passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.37__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/geometry/polyhedron/generating_function.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1810 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.combinat
+r"""
+Generating Function of Polyhedron's Integral Points
+
+This module provides :func:`generating_function_of_integral_points` which
+computes the generating function of the integral points of a polyhedron.
+
+The main function is accessible via
+:meth:`sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.generating_function_of_integral_points`
+as well.
+
+Various
+=======
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Daniel Krenn (2016, 2021)
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
+
+- Daniel Krenn is supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P 24644-N26
+  and by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P 28466-N35.
+
+
+Functions
+=========
+"""
+
+# *****************************************************************************
+# Copyright (C) 2016, 2021 Daniel Krenn <dev@danielkrenn.at>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+# http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+Hrepresentation_str_options = {'prefix': 'b', 'style': 'positive'}
+
+
+def generating_function_of_integral_points(polyhedron, split=False,
+                                           result_as_tuple=None,
+                                           name=None, names=None,
+                                           algorithm="omega",
+                                           **kwds):
+    r"""
+    Return the multivariate generating function of the
+    integral points of the ``polyhedron``.
+
+    To be precise, this returns
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \sum_{(r_0,\dots,r_{d-1}) \in \mathit{polyhedron}\cap \ZZ^d}
+        y_0^{r_0} \dots y_{d-1}^{r_{d-1}}.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``polyhedron`` -- an instance of
+      :class:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base`
+      (see also :mod:`sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor`)
+
+    - ``split`` -- (default: ``False``) a boolean or list
+
+      - ``split=False`` computes the generating function directly,
+        without any splitting.
+
+      - When ``split`` is a list of disjoint polyhedra, then
+        for each of these polyhedra, ``polyhedron`` is intersected with it,
+        its generating function computed and all these generating functions
+        are summed up.
+
+      - ``split=True`` splits into `d!` disjoint polyhedra.
+
+    - ``result_as_tuple`` -- (default: ``None``) a boolean or ``None``
+
+      This specifies whether the output is a (partial) factorization
+      (``result_as_tuple=False``) or a sum of such (partial)
+      factorizations (``result_as_tuple=True``). By default
+      (``result_as_tuple=None``), this is automatically determined.
+      If the output is a sum, it is represented as a tuple whose
+      entries are the summands.
+
+    - ``indices`` -- (default: ``None``) a list or tuple
+
+      If this is ``None``, this is automatically determined.
+
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``'y'``) a string
+
+      The variable names of the Laurent polynomial ring of the output
+      are this string followed by an integer.
+
+    - ``names`` -- list or tuple of names (strings), or a comma separated string
+
+      ``name`` is extracted from ``names``, therefore ``names`` has to contain
+      exactly one variable name, and ``name`` and``names`` cannot be specified
+      both at the same time.
+
+    - ``algorithm`` -- (default:``"omega"``) The algorithm which is used
+      to compute the multivariate generating function. Options are:
+
+      * ``"omega"`` -- Run the algorithm via
+        :func:`MacMahon's Omega operator <sage.rings.polynomial.omega.MacMahonOmega>`.
+
+      * ``"latte"`` -- Run the corresponding algorithm of ``LattE``.
+        This algorithm requires LattE (Lattice point Enumeration) Integrale.
+        To install LattE Integrale, type :code:`sage -i latte_int` in the terminal.
+
+      * ``"naive"`` -- Only works for bounded polyhedra. Collect the monomials
+        corresponding to each integral point.
+
+    - ``Factorization_sort`` (default: ``False``) and
+      ``Factorization_simplify`` (default: ``True``) -- booleans
+
+      These are passed on to
+      :class:`sage.structure.factorization.Factorization` when creating
+      the result.
+
+    - ``sort_factors`` -- (default: ``False``) a boolean
+
+      If set, then
+      the factors of the output are sorted such that the numerator is
+      first and only then all factors of the denominator. It is ensured
+      that the sorting is always the same; use this for doctesting.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    The generating function as a (partial)
+    :class:`~sage.structure.factorization.Factorization`
+    of the result whose factors are Laurent polynomials
+
+    The result might be a tuple of such factorizations
+    (depending on the parameter ``result_as_tuple``) as well.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        At the moment, ``algorithm="omega"`` only handles polyhedra with
+        nonnegative coordinates (i.e., polyhedra in the nonnegative orthant).
