class DiffMap(ContinuousMap):
+    r"""
+    Differentiable map between two differentiable manifolds.
+
+    This class implements differentiable maps of the type
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \Phi: M \longrightarrow  N
+
+    where `M` and `N` are differentiable manifolds over the same topological
+    field `K` (in most applications, `K = \RR` or `K = \CC`).
+
+    Differentiable maps are the *morphisms* of the *category* of
+    differentiable manifolds. The set of all differentiable maps from `M` to
+    `N` is therefore the homset between `M` and `N`, which is denoted by
+    `\mathrm{Hom}(M,N)`.
+
+    The class :class:`DiffMap` is a Sage *element* class, whose *parent*
+    class is
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold_homset.DifferentiableManifoldHomset`.
+    It inherits from the class
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap` since a
+    differentiable map is obviously a continuous one.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``parent`` -- homset `\mathrm{Hom}(M,N)` to which the differentiable
+      map belongs
+    - ``coord_functions`` -- (default: ``None``) if not ``None``, must be
+      a dictionary of the coordinate expressions (as lists (or tuples) of the
+      coordinates of the image expressed in terms of the coordinates of
+      the considered point) with the pairs of charts (chart1, chart2)
+      as keys (chart1 being a chart on `M` and chart2 a chart on `N`).
+      If the dimension of the map's codomain is 1, a single coordinate
+      expression can be passed instead of a tuple with a single element
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the differentiable map
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+      differentiable map; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+    - ``is_isomorphism`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+      constructed object is a isomorphism (i.e. a diffeomorphism). If set to
+      ``True``, then the manifolds `M` and `N` must have the same dimension.
+    - ``is_identity`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+      constructed object is the identity map. If set to ``True``,
+      then `N` must be `M` and the entry ``coord_functions`` is not used.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If the information passed by means of the argument ``coord_functions``
+        is not sufficient to fully specify the differentiable map,
+        further coordinate expressions, in other charts, can be subsequently
+        added by means of the method
+        :meth:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap.add_expr`
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The standard embedding of the sphere `S^2` into `\RR^3`::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2
+        sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole
+        sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole
+        sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole
+        sage: M.declare_union(U,V)   # S^2 is the union of U and V
+        sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)),
+        ....:                 intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
+        ....:                 restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
+        sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse()
+        sage: N = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3')  # R^3
+        sage: c_cart.<X,Y,Z> = N.chart()  # Cartesian coordinates on R^3
+        sage: Phi = M.diff_map(N,
+        ....: {(c_xy, c_cart): [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2), 2*y/(1+x^2+y^2), (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+        ....:  (c_uv, c_cart): [2*u/(1+u^2+v^2), 2*v/(1+u^2+v^2), (1-u^2-v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)]},
+        ....: name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+        sage: Phi
+        Differentiable map Phi from the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold
+         S^2 to the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3
+        sage: Phi.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2 to
+         3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3 in Category of smooth
+         manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: Phi.parent() is Hom(M, N)
+        True
+        sage: type(Phi)
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold_homset.DifferentiableManifoldHomset_with_category.element_class'>
+        sage: Phi.display()
+        Phi: S^2 → R^3
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1),
+                                    (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1),
+                                    -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+    It is possible to create the map via the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold.diff_map`
+    only in a single pair of charts: the argument ``coord_functions`` is then
+    a mere list of coordinate expressions (and not a dictionary) and the
+    arguments ``chart1`` and ``chart2`` have to be provided if the charts
+    differ from the default ones on the domain and/or the codomain::
+
+        sage: Phi1 = M.diff_map(N, [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2), 2*y/(1+x^2+y^2),
+        ....:                       (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+        ....:                   chart1=c_xy, chart2=c_cart, name='Phi',
+        ....:                   latex_name=r'\Phi')
+
+    Since ``c_xy`` and ``c_cart`` are the default charts on respectively ``M``
+    and ``N``, they can be omitted, so that the above declaration is equivalent
+    to::
+
+        sage: Phi1 = M.diff_map(N, [2*x/(1+x^2+y^2), 2*y/(1+x^2+y^2),
+        ....:                       (x^2+y^2-1)/(1+x^2+y^2)],
+        ....:                   name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+
+    With such a declaration, the differentiable map is only partially defined
+    on the manifold `S^2`, being known in only one chart::
+
+        sage: Phi1.display()
+        Phi: S^2 → R^3
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1),
+                                    (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+    The definition can be completed by means of the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap.add_expr`::
+
+        sage: Phi1.add_expr(c_uv, c_cart, [2*u/(1+u^2+v^2), 2*v/(1+u^2+v^2),
+        ....:                              (1-u^2-v^2)/(1+u^2+v^2)])
+        sage: Phi1.display()
+        Phi: S^2 → R^3
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*x/(x^2 + y^2 + 1), 2*y/(x^2 + y^2 + 1),
+                                    (x^2 + y^2 - 1)/(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ (X, Y, Z) = (2*u/(u^2 + v^2 + 1), 2*v/(u^2 + v^2 + 1),
