passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.37__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/interfaces/polymake.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2028 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+r"""
+Interface to polymake
+
+polymake (https://polymake.org) is a mature open source package for
+research in polyhedral geometry and related fields, developed since 1997
+by Ewgenij Gawrilow and Michael Joswig and various contributors.
+
+polymake has been described in [GJ1997]_, [GJ2006]_, [JMP2009]_, [GJRW2010]_,
+[GHJ2016]_, and [AGHJLPR2017]_.
+"""
+
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2017 Simon King <simon.king@uni-jena.de>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#    This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+#    General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  The full text of the GPL is available at:
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+import os
+import re
+
+from .interface import (Interface, InterfaceElement, InterfaceFunctionElement)
+from sage.misc.verbose import get_verbose
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.interfaces.tab_completion import ExtraTabCompletion
+from sage.structure.richcmp import rich_to_bool
+
+_name_pattern = re.compile('SAGE[0-9]+')
+
+_available_polymake_answers = {
+    0: "returns prompt",
+    1: "returns continuation prompt",
+    2: "requests interactive input",
+    3: "kills computation",
+    4: "raises error",
+    5: "issues warning",
+    6: "shows additional information",
+    7: "lost connection",
+    8: "fails to respond timely"
+        }
+
+
+class PolymakeError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Raised if polymake yields an error message.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: polymake.eval('print foo;')    # optional - jupymake
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        PolymakeError: Unquoted string "foo" may clash with future reserved word...
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+def polymake_console(command=''):
+    """
+    Spawn a new polymake command-line session.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import polymake_console
+        sage: polymake_console()        # not tested
+        Welcome to polymake version ...
+        ...
+        Ewgenij Gawrilow, Michael Joswig (TU Berlin)
+        http://www.polymake.org
+
+        This is free software licensed under GPL; see the source for copying conditions.
+        There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+        Press F1 or enter 'help;' for basic instructions.
+
+        Application polytope currently uses following third-party software packages:
+        4ti2, bliss, cdd, latte, libnormaliz, lrs, permlib, ppl, sketch, sympol, threejs, tikz, topcom, tosimplex
+        For more details:  show_credits;
+        polytope >
+    """
+    from sage.repl.rich_output.display_manager import get_display_manager
+    if not get_display_manager().is_in_terminal():
+        raise RuntimeError('Can use the console only in the terminal. Try %%polymake magics instead.')
+    os.system(command or os.getenv('SAGE_POLYMAKE_COMMAND') or 'polymake')
+
+
+class PolymakeAbstract(ExtraTabCompletion, Interface):
+    r"""
+    Abstract interface to the polymake interpreter.
+
+    This class should not be instantiated directly,
+    but through its subclasses Polymake (Pexpect interface)
+    or PolymakeJuPyMake (JuPyMake interface).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import PolymakeAbstract, polymake_jupymake
+
+    We test the verbosity management with very early doctests
+    because messages will not be repeated.
+
+    Testing the JuPyMake interface::
+
+        sage: isinstance(polymake_jupymake, PolymakeAbstract)
+        True
+        sage: p = polymake_jupymake.rand_sphere(4, 20, seed=5)       # optional - jupymake
+        sage: p                                             # optional - jupymake
+        Random spherical polytope of dimension 4; seed=5...
+        sage: set_verbose(3)
+        sage: p.H_VECTOR                                    # optional - jupymake
+        polymake: used package ppl
+          The Parma Polyhedra Library ...
+        1 16 40 16 1
+        sage: set_verbose(0)
+        sage: p.F_VECTOR                                    # optional - jupymake
+        20 94 148 74
+    """
+    def __init__(self, seed=None):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import PolymakeAbstract
+            sage: PolymakeAbstract()
+            Polymake
+        """
+        Interface.__init__(self, "polymake")
+        self._seed = seed
+        self.__tab_completion = {}
+
+    @cached_method
+    def version(self):
+        """
+        Version of the polymake installation.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polymake.version()               # optional - jupymake # random
+            '4...'
+        """
+        return self.get('$Polymake::Version')
+
+    # Pickling, etc.
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import polymake
+            sage: loads(dumps(polymake)) is polymake
+            True
+        """
+        return reduce_load_Polymake, ()
+
+    def _object_class(self):
+        """
+        Return the class by which elements in this interface are implemented.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: C = polymake('cube(3)')  # indirect doctest   # optional - jupymake
+            sage: C                                             # optional - jupymake
+            cube of dimension 3
+            sage: type(C)                                       # optional - jupymake
+            <class 'sage.interfaces.polymake.PolymakeElement'>
+        """
+        return PolymakeElement
+
+    def _function_element_class(self):
+        """
+        Return the class by which member functions of this interface are implemented.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        We use ellipses in the tests, to make it more robust against future
+        changes in polymake::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(4, 20, seed=5)    # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p.get_schedule                            # optional - jupymake  # indirect doctest
+            Member function 'get_schedule' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+            sage: p.get_schedule('"F_VECTOR"')                # optional - jupymake  # random
+            CONE_DIM : RAYS | INPUT_RAYS
+            precondition : BOUNDED ( POINTED : )
+            POINTED :
+            N_INPUT_RAYS : INPUT_RAYS
+            precondition : N_RAYS | N_INPUT_RAYS ( ppl.convex_hull.primal: FACETS, LINEAR_SPAN : RAYS | INPUT_RAYS )
+            sensitivity check for FacetPerm
+            ppl.convex_hull.primal: FACETS, LINEAR_SPAN : RAYS | INPUT_RAYS
+            INPUT_RAYS_IN_FACETS : INPUT_RAYS, FACETS
+            sensitivity check for VertexPerm
+            RAYS_IN_FACETS, RAYS, LINEALITY_SPACE : INPUT_RAYS_IN_FACETS, INPUT_RAYS
+            GRAPH.ADJACENCY : RAYS_IN_FACETS
+            DUAL_GRAPH.ADJACENCY : RAYS_IN_FACETS
+            N_EDGES : ADJACENCY ( applied to GRAPH )
+            N_EDGES : ADJACENCY ( applied to DUAL_GRAPH )
+            precondition : POINTED ( LINEALITY_DIM, LINEALITY_SPACE : )
+            LINEALITY_DIM, LINEALITY_SPACE :
+            COMBINATORIAL_DIM : CONE_DIM, LINEALITY_DIM
+            N_RAYS : RAYS
+            N_FACETS : FACETS
+            precondition : COMBINATORIAL_DIM ( F_VECTOR : N_FACETS, N_RAYS, GRAPH.N_EDGES, DUAL_GRAPH.N_EDGES, COMBINATORIAL_DIM )
+            F_VECTOR : N_FACETS, N_RAYS, GRAPH.N_EDGES, DUAL_GRAPH.N_EDGES, COMBINATORIAL_DIM
+        """
+        return PolymakeFunctionElement
+
+    def function_call(self, function, args=None, kwds=None):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polymake.rand_sphere(4, 30, seed=15)           # optional - jupymake  # indirect doctest
+            Random spherical polytope of dimension 4; seed=15...
+        """
+        args, kwds = self._convert_args_kwds(args, kwds)
+        self._check_valid_function_name(function)
+        s = self._function_call_string(function,
+                                       [s.name() for s in args],
+                                       ['{}=>{}'.format(key, value.name()) for key, value in kwds.items()])
+        return self(s)
+
+    def _function_call_string(self, function, args, kwds):
+        """
+        Return the string used to make function calls.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: polymake._function_call_string('cube', ['2','7','3'], ['group=>1'])
+            'cube(2,7,3, group=>1);'
+            sage: c = polymake('cube(2,7,3, group=>1)')
+            sage: c.VERTICES
+            1 3 3
+            1 7 3
+            1 3 7
+            1 7 7
+            sage: c.GROUP
+            full combinatorial group
+        """
+        if kwds:
+            if args:
+                call_str = "{}({}, {});".format(function, ",".join(list(args)), ",".join(list(kwds)))
+                return call_str
+            return "{}({});".format(function, ",".join(list(kwds)))
+        return "{}({});".format(function, ",".join(list(args)))
+
+    def _coerce_impl(self, x, use_special=True):
+        """
+        Implementation of coercion.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Test that dictionaries are converted to hashes::
+
+            sage: h = polymake({'"a"': 1, '"b"': 2})                   # optional - jupymake
+            sage: h                                                    # optional - jupymake
+            HASH(0x...)