+
+        ``algorithm="latte"`` option can handle general polyhedra,
+        but has no loggings for the decompositions and
+        only supports a tuple output unless the tuple has only one element.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import generating_function_of_integral_points
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P2 = (Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0, -1)]),
+        ....:       Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, -1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)]))
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0], sort_factors=True)
+        1 * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[1], sort_factors=True)
+        1 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: (P2[0] & P2[1]).Hrepresentation()
+        (An equation (1, 0, -1) x + 0 == 0,
+         An inequality (1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+         An inequality (0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0] & P2[1], sort_factors=True)
+        1 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1
+
+        sage: # optional - latte_int
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                        algorithm="latte")
+        1 * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[1], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                        algorithm="latte")
+        1 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0] & P2[1], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                        algorithm="latte")
+        1 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                        algorithm="naive")
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Polyhedron must be bounded for the naive algorithm
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P3 = (
+        ....:   Polyhedron(
+        ....:     ieqs=[(0, 0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
+        ....:           (0, 0, 1, 0, -1), (-1, 1, 0, -1, -1)]),
+        ....:   Polyhedron(
+        ....:     ieqs=[(0, 0, -1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0, -1),
+        ....:           (0, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (-1, 1, -1, -1, 0)]),
+        ....:   Polyhedron(
+        ....:     ieqs=[(1, -1, 0, 1, 1), (1, -1, 1, 1, 0),
+        ....:           (0, 0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+        ....:           (1, 0, 1, 1, -1), (0, 1, 0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1, 0, -1)]),
+        ....:   Polyhedron(
+        ....:     ieqs=[(0, 1, 0, -1, 0), (0, -1, 0, 0, 1),
+        ....:           (-1, 0, -1, -1, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0)]),
+        ....:   Polyhedron(
+        ....:     ieqs=[(0, 1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+        ....:           (-1, -1, -1, 0, 1), (0, -1, 0, 1, 0)]))
+        sage: def intersect(I):
+        ....:     I = iter(I)
+        ....:     result = next(I)
+        ....:     for i in I:
+        ....:         result &= i
+        ....:     return result
+        sage: for J in subsets(range(len(P3))):
+        ....:     if not J:
+        ....:         continue
+        ....:     P = intersect([P3[j] for j in J])
+        ....:     print('{}: {}'.format(J, P.Hrepresentation()))
+        ....:     print(generating_function_of_integral_points(P, sort_factors=True))
+        [0]: (An inequality (0, 0, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 1, 0, -1) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (1, 0, -1, -1) x - 1 >= 0)
+        y0 * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [1]: (An inequality (0, -1, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (1, -1, -1, 0) x - 1 >= 0,
+              An inequality (1, 0, 0, -1) x + 0 >= 0)
+        (-y0^2*y2*y3 - y0^2*y3 + y0*y3 + y0) *
+        (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 *
+        (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 1]: (An equation (0, 1, 0, -1) x + 0 == 0,
+                 An inequality (1, -1, -1, 0) x - 1 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        y0 * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [2]: (An inequality (-1, 0, 1, 1) x + 1 >= 0,
+              An inequality (-1, 1, 1, 0) x + 1 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 0, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 1, 1, -1) x + 1 >= 0,
+              An inequality (1, 0, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (1, 1, 0, -1) x + 1 >= 0)
+        (y0^2*y1*y2*y3^2 + y0^2*y2^2*y3 + y0*y1^2*y3^2 - y0^2*y2*y3 +
+         y0*y1*y2*y3 - y0*y1*y3^2 - 2*y0*y1*y3 - 2*y0*y2*y3 - y0*y2 +
+         y0*y3 - y1*y3 + y0 + y3 + 1) *
+        (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 *
+        (-y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 2]: (An equation (1, 0, -1, -1) x - 1 == 0,
+                 An inequality (-1, 1, 1, 0) x + 1 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (1, 0, -1, 0) x - 1 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        y0 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [1, 2]: (An equation (1, -1, -1, 0) x - 1 == 0,
+                 An inequality (0, -1, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (1, 0, 0, -1) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (1, -1, 0, 0) x - 1 >= 0)
+        (-y0^2*y2*y3 + y0*y3 + y0) *
+        (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 1, 2]: (An equation (0, 1, 0, -1) x + 0 == 0,
+                    An equation (1, -1, -1, 0) x - 1 == 0,