+                                    -(u^2 + v^2 - 1)/(u^2 + v^2 + 1))
+
+    At this stage, ``Phi1`` and ``Phi`` are fully equivalent::
+
+        sage: Phi1 == Phi
+        True
+
+    The test suite is passed::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(Phi).run()
+        sage: TestSuite(Phi1).run()
+
+    The map acts on points::
+
+        sage: np = M.point((0,0), chart=c_uv, name='N')  # the North pole
+        sage: Phi(np)
+        Point Phi(N) on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3
+        sage: Phi(np).coord() # Cartesian coordinates
+        (0, 0, 1)
+        sage: sp = M.point((0,0), chart=c_xy, name='S')  # the South pole
+        sage: Phi(sp).coord() # Cartesian coordinates
+        (0, 0, -1)
+
+    The differential `\mathrm{d}\Phi` of the map `\Phi` at the North pole and
+    at the South pole::
+
+        sage: Phi.differential(np)
+        Generic morphism:
+          From: Tangent space at Point N on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+          To:   Tangent space at Point Phi(N) on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3
+        sage: Phi.differential(sp)
+        Generic morphism:
+          From: Tangent space at Point S on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+          To:   Tangent space at Point Phi(S) on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3
+
+    The matrix of the linear map `\mathrm{d}\Phi_N` with respect to the default
+    bases of `T_N S^2` and `T_{\Phi(N)} \RR^3`::
+
+        sage: Phi.differential(np).matrix()
+        [2 0]
+        [0 2]
+        [0 0]
+
+    the default bases being::
+
+        sage: Phi.differential(np).domain().default_basis()
+        Basis (∂/∂u,∂/∂v) on the Tangent space at Point N on the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold S^2
+        sage: Phi.differential(np).codomain().default_basis()
+        Basis (∂/∂X,∂/∂Y,∂/∂Z) on the Tangent space at Point Phi(N) on the
+         3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3
+
+    A convenient way to display the matrix of the differential::
+
+        sage: Phi.differential(np).display()
+             ∂/∂u ∂/∂v
+        ∂/∂X⎛   2    0⎞
+        ∂/∂Y⎜   0    2⎟
+        ∂/∂Z⎝   0    0⎠
+
+    Differentiable maps can be composed by means of the operator ``*``: let
+    us introduce the map `\RR^3\rightarrow \RR^2` corresponding to
+    the projection from the point `(X,Y,Z)=(0,0,1)` onto the equatorial plane
+    `Z=0`::
+
+        sage: P = Manifold(2, 'R^2', r'\RR^2') # R^2 (equatorial plane)
+        sage: cP.<xP, yP> = P.chart()
+        sage: Psi = N.diff_map(P, (X/(1-Z), Y/(1-Z)), name='Psi',
+        ....:                  latex_name=r'\Psi')
+        sage: Psi
+        Differentiable map Psi from the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold
+         R^3 to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: Psi.display()
+        Psi: R^3 → R^2
+           (X, Y, Z) ↦ (xP, yP) = (-X/(Z - 1), -Y/(Z - 1))
+
+    Then we compose ``Psi`` with ``Phi``, thereby getting a map
+    `S^2\rightarrow \RR^2`::
+
+        sage: ster = Psi*Phi ; ster
+        Differentiable map from the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+         to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+
+    Let us test on the South pole (``sp``) that ``ster`` is indeed the
+    composite of ``Psi`` and ``Phi``::
+
+        sage: ster(sp) == Psi(Phi(sp))
+        True
+
+    Actually ``ster`` is the stereographic projection from the North pole, as
+    its coordinate expression reveals::
+
+        sage: ster.display()
+        S^2 → R^2
+        on U: (x, y) ↦ (xP, yP) = (x, y)
+        on V: (u, v) ↦ (xP, yP) = (u/(u^2 + v^2), v/(u^2 + v^2))
+
+    If its codomain is 1-dimensional, a differentiable map must be
+    defined by a single symbolic expression for each pair of charts, and not
+    by a list/tuple with a single element::
+
+        sage: N = Manifold(1, 'N')
+        sage: c_N = N.chart('X')
+        sage: Phi = M.diff_map(N, {(c_xy, c_N): x^2+y^2,
+        ....: (c_uv, c_N): 1/(u^2+v^2)})  # not ...[1/(u^2+v^2)] or (1/(u^2+v^2),)
+
+    An example of differentiable map `\RR \rightarrow \RR^2`::
+
+        sage: R = Manifold(1, 'R')  # field R
+        sage: T.<t> = R.chart()  # canonical chart on R
+        sage: R2 = Manifold(2, 'R^2')  # R^2
+        sage: c_xy.<x,y> = R2.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2
+        sage: Phi = R.diff_map(R2, [cos(t), sin(t)], name='Phi') ; Phi
+        Differentiable map Phi from the 1-dimensional differentiable manifold R
+         to the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: Phi.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from 1-dimensional differentiable manifold R to
+         2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2 in Category of smooth
+         manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: Phi.parent() is Hom(R, R2)
+        True
+        sage: Phi.display()
+        Phi: R → R^2
+           t ↦ (x, y) = (cos(t), sin(t))
+
+    An example of diffeomorphism between the unit open disk and the Euclidean
+    plane `\RR^2`::
+
+        sage: D = R2.open_subset('D', coord_def={c_xy: x^2+y^2<1}) # the open unit disk
+        sage: Phi = D.diffeomorphism(R2, [x/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2), y/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2)],
+        ....:                        name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+        sage: Phi
+        Diffeomorphism Phi from the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2 to the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold R^2
+        sage: Phi.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from Open subset D of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold R^2 to 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2 in Category
+         of smooth manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: Phi.parent() is Hom(D, R2)
+        True
+        sage: Phi.display()
+        Phi: D → R^2
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1))
+
+    The image of a point::
+
+        sage: p = D.point((1/2,0))
+        sage: q = Phi(p) ; q
+        Point on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: q.coord()
+        (1/3*sqrt(3), 0)
+
+    The inverse diffeomorphism is computed by means of the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap.inverse`::
+
+        sage: Phi.inverse()
+        Diffeomorphism Phi^(-1) from the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+         to the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: Phi.inverse().display()
+        Phi^(-1): R^2 → D