+            sage: h['"a"']                                             # optional - jupymake
+            1
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, dict):
+            # Convert dictionaries to hashes.
+            # This is an adaptation of the list/tuple code from Interface._coerce_impl
+            A = []
+            z = {}
+            cls = self._object_class()
+
+            def convert(y):
+                return y if isinstance(y, cls) else self(y)
+
+            for k, v in x.items():
+                k = convert(k)
+                v = convert(v)
+                z[k] = v
+                A.append(f"{k.name()}=>{v.name()}")
+            r = self.new("{" + ",".join(A) + "}")
+
+            # this to avoid having the entries of the list be garbage collected
+            r.__sage_dict = z
+            return r
+
+        import sage.rings.abc
+        from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+        from sage.rings.rational import Rational
+        from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+
+        def to_str(x):
+            if isinstance(x, list):
+                s = '['
+                for y in x:
+                    s += to_str(y) + ', '
+                s += ']'
+                return s
+            if isinstance(x, (Integer, Rational, int)):
+                return '{}'.format(x)
+            parent = None
+            try:
+                parent = x.parent()
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+            if isinstance(parent, sage.rings.abc.NumberField_quadratic):
+                return x._polymake_init_()
+            try:
+                if x.parent().is_exact():
+                    # No other exact rings are supported.
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                x = RDF(x)
+                return '{}'.format(x)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                pass
+
+            raise NotImplementedError
+
+        # Iteratively calling polymake for conversion takes a long time.
+        # However, it takes iterated arrays of integers, rationals and floats directly.
+        try:
+            return self.new(to_str(x))
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+
+        return super()._coerce_impl(x, use_special=use_special)
+
+    def console(self):
+        """
+        Raise an error, pointing to :meth:`~sage.interfaces.interface.Interface.interact` and :func:`polymake_console`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polymake.console()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError: Please use polymake_console() function or the .interact() method
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("Please use polymake_console() function or the .interact() method")
+
+    # Methods concerning interface communication
+
+    def _install_hints(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: print(polymake._install_hints())
+            Please install the optional polymake package for sage
+            or install polymake system-wide
+            (use the shell command 'sage --info polymake' for more information)
+        """
+        return "Please install the optional polymake package for sage" + os.linesep + "or install polymake system-wide" + os.linesep + "(use the shell command 'sage --info polymake' for more information)"
+
+    def _start(self):
+        """
+        Start the polymake interface in the application "polytope".
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            There should be no need to call this explicitly.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: polymake._start()                         # optional - jupymake
+
+        Since 'normal_fan' is not defined in the polymake application 'polytope',
+        we now get
+        ::
+
+            sage: 'normal_fan' in dir(polymake)             # optional - jupymake
+            False
+        """
+        self.application("polytope")
+        self.eval('use Scalar::Util qw(reftype);')
+        self.eval('use Scalar::Util qw(blessed);')
+
+    def _assign_symbol(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: polymake._assign_symbol()
+            '='
+        """
+        return "="
+
+    def _equality_symbol(self):
+        """
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: polymake._equality_symbol()
+            '=='
+        """
+        return "=="
+
+    def _read_in_file_command(self, filename):
+        r"""
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: polymake._read_in_file_command('foobar')
+            'eval read_file "foobar";\n'
+
+        Force use of file::
+
+            sage: L = polymake([42] * 400)                      # optional - jupymake
+            sage: len(L)                                        # optional - jupymake
+            400
+
+        Just below standard file cutoff of 1024::
+
+            sage: L = polymake([42] * 84)                       # optional - jupymake
+            sage: len(L)                                        # optional - jupymake
+            84
+        """
+        return 'eval read_file "{}";\n'.format(filename)
+
+    def _next_var_name(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the next unused variable name.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: print(polymake._next_var_name())
+            SAGE...
+        """
+        if self._available_vars:
+            return self._available_vars.pop(0)
+        try:
+            self.__seq += 1
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__seq = 0
+        return r'SAGE{}'.format(self.__seq)
+
+    def clear(self, var):
+        r"""
+        Clear the variable named ``var``.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is implicitly done when deleting an element in the interface.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(15)
+            sage: polymake._available_vars = []
+            sage: old = c._name
+            sage: del c
+            sage: len(polymake._available_vars)
+            1
+            sage: polymake._next_var_name() in old
+            True
+        """
+        self._available_vars.append(_name_pattern.search(var).group())
+
+    def _create(self, value, name=None):
+        """
+        Assign a value to a name in the polymake interface.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``value`` -- string; Polymake command (or value) whose result
+          is to be assigned to a variable
+        - ``name`` -- (optional) string; if given, the new variable has this
+          name; otherwise, the name is automatically generated
+
+        RETURN:
+
+        The command by which the assigned value can now be retrieved.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            In order to overcome problems with the perl programming language,
+            we store *all* data as arrays. If the given value is an array
+            of length different from one, then the new variable contains that
+            array. Otherwise, the new variable is an array of length one whose
+            only entry is the given value, which has to be a scalar (which
+            also includes Perl references). In other words, perl hashes
+            are not suitable.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: polymake._create("('foo', 'bar')", name='my_array')
+            '@my_array'
+            sage: print(polymake.eval('print join(", ", @my_array);'))
+            foo, bar
+            sage: polymake._create('"foobar"', name='my_string')
+            '$my_string[0]'
+            sage: print(polymake.eval('print $my_string[0];'))
+            foobar
+        """
+        name = self._next_var_name() if name is None else name
+        self.set(name, value)
+        # If value is a list, then @name is now equal to that list.
+        # Otherwise, value is obtained by $name[0]. So, we modify
+        # the name returned by _create so that it can be used to
+        # access the wrapped value.
+        if self.eval('print scalar @{};'.format(name)).strip() == '1':
+            return '$'+name+'[0]'
+        return '@'+name
+
+    def set(self, var, value):
+        """
+        Set the variable var to the given value.
+
+        Eventually, ``var`` is a reference to ``value``.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            This method, although it doesn't start with an underscore, is
+            an internal method and not part of the interface. So, please do
+            not try to call it explicitly. Instead, use the polymake interface
+            as shown in the examples.
+
+        REMARK:
+
+        Polymake's user language is Perl. In Perl, if one wants to assign
+        the return value of a function to a variable, the syntax to do so
+        depends on the type of the return value. While this is fine in
+        compiled code, it seems quite awkward in user interaction.
+
+        To make this polymake pexpect interface a bit more user friendly,
+        we treat *all* variables as arrays. A scalar value (most typically
+        a reference) is thus interpreted as the only item in an array of
+        length one. It is, of course, possible to use the interface without
+        knowing these details.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polymake('cube(3)')                       # optional - jupymake # indirect doctest
+            sage: d = polymake.cube(3)                          # optional - jupymake
+
+        Equality is, for "big" objects such as polytopes, comparison by
+        identity::
+
+            sage: c == d                                        # optional - jupymake
+            False
+
+        However, the list of vertices is equal::
+
+            sage: c.VERTICES == d.VERTICES                      # optional - jupymake
+            True
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The following shows how polymake variables are wrapped in our interface.
+        It should, however, **never** be needed to do the following
+        *explicitly*::
+
+            sage: polymake.set('myvar', 'cube(3)')              # optional - jupymake
+            sage: polymake.get('$myvar[0]')                     # optional - jupymake
+            'Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational=ARRAY(...)'