+                    An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                    An inequality (1, -1, 0, 0) x - 1 >= 0)
+        y0 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [3]: (An inequality (-1, 0, 0, 1) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, -1, -1, 1) x - 1 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (1, 0, -1, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        (-y0*y1*y3^2 - y0*y3^2 + y0*y3 + y3) *
+        (-y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 *
+        (-y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 3]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [1, 3]: (An equation (1, 0, 0, -1) x + 0 == 0,
+                 An inequality (1, -1, -1, 0) x - 1 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        y0*y3 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 1, 3]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [2, 3]: (An equation (0, 1, 1, -1) x + 1 == 0,
+                 An inequality (1, 0, -1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (-1, 1, 1, 0) x + 1 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        (-y0*y1*y3^2 + y0*y3 + y3) *
+        (-y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 2, 3]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [1, 2, 3]: (An equation (1, 0, 0, -1) x + 0 == 0,
+                    An equation (1, -1, -1, 0) x - 1 == 0,
+                    An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                    An inequality (1, -1, 0, 0) x - 1 >= 0)
+        y0*y3 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 1, 2, 3]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [4]: (An inequality (-1, -1, 0, 1) x - 1 >= 0,
+              An inequality (-1, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+              An inequality (1, 0, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        y3 * (-y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [1, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [0, 1, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [2, 4]: (An equation (1, 1, 0, -1) x + 1 == 0,
+                 An inequality (-1, 0, 1, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (1, 0, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        y3 * (-y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 2, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [1, 2, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [0, 1, 2, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [3, 4]: (An equation (1, 0, -1, 0) x + 0 == 0,
+                 An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (-1, -1, 0, 1) x - 1 >= 0,
+                 An inequality (1, 0, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        y3 * (-y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 3, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [1, 3, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [0, 1, 3, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [2, 3, 4]: (An equation (1, 1, 0, -1) x + 1 == 0,
+                    An equation (1, 0, -1, 0) x + 0 == 0,
+                    An inequality (0, 1, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0,
+                    An inequality (1, 0, 0, 0) x + 0 >= 0)
+        y3 * (-y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+        [0, 2, 3, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [1, 2, 3, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: (An equation -1 == 0,)
+        0
+
+        sage: # optional - latte_int
+        sage: for J in subsets(range(len(P3))):
+        ....:     if not J:
+        ....:         continue
+        ....:     P = intersect([P3[j] for j in J])
+        ....:     f1 = generating_function_of_integral_points(P, sort_factors=True)
+        ....:     f2 = generating_function_of_integral_points(P, result_as_tuple=True,
+        ....:                                                 algorithm="latte")
+        ....:     print('{}: {}'.format(J, f1.value() == sum(f2)))
+        [0]: True
+        [1]: True
+        [0, 1]: True
+        [2]: True
+        [0, 2]: True
+        [1, 2]: True
+        [0, 1, 2]: True
+        [3]: True
+        [0, 3]: True
+        [1, 3]: True
+        [0, 1, 3]: True
+        [2, 3]: True
+        [0, 2, 3]: True
+        [1, 2, 3]: True
+        [0, 1, 2, 3]: True
+        [4]: True
+        [0, 4]: True
+        [1, 4]: True
+        [0, 1, 4]: True
+        [2, 4]: True
+        [0, 2, 4]: True
+        [1, 2, 4]: True
+        [0, 1, 2, 4]: True
+        [3, 4]: True
+        [0, 3, 4]: True
+        [1, 3, 4]: True
+        [0, 1, 3, 4]: True
+        [2, 3, 4]: True
+        [0, 2, 3, 4]: True
+        [1, 2, 3, 4]: True
+        [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]: True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(vertices=[[1], [5]])
+        sage: P.generating_function_of_integral_points()
+        y0^5 + y0^4 + y0^3 + y0^2 + y0
+        sage: P.generating_function_of_integral_points(algorithm="latte",    # optional - latte_int
+        ....:                                          result_as_tuple=True)
+        (y0 * (-y0 + 1)^-1, y0^5 * (1 - y0^-1)^-1)
+        sage: P.generating_function_of_integral_points(algorithm="naive")
+        y0^5 + y0^4 + y0^3 + y0^2 + y0
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        This function is accessible via
+        :meth:`sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.generating_function_of_integral_points`