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+    Equivalently, one may use the notations ``^(-1)`` or ``~`` to get the
+    inverse::
+
+        sage: Phi^(-1) is Phi.inverse()
+        True
+        sage: ~Phi is Phi.inverse()
+        True
+
+    Check that ``~Phi`` is indeed the inverse of ``Phi``::
+
+        sage: (~Phi)(q) == p
+        True
+        sage: Phi * ~Phi == R2.identity_map()
+        True
+        sage: ~Phi * Phi == D.identity_map()
+        True
+
+    The coordinate expression of the inverse diffeomorphism::
+
+        sage: (~Phi).display()
+        Phi^(-1): R^2 → D
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y) = (x/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + 1))
+
+    A special case of diffeomorphism: the identity map of the open unit disk::
+
+        sage: id = D.identity_map() ; id
+        Identity map Id_D of the Open subset D of the 2-dimensional
+         differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: latex(id)
+        \mathrm{Id}_{D}
+        sage: id.parent()
+        Set of Morphisms from Open subset D of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold R^2 to Open subset D of the 2-dimensional differentiable
+         manifold R^2 in Join of Category of subobjects of sets and Category of
+         smooth manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: id.parent() is Hom(D, D)
+        True
+        sage: id is Hom(D,D).one()  # the identity element of the monoid Hom(D,D)
+        True
+
+    The identity map acting on a point::
+
+        sage: id(p)
+        Point on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold R^2
+        sage: id(p) == p
+        True
+        sage: id(p) is p
+        True
+
+    The coordinate expression of the identity map::
+
+        sage: id.display()
+        Id_D: D → D
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y)
+
+    The identity map is its own inverse::
+
+        sage: id^(-1) is id
+        True
+        sage: ~id is id
+        True
+    """
+    def __init__(self, parent, coord_functions=None, name=None,
+                 latex_name=None, is_isomorphism=False, is_identity=False):
+        r"""
+        Construct a differentiable map.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y, x*y, x-y)}, name='f') ; f
+            Differentiable map f from the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold
+             M to the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold N
+            sage: f.display()
+            f: M → N
+               (x, y) ↦ (u, v, w) = (x + y, x*y, x - y)
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+
+        The identity map::
+
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({}, is_identity=True) ; f
+            Identity map Id_M of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: f.display()
+            Id_M: M → M
+               (x, y) ↦ (x, y)
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+        """
+        ContinuousMap.__init__(self, parent, coord_functions=coord_functions,
+                               name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                               is_isomorphism=is_isomorphism,
+                               is_identity=is_identity)
+
+    #
+    # SageObject methods
+    #
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of the object.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N')
+            sage: Y.<u,v> = N.chart()
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y,x*y)})
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Differentiable map from the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M to
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold N'
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y,x*y)}, name='f')
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Differentiable map f from the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M to
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold N'
+            sage: f = Hom(M,N)({(X,Y): (x+y,x-y)}, name='f', is_isomorphism=True)
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Diffeomorphism f from the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M to
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold N'
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({(X,X): (x+y,x-y)}, name='f', is_isomorphism=True)
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Diffeomorphism f of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+            sage: f = Hom(M,M)({}, name='f', is_identity=True)
+            sage: f._repr_()
+            'Identity map f of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M'
+        """
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return "Identity map " + self._name + \
+                   " of the {}".format(self._domain)
+        if self._is_isomorphism:
+            description = "Diffeomorphism"
+        else:
+            description = "Differentiable map"
+        if self._name is not None:
+            description += " " + self._name
+        if self._domain == self._codomain:
+            if self._is_isomorphism:
+                description += " of the {}".format(self._domain)
+            else:
+                description += " from the {} to itself".format(self._domain)
+        else:
+            description += " from the {} to the {}".format(self._domain,
+                                                           self._codomain)
+        return description
+
+    def _init_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Initialize the derived quantities.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = M.diffeomorphism(M, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: f._init_derived()
+            sage: f._restrictions
+            {}
+            sage: f._inverse
+        """
+        ContinuousMap._init_derived(self)
+        # derived quantities of the mother class
+        self._diff = {}
+        # dict. of the coord. expressions of the differential
+        # keys: pair of charts
+
+    def _del_derived(self):
+        r"""
+        Delete the derived quantities.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: f = M.diffeomorphism(M, [x+y, x-y])
+            sage: f^(-1)
+            Diffeomorphism of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: f._inverse  # was set by f^(-1)
+            Diffeomorphism of the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+            sage: f._del_derived()
+            sage: f._inverse  # has been set to None by _del_derived()
+        """
+        ContinuousMap._del_derived(self)  # derived quantities of the mother
+                                          # class
+        self._diff.clear()
+
+    def differential(self, point: ManifoldPoint) -> FiniteRankFreeModuleMorphism:
+        r"""
+        Return the differential of ``self`` at a given point.