+
+        The following tests against :issue:`22658`::
+
+            sage: P = polymake.new_object("Polytope", FACETS=[[12, -2, -3, -5, -8, -13, -21, -34, -55],   # optional - jupymake
+            ....:  [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1],
+            ....:  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+            ....:  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
+            ....:  [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:  [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:  [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+            ....:  [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
+            sage: P.VERTICES                        # optional - jupymake
+            1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+            1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
+            1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+            1 0 0 12/5 0 0 0 0 0
+            1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12/55
+            1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6/17 0
+            1 0 0 0 0 0 4/7 0 0
+            1 0 0 0 0 12/13 0 0 0
+            1 0 0 0 3/2 0 0 0 0
+            sage: P.F_VECTOR                        # optional - jupymake
+            9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            value = value.strip().rstrip(';').strip()
+        cmd = "@{}{}({});".format(var, self._assign_symbol(), value)
+        self.eval(cmd)
+
+    def get(self, cmd):
+        """
+        Return the string representation of an object in the polymake interface.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polymake.get('cube(3)')                     # optional - jupymake
+            'Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational=ARRAY(...)'
+
+        Note that the above string representation is what polymake provides.
+        In our interface, we use what polymake calls a "description"::
+
+            sage: polymake('cube(3)')                         # optional - jupymake
+            cube of dimension 3
+        """
+        return self.eval("print {};".format(cmd)).strip()
+
+    def help(self, topic, pager=True):
+        """
+        Displays polymake's help on a given topic, as a string.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``topic`` -- string
+        - ``pager`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); when ``True``, display
+          help, otherwise return as a string
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: print(polymake.help('Polytope', pager=False))         # optional - jupymake # random
+            objects/Polytope:
+             Not necessarily bounded or unbounded polyhedron.
+             Nonetheless, the name "Polytope" is used for two reasons:
+             Firstly, combinatorially we always deal with polytopes; see the description of VERTICES_IN_FACETS for details.
+             The second reason is historical.
+             We use homogeneous coordinates, which is why Polytope is derived from Cone.
+             Note that a pointed polyhedron is projectively equivalent to a polytope.
+             Scalar is the numeric data type used for the coordinates.
+
+        In some cases, polymake expects user interaction to choose from
+        different available help topics. In these cases, a warning is given,
+        and the available help topics are displayed resp. printed, without
+        user interaction::
+
+            sage: polymake.help('TRIANGULATION')                        # optional - jupymake # random
+            doctest:warning
+            ...
+            UserWarning: Polymake expects user interaction. We abort and return the options that Polymake provides.
+            There are 5 help topics matching 'TRIANGULATION':
+            1: objects/Visualization/Visual::Polytope/methods/TRIANGULATION
+            2: objects/Visualization/Visual::PointConfiguration/methods/TRIANGULATION
+            3: objects/Cone/properties/Triangulation and volume/TRIANGULATION
+            4: objects/PointConfiguration/properties/Triangulation and volume/TRIANGULATION
+            5: objects/Polytope/properties/Triangulation and volume/TRIANGULATION
+
+        If an unknown help topic is requested, a :exc:`PolymakeError`
+        results::
+
+            sage: polymake.help('Triangulation')      # optional - jupymake
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            PolymakeError: unknown help topic 'Triangulation'
+        """
+        H = self.eval('help("{}");\n'.format(topic))
+        if not H:
+            raise PolymakeError("unknown help topic '{}'".format(topic))
+        if pager:
+            from IPython.core.page import page
+            page(H, start=0)
+        else:
+            return H
+
+    def _tab_completion(self):
+        r"""
+        Return a list of polymake function names.
+
+        ..NOTE::
+
+            - The list of functions depends on the current application. The
+              result is cached, of course separately for each application.
+            - It is generally not the case that all the returned function
+              names can actually successfully be called.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: polymake.application('fan')                   # optional - jupymake
+            sage: 'normal_fan' in dir(polymake)                 # optional - jupymake  # indirect doctest
+            True
+            sage: polymake.application('polytope')              # optional - jupymake
+
+        Since ``'normal_fan'`` is not defined in the polymake application
+        ``'polytope'``, we now get::
+
+            sage: 'normal_fan' in dir(polymake)                 # optional - jupymake
+            False
+
+        Global functions from ``'core'`` are available::
+
+            sage: 'show_credits' in dir(polymake)               # optional - jupymake
+            True
+
+        Global functions from ``'common'`` are available::
+
+            sage: 'lex_ordered' in dir(polymake)                # optional - jupymake
+            True
+        """
+        if not self.is_running():
+            self._start()
+        try:
+            return self.__tab_completion[self._application]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        s = self.eval("apropos '';").split('\n')
+        out = []
+        for name in s:
+            if (name.startswith("/common/functions/")
+                or name.startswith("/core/functions")
+                or name.startswith("/" + self._application + "/functions/")):
+                out.append(name.split("/")[-1])
+        self.__tab_completion[self._application] = sorted(out)
+        return self.__tab_completion[self._application]
+
+    # Polymake specific methods
+
+    def application(self, app):
+        """
+        Change to a given polymake application.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``app`` -- string; one of ``'common'``, ``'fulton'``, ``'group'``,
+          ``'matroid'``, ``'topaz'``, ``'fan'``, ``'graph'``, ``'ideal'``,
+          ``'polytope'``, ``'tropical'``
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We expose a computation that uses both the 'polytope' and the 'fan'
+        application of polymake. Let us start by defining a polytope `q` in
+        terms of inequalities. Polymake knows to compute the f- and h-vector
+        and finds that the polytope is very ample::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: q = polymake.new_object("Polytope", INEQUALITIES=[[5,-4,0,1],[-3,0,-4,1],[-2,1,0,0],[-4,4,4,-1],[0,0,1,0],[8,0,0,-1],[1,0,-1,0],[3,-1,0,0]])
+            sage: q.H_VECTOR
+            1 5 5 1
+            sage: q.F_VECTOR
+            8 14 8
+            sage: q.VERY_AMPLE
+            true
+
+        In the application 'fan', polymake can now compute the normal fan
+        of `q` and its (primitive) rays::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: polymake.application('fan')
+            sage: g = q.normal_fan()
+            sage: g.RAYS
+            -1 0 1/4
+            0 -1 1/4
+            1 0 0
+            1 1 -1/4
+            0 1 0
+            0 0 -1
+            0 -1 0
+            -1 0 0
+            sage: g.RAYS.primitive()
+            -4 0 1
+            0 -4 1
+            1 0 0
+            4 4 -1
+            0 1 0
+            0 0 -1
+            0 -1 0
+            -1 0 0
+
+        Note that the list of functions available by tab completion depends
+        on the application.
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        Since 'trop_witness' is not defined in the polymake application 'polytope'
+        but only in 'tropical', the following shows the effect of changing
+        the application. ::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: polymake.application('polytope')
+            sage: 'trop_witness' in dir(polymake)
+            False
+            sage: polymake.application('tropical')
+            sage: 'trop_witness' in dir(polymake)
+            True
+            sage: polymake.application('polytope')
+            sage: 'trop_witness' in dir(polymake)
+            False
+
+        For completeness, we show what happens when asking for an application
+        that doesn't exist::
+
+            sage: polymake.application('killerapp')                  # optional - jupymake
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: Unknown polymake application 'killerapp'
+
+        Of course, a different error results when we send an explicit
+        command in polymake to change to an unknown application::
+
+            sage: polymake.eval('application "killerapp";')         # optional - jupymake
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            PolymakeError: Unknown application killerapp
+        """
+        if app not in ["common", "fulton", "group", "matroid", "topaz", "fan", "graph", "ideal", "polytope", "tropical"]:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown polymake application '{}'".format(app))
+        self._application = app
+        self.eval('application "{}";'.format(app))
+
+    def new_object(self, name, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        Return a new instance of a given polymake type, with given positional or named arguments.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``name`` of a polymake class (potentially templated), as string.