+        as well. More examples can be found there.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 0, 0),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 0, 1)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        y0 * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1 + 1)^-1
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, -1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+        ....:                      (0, 1, 0, 0, -1), (-1, 1, -1, 0, 0),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1, 0)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        (-y0^2*y3 + y0*y3 + y0) *
+        (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0)],
+        ....:                eqns=[(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1), (0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0),
+        ....:                      (0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y2*y3*y4 + 1)^-1
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: G = generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0], sort_factors=True)
+        sage: S = generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                            split=True)
+        sage: sum(S) == G.value()
+        True
+
+        sage: G = generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[1], sort_factors=True)
+        sage: S = generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[1], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                            split=True)
+        sage: sum(S) == G.value()
+        True
+
+        sage: G = generating_function_of_integral_points(P3[0], sort_factors=True)
+        sage: S = generating_function_of_integral_points(P3[0], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                            split=True)
+        sage: sum(S) == G.value()
+        True
+
+        sage: G = generating_function_of_integral_points(P3[1], sort_factors=True)
+        sage: S1 = generating_function_of_integral_points(P3[1], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                             split=True)
+        sage: S2 = generating_function_of_integral_points(P3[1],        # optional - latte_int
+        ....:                                             sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                             algorithm="latte",
+        ....:                                             result_as_tuple=True)
+        sage: sum(S1) == G.value()
+        True
+        sage: sum(S2) == G.value()                                      # optional - latte_int
+        True
+        sage: S1
+        (0,
+         ...
+         0,
+         y0*y3 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1*y2*y3^2 + 1)^-1,
+         (-y0^4*y1*y2*y3^2 + y0) * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1*y2*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1*y2*y3^2 + 1)^-1,
+         0,
+         y0^2*y2 * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1*y2*y3 + 1)^-1,
+         0,
+         0,
+         y0^2*y1*y3^2 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1*y2*y3^2 + 1)^-1,
+         (-y0^5*y1^2*y2*y3^3 + y0^2*y1*y3) * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1*y2*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1*y2*y3^2 + 1)^-1,
+         0,
+         ...
+         0)
+        sage: S2                                                        # optional - latte_int
+        (y0 * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1,
+         y0*y3 * (1 - y3^-1)^-1 * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1)
+        sage: G
+        (-y0^2*y2*y3 - y0^2*y3 + y0*y3 + y0) * (-y0 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2 + 1)^-1
+        * (-y0*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y1*y3 + 1)^-1 * (-y0*y2*y3 + 1)^-1
+
+    We show the distinct polyhedra that are used when ``split=True`` and the
+    resulting polyhedra that are used in the individual computations::
+
+        sage: import logging
+        sage: logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+        sage: sum(generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[1], sort_factors=True,
+        ....:                                            split=True))
+        ...
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:(1/6) split polyhedron by b0 <= b1 <= b2
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:using polyhedron
+            b0 >= 0
+            b1 >= b0
+            b2 >= b1
+        ...
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:(2/6) split polyhedron by b0 <= b2 < b1
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:using polyhedron
+            b2 >= b0
+            b1 >= 1 + b2
+            b0 >= 0
+        ...
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:(3/6) split polyhedron by b1 < b0 <= b2
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:using polyhedron
+            b2 >= b0
+            b1 >= 0
+            b0 >= 1 + b1
+        ...
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:(4/6) split polyhedron by b1 <= b2 < b0
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:using polyhedron
+            0 == 1
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:(5/6) split polyhedron by b2 < b0 <= b1
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:using polyhedron
+            0 == 1
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:(6/6) split polyhedron by b2 < b1 < b0
+        INFO:sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function:using polyhedron
+            0 == 1
+        1/(-y0*y1*y2^2 + y0*y1*y2 + y0*y2^2 - y0*y2 + y1*y2 - y1 - y2 + 1)
+        sage: logging.disable()
+
+    ``"omega"`` can only handle polyhedra with nonnegative coordinates.