+
+        If the differentiable map ``self`` is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \Phi: M \longrightarrow N,
+
+        where `M` and `N` are differentiable manifolds, the *differential*
+        of `\Phi` at a point `p \in M` is the tangent space linear map:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \mathrm{d}\Phi_p: T_p M \longrightarrow T_{\Phi(p)} N
+
+        defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{array}{rccc}
+            \forall v\in T_p M,\quad \mathrm{d}\Phi_p(v) :
+                                & C^k(N) & \longrightarrow & \mathbb{R} \\
+                                & f & \longmapsto & v(f\circ \Phi)
+            \end{array}
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``point`` -- point `p` in the domain `M` of the differentiable
+          map `\Phi`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - `\mathrm{d}\Phi_p`, the differential of `\Phi` at `p`, as a
+          :class:`~sage.tensor.modules.free_module_morphism.FiniteRankFreeModuleMorphism`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Differential of a differentiable map between a 2-dimensional manifold
+        and a 3-dimensional one::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: Phi = M.diff_map(N, {(X,Y): (x-2*y, x*y, x^2-y^3)}, name='Phi',
+            ....:                  latex_name = r'\Phi')
+            sage: p = M.point((2,-1), name='p')
+            sage: dPhip = Phi.differential(p) ; dPhip
+            Generic morphism:
+              From: Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold M
+              To:   Tangent space at Point Phi(p) on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold N
+            sage: latex(dPhip)
+            {\mathrm{d}\Phi}_{p}
+            sage: dPhip.parent()
+            Set of Morphisms from Tangent space at Point p on the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M to Tangent space at Point Phi(p) on the
+             3-dimensional differentiable manifold N in Category of finite
+             dimensional vector spaces over Symbolic Ring
+
+        The matrix of `\mathrm{d}\Phi_p` w.r.t. to the default bases of
+        `T_p M` and `T_{\Phi(p)} N`::
+
+            sage: dPhip.matrix()
+            [ 1 -2]
+            [-1  2]
+            [ 4 -3]
+        """
+        image_point = self(point)
+        tsp_image = image_point._manifold.tangent_space(image_point)
+        tsp_source = point._manifold.tangent_space(point)
+        # Search for a common chart to perform the computation
+        chartp = None
+
+        # 1/ Search without any extra computation
+        for chart in point._coordinates:
+            for chart_pair in self._diff:
+                if chart == chart_pair[0]:
+                    chartp = chart_pair
+                    break
+            if chartp is not None:
+                break
+        else:
+            # 2/ Search with a coordinate transformation on the point
+            for chart_pair in self._diff:
+                try:
+                    point.coord(chart_pair[0])
+                    chartp = chart_pair
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+
+        if chartp is None:
+            # 3/ Search with a coordinate evaluation of self
+            for chart1 in point._coordinates:
+                for chart2 in self._codomain.atlas():
+                    try:
+                        self.differential_functions(chart1, chart2)
+                        chartp = (chart1, chart2)
+                        break
+                    except ValueError:
+                        pass
+                if chartp is not None:
+                    break
+
+        if chartp is None:
+            raise ValueError("no common chart have been found for the " +
+                     "coordinate expressions of {} and {}".format(self, point))
+
+        diff_funct = self.differential_functions(*chartp)
+        chart1 = chartp[0]
+        chart2 = chartp[1]
+        coord_point = point.coord(chart1)
+        n1 = self._domain.dim()
+        n2 = self._codomain.dim()
+        matrix = [[diff_funct[i][j](*coord_point) for j in range(n1)]
+                  for i in range(n2)]
+        bases = (chart1.frame().at(point), chart2.frame().at(image_point))
+        if self._name is not None and point._name is not None:
+            name = 'd%s_%s' % (self._name, point._name)
+        else:
+            name = None
+        if self._latex_name is not None and point._latex_name is not None:
+            latex_name = r'{\mathrm{d}%s}_{%s}' % (self._latex_name,
+                                                 point._latex_name)
+        else:
+            latex_name = None
+        return tsp_source.hom(tsp_image, matrix, bases=bases,
+                              name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+
+    def differential_functions(self, chart1=None, chart2=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the coordinate expression of the differential of the
+        differentiable map with respect to a pair of charts.
+
+        If the differentiable map is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \Phi: M \longrightarrow  N,
+
+        where `M` and `N` are differentiable manifolds, the *differential*
+        of `\Phi` at a point `p \in M` is the tangent space linear map:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \mathrm{d}\Phi_p: T_p M \longrightarrow T_{\Phi(p)} N
+
+        defined by
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \begin{array}{rccc}
+            \forall v\in T_p M,\quad \mathrm{d}\Phi_p(v) : & C^k(N) &
+                                              \longrightarrow & \mathbb{R}, \\
+                                & f & \longmapsto & v(f\circ \Phi).
+            \end{array}
+
+        If the coordinate expression of `\Phi` is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            y^i = Y^i(x^1, \ldots, x^n), \quad 1 \leq i \leq m,
+
+        where `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)` are coordinates of a chart on `M` and
+        `(y^1, \ldots, y^m)` are coordinates of a chart on `\Phi(M)`, the
+        expression of the differential of `\Phi` with respect to these
+        coordinates is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            J_{ij} = \frac{\partial Y^i}{\partial x^j} \quad 1\leq i \leq m,
+                            \qquad 1 \leq j \leq n.
+
+        `\left. J_{ij} \right|_p` is then the matrix of the linear map
+        `\mathrm{d}\Phi_p` with respect to the bases of `T_p M` and
+        `T_{\Phi(p)} N` associated to the above charts:
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            \mathrm{d}\Phi_p\left( \left. \frac{\partial}{\partial x^j}
+               \right|_p \right) = \left. J_{ij} \right|_p \;
+             \left. \frac{\partial}{\partial y^i} \right| _{\Phi(p)}.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart1`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the domain `M` of `\Phi`
+          (coordinates denoted by `(x^j)` above); if ``None``, the domain's
+          default chart is assumed
+        - ``chart2`` -- (default: ``None``) chart on the codomain of `\Phi`
+          (coordinates denoted by `(y^i)` above); if ``None``, the codomain's
+          default chart is assumed
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the functions `J_{ij}` as a double array, `J_{ij}` being
+          the element ``[i][j]`` represented by a
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunction`
+
+        To get symbolic expressions, use the method
+        :meth:`jacobian_matrix` instead.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Differential functions of a map between a 2-dimensional manifold
+        and a 3-dimensional one::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: Phi = M.diff_map(N, {(X,Y): (x-2*y, x*y, x^2-y^3)}, name='Phi',
+            ....:                  latex_name = r'\Phi')
+            sage: J = Phi.differential_functions(X, Y) ; J
+            [     1     -2]
+            [     y      x]
+            [   2*x -3*y^2]
+
+        The result is cached::
+
+            sage: Phi.differential_functions(X, Y) is J
+            True
+
+        The elements of ``J`` are functions of the coordinates of
+        the chart ``X``::
+
+            sage: J[2][0]
+            2*x
+            sage: type(J[2][0])
+            <class 'sage.manifolds.chart_func.ChartFunctionRing_with_category.element_class'>
+
+            sage: J[2][0].display()
+            (x, y) ↦ 2*x
+
+        In contrast, the method :meth:`jacobian_matrix` leads directly to
+        symbolic expressions::
+
+            sage: JJ = Phi.jacobian_matrix(X,Y) ; JJ
+            [     1     -2]
+            [     y      x]
+            [   2*x -3*y^2]
+            sage: JJ[2,0]
+            2*x
+            sage: type(JJ[2,0])
+            <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+            sage: bool( JJ[2,0] == J[2][0].expr() )
+            True
+        """
+        dom1 = self._domain
+        dom2 = self._codomain
+        if chart1 is None:
+            chart1 = dom1._def_chart
+        if chart2 is None:
+            chart2 = dom2._def_chart
+        if (chart1, chart2) not in self._diff:
+            funct = self.coord_functions(chart1, chart2)
+            self._diff[(chart1, chart2)] = funct.jacobian()
+        return self._diff[(chart1, chart2)]
+
+    def jacobian_matrix(self, chart1=None, chart2=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the Jacobian matrix resulting from the coordinate expression
+        of the differentiable map with respect to a pair of charts.