+        - further positional or named arguments, to be passed to the constructor.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: q = polymake.new_object("Polytope<Rational>", INEQUALITIES=[[4,-4,0,1],[-4,0,-4,1],[-2,1,0,0],[-4,4,4,-1],[0,0,1,0],[8,0,0,-1]])
+            sage: q.N_VERTICES
+            4
+            sage: q.BOUNDED
+            true
+            sage: q.VERTICES
+            1 2 0 4
+            1 3 0 8
+            1 2 1 8
+            1 3 1 8
+            sage: q.full_typename()
+            'Polytope<Rational>'
+        """
+        try:
+            f = self.__new[name]
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__new = {}
+            f = self.__new[name] = self._function_class()(self, "new {}".format(name))
+        except KeyError:
+            f = self.__new[name] = self._function_class()(self, "new {}".format(name))
+        return f(*args, **kwds)
+
+
+# --------
+# Elements
+# --------
+
+class PolymakeElement(ExtraTabCompletion, InterfaceElement):
+    """
+    Elements in the polymake interface.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    We support all "big" polymake types, Perl arrays of length
+    different from one, and Perl scalars::
+
+        sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(4, 20, seed=5)            # optional - jupymake
+        sage: p.typename()                                      # optional - jupymake
+        'Polytope'
+        sage: p                                                 # optional - jupymake
+        Random spherical polytope of dimension 4; seed=5...
+
+    Now, one can work with that element in Python syntax, for example::
+
+        sage: p.VERTICES[2][2]                                  # optional - jupymake
+        1450479926727001/2251799813685248
+    """
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        String representation of polymake elements.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        In the case of a "big" object, if polymake provides a description
+        of the object that is not longer than single line, it is used for
+        printing::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 12, seed=15)
+            sage: p
+            Random spherical polytope of dimension 3; seed=15...
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(4)
+            sage: c
+            cube of dimension 4
+
+        We use the print representation of scalars to display scalars::
+
+            sage: p.N_VERTICES                                      # optional - jupymake
+            12
+
+        The items of a Perl arrays are shown separated by commas::
+
+            sage: p.get_member('list_properties')                   # optional - jupymake  # random
+            POINTS, CONE_AMBIENT_DIM, BOUNDED, FEASIBLE, N_POINTS, POINTED,
+            CONE_DIM, FULL_DIM, LINEALITY_DIM, LINEALITY_SPACE,
+            COMBINATORIAL_DIM, AFFINE_HULL, VERTICES, N_VERTICES
+
+        We chose to print rule chains explicitly, so that the user doesn't
+        need to know how to list the rules using polymake commands::
+
+            sage: r = p.get_schedule('"H_VECTOR"')                  # optional - jupymake
+            sage: r                                                 # optional - jupymake  # random
+            precondition : N_RAYS | N_INPUT_RAYS ( ppl.convex_hull.primal: FACETS, LINEAR_SPAN : RAYS | INPUT_RAYS )
+            sensitivity check for FacetPerm
+            ppl.convex_hull.primal: FACETS, LINEAR_SPAN : RAYS | INPUT_RAYS
+            RAYS_IN_FACETS : RAYS, FACETS
+            SIMPLICIAL : COMBINATORIAL_DIM, RAYS_IN_FACETS
+            N_FACETS : FACETS
+            precondition : COMBINATORIAL_DIM ( F_VECTOR : N_FACETS, N_RAYS, COMBINATORIAL_DIM )
+            F_VECTOR : N_FACETS, N_RAYS, COMBINATORIAL_DIM
+            precondition : SIMPLICIAL ( H_VECTOR : F_VECTOR )
+            H_VECTOR : F_VECTOR
+            sage: r.typeof()                                        # optional - jupymake
+            ('Polymake::Core::Scheduler::RuleChain', 'ARRAY')
+
+        Similarly, polymake matrices and vectors are explicitly listed::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c.VERTICES.typename()
+            'Matrix'
+            sage: c.VERTICES[0].typename()
+            'Vector'
+            sage: c.VERTICES
+            1 -1 -1 -1 -1
+            1 1 -1 -1 -1
+            1 -1 1 -1 -1
+            1 1 1 -1 -1
+            1 -1 -1 1 -1
+            1 1 -1 1 -1
+            1 -1 1 1 -1
+            1 1 1 1 -1
+            1 -1 -1 -1 1
+            1 1 -1 -1 1
+            1 -1 1 -1 1
+            1 1 1 -1 1
+            1 -1 -1 1 1
+            1 1 -1 1 1
+            1 -1 1 1 1
+            1 1 1 1 1
+            sage: c.VERTICES[0]
+            1 -1 -1 -1 -1
+
+        For other types, we simply use the print representation offered
+        by polymake::
+
+            sage: p.TWO_FACE_SIZES.typename()                   # optional - jupymake
+            'Map'
+            sage: p.TWO_FACE_SIZES                              # optional - jupymake
+            {(3 20)}
+        """
+        T1, T2 = self.typeof()
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        name = self._name
+        if T1:
+            Temp = self.typename()
+            if Temp:
+                T1 = Temp
+        if T1 in ['Matrix', 'Vector']:
+            out = P.get(name).strip()
+        elif 'RuleChain' in T1:
+            out = os.linesep.join(P.get('join("##",{}->list)'.format(name)).split('##'))
+        else:
+            try:
+                out = P.get('{}->description'.format(name)).strip()
+            except PolymakeError:
+                out = ''
+            if os.linesep in out:
+                out = ''
+        if not out:
+            if "Polytope" == T1:
+                out = "{}[{}]".format(P.get("{}->type->full_name".format(name)) or "PolymakeElement", _name_pattern.search(name).group())
+            elif T1 == '' and T2 == 'ARRAY':
+                out = P.eval('print join(", ", @{});'.format(name)).strip()
+            elif T1 == '' and T2 == 'HASH':
+                out = P.get('%{}'.format(name)).strip()
+            elif self._name[0] == '@':
+                out = P.eval('print join(", ", {});'.format(name)).strip()
+            else:
+                out = P.get(name).strip()
+        return out
+
+    def _richcmp_(self, other, op):
+        """
+        Comparison of polymake elements.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The default for comparing equality for polytopes is *identity*::
+
+            sage: p1 = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 12, seed=15)          # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p2 = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 12, seed=15)          # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p1 == p2                                          # optional - jupymake
+            False
+
+        However, other data types are compared by equality, not identity::
+
+            sage: p1.VERTICES == p2.VERTICES                        # optional - jupymake
+            True
+
+        A computation applied to a polytope can change the available
+        properties, and thus we have
+        ::
+
+            sage: p1.get_member('list_properties') == p2.get_member('list_properties')  # optional - jupymake
+            True
+            sage: p1.F_VECTOR                                       # optional - jupymake
+            12 30 20
+            sage: p1.get_member('list_properties') == p2.get_member('list_properties')  # optional - jupymake
+            False
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        if P.eval("print {} {} {};".format(self.name(), P._equality_symbol(), other.name())).strip() == P._true_symbol():
+            return rich_to_bool(op, 0)
+        if P.eval("print {} {} {};".format(self.name(), P._lessthan_symbol(), other.name())).strip() == P._true_symbol():
+            return rich_to_bool(op, -1)
+        if P.eval("print {} {} {};".format(self.name(), P._greaterthan_symbol(), other.name())).strip() == P._true_symbol():
+            return rich_to_bool(op, 1)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """
+        Return whether this polymake element is equal to ``True``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import polymake
+            sage: bool(polymake(0))                # optional - jupymake
+            False
+            sage: bool(polymake(1))                # optional - jupymake
+            True
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        t = P._true_symbol()
+        cmd = '{} {} {};'.format(self._name, P._equality_symbol(), t)
+        return P.get(cmd) == t
+
+    def known_properties(self):
+        """
+        List the names of properties that have been computed so far on this element.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is in many cases equivalent to use polymake's
+            ``list_properties``, which returns a blank separated string
+            representation of the list of properties. However, on some
+            elements, ``list_properties`` would simply result in an error.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(4)                      # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c.known_properties()                      # optional - jupymake
+            ['AFFINE_HULL',
+             'BOUNDED',
+             'CONE_AMBIENT_DIM',
+             'CONE_DIM',
+            ...