+    ``"latte"`` can handle more general polyhedra.
+    (the following two examples also fail in ``"latte"``)::
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: cannot compute the generating function of
+        polyhedra with negative coordinates
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, -1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+        ....:                      (0, 1, 0, 0, -1), (-1, 1, -1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: cannot compute the generating function of
+        polyhedra with negative coordinates
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(vertices=[(-2, 0), (5, 0)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: cannot compute the generating function of
+        polyhedra with negative coordinates
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(                   # optional - latte_int
+        ....:     Polyhedron(vertices=[(-2, 0), (5, 0)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, algorithm="latte", result_as_tuple=True)
+        ((y0^-2) * (-y0 + 1)^-1, y0^5 * (1 - y0^-1)^-1)
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(vertices=[(-2, 0), (5, 0)]),
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, algorithm="naive")
+        y0^5 + y0^4 + y0^3 + y0^2 + y0 + 1 + y0^-1 + y0^-2
+
+    The outputs of different algorithm options might be different.
+    But the sum of the output from ``"latte"`` is the same as the output from ``"omega"``::
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 1),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     name='z',
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        (-z0*z1*z2 - z0*z2 + z0 + z2) *
+        (-z0 + 1)^-1 * (-z2 + 1)^-1 * (-z0*z1 + 1)^-1 * (-z1*z2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 1),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     name='mu',
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        (-mu0*mu1*mu2 - mu0*mu2 + mu0 + mu2) *
+        (-mu0 + 1)^-1 * (-mu2 + 1)^-1 * (-mu0*mu1 + 1)^-1 * (-mu1*mu2 + 1)^-1
+
+        sage: # optional - latte_int
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 1),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     name='z',
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, algorithm="latte", result_as_tuple=True)
+        (z0 * (-z0 + 1)^-1 * (-z0*z1 + 1)^-1 * (1 - z0^-1*z2)^-1,
+         z2 * (-z2 + 1)^-1 * (-z0*z2^-1 + 1)^-1 * (-z1*z2 + 1)^-1)
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 1),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     name='mu',
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, algorithm="latte", result_as_tuple=True)
+        (mu0 * (-mu0 + 1)^-1 * (-mu0*mu1 + 1)^-1 * (1 - mu0^-1*mu2)^-1,
+         mu2 * (-mu2 + 1)^-1 * (-mu0*mu2^-1 + 1)^-1 * (-mu1*mu2 + 1)^-1)
+
+        sage: f1 = generating_function_of_integral_points(
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 1),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     name='z',
+        ....:     sort_factors=True)
+        sage: f2 = generating_function_of_integral_points(              # optional - latte_int
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 0, 1, 0), (-1, 1, -1, 1),
+        ....:                      (0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0)]),
+        ....:     name='z',
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, algorithm="latte", result_as_tuple=True)
+        sage: f1.value() == sum(f2)                                     # optional - latte_int
+        True
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0],
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, names=('a',))
+        1 * (-a0 + 1)^-1 * (-a1 + 1)^-1 * (-a0*a2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0],
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, names=('a', 'b'))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        NotImplementedError: exactly one variable name has to be provided
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0],
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, name='a', names=('a',))
+        1 * (-a0 + 1)^-1 * (-a1 + 1)^-1 * (-a0*a2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(P2[0],
+        ....:     sort_factors=True, name='a', names=('b',))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: keyword argument 'name' cannot be combined with 'names'
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(rays=[(1, sqrt(2)), (0, 1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: no default backend for computations with Symbolic Ring
+        sage: P = Polyhedron(ieqs=[(RDF(pi), RDF(1))])
+        sage: P.generating_function_of_integral_points()
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: base ring Real Double Field of the polyhedron not ZZ or QQ