+
+        If `\Phi` is the current differentiable map and its coordinate
+        expression is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            y^i = Y^i(x^1, \ldots, x^n),  \quad 1 \leq i \leq m,
+
+        where `(x^1, \ldots, x^n)` are coordinates of a chart `X` on the
+        domain of `\Phi` and `(y^1, \ldots, y^m)` are coordinates of a chart
+        `Y` on the codomain of `\Phi`, the *Jacobian matrix* of the
+        differentiable map `\Phi` w.r.t. to charts `X` and `Y` is
+
+        .. MATH::
+
+            J = \left( \frac{\partial Y^i}{\partial x^j}
+              \right)_{\substack{1 \leq i \leq m \\ 1 \leq j \leq n}},
+
+        where `i` is the row index and `j` the column one.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``chart1`` -- (default: ``None``) chart `X` on the domain of
+          `\Phi`; if none is provided, the domain's default chart is assumed
+        - ``chart2`` -- (default: ``None``) chart `Y` on the codomain of
+          `\Phi`; if none is provided, the codomain's default chart is
+          assumed
+
+        OUTPUT: the matrix `J` defined above
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Jacobian matrix of a map between a 2-dimensional manifold and a
+        3-dimensional one::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: Phi = M.diff_map(N, {(X,Y): (x-2*y, x*y, x^2-y^3)}, name='Phi',
+            ....:                  latex_name = r'\Phi')
+            sage: Phi.display()
+            Phi: M → N
+               (x, y) ↦ (u, v, w) = (x - 2*y, x*y, -y^3 + x^2)
+            sage: J = Phi.jacobian_matrix(X, Y) ; J
+            [     1     -2]
+            [     y      x]
+            [   2*x -3*y^2]
+            sage: J.parent()
+            Full MatrixSpace of 3 by 2 dense matrices over Symbolic Ring
+        """
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        diff_funct = self.differential_functions(chart1, chart2)
+        n1 = self._domain.dim()
+        n2 = self._codomain.dim()
+        return matrix([[diff_funct[i][j].expr() for j in range(n1)]
+                       for i in range(n2)])
+
+    def pullback(self, tensor_or_codomain_subset, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Pullback operator associated with ``self``.
+
+        In what follows, let `\Phi` denote a differentiable map ``self``,
+        `M` its domain and `N` its codomain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        One of the following:
+
+        - ``tensor_or_codomain_subset`` -- one of the following:
+
+          - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`;
+            a fully covariant tensor field `T` on `N`, i.e. a tensor
+            field of type `(0, p)`, with `p` a positive or zero integer; the
+            case `p = 0` corresponds to a scalar field
+          - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset` `S`
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - (if the input is a tensor field `T`)
+          a :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`
+          representing a fully covariant tensor field on `M` that is the
+          pullback of `T` by `\Phi`
+        - (if the input is a manifold subset `S`)
+          a :class:`~sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset` that is the
+          preimage `\Phi^{-1}(S)`; same as :meth:`preimage`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Pullback on `S^2` of a scalar field defined on `R^3`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1)
+            sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # the complement of a meridian (domain of spherical coordinates)
+            sage: c_spher.<th,ph> = U.chart(r'th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') # spherical coord. on U
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'R^3', r'\RR^3', start_index=1)
+            sage: c_cart.<x,y,z> = N.chart() # Cartesian coord. on R^3
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(N, (sin(th)*cos(ph), sin(th)*sin(ph), cos(th)),
+            ....:                  name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: f = N.scalar_field(x*y*z, name='f') ; f
+            Scalar field f on the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3
+            sage: f.display()
+            f: R^3 → ℝ
+               (x, y, z) ↦ x*y*z
+            sage: pf = Phi.pullback(f) ; pf
+            Scalar field Phi^*(f) on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: pf.display()
+            Phi^*(f): U → ℝ
+               (th, ph) ↦ cos(ph)*cos(th)*sin(ph)*sin(th)^2
+
+        Pullback on `S^2` of the standard Euclidean metric on `R^3`::
+
+            sage: g = N.sym_bilin_form_field(name='g')
+            sage: g[1,1], g[2,2], g[3,3] = 1, 1, 1
+            sage: g.display()
+            g = dx⊗dx + dy⊗dy + dz⊗dz
+            sage: pg = Phi.pullback(g) ; pg
+            Field of symmetric bilinear forms Phi^*(g) on the Open subset U of
+             the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: pg.display()
+            Phi^*(g) = dth⊗dth + sin(th)^2 dph⊗dph
+
+        Parallel computation::
+
+           sage: Parallelism().set('tensor', nproc=2)
+           sage: pg = Phi.pullback(g) ; pg
+           Field of symmetric bilinear forms Phi^*(g) on the Open subset U of
