passagemath-symbolics 10.6.37__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/manifolds/differentiable/examples/real_line.py

@@ -0,0 +1,897 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+The Real Line and Open Intervals
+
+The class :class:`OpenInterval` implement open intervals as 1-dimensional
+differentiable manifolds over `\RR`. The derived class :class:`RealLine` is
+devoted to `\RR` itself, as the open interval `(-\infty, +\infty)`.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [Lee2013]_
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Michal Bejger <bejger@camk.edu.pl>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.categories.manifolds import Manifolds
+from sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold import DifferentiableManifold
+from sage.manifolds.structure import RealDifferentialStructure
+from sage.misc.latex import latex
+from sage.rings.infinity import infinity, minus_infinity
+from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RR
+from sage.symbolic.ring import SR
+from sage.typeset.unicode_characters import unicode_mathbbR
+
+
+class OpenInterval(DifferentiableManifold):
+    r"""
+    Open interval as a 1-dimensional differentiable manifold over `\RR`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``lower`` -- lower bound of the interval (possibly ``-Infinity``)
+    - ``upper`` -- upper bound of the interval (possibly ``+Infinity``)
+    - ``ambient_interval`` -- (default: ``None``) another open interval,
+      to which the constructed interval is a subset of
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; name (symbol) given to
+      the interval; if ``None``, the name is constructed from ``lower``
+      and ``upper``
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; LaTeX symbol to denote the
+      interval; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is constructed from ``lower``
+      and ``upper`` if ``name`` is ``None``, otherwise, it is set to ``name``
+    - ``coordinate`` -- (default: ``None``) string defining the symbol of the
+      canonical coordinate set on the interval; if none is provided and
+      ``names`` is ``None``, the symbol 't' is used
+    - ``names`` -- (default: ``None``) used only when ``coordinate`` is
+      ``None``: it must be a single-element tuple containing the canonical
+      coordinate symbol (this is guaranteed if the shortcut ``<names>`` is
+      used, see examples below)
+    - ``start_index`` -- (default: 0) unique value of the index for vectors
+      and forms on the interval manifold
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The interval `(0,\pi)`::
+
+        sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi); I
+        Real interval (0, pi)
+        sage: latex(I)
+        \left(0, \pi\right)
+
+    ``I`` is a 1-dimensional smooth manifold over `\RR`::
+
+        sage: I.category()
+        Category of smooth connected manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of
+         precision
+        sage: I.base_field()
+        Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: dim(I)
+        1
+
+    It is infinitely differentiable (smooth manifold)::
+
+        sage: I.diff_degree()
+        +Infinity
+
+    The instance is unique (as long as the constructor arguments
+    are the same)::
+
+        sage: I is manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)
+        True
+        sage: I is manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi, name='I')
+        False
+
+    The display of the interval can be customized::
+
+        sage: I  # default display
+        Real interval (0, pi)
+        sage: latex(I)  # default LaTeX display
+        \left(0, \pi\right)
+        sage: I1 = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi, name='I'); I1
+        Real interval I
+        sage: latex(I1)
+        I
+        sage: I2 = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi, name='I', latex_name=r'\mathcal{I}'); I2
+        Real interval I
+        sage: latex(I2)
+        \mathcal{I}
+
+    ``I`` is endowed with a canonical chart::
+
+        sage: I.canonical_chart()
+        Chart ((0, pi), (t,))
+        sage: I.canonical_chart() is I.default_chart()
+        True
+        sage: I.atlas()
+        [Chart ((0, pi), (t,))]
+
+    The canonical coordinate is returned by the method
+    :meth:`canonical_coordinate`::
+
+        sage: I.canonical_coordinate()
+        t
+        sage: t = I.canonical_coordinate()
+        sage: type(t)
+        <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+    However, it can be obtained in the same step as the interval construction
+    by means of the shortcut ``I.<names>``::
+
+        sage: I.<t> = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)
+        sage: t
+        t
+        sage: type(t)
+        <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+    The trick is performed by the Sage preparser::
+
+        sage: preparse("I.<t> = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)")
+        "I = manifolds.OpenInterval(Integer(0), pi, names=('t',)); (t,) = I._first_ngens(1)"
+
+    In particular the shortcut can be used to set a canonical
+    coordinate symbol different from ``'t'``::
+
+        sage: J.<x> = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)