+    """
+    import logging
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+    from sage.combinat.permutation import Permutations
+    from sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor import Polyhedron
+    from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+    from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+    from sage.structure.category_object import normalize_names
+
+    if result_as_tuple is None:
+        result_as_tuple = split
+
+    if polyhedron.is_empty():
+        from sage.structure.factorization import Factorization
+        result = Factorization([], unit=0)
+        if result_as_tuple:
+            return (result,)
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    if polyhedron.base_ring() not in (ZZ, QQ):
+        raise TypeError('base ring {} of the polyhedron not '
+                        'ZZ or QQ'.format(polyhedron.base_ring()))
+
+    d = polyhedron.ambient_dim()
+    nonnegative_orthant = Polyhedron(ieqs=[dd*(0,) + (1,) + (d-dd)*(0,)
+                                           for dd in range(1, d+1)])
+    if algorithm == "omega" and polyhedron & nonnegative_orthant != polyhedron:
+        raise NotImplementedError('cannot compute the generating function of '
+                                  'polyhedra with negative coordinates')
+
+    logger.info('%s', polyhedron)
+
+    if names is not None:
+        names = normalize_names(-1, names)
+        if len(names) != 1:
+            raise NotImplementedError('exactly one variable name has to be provided')
+        if name is not None and name != names[0]:
+            raise ValueError("keyword argument 'name' cannot be combined with 'names'")
+        name = names[0]
+    if name is None:
+        name = 'y'
+
+    if algorithm == "latte":
+        from sage.interfaces.latte import count   # optional - latte_int
+        cddin = polyhedron.cdd_Hrepresentation()
+        if result_as_tuple:
+            return count(cddin, cdd=True, multivariate_generating_function=True, name=name, **kwds)
+        else:
+            result = count(cddin, cdd=True, multivariate_generating_function=True, name=name, **kwds)
+            if len(result) != 1:
+                raise ValueError("cannot unpack result "
+                                 "(set 'result_as_tuple=True')")
+            return result[0]
+    elif algorithm == "naive":
+        if polyhedron.is_compact():
+            from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+            from sage.rings.polynomial.laurent_polynomial_ring import LaurentPolynomialRing
+            from sage.structure.factorization import Factorization
+
+            indices = range(polyhedron.ambient_dim())
+
+            B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ,
+                                    tuple(name + str(k) for k in indices),
+                                    len(indices))
+            result = sum(B.monomial(*r) for r in polyhedron.integral_points())
+            return result
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Polyhedron must be bounded for the naive algorithm")
+    elif algorithm != "omega":
+        raise ValueError('Algorithm must be omega, latte, or naive.')
+
+    if split is False:
+        result = _generating_function_of_integral_points_(polyhedron, name=name, **kwds)
+        if result_as_tuple:
+            return result
+        else:
+            if len(result) != 1:
+                raise ValueError("cannot unpack result "
+                                 "(set 'result_as_tuple=True')")
+            return result[0]
+
+    if d <= 1:
+        raise ValueError('cannot do splitting with only '
+                         'dimension {}'.format(d))
+
+    parts = None
+    if split is True:
+
+        def polyhedron_from_permutation(pi):
+
+            def ieq(a, b):
+                return ((0 if a < b else -1,) +
+                        tuple(1 if i == b else (-1 if i == a else 0)
+                              for i in range(1, d + 1)))
+
+            def ieq_repr_rhs(a, b):
+                return (' <= ' if a < b else ' < ') + 'b{}'.format(b-1)
+
+            def ieqs_repr_lhs(pi):
+                return 'b{}'.format(pi[0]-1)
+
+            ieqs, repr_rhss = zip(*[(ieq(a, b), ieq_repr_rhs(a, b))
+                                    for a, b in zip(pi[:-1], pi[1:])])
+            return Polyhedron(ieqs=ieqs), ieqs_repr_lhs(pi) + ''.join(repr_rhss)
+
+        split = (polyhedron_from_permutation(pi) for pi in Permutations(d))
+        parts = ZZ(d).factorial()
+    else:
+        if isinstance(split, (list, tuple)):
+            parts = len(split)
+        split = ((ph, ph.Hrepresentation_str(**Hrepresentation_str_options))
+                 for ph in split)
+
+    result = []