+             'VERTICES_IN_FACETS']
+            sage: c.list_properties()                       # optional - jupymake
+            CONE_AMBIENT_DIM, CONE_DIM, FACETS, AFFINE_HULL, VERTICES_IN_FACETS,
+            BOUNDED...
+
+        A computation can change the list of known properties::
+
+            sage: c.F_VECTOR                                # optional - jupymake
+            16 32 24 8
+            sage: c.known_properties()                      # optional - jupymake
+            ['AFFINE_HULL',
+             'BOUNDED',
+             'COMBINATORIAL_DIM',
+             'CONE_AMBIENT_DIM',
+             'CONE_DIM',
+            ...
+             'VERTICES_IN_FACETS']
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        try:
+            return sorted(P.get('join(", ", {}->list_properties)'.format(self._name)).split(', '))
+        except PolymakeError:
+            return []
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _member_list(self):
+        """
+        The list of properties that polymake knows to compute for this element.
+
+        The resulting list is used for tab completion.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(4)                          # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c._member_list()                              # optional - jupymake
+            ['AFFINE_HULL',
+            ...
+             'WEAKLY_CENTERED',
+            ...]
+        """
+        # return the members of a "big" object.
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        try:
+            cmd = '$SAGETMP = ' + self._name + ' -> type;'
+            P.eval(cmd)
+        except (TypeError, PolymakeError):  # this happens for a perl type that isn't a Polymake type
+            return []
+        cmd = 'print join(", ", sorted_uniq(sort { $a cmp $b } map { keys %{$_->properties} }$SAGETMP, @{$SAGETMP->super}));'
+        try:
+            out = P.eval(cmd).split(', ')
+        except PolymakeError:
+            return []
+        return sorted(out)
+
+    def typename(self):
+        """
+        The name of the underlying base type of this element in polymake.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(4)          # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c.typename()                  # optional - jupymake
+            'Polytope'
+            sage: c.VERTICES.typename()         # optional - jupymake
+            'Matrix'
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        try:
+            return P.eval('print {}->type->name;'.format(self._name))
+        except PolymakeError:
+            return ''
+
+    def full_typename(self):
+        """
+        The name of the specialised type of this element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(4)          # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c.full_typename()             # optional - jupymake
+            'Polytope<Rational>'
+            sage: c.VERTICES.full_typename()    # optional - jupymake
+            'Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>'
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        try:
+            return P.eval('print {}->type->full_name;'.format(self._name))
+        except PolymakeError:
+            return ''
+
+    def qualified_typename(self):
+        """
+        The qualified name of the type of this element.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(4)              # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c.qualified_typename()            # optional - jupymake
+            'polytope::Polytope<Rational>'
+            sage: c.VERTICES.qualified_typename()   # optional - jupymake
+            'common::Matrix<Rational, NonSymmetric>'
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        try:
+            return P.eval('print {}->type->qualified_name;'.format(self._name))
+        except PolymakeError:
+            return ''
+
+    def _tab_completion(self):
+        """
+        Return a list of available function and property names.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This currently returns the names of functions defined in the current
+            application, regardless whether they can be applied to this element
+            or not, together with the list of properties of this element that
+            polymake knows how to compute. It does not contain the list of available
+            member functions of this element. This may change in future versions
+            of polymake.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(4)              # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c._tab_completion()               # optional - jupymake
+            ['AFFINE_HULL',
+             ...
+             'zero_vector',
+             'zonotope',
+             'zonotope_tiling_lattice',
+             'zonotope_vertices_fukuda']
+        """
+        return sorted(self._member_list()+self.parent()._tab_completion())
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attrname):
+        """
+        Return a property of this element, or a polymake function with this
+        element as first argument, or a member function of this element.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the attribute name is known as the name of a property, it is
+            interpreted as such. Otherwise, if it is known as a function in
+            the current application, the function is returned with this
+            element inserted as first argument, and potential further arguments,
+            when called. Otherwise, it is assumed that it is a member function
+            of this element, and treated as such. Note that member functions
+            are currently invisible in tab completion, thus, the user has
+            to know the name of the member function.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        A property::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(3)
+            sage: c.H_VECTOR
+            1 5 5 1
+            sage: c.N_VERTICES
+            8
+            sage: d = polymake.cross(3)
+            sage: d.N_VERTICES
+            6
+
+        A function::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c.minkowski_sum_fukuda
+            minkowski_sum_fukuda (bound to Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object)
+            sage: s = c.minkowski_sum_fukuda(d)
+            sage: s.N_VERTICES
+            24
+            sage: s
+            Polytope<Rational>[SAGE...]
+
+        A member function::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(2)
+            sage: V = polymake.new_object('Vector', [1,0,0])
+            sage: V
+            1 0 0
+            sage: c.contains
+            Member function 'contains' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+            sage: c.contains(V)
+            true
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        if attrname[:1] == "_":
+            raise AttributeError
+        if attrname not in P._tab_completion():
+            # Does not appear in list of global functions.
+            if attrname in self._member_list():
+                try:
+                    return P('{}->{}'.format(self._name, attrname))
+                except (TypeError, PolymakeError):
+                    raise AttributeError
+            else:
+                return P._function_element_class()(self, '{}->{}'.format(self._name, attrname), memberfunction=True)
+        return P._function_element_class()(self, attrname, memberfunction=False)
+
+    def get_member_function(self, attrname):
+        """
+        Request a member function of this element.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            It is not checked whether a member function with the given name
+            exists.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(2)
+            sage: c.contains
+            Member function 'contains' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+            sage: V = polymake.new_object('Vector', [1,0,0])
+            sage: V
+            1 0 0
+            sage: c.contains(V)
+            true
+
+        Whether a member function of the given name actually exists for that
+        object will only be clear when calling it::
+
+            sage: c.get_member_function("foo")                          # optional - jupymake
+            Member function 'foo' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+            sage: c.get_member_function("foo")()                        # optional - jupymake
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Can't locate object method "foo" via package "Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational"
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        return P._function_element_class()(self, '{}->{}'.format(self._name, attrname), memberfunction=True)
+
+    def get_member(self, attrname):
+        """
+        Get a member/property of this element.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            Normally, it should be possible to just access the property
+            in the usual Python syntax for attribute access. However, if
+            that fails, one can request the member explicitly.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(4, 20, seed=5)    # optional - jupymake
+
+        Normally, a property would be accessed as follows::
+
+            sage: p.F_VECTOR                                # optional - jupymake
+            20 94 148 74
+
+        However, explicit access is possible as well::
+
+            sage: p.get_member('F_VECTOR')                  # optional - jupymake
+            20 94 148 74
+
+        In some cases, the explicit access works better::
+
+            sage: p.type                                    # optional - jupymake
+            Member function 'type' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+            sage: p.get_member('type')                      # optional - jupymake
+            Polytope<Rational>[SAGE...]
+            sage: p.get_member('type').get_member('name')   # optional - jupymake
+            Polytope
+
+        Note that in the last example calling the erroneously constructed
+        member function ``type`` still works::
+
+            sage: p.type()                                  # optional - jupymake
+            Polytope<Rational>[SAGE...]
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        return P('{}->{}'.format(self.name(), attrname))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """
+        Indexing and slicing.