+        sage: J.canonical_chart()
+        Chart ((0, pi), (x,))
+        sage: J.canonical_coordinate()
+        x
+
+    The LaTeX symbol of the canonical coordinate can be adjusted via
+    the same syntax as a chart declaration (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart.RealChart`)::
+
+        sage: J.<x> = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi, coordinate=r'x:\xi')
+        sage: latex(x)
+        {\xi}
+        sage: latex(J.canonical_chart())
+        \left(\left(0, \pi\right),({\xi})\right)
+
+    An element of the open interval ``I``::
+
+        sage: x = I.an_element(); x
+        Point on the Real interval (0, pi)
+        sage: x.coord() # coordinates in the default chart = canonical chart
+        (1/2*pi,)
+
+    As for any manifold subset, a specific element of ``I`` can be created
+    by providing a tuple containing its coordinate(s) in a given chart::
+
+        sage: x = I((2,)) # (2,) = tuple of coordinates in the canonical chart
+        sage: x
+        Point on the Real interval (0, pi)
+
+    But for convenience, it can also be created directly from the coordinate::
+
+        sage: x = I(2); x
+        Point on the Real interval (0, pi)
+        sage: x.coord()
+        (2,)
+        sage: I(2) == I((2,))
+        True
+
+    By default, the coordinates passed for the element ``x`` are those
+    relative to the canonical chart::
+
+        sage: I(2) ==  I((2,), chart=I.canonical_chart())
+        True
+
+    The lower and upper bounds of the interval ``I``::
+
+        sage: I.lower_bound()
+        0
+        sage: I.upper_bound()
+        pi
+
+    One of the endpoint can be infinite::
+
+        sage: J = manifolds.OpenInterval(1, +oo); J
+        Real interval (1, +Infinity)
+        sage: J.an_element().coord()
+        (2,)
+
+    The construction of a subinterval can be performed via the argument
+    ``ambient_interval`` of ``OpenInterval``::
+
+        sage: J = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, 1, ambient_interval=I); J
+        Real interval (0, 1)
+
+    However, it is recommended to use the method :meth:`open_interval`
+    instead::
+
+        sage: J = I.open_interval(0, 1); J
+        Real interval (0, 1)
+        sage: J.is_subset(I)
+        True
+        sage: J.manifold() is I
+        True
+
+    A subinterval of a subinterval::
+
+        sage: K = J.open_interval(1/2, 1); K
+        Real interval (1/2, 1)
+        sage: K.is_subset(J)
+        True
+        sage: K.is_subset(I)
+        True
+        sage: K.manifold() is I
+        True
+
+    We have::
+
+        sage: list(I.subset_family())
+        [Real interval (0, 1), Real interval (0, pi), Real interval (1/2, 1)]
+        sage: list(J.subset_family())
+        [Real interval (0, 1), Real interval (1/2, 1)]
+        sage: list(K.subset_family())
+        [Real interval (1/2, 1)]
+
+    As any open subset of a manifold, open subintervals are created in a
+    category of subobjects of smooth manifolds::
+
+        sage: J.category()
+        Join of Category of subobjects of sets and Category of smooth manifolds
+         over Real Field with 53 bits of precision and Category of connected
+         manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: K.category()
+        Join of Category of subobjects of sets and Category of smooth manifolds
+         over Real Field with 53 bits of precision and Category of connected
+         manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+
+    On the contrary, ``I``, which has not been created as a subinterval,
+    is in the category of smooth manifolds (see
+    :class:`~sage.categories.manifolds.Manifolds`)::
+
+        sage: I.category()
+        Category of smooth connected manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of
+         precision
+
+    and we have::
+
+        sage: J.category() is I.category().Subobjects()
+        True
+
+    All intervals are parents::
+
+        sage: x = J(1/2); x
+        Point on the Real interval (0, pi)
+        sage: x.parent() is J
+        True
+        sage: y = K(3/4); y
+        Point on the Real interval (0, pi)
+        sage: y.parent() is K
+        True
+
+    We have::
+
+        sage: x in I, x in J, x in K
+        (True, True, False)
+        sage: y in I, y in J, y in K
+        (True, True, True)
+
+    The canonical chart of subintervals is inherited from the canonical chart
+    of the parent interval::
+
+        sage: XI = I.canonical_chart(); XI
+        Chart ((0, pi), (t,))
+        sage: XI.coord_range()
+        t: (0, pi)
+        sage: XJ = J.canonical_chart(); XJ
+        Chart ((0, 1), (t,))
+        sage: XJ.coord_range()
+        t: (0, 1)
+        sage: XK = K.canonical_chart(); XK
+        Chart ((1/2, 1), (t,))
+        sage: XK.coord_range()
+        t: (1/2, 1)
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, lower, upper, ambient_interval=None,
+                              name=None, latex_name=None, coordinate=None,
+                              names=None, start_index=0):
+        r"""
+        Determine the correct interval to return based upon the input.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Check whether :issue:`30830` is fixed::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(0,2)