+            the 2-dimensional differentiable manifold S^2
+           sage: pg.display()
+           Phi^*(g) = dth⊗dth + sin(th)^2 dph⊗dph
+           sage: Parallelism().set('tensor', nproc=1)  # switch off parallelization
+
+
+        Pullback on `S^2` of a 3-form on `R^3`::
+
+            sage: a = N.diff_form(3, name='A')
+            sage: a[1,2,3] = f
+            sage: a.display()
+            A = x*y*z dx∧dy∧dz
+            sage: pa = Phi.pullback(a) ; pa
+            3-form Phi^*(A) on the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold S^2
+            sage: pa.display() # should be zero (as any 3-form on a 2-dimensional manifold)
+            Phi^*(A) = 0
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check that :issue:`31904` is fixed::
+
+            sage: E.<x,y> = EuclideanSpace()
+            sage: polar.<r,ph> = E.polar_coordinates()
+            sage: g = E.metric()
+            sage: M = Manifold(1, 'M')
+            sage: Ct.<t> = M.chart()
+            sage: F = M.diff_map(E, coord_functions={(Ct, polar): (1 + cos(t), t)})
+            sage: gM = F.pullback(g)
+            sage: gM.display()
+            (2*cos(t) + 2) dt⊗dt
+        """
+        if not hasattr(tensor_or_codomain_subset, '_domain'):
+            return super().pullback(tensor_or_codomain_subset,
+                                    name=name, latex_name=latex_name)
+        tensor = tensor_or_codomain_subset
+
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral import TensorFieldParal
+        from sage.tensor.modules.comp import (
+            CompFullyAntiSym,
+            CompFullySym,
+            Components,
+            CompWithSym,
+        )
+
+        def _pullback_chart(diff_map, tensor, chart1, chart2):
+            r"""
+            Helper function performing the pullback on chart domains
+            only.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``diff_map`` -- a restriction of ``self``, whose both
+              domain and codomain are chart domains, corresponding
+              respectively to ``chart1`` and ``chart2``
+            - ``tensor`` -- a covariant tensor field, whose domain is
+              the codomain of ``diff_map`` and whose components are known
+              in ``chart2.frame()``
+            - ``chart1`` -- chart on the domain of ``diff_map``
+            - ``chart2`` -- chart on the codomain of ``diff_map``
+
+            OUTPUT: the pull back of ``tensor`` by ``diff_map``
+            """
+            dom1 = diff_map._domain
+            dom2 = diff_map._codomain
+            ncov = tensor._tensor_type[1]
+            resu_name = None
+            resu_latex_name = None
+            if diff_map._name is not None and tensor._name is not None:
+                resu_name = diff_map._name + '^*(' + tensor._name + ')'
+            if (diff_map._latex_name is not None and
+                tensor._latex_name is not None):
+                resu_latex_name = '{' + diff_map._latex_name + '}^*' \
+                                  + tensor._latex_name
+            fmodule1 = dom1.vector_field_module()
+            ring1 = fmodule1._ring
+            si1 = fmodule1._sindex
+            of1 = fmodule1._output_formatter
+            si2 = dom2._sindex
+            resu = fmodule1.tensor((0, ncov), name=resu_name,
+                                   latex_name=resu_latex_name, sym=tensor._sym,
+                                   antisym=tensor._antisym)
+
+            nproc = Parallelism().get('tensor')
+            ind_old_list = list(dom2.manifold().index_generator(ncov))
+
+            frame1 = chart1.frame()
+            frame2 = chart2.frame()
+
+            tcomp = tensor._components[frame2]
+            if isinstance(tcomp, CompFullySym):
+                ptcomp = CompFullySym(ring1, frame1, ncov, start_index=si1,
+                                      output_formatter=of1)
+            elif isinstance(tcomp, CompFullyAntiSym):
+                ptcomp = CompFullyAntiSym(ring1, frame1, ncov, start_index=si1,
+                                          output_formatter=of1)
+            elif isinstance(tcomp, CompWithSym):
+                ptcomp = CompWithSym(ring1, frame1, ncov, start_index=si1,
+                                     output_formatter=of1, sym=tcomp.sym,
+                                     antisym=tcomp.antisym)
+            else:
+                ptcomp = Components(ring1, frame1, ncov, start_index=si1,
+                                    output_formatter=of1)
+            phi = diff_map._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+            jacob = phi.jacobian()
+            # X2 coordinates expressed in terms of X1 ones via the diff. map:
+            coord2_1 = phi(*(chart1._xx))
+
+            if nproc != 1:
+                # Parallel computation
+                lol = lambda lst, sz: [lst[i:i+sz] for i in range(0, len(lst), sz)]
+                ind_list = list(ptcomp.non_redundant_index_generator())
+                ind_step = max(1, (len(ind_list) // nproc) // 2)
+                local_list = lol(ind_list, ind_step)
+                # list of input parameters
+                listParalInput = [(tcomp, chart1, chart2, coord2_1, jacob,
+                                   ind_old_list, si1, si2, ncov, ind_part)