+
+        Slicing returns a Python list.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 12, seed=15)  # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p.VERTICES[3]                             # optional - jupymake
+            1 7977905618560809/18014398509481984 -1671539598851959/144115188075855872 8075083879632623/9007199254740992
+            sage: p.list_properties()[2]                    # optional - jupymake
+            BOUNDED
+
+        Slicing::
+
+            sage: p.F_VECTOR[:]                             # optional - jupymake
+            [12, 30, 20]
+            sage: p.F_VECTOR[0:1]                           # optional - jupymake
+            [12]
+            sage: p.F_VECTOR[0:3:2]                         # optional - jupymake
+            [12, 20]
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            indices = key.indices(len(self))
+            return [self[i] for i in range(*indices)]
+        _, T = self.typeof()
+        if self._name.startswith('@'):
+            return P('${}[{}]'.format(self._name[1:], key))
+        if T == 'ARRAY':
+            return P('{}[{}]'.format(self._name, key))
+        if T == 'HASH':
+            try:
+                if key.parent() is self.parent():
+                    key = key._name
+                else:
+                    key = str(key)
+            except AttributeError:
+                key = str(key)
+            return P(self._name + "{" + key + "}")
+        raise NotImplementedError("Cannot get items from Perl type {}".format(T))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """
+        Return an iterator for ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: iterator
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 12, seed=15)  # optional - jupymake
+            sage: [ x for x in p.VERTICES[3] ]              # optional - jupymake
+            [1, 7977905618560809/18014398509481984, -1671539598851959/144115188075855872, 8075083879632623/9007199254740992]
+        """
+        for i in range(len(self)):
+            yield self[i]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 12, seed=15)           # optional - jupymake
+            sage: len(p.FACETS)                                     # optional - jupymake
+            20
+            sage: len(p.list_properties()) >= 12                     # optional - jupymake
+            True
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        T1, T2 = self.typeof()
+        name = self._name
+        if T2 == 'ARRAY':
+            return int(P.eval('print scalar @{+%s};' % name))
+        if T2 == 'HASH':
+            return int(P.eval('print scalar keys %' + ('{+%s};' % name)))
+        if T1:
+            raise TypeError("Don't know how to compute the length of {} object".format(T1))
+        return int(P.eval('print scalar {};'.format(name)))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def typeof(self):
+        """
+        Return the type of a polymake "big" object, and its
+        underlying Perl type.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            This is mainly for internal use.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 13, seed=12)
+            sage: p.typeof()
+            ('Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational', 'ARRAY')
+            sage: p.VERTICES.typeof()
+            ('Polymake::common::Matrix_A_Rational_I_NonSymmetric_Z', 'ARRAY')
+            sage: p.get_schedule('"F_VECTOR"').typeof()
+            ('Polymake::Core::Scheduler::RuleChain', 'ARRAY')
+
+        On "small" objects, it just returns empty strings::
+
+            sage: p.N_VERTICES.typeof()                                 # optional - jupymake
+            ('', '')
+            sage: p.list_properties().typeof()                          # optional - jupymake
+            ('', '')
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        name = self._name
+        T1, T2 = P.eval('print ref({});'.format(name)), P.eval('print reftype({});'.format(name))
+        if T1 == 'false':                 # Polymake 3.4 returns this
+            T1 = ''
+        return T1, T2
+
+    def _sage_(self):
+        """
+        Convert ``self`` to a Sage object.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: a = polymake(1/2); a    # optional - jupymake
+            1/2
+            sage: a.sage()                # optional - jupymake
+            1/2
+            sage: _.parent()              # optional - jupymake
+            Rational Field
+
+        Quadratic extensions::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: K.<sqrt5> = QuadraticField(5)
+            sage: polymake(K(0)).sage()   # optional - jupymake
+            0
+            sage: _.parent()              # optional - jupymake
+            Rational Field
+            sage: polymake(sqrt5).sage()   # optional - jupymake
+            a
+            sage: polymake(-sqrt5).sage()   # optional - jupymake
+            -a
+            sage: polymake(1/3-1/2*sqrt5).sage()   # optional - jupymake
+            -1/2*a + 1/3
+            sage: polymake(-1+sqrt5).sage()   # optional - jupymake
+            a - 1
+
+        Vectors::
+
+            sage: PP = polymake.cube(3)   # optional - jupymake
+            sage: PP.F_VECTOR.sage()      # optional - jupymake
+            (8, 12, 6)
+            sage: _.parent()              # optional - jupymake
+            Ambient free module of rank 3 over the principal ideal domain Integer Ring
+
+        Matrices::
+
+            sage: polymake.unit_matrix(2).sage()   # optional - jupymake
+            [1 0]
+            [0 1]
+            sage: _.parent()              # optional - jupymake
+            Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Integer Ring
+
+        Polytopes::
+
+            sage: polymake.cube(3).sage() # optional - jupymake
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices
+            sage: polymake.icosahedron().sage() # optional - jupymake, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in
+             (Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 5 with a = 2.236067977499790?)^3
+             defined as the convex hull of 12 vertices
+        """
+        T1, T2 = self.typeof()
+        self._check_valid()
+        try:
+            # Try to just read things from the string representation.
+            if 'Sparse' in T1:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+            r = self._repr_()
+            if 'Float' in T1:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+                base_ring = RDF
+                str_to_base_ring = RDF
+            elif 'QuadraticExtension' in T1 and 'r' in r:
+                i = r.find('r')
+                i1 = min((r[i:]+' ').find(' '), (r[i:]+'\n').find('\n'))
+                d = int(r[i+1:i+i1])
+                from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+                base_ring = QuadraticField(d)
+
+                def str_to_base_ring(s):
+                    m = re.match(r'(-?[0-9/]+)[+]?((-?[0-9/]+)r([0-9/]+))?', s)
+                    a, b = m.group(1), m.group(3)
+                    return base_ring(a) + base_ring(b) * base_ring.gen()
+
+            elif 'Rational' in T1:
+                from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+                base_ring = QQ
+                str_to_base_ring = QQ
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+            if 'Vector' in T1:
+                from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+                if r == '':
+                    return vector(base_ring)
+                return vector(base_ring, [str_to_base_ring(s) for s in r.split(' ')])
+            elif 'Matrix' in T1:
+                from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+                if r == '':
+                    return matrix(base_ring)
+                return matrix(base_ring, [[str_to_base_ring(s) for s in t.split(' ')] for t in r.split('\n')])
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+        if T1:
+            Temp = self.typename()
+            if Temp:
+                T1 = Temp
+        if T1 == 'QuadraticExtension':
+            # We can't seem to access a, b, r by method calls, so let's parse.
+            m = re.match(r'(-?[0-9/]+)[+]?((-?[0-9/]+)r([0-9/]+))?', repr(self))
+            if m is None:
+                raise NotImplementedError("Cannot parse QuadraticExtension element: {}".format(self))
+            a, b, r = m.group(1), m.group(3), m.group(4)
+            from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+            if r is None:
+                # Prints like a rational, so we can't know the extension. Coerce to rational.
+                return QQ(a)
+            else:
+                from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+                K = QuadraticField(r)
+                return QQ(a) + QQ(b) * K.gen()
+        elif T1 == 'Vector' or T1 == 'SparseVector':
+            from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+            return vector([x.sage() for x in self])
+        elif T1 == 'Matrix' or T1 == 'SparseMatrix':
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+            return matrix([x.sage() for x in self])
+        elif T1 == 'Polytope':
+            from sage.geometry.polyhedron.backend_polymake import Polyhedron_polymake
+            return Polyhedron_polymake._from_polymake_polytope(None, self)
+        else:
+            return super()._sage_()
+
+    def _sage_doc_(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(3)                  # optional - jupymake
+            sage: print(c._sage_doc_())                 # optional - jupymake # random
+            objects/Polytope:
+             Not necessarily bounded or unbounded polyhedron.