+            sage: J = manifolds.OpenInterval(0,1, ambient_interval=I, coordinate='t')
+            sage: I.open_interval(0,1)
+            Real interval (0, 1)
+        """
+        if ambient_interval:
+            # cope the UniqueRepresentation framework for subintervals and
+            # reset irrelevant information only:
+            coordinate = None
+            names = None
+            start_index = 0
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, lower, upper,
+                                     ambient_interval=ambient_interval, name=name,
+                                     latex_name=latex_name, coordinate=coordinate,
+                                     names=names, start_index=start_index)
+
+    def __init__(self, lower, upper, ambient_interval=None,
+                 name=None, latex_name=None,
+                 coordinate=None, names=None, start_index=0):
+        r"""
+        Construct an open interval.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1,1); I
+            Real interval (-1, 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(I).run(skip='_test_elements')  # pickling of elements fails
+            sage: J = manifolds.OpenInterval(-oo, 2); J
+            Real interval (-Infinity, 2)
+            sage: TestSuite(J).run(skip='_test_elements')  # pickling of elements fails
+        """
+        if latex_name is None:
+            if name is None:
+                latex_name = r"\left({}, {}\right)".format(latex(lower), latex(upper))
+            else:
+                latex_name = name
+        if name is None:
+            name = "({}, {})".format(lower, upper)
+        if ambient_interval is None:
+            ambient_manifold = None
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(ambient_interval, OpenInterval):
+                raise TypeError("the argument ambient_interval must be an open interval")
+            ambient_manifold = ambient_interval.manifold()
+        field = 'real'
+        structure = RealDifferentialStructure()
+        category = Manifolds(RR).Smooth().Connected()
+        DifferentiableManifold.__init__(self, 1, name, field, structure,
+                                        base_manifold=ambient_manifold,
+                                        latex_name=latex_name,
+                                        start_index=start_index,
+                                        category=category)
+        if ambient_interval is None:
+            if coordinate is None:
+                if names is None:
+                    coordinate = 't'
+                else:
+                    coordinate = names[0]
+        else:
+            if lower < ambient_interval.lower_bound():
+                raise ValueError("the lower bound is smaller than that of "
+                                 + "the containing interval")
+            if upper > ambient_interval.upper_bound():
+                raise ValueError("the upper bound is larger than that of "
+                                 + "the containing interval")
+            self.declare_subset(ambient_interval)
+            ambient_interval._top_subsets.add(self)
+        if lower != minus_infinity:
+            if upper != infinity:
+                restrictions = lambda t: [t > lower, t < upper]
+            else:
+                restrictions = lambda t: t > lower
+        else:
+            if upper != infinity:
+                restrictions = lambda t: t < upper
+            else:
+                restrictions = None
+        if ambient_interval is None:
+            self._canon_chart = self.chart(coordinates=coordinate,
+                                           coord_restrictions=restrictions)
+        else:
+            self._canon_chart = ambient_interval.canonical_chart().restrict(self,
+                                                                            restrictions=restrictions)
+        self._lower = lower
+        self._upper = upper
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1, pi)
+            sage: I
+            Real interval (-1, pi)
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1, +oo)
+            sage: I
+            Real interval (-1, +Infinity)
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-oo,0)
+            sage: I
+            Real interval (-Infinity, 0)
+        """
+        return "Real interval " + self._name
+
+    def _first_ngens(self, n):
+        r"""
+        Return the coordinate of the canonical chart.
+
+        This is useful only for the use of Sage preparser.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- the number of coordinates: must be 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1, 1)
+            sage: I._first_ngens(1)
+            (t,)
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1, 1, coordinate='x')
+            sage: I._first_ngens(1)
+            (x,)
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1, 1, names=('x',))
+            sage: I._first_ngens(1)
+            (x,)
+        """
+        return self._canon_chart[:]
+
+    def _element_constructor_(self, coords=None, chart=None, name=None,
+                              latex_name=None, check_coords=True):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of ``self``.