+                                  for ind_part in local_list]
+
+                @parallel(p_iter='multiprocessing', ncpus=nproc)
+                def paral_comp(tcomp, chart1, chart2, coord2_1, jacob,
+                               ind_old_list, si1, si2, ncov, local_list_ind):
+                    partial = []
+                    for ind_new in local_list_ind:
+                        res = 0
+                        for ind_old in ind_old_list:
+                            ff = tcomp[[ind_old]].coord_function(chart2)
+                            t = chart1.function(ff(*coord2_1))
+                            for i in range(ncov):
+                                t *= jacob[ind_old[i]-si2, ind_new[i]-si1]
+                            res += t
+                        partial.append([ind_new, res])
+                    return partial
+
+                for ii, val in paral_comp(listParalInput):
+                    for jj in val:
+                        ptcomp[[jj[0]]] = jj[1]
+
+            else:
+                # Sequential computation
+                for ind_new in ptcomp.non_redundant_index_generator():
+                    res = 0
+                    for ind_old in ind_old_list:
+                        ff = tcomp[[ind_old]].coord_function(chart2)
+                        t = chart1.function(ff(*coord2_1))
+                        for i in range(ncov):
+                            t *= jacob[ind_old[i]-si2, ind_new[i]-si1]
+                        res += t
+                    ptcomp[ind_new] = res
+
+            resu._components[frame1] = ptcomp
+            return resu
+        # End of function _pullback_chart
+
+        # Special case of the identity map:
+        if self._is_identity:
+            return tensor  # no test for efficiency
+        # Generic case:
+        dom1 = self._domain
+        dom2 = self._codomain
+        tdom = tensor._domain
+        if not tdom.is_subset(dom2):
+            raise ValueError("the tensor field is not defined on the map codomain")
+        (ncon, ncov) = tensor._tensor_type
+        if ncon != 0:
+            raise TypeError("the pullback cannot be taken on a tensor " +
+                            "with some contravariant part")
+        resu_name = None
+        resu_latex_name = None
+        if self._name is not None and tensor._name is not None:
+            resu_name = self._name + '^*(' + tensor._name + ')'
+        if self._latex_name is not None and tensor._latex_name is not None:
+            resu_latex_name = '{' + self._latex_name + '}^*' \
+                              + tensor._latex_name
+        if ncov == 0:
+            # Case of a scalar field
+            resu_fc = []
+            for chart2 in tensor._express:
+                for chart1 in dom1._atlas:
+                    if (chart1, chart2) in self._coord_expression:
+                        phi = self._coord_expression[(chart1, chart2)]
+                        coord1 = chart1._xx
+                        ff = tensor._express[chart2]
+                        resu_fc.append( chart1.function(ff(*(phi(*coord1)))) )
+            dom_resu = resu_fc[0].parent()._chart.domain()
+            for fc in resu_fc[1:]:
+                dom_resu = dom_resu.union(fc.parent()._chart.domain())
+            resu = dom_resu.scalar_field(name=resu_name,
+                                         latex_name=resu_latex_name)
+            for fc in resu_fc:
+                resu._express[fc.parent()._chart] = fc
+        else:
+            # Case of tensor field of rank >= 1
+            if tensor._vmodule._dest_map is not tdom.identity_map():
+                raise TypeError("the pullback is defined only for tensor " +
+                                "fields on {}".format(dom2))
+            resu_rst = []
+            for chart_pair in self._coord_expression:
+                chart1 = chart_pair[0]
+                chart2 = chart_pair[1]
+                ch2dom = chart2._domain
+                if ch2dom.is_subset(tdom):
+                    self_r = self.restrict(chart1._domain, subcodomain=ch2dom)
+                    tensor_r = tensor.restrict(ch2dom)
+                    if chart2.frame() in tensor_r._components:
+                        resu_rst.append(_pullback_chart(self_r, tensor_r,
+                                                        chart1, chart2))
+            dom_resu = resu_rst[0]._domain
+            for rst in resu_rst[1:]:
+                dom_resu = dom_resu.union(rst._domain)
+            resu = dom_resu.tensor_field(0, ncov, name=resu_name,
+                                         latex_name=resu_latex_name,
+                                         sym=resu_rst[0]._sym,
+                                         antisym=resu_rst[0]._antisym)
+            for rst in resu_rst:
+                if rst._domain is not resu._domain:
+                    resu._restrictions[rst._domain] = rst
+            if isinstance(resu, TensorFieldParal):
+                for rst in resu_rst:
+                    if rst._domain is resu._domain:
+                        for frame, comp in rst._components.items():
+                            resu._components[frame] = comp
+        return resu
+
+    def pushforward(self, tensor):
+        r"""
+        Pushforward operator associated with ``self``.