+             Nonetheless, the name "Polytope" is used for two reasons:
+             Firstly, combinatorially we always deal with polytopes; see the description of VERTICES_IN_FACETS for details.
+             The second reason is historical.
+             We use homogeneous coordinates, which is why Polytope is derived from Cone.
+             Note that a pointed polyhedron is projectively equivalent to a polytope.
+             Scalar is the numeric data type used for the coordinates.
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            objects/Polytope/specializations/Polytope<Rational>:
+             A rational polyhedron realized in Q^d
+            sage: print(c.FACETS._sage_doc_())          # optional - jupymake # random
+            property_types/Algebraic Types/SparseMatrix:
+             A SparseMatrix is a two-dimensional associative array with row and column indices as keys; elements equal to the default value (ElementType(), which is 0 for most numerical types) are not stored, but implicitly encoded by the gaps in the key set. Each row and column is organized as an AVL-tree.
+            <BLANKLINE>
+             Use dense to convert this into its dense form.
+            <BLANKLINE>
+             You can create a new SparseMatrix by entering its entries row by row, as a list of SparseVectors e.g.:
+                $A = new SparseMatrix<Int>(<< '.');
+                (5) (1 1)
+                (5) (4 2)
+                (5)
+                (5) (0 3) (1 -1)
+                .
+        """
+        P = self._check_valid()
+        # according to Julian Pfeifle, the only case in which the fully qualified
+        # typename would not provide the doc.
+        Tname = self.typename()
+        Tqname = self.qualified_typename()
+        Tfname = self.full_typename()
+        if Tname == 'Polytope':
+            try:
+                doc = P.eval('help "Polytope";')
+            except PolymakeError:
+                doc = ''
+        else:
+            try:
+                doc = P.eval('help "{}";'.format(Tname))
+            except PolymakeError:
+                doc = ''
+            try:
+                doc2 = P.eval('help "{}";'.format(Tqname))
+            except PolymakeError:
+                doc2 = ''
+            if doc:
+                if doc2:
+                    doc = doc+os.linesep+doc2
+            else:
+                doc = doc2
+        try:
+            doc3 = P.eval('help "{}";'.format(Tfname))
+        except PolymakeError:
+            doc3 = ''
+        if doc:
+            if doc3:
+                doc = doc+os.linesep+doc3
+        else:
+            doc = doc3
+        if doc:
+            return doc
+        return "Undocumented polymake type '{}'".format(self.full_typename())
+
+
+class PolymakeFunctionElement(InterfaceFunctionElement):
+    """
+    A callable (function or member function) bound to a polymake element.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: # optional - jupymake
+        sage: c = polymake.cube(2)
+        sage: V = polymake.new_object('Vector', [1,0,0])
+        sage: V
+        1 0 0
+        sage: c.contains
+        Member function 'contains' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+        sage: c.contains(V)
+        true
+    """
+    def __init__(self, obj, name, memberfunction=False):
+        """
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``obj`` -- Polymake object that this function is bound to
+        - ``name`` -- string; it actually says how to call this function in
+          polymake. So, if it is a member function, it will look like
+          `"$SAGE123[0]->func_name"`.
+        - ``memberfunction`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether this is a
+          member function or a plain function applied with this element as
+          first argument
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 13, seed=12)   # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p.minkowski_sum_fukuda                    # optional - jupymake
+            minkowski_sum_fukuda (bound to Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object)
+            sage: p.get_schedule                            # optional - jupymake
+            Member function 'get_schedule' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+        """
+        self._obj = obj
+        self._name = name
+        self._is_memberfunc = memberfunction
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 13, seed=12)  # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p.minkowski_sum_fukuda                    # optional - jupymake
+            minkowski_sum_fukuda (bound to Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object)
+            sage: p.contains                                # optional - jupymake
+            Member function 'contains' of Polymake::polytope::Polytope__Rational object
+        """
+        if self._is_memberfunc:
+            return "Member function '{}' of {} object".format(self._name.split("->")[-1], self._obj.typeof()[0])
+        return "{} (bound to {} object)".format(self._name, self._obj.typeof()[0])
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        We consider both member functions of an element and global functions
+        bound to an element::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 13, seed=12)      # optional - jupymake
+            sage: p.get_schedule('"VERTICES"')                    # optional - jupymake  # random
+            sensitivity check for VertexPerm
+            cdd.convex_hull.canon: POINTED, RAYS, LINEALITY_SPACE : INPUT_RAYS
+            sage: p.minkowski_sum_fukuda(p).F_VECTOR            # optional - jupymake # not tested
+            13 33 22
+        """
+        if self._is_memberfunc:
+            return self._obj._check_valid().function_call(self._name, list(args), kwds)
+        return self._obj._check_valid().function_call(self._name, [self._obj] + list(args), kwds)
+
+    def _sage_doc_(self):
+        """
+        Return documentation of this function.
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            For unclear reasons, accessing documentation with ``?`` sometimes
+            does not include the return value of this method.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(3, 13, seed=12)           # optional - jupymake
+            sage: print(p.get_schedule._sage_doc_())                 # optional - jupymake # random
+            objects/Core::Object/methods/get_schedule:
+            get_schedule(request;  ... ) -> Core::RuleChain
+            <BLANKLINE>
+             Compose an optimal chain of production rules providing all requested properties.
+             The returned RuleChain object can be applied to the original object as well as to any other object
+             with the same initial set of properties.  If no feasible rule chain exists, `undef' is returned.
+            <BLANKLINE>
+             To watch the rule scheduler at work, e.g. to see announcements about tried preconditions,
+             you may temporarily increase the verbosity levels $Verbose::rules and $Verbose::scheduler.
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            Arguments:
+              String request : name of a property with optional alternatives or a property path in dotted notation.
+                Several requests may be listed.
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            Returns Core::RuleChain
+            sage: print(p.minkowski_sum_fukuda._sage_doc_())        # optional - jupymake # random
+            functions/Producing a polytope from polytopes/minkowski_sum_fukuda:
+            minkowski_sum_fukuda(summands) -> Polytope<Scalar>
+            <BLANKLINE>
+             Computes the (VERTICES of the) Minkowski sum of a list of polytopes using the algorithm by Fukuda described in
+                   Komei Fukuda, From the zonotope construction to the Minkowski addition of convex polytopes, J. Symbolic Comput., 38(4):1261-1272, 2004.
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            Arguments:
+              Array<Polytope<Scalar>> summands
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            Returns Polytope<Scalar>
+            <BLANKLINE>
+            Example:
+                > $p = minkowski_sum_fukuda([cube(2),simplex(2),cross(2)]);
+                > print $p->VERTICES;
+                1 -2 -1
+                1 -1 -2
+                1 3 -1
+                1 3 1
+                1 2 -2
+                1 -2 2
+                1 -1 3
+                1 1 3
+        """
+        P = self._obj._check_valid()
+        return P.help(self._name.split("->")[-1], pager=False)
+
+
+class PolymakeJuPyMake(PolymakeAbstract):
+    r"""
+    Interface to the polymake interpreter using JuPyMake.
+
+    In order to use this interface, you need to either install the
+    optional polymake package for Sage, or install polymake system-wide
+    on your computer; it is available from https://polymake.org.
+    Also install the jupymake Python package.
+
+    Type ``polymake.[tab]`` for a list of most functions
+    available from your polymake install. Type
+    ``polymake.Function?`` for polymake's help about a given ``Function``.
+    Type ``polymake(...)`` to create a new polymake
+    object, and ``polymake.eval(...)`` to run a string using
+    polymake and get the result back as a string.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import polymake_jupymake as polymake
+        sage: type(polymake)
+        <...sage.interfaces.polymake.PolymakeJuPyMake...
+        sage: p = polymake.rand_sphere(4, 20, seed=5)       # optional - jupymake
+        sage: p                                             # optional - jupymake
+        Random spherical polytope of dimension 4; seed=5...