+
+        This is a redefinition of
+        :meth:`sage.manifolds.differentiable.DifferentiableManifold._element_constructor_`
+        to allow for construction from a number (considered as the canonical
+        coordinate).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coords`` -- (default: ``None``) either (i) the point coordinates
+          (as a single-element tuple or list) in the chart ``chart``, (ii) the
+          value of the point coordinate in the chart ``chart``, or (iii)
+          another point in the interval
+        - ``chart`` -- (default: ``None``) chart in which the coordinates are
+          given; if none is provided, the coordinates are assumed to refer to
+          the interval's default chart
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the point
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          point; if none is provided, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+        - ``check_coords`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); determines whether
+          ``coords`` are valid coordinates for the chart ``chart``. For symbolic
+          coordinates, it is recommended to set ``check_coords`` to ``False``.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`~sage.manifolds.point.TopologicalManifoldPoint`
+        representing a point in the current interval
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1, 4)
+            sage: I((2,))  # standard used of TopologicalManifoldSubset._element_constructor_
+            Point on the Real interval (-1, 4)
+            sage: I(2)  # specific use with a single coordinate
+            Point on the Real interval (-1, 4)
+            sage: I(2).coord()
+            (2,)
+            sage: I(2) == I((2,))
+            True
+            sage: I(pi)
+            Point on the Real interval (-1, 4)
+            sage: I(pi).coord()
+            (pi,)
+            sage: I(8)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the coordinates (8,) are not valid on the Chart
+             ((-1, 4), (t,))
+        """
+        if coords in SR:
+            coords = (coords,)
+        return super()._element_constructor_(coords=coords,
+                                             chart=chart, name=name, latex_name=latex_name,
+                                             check_coords=check_coords)
+
+    def _Hom_(self, other, category=None):
+        r"""
+        Construct the set of curves in ``other`` with parameter in ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``other`` -- a differentiable manifold `M`
+        - ``category`` -- (default: ``None``) not used here (to ensure
+          compatibility with generic hook ``_Hom_``)
+
+        OUTPUT: the set of curves `I \to M`,  where `I` is ``self``
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold_homset.DifferentiableCurveSet`
+            for more documentation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-1,1)
+            sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M')
+            sage: H = I._Hom_(M); H
+            Set of Morphisms from Real interval (-1, 1) to 3-dimensional
+             differentiable manifold M in Category of smooth manifolds over Real
+             Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: H is Hom(I, M)
+            True
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold_homset import DifferentiableCurveSet
+        return DifferentiableCurveSet(self, other)
+
+    def canonical_chart(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the canonical chart defined on ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.chart.RealDiffChart`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Canonical chart on the interval `(0, \pi)`::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)
+            sage: I.canonical_chart()
+            Chart ((0, pi), (t,))
+            sage: I.canonical_chart().coord_range()
+            t: (0, pi)
+
+        The symbol used for the coordinate of the canonical chart is that
+        defined during the construction of the interval::
+
+            sage: I.<x> = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)
+            sage: I.canonical_chart()
+            Chart ((0, pi), (x,))
+        """
+        return self._canon_chart
+
+    def canonical_coordinate(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the canonical coordinate defined on the interval.