+
+        In what follows, let `\Phi` denote the differentiable map, `M` its
+        domain and `N` its codomain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``tensor`` --
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`;
+          a fully contrariant tensor field `T` on `M`, i.e. a tensor
+          field of type `(p, 0)`, with `p` a positive integer
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - a :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield.TensorField`
+          representing a fully contravariant tensor field along `M` with
+          values in `N`, which is the pushforward of `T` by `\Phi`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Pushforward of a vector field on the 2-sphere `S^2` to the Euclidean
+        3-space `\RR^3`, via the standard embedding of `S^2`::
+
+            sage: S2 = Manifold(2, 'S^2', start_index=1)
+            sage: U = S2.open_subset('U')  # domain of spherical coordinates
+            sage: spher.<th,ph> = U.chart(r'th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi')
+            sage: R3 = Manifold(3, 'R^3', start_index=1)
+            sage: cart.<x,y,z> = R3.chart()
+            sage: Phi = U.diff_map(R3, {(spher, cart): [sin(th)*cos(ph),
+            ....:   sin(th)*sin(ph), cos(th)]}, name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi')
+            sage: v = U.vector_field(name='v')
+            sage: v[:] = 0, 1
+            sage: v.display()
+            v = ∂/∂ph
+            sage: pv = Phi.pushforward(v); pv
+            Vector field Phi_*(v) along the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold S^2 with values on the 3-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold R^3
+            sage: pv.display()
+            Phi_*(v) = -sin(ph)*sin(th) ∂/∂x + cos(ph)*sin(th) ∂/∂y
+
+        Pushforward of a vector field on the real line to the `\RR^3`, via a
+        helix embedding::
+
+            sage: R.<t> = manifolds.RealLine()
+            sage: Psi = R.diff_map(R3, [cos(t), sin(t), t], name='Psi',
+            ....:                  latex_name=r'\Psi')
+            sage: u = R.vector_field(name='u')
+            sage: u[0] = 1
+            sage: u.display()
+            u = ∂/∂t
+            sage: pu = Psi.pushforward(u); pu
+            Vector field Psi_*(u) along the Real number line ℝ with values on
+             the 3-dimensional differentiable manifold R^3
+            sage: pu.display()
+            Psi_*(u) = -sin(t) ∂/∂x + cos(t) ∂/∂y + ∂/∂z
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.tensorfield_paral import TensorFieldParal
+        from sage.tensor.modules.comp import (
+            CompFullyAntiSym,
+            CompFullySym,
+            Components,
+            CompWithSym,
+        )
+        vmodule = tensor.base_module()
+        dest_map = vmodule.destination_map()
+        dom1 = tensor.domain()
+        ambient_dom1 = dest_map.codomain()
+        if not ambient_dom1.is_subset(self._domain):
+            raise ValueError("the {} does not take its ".format(tensor) +
+                             "values on the domain of the {}".format(self))
+        (ncon, ncov) = tensor.tensor_type()
+        if ncov != 0:
+            raise ValueError("the pushforward cannot be taken on a tensor " +
+                             "with some covariant part")
+        if ncon == 0:
+            raise ValueError("the pushforward cannot be taken on a scalar " +
+                             "field")
+        if dest_map != dom1.identity_map():
+            raise NotImplementedError("the case of a non-trivial destination" +
+                                      " map is not implemented yet")
+        if not isinstance(tensor, TensorFieldParal):
+            raise NotImplementedError("the case of a non-parallelizable " +
+                                      "domain is not implemented yet")
+        # A pair of charts (chart1, chart2) where the computation
+        # is feasible is searched, privileging the default chart of the
+        # map's domain for chart1
+        chart1 = None
+        chart2 = None
+        def_chart1 = dom1.default_chart()
+        def_chart2 = self._codomain.default_chart()
+        if (def_chart1._frame in tensor._components
+                and (def_chart1, def_chart2) in self._coord_expression):
+            chart1 = def_chart1
+            chart2 = def_chart2
+        else:
+            for (chart1n, chart2n) in self._coord_expression:
+                if (chart2n == def_chart2
+                         and chart1n._frame in tensor._components):
+                    chart1 = chart1n
+                    chart2 = def_chart2
+                    break
+        if chart2 is None:
+            # It is not possible to have def_chart2 as chart for
+            # expressing the result; any other chart is then looked for:
+            for (chart1n, chart2n) in self._coord_expression:
+                if chart1n._frame in tensor._components:
+                    chart1 = chart1n
+                    chart2 = chart2n
+                    break
+        if chart1 is None:
+            # Computations of components are attempted
+            chart1 = dom1.default_chart()
+            tensor.comp(chart1.frame())
+            for chart2n in self._codomain.atlas():
+                try:
+                    self.coord_functions(chart1, chart2n)
+                    chart2 = chart2n
+                    break
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("no pair of charts could be found to " +
+                                 "compute the pushforward of " +
+                                 "the {} by the {}".format(tensor, self))
+        # Vector field module for the result:
+        fmodule2 = dom1.vector_field_module(dest_map=self)
+
+        frame2 = fmodule2.basis(from_frame=chart2.frame())
+        si1 = dom1.start_index()
+        si2 = fmodule2._sindex
+        ring2 = fmodule2._ring
+        of2 = fmodule2._output_formatter
+        # Computation at the component level:
+        tcomp = tensor._components[chart1.frame()]
+        # Construction of the pushforward components (ptcomp):
+        if isinstance(tcomp, CompFullySym):
+            ptcomp = CompFullySym(ring2, frame2, ncon, start_index=si2,
+                                  output_formatter=of2)
+        elif isinstance(tcomp, CompFullyAntiSym):
+            ptcomp = CompFullyAntiSym(ring2, frame2, ncon, start_index=si2,
+                                      output_formatter=of2)
+        elif isinstance(tcomp, CompWithSym):
+            ptcomp = CompWithSym(ring2, frame2, ncon, start_index=si2,
+                                 output_formatter=of2, sym=tcomp._sym,
+                                 antisym=tcomp._antisym)
+        else:
+            ptcomp = Components(ring2, frame2, ncon, start_index=si2,
+                                output_formatter=of2)
+        # Computation of the pushforward components:
+        jacob = self.differential_functions(chart1=chart1, chart2=chart2)
+        si2 = chart2.domain().start_index()
+        for ind_new in ptcomp.non_redundant_index_generator():
+            res = 0
+            for ind_old in dom1.index_generator(ncon):
+                t = tcomp[[ind_old]].coord_function(chart1)
+                for i in range(ncon):
+                    t *= jacob[ind_new[i]-si2, ind_old[i]-si1]
+                res += t
+            ptcomp[ind_new] = res
+        # Name of the result:
+        resu_name = None
+        resu_latex_name = None
+        if self._name is not None and tensor._name is not None:
+            resu_name = self._name + '_*(' + tensor._name + ')'
+        if self._latex_name is not None and tensor._latex_name is not None:
+            resu_latex_name = '{' + self._latex_name + '}_*' \
+                              + tensor._latex_name
+        # Creation of the result with the components obtained above:
+        resu = fmodule2.tensor_from_comp((ncon, 0), ptcomp, name=resu_name,
+                                         latex_name=resu_latex_name)
+        return resu