+        sage: set_verbose(3)
+        sage: p.H_VECTOR;                                   # optional - jupymake # random
+        used package ppl
+          The Parma Polyhedra Library ...
+        sage: p.H_VECTOR                                    # optional - jupymake
+        1 16 40 16 1
+        sage: set_verbose(0)
+        sage: p.F_VECTOR                                    # optional - jupymake
+        20 94 148 74
+        sage: print(p.F_VECTOR._sage_doc_())                # optional - jupymake # random
+        property_types/Algebraic Types/Vector:
+         A type for vectors with entries of type Element.
+
+         You can perform algebraic operations such as addition or scalar multiplication.
+
+         You can create a new Vector by entering its elements, e.g.:
+            $v = new Vector<Int>(1,2,3);
+         or
+            $v = new Vector<Int>([1,2,3]);
+
+    Python strings are translated to polymake (Perl) identifiers.
+    To obtain Perl strings, use strings containing double-quote characters.
+    Python dicts are translated to Perl hashes.
+
+    ::
+
+         sage: # long time, optional - internet jupymake perl_mongodb
+         sage: L = polymake.db_query({'"_id"': '"F.4D.0047"'},
+         ....:                       db='"LatticePolytopes"',
+         ....:                       collection='"SmoothReflexive"'); L
+         BigObjectArray
+         sage: len(L)
+         1
+         sage: P = L[0]
+         sage: sorted(P.list_properties(), key=str)
+         [..., LATTICE_POINTS_GENERATORS, ..., POINTED, ...]
+         sage: P.F_VECTOR
+         20 40 29 9
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, seed=None, verbose=False):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``verbose`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to print the
+          commands passed to polymake
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import PolymakeJuPyMake
+            sage: PolymakeJuPyMake()
+            Polymake
+        """
+        self._verbose = verbose
+        PolymakeAbstract.__init__(self, seed=seed)
+
+    _is_running = False    # class variable
+
+    def is_running(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if ``self`` is currently running.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import PolymakeJuPyMake
+            sage: pm = PolymakeJuPyMake()
+            sage: pm(1)                         # optional - jupymake
+            1
+            sage: pm.is_running()               # optional - jupymake
+            True
+
+        Several PolymakeJuPyMake interfaces can be created, but they all
+        talk to the same polymake interpreter::
+
+            sage: pm2 = PolymakeJuPyMake()
+            sage: pm2.is_running()              # optional - jupymake
+            True
+        """
+        return self._is_running
+
+    def _start(self):
+        """
+        Initialize the interpreter.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import PolymakeJuPyMake
+            sage: pm = PolymakeJuPyMake()
+            sage: pm._start()                   # optional - jupymake
+            sage: pm.is_running()               # optional - jupymake
+            True
+        """
+        from JuPyMake import InitializePolymake
+        if not self.is_running():
+            InitializePolymake()          # Can only be called once
+            PolymakeJuPyMake._is_running = True
+        PolymakeAbstract._start(self)
+        self.eval("sub Polymake::Core::Shell::Mock::fill_history {}")
+        self._tab_completion()   # Run it here already because it causes a segfault when invoked in actual tab completion situation?!
+
+    def eval(self, code, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Evaluate a command.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``code`` -- a command (string) to be evaluated
+
+        Different reaction types of polymake, including warnings, comments,
+        errors, request for user interaction, and yielding a continuation prompt,
+        are taken into account.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import polymake_jupymake as polymake
+            sage: p = polymake.cube(3)              # optional - jupymake  # indirect doctest
+
+        Here we see that remarks printed by polymake are displayed if
+        the verbosity is positive::
+
+            sage: set_verbose(1)
+            sage: p.N_LATTICE_POINTS                # optional - jupymake # random
+            used package latte
+              LattE (Lattice point Enumeration) is a computer software dedicated to the
+              problems of counting lattice points and integration inside convex polytopes.
+              Copyright by Matthias Koeppe, Jesus A. De Loera and others.
+              http://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~latte/
+            27
+            sage: set_verbose(0)
+
+        If polymake raises an error, the polymake *interface* raises
+        a :exc:`PolymakeError`::
+
+            sage: polymake.eval('FOOBAR(3);')       # optional - jupymake
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            PolymakeError: Undefined subroutine &Polymake::User::FOOBAR called...
+
+        If a command is incomplete, then polymake returns a continuation
+        prompt. In that case, we raise an error::
+
+            sage: polymake.eval('print 3')          # optional - jupymake
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            SyntaxError: Incomplete polymake command 'print 3'
+            sage: polymake.eval('print 3;')         # optional - jupymake
+            '3'
+
+        However, if the command contains line breaks but eventually is complete,
+        no error is raised::
+
+            sage: print(polymake.eval('$tmp="abc";\nprint $tmp;'))  # optional - jupymake
+            abc
+
+        When requesting help, polymake sometimes expects the user to choose
+        from a list. In that situation, we abort with a warning, and show
+        the list from which the user can choose; we could demonstrate this using
+        the :meth:`~sage.interfaces.polymake.PolymakeAbstract.help` method,
+        but here we use an explicit code evaluation::
+
+            sage: print(polymake.eval('help "TRIANGULATION";'))     # optional - jupymake # random
+            doctest:warning
+            ...
+            UserWarning: Polymake expects user interaction. We abort and return
+            the options that Polymake provides.
+            There are 5 help topics matching 'TRIANGULATION':
+            1: objects/Cone/properties/Triangulation and volume/TRIANGULATION
+            2: objects/Polytope/properties/Triangulation and volume/TRIANGULATION
+            3: objects/Visualization/Visual::PointConfiguration/methods/TRIANGULATION
+            4: objects/Visualization/Visual::Polytope/methods/TRIANGULATION
+            5: objects/PointConfiguration/properties/Triangulation and volume/TRIANGULATION
+
+        By default, we just wait until polymake returns a result. However,
+        it is possible to explicitly set a timeout. The following usually does
+        work in an interactive session and often in doc tests, too. However,
+        sometimes it hangs, and therefore we remove it from the tests, for now::
+
+            sage: c = polymake.cube(15)             # optional - jupymake
+            sage: polymake.eval('print {}->F_VECTOR;'.format(c.name()), timeout=1) # not tested # optional - jupymake
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            RuntimeError: Polymake fails to respond timely
+
+        We verify that after the timeout, polymake is still able
+        to give answers::
+
+            sage: c                                 # optional - jupymake
+            cube of dimension 15
+            sage: c.N_VERTICES                      # optional - jupymake
+            32768
+
+        Note, however, that the recovery after a timeout is not perfect.
+        It may happen that in some situation the interface collapses and
+        thus polymake would automatically be restarted, thereby losing all
+        data that have been computed before.
+        """
+        if not self.is_running():
+            self._start()
+        from JuPyMake import ExecuteCommand
+        if self._verbose:
+            print("## eval: {}".format(code))
+        parsed, stdout, stderr, error = ExecuteCommand(code)
+        if get_verbose() > 0 or self._verbose:
+            stderr = stderr.rstrip('\n\r')
+            if stderr:
+                print(stderr)
+        if error:
+            # "Error evaluating {} in {}: {}".format(code, self, error)
+            raise PolymakeError(error)
+        if not parsed:
+            raise SyntaxError("Incomplete polymake command '{}'".format(code))
+        return stdout
+
+    _eval_line = eval
+
+
+def reduce_load_Polymake():
+    r"""
+    Return the polymake interface object defined in :mod:`sage.interfaces.polymake`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.interfaces.polymake import reduce_load_Polymake
+        sage: reduce_load_Polymake()
+        Polymake
+    """
+    return polymake
+
+
+Polymake = PolymakeJuPyMake
+
+polymake = polymake_jupymake = PolymakeJuPyMake()