+
+        OUTPUT: the symbolic variable representing the canonical coordinate
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Canonical coordinate on the interval `(0, \pi)`::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)
+            sage: I.canonical_coordinate()
+            t
+            sage: type(I.canonical_coordinate())
+            <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+            sage: I.canonical_coordinate().is_real()
+            True
+
+        The canonical coordinate is the first (unique) coordinate of the
+        canonical chart::
+
+            sage: I.canonical_coordinate() is I.canonical_chart()[0]
+            True
+
+        Its default symbol is `t`; but it can be customized during the
+        creation of the interval::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi, coordinate='x')
+            sage: I.canonical_coordinate()
+            x
+            sage: I.<x> = manifolds.OpenInterval(0, pi)
+            sage: I.canonical_coordinate()
+            x
+        """
+        return self._canon_chart._xx[0]
+
+    def lower_bound(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the lower bound (infimum) of the interval.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(1/4, 3)
+            sage: I.lower_bound()
+            1/4
+            sage: J = manifolds.OpenInterval(-oo, 2)
+            sage: J.lower_bound()
+            -Infinity
+
+        An alias of :meth:`lower_bound` is :meth:`inf`::
+
+            sage: I.inf()
+            1/4
+            sage: J.inf()
+            -Infinity
+        """
+        return self._lower
+
+    inf = lower_bound
+
+    def upper_bound(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the upper bound (supremum) of the interval.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(1/4, 3)
+            sage: I.upper_bound()
+            3
+            sage: J = manifolds.OpenInterval(1, +oo)
+            sage: J.upper_bound()
+            +Infinity
+
+        An alias of :meth:`upper_bound` is :meth:`sup`::
+
+            sage: I.sup()
+            3
+            sage: J.sup()
+            +Infinity
+        """
+        return self._upper
+
+    sup = upper_bound
+
+    def open_interval(self, lower, upper, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Define an open subinterval of ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``lower`` -- lower bound of the subinterval (possibly ``-Infinity``)
+        - ``upper`` -- upper bound of the subinterval (possibly ``+Infinity``)
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; name (symbol) given to the
+          subinterval; if ``None``, the name is constructed from ``lower`` and
+          ``upper``
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; LaTeX symbol to denote
+          the subinterval; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is constructed from
+          ``lower`` and ``upper`` if ``name`` is ``None``, otherwise, it is set
+          to ``name``
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - :class:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.examples.real_line.OpenInterval`
+          representing the open interval (``lower``, ``upper``)
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The interval `(0, \pi)` as a subinterval of `(-4, 4)`::
+
+            sage: I = manifolds.OpenInterval(-4, 4)
+            sage: J = I.open_interval(0, pi); J
+            Real interval (0, pi)
+            sage: J.is_subset(I)
+            True
+            sage: list(I.subset_family())
+            [Real interval (-4, 4), Real interval (0, pi)]
+
+        ``J`` is considered as an open submanifold of ``I``::
+
+            sage: J.manifold() is I
+            True
+
+        The subinterval `(-4, 4)` is ``I`` itself::
+
+            sage: I.open_interval(-4, 4) is I
+            True
+        """
+        if lower == self._lower and upper == self._upper:
+            return self
+        # To cope with the unique representation framework, we have to
+        # distinguish several cases, instead of performing a mere
+        # return OpenInterval(lower, upper, ambient_interval=self, name=name,
+        #                     latex_name=latex_name)
+        if name is None:
+            if latex_name is None:
+                return OpenInterval(lower, upper, ambient_interval=self)
+            return OpenInterval(lower, upper, ambient_interval=self,
+                                latex_name=latex_name)
+        if latex_name is None:
+            return OpenInterval(lower, upper, ambient_interval=self, name=name)
+        return OpenInterval(lower, upper, ambient_interval=self, name=name,
+                            latex_name=latex_name)
+
+
+#******************************************************************************
+
+class RealLine(OpenInterval):
+    r"""
+    Field of real numbers, as a differentiable manifold of dimension 1 (real
+    line) with a canonical coordinate chart.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``'R'``) string; name (symbol) given to
+      the real line
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``r'\Bold{R}'``) string; LaTeX symbol to
+      denote the real line
+    - ``coordinate`` -- (default: ``None``) string defining the symbol of the
+      canonical coordinate set on the real line; if none is provided and
+      ``names`` is ``None``, the symbol 't' is used
+    - ``names`` -- (default: ``None``) used only when ``coordinate`` is
+      ``None``: it must be a single-element tuple containing the canonical
+      coordinate symbol (this is guaranteed if the shortcut ``<names>`` is
+      used, see examples below)
+    - ``start_index`` -- (default: 0) unique value of the index for vectors
+      and forms on the real line manifold
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Constructing the real line without any argument::
+
+        sage: R = manifolds.RealLine() ; R
+        Real number line ℝ
+        sage: latex(R)
+        \Bold{R}
+
+    ``R`` is a 1-dimensional real smooth manifold::
+
+        sage: R.category()
+        Category of smooth connected manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of
+         precision
+        sage: isinstance(R, sage.manifolds.differentiable.manifold.DifferentiableManifold)
+        True
+        sage: dim(R)
+        1
+
+    It is endowed with a canonical chart::
+
+        sage: R.canonical_chart()
+        Chart (ℝ, (t,))
+        sage: R.canonical_chart() is R.default_chart()
+        True
+        sage: R.atlas()
+        [Chart (ℝ, (t,))]
+
+    The instance is unique (as long as the constructor arguments are the
+    same)::
+
+        sage: R is manifolds.RealLine()
+        True
+        sage: R is manifolds.RealLine(latex_name='R')
+        False
+
+    The canonical coordinate is returned by the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.examples.real_line.OpenInterval.canonical_coordinate`::
+
+        sage: R.canonical_coordinate()
+        t
+        sage: t = R.canonical_coordinate()
+        sage: type(t)
+        <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+    However, it can be obtained in the same step as the real line construction
+    by means of the shortcut ``R.<names>``::
+
+        sage: R.<t> = manifolds.RealLine()
+        sage: t
+        t
+        sage: type(t)
+        <class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
+
+    The trick is performed by Sage preparser::
+
+        sage: preparse("R.<t> = manifolds.RealLine()")
+        "R = manifolds.RealLine(names=('t',)); (t,) = R._first_ngens(1)"
+
+    In particular the shortcut is to be used to set a canonical
+    coordinate symbol different from 't'::
+
+        sage: R.<x> = manifolds.RealLine()
+        sage: R.canonical_chart()
+        Chart (ℝ, (x,))
+        sage: R.atlas()
+        [Chart (ℝ, (x,))]
+        sage: R.canonical_coordinate()
+        x
+
+    The LaTeX symbol of the canonical coordinate can be adjusted via the same
+    syntax as a chart declaration (see
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.chart.RealChart`)::
+
+        sage: R.<x> = manifolds.RealLine(coordinate=r'x:\xi')
+        sage: latex(x)
+        {\xi}
+        sage: latex(R.canonical_chart())
+        \left(\Bold{R},({\xi})\right)
+
+    The LaTeX symbol of the real line itself can also be customized::
+
+        sage: R.<x> = manifolds.RealLine(latex_name=r'\mathbb{R}')
+        sage: latex(R)
+        \mathbb{R}
+
+    Elements of the real line can be constructed directly from a number::
+
+        sage: p = R(2) ; p
+        Point on the Real number line ℝ
+        sage: p.coord()
+        (2,)
+        sage: p = R(1.742) ; p
+        Point on the Real number line ℝ
+        sage: p.coord()
+        (1.74200000000000,)
+
+    Symbolic variables can also be used::
+
+        sage: p = R(pi, name='pi') ; p
+        Point pi on the Real number line ℝ
+        sage: p.coord()
+        (pi,)
+        sage: a = var('a')
+        sage: p = R(a) ; p
+        Point on the Real number line ℝ
+        sage: p.coord()
+        (a,)
+
+    The real line is considered as the open interval `(-\infty, +\infty)`::
+
+        sage: isinstance(R, sage.manifolds.differentiable.examples.real_line.OpenInterval)
+        True
+        sage: R.lower_bound()
+        -Infinity
+        sage: R.upper_bound()
+        +Infinity
+
+    A real interval can be created from ``R`` means of the method
+    :meth:`~sage.manifolds.differentiable.examples.real_line.OpenInterval.open_interval`::
+
+        sage: I = R.open_interval(0, 1); I
+        Real interval (0, 1)
+        sage: I.manifold()
+        Real number line ℝ
+        sage: list(R.subset_family())
+        [Real interval (0, 1), Real number line ℝ]
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall__(cls, name=unicode_mathbbR, latex_name=r'\Bold{R}',
+                      coordinate=None, names=None, start_index=0):
+        r"""
+        Determine the correct interval to return based upon the input.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R = manifolds.RealLine(); R
+            Real number line ℝ
+            sage: R1 = manifolds.RealLine('ℝ'); R1
+            Real number line ℝ
+            sage: R is R1
+            True
+        """
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, name=name,
+                                     latex_name=latex_name,
+                                     coordinate=coordinate,
+                                     names=names, start_index=start_index)
+
+    def __init__(self, name=unicode_mathbbR, latex_name=r'\Bold{R}',
+                 coordinate=None, names=None, start_index=0):
+        r"""
+        Construct the real line manifold.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R = manifolds.RealLine() ; R
+            Real number line ℝ
+            sage: R.category()
+            Category of smooth connected manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits
+             of precision
+            sage: TestSuite(R).run(skip='_test_elements')  # pickling of elements fails
+        """
+        OpenInterval.__init__(self, minus_infinity, infinity, name=name,
+                              latex_name=latex_name, coordinate=coordinate,
+                              names=names, start_index=start_index)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        r"""
+        String representation of ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: R = manifolds.RealLine()
+            sage: R._repr_()
+            'Real number line ℝ'
+            sage: R = manifolds.RealLine(name='r')
+            sage: R._repr_()
+            'Real number line r'
+        """
+        return "Real number line " + self._name