+    for part, (split_polyhedron, pi_log) in enumerate(split):
+        if parts is None:
+            parts_log = str(part+1)
+        else:
+            parts_log = '{}/{}'.format(part+1, parts)
+        logger.info('(%s) split polyhedron by %s', parts_log, pi_log)
+        result.append(_generating_function_of_integral_points_(
+            polyhedron & split_polyhedron, name=name, **kwds))
+    if not result_as_tuple:
+        raise ValueError("cannot unpack result"
+                         "(unset 'result_as_tuple=False')")
+    return sum(result, ())
+
+
+def _generating_function_of_integral_points_(
+        polyhedron, indices=None, **kwds):
+    r"""
+    Helper function for :func:`generating_function_of_integral_points` which
+    does the mid-level stuff.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import generating_function_of_integral_points
+
+        sage: generating_function_of_integral_points(  # indirect doctest
+        ....:     Polyhedron(ieqs=[(0, 1, 0, 0), (0, -1, 1, 0)],
+        ....:                eqns=[(0, -1, -1, 2)]),
+        ....:     result_as_tuple=True, sort_factors=True)
+        (1 * (-y1^2*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1^2*y2^2 + 1)^-1,
+         y0*y1*y2 * (-y1^2*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1^2*y2^2 + 1)^-1)
+    """
+    import logging
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+    logger.info('using polyhedron %s',
+                polyhedron.Hrepresentation_str(**Hrepresentation_str_options))
+
+    if polyhedron.is_empty():
+        from sage.structure.factorization import Factorization
+        return (Factorization([], unit=0),)
+
+    Hrepr = polyhedron.Hrepresentation()
+
+    inequalities = tuple(tuple(entry)
+                         for entry in Hrepr if entry.is_inequality())
+    equations = tuple(tuple(entry)
+                      for entry in Hrepr if entry.is_equation())
+    if len(inequalities) + len(equations) != len(Hrepr):
+        raise ValueError('cannot handle {}.'.format(polyhedron))
+
+    if not inequalities:
+        raise NotImplementedError('no inequality given')
+
+    if indices is None:
+        indices = range(len(inequalities[0]) - 1)
+
+    n = len(indices) + 1
+    if any(len(e) != n for e in inequalities):
+        raise ValueError('not all coefficient vectors of the inequalities '
+                         'have the same length')
+    if any(len(e) != n for e in equations):
+        raise ValueError('not all coefficient vectors of the equations '
+                         'have the same length')
+
+    mods = _TransformMod.generate_mods(equations)
+    logger.debug('splitting by moduli %s', mods)
+
+    return tuple(__generating_function_of_integral_points__(
+        indices, inequalities, equations, mod, **kwds) for mod in mods)
+
+
+def __generating_function_of_integral_points__(
+        indices, inequalities, equations, mod,
+        name,
+        Factorization_sort=False, Factorization_simplify=False,
+        sort_factors=False):
+    r"""
+    Helper function for :func:`generating_function_of_integral_points` which
+    does the actual computation of the generating function.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import __generating_function_of_integral_points__
+
+        sage: __generating_function_of_integral_points__(
+        ....:     (0, 2), [(0, 1, 0)], [(1, -1, 2)],
+        ....:     {0: (2, 1)}, name='y', sort_factors=True)
+        y0 * (-y0^2*y2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: __generating_function_of_integral_points__(
+        ....:     srange(3), [(0, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)], [(1, -1, 0, 2)],
+        ....:     {0: (2, 1)}, name='y', sort_factors=True)
+        y0 * (-y1 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y2 + 1)^-1
+        sage: __generating_function_of_integral_points__(
+        ....:     srange(3), [(0, 1, 0, 0), (0, -1, 1, 0)], [(0, -1, -1, 2)],
+        ....:     {0: (2, 1), 1: (2, 1)}, name='y', sort_factors=True)
+        y0*y1*y2 * (-y1^2*y2 + 1)^-1 * (-y0^2*y1^2*y2^2 + 1)^-1
+    """
+    import logging
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+    from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+    from sage.rings.polynomial.laurent_polynomial_ring import LaurentPolynomialRing
+    from sage.structure.factorization import Factorization
+
+    B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ,
+                              tuple(name + str(k) for k in indices),
+                              len(indices))
+
+    logger.info('preprocessing %s inequalities and %s equations...',
+                len(inequalities), len(equations))
+
+    T_mod = _TransformMod(inequalities, equations, B, mod)
+    inequalities = T_mod.inequalities
+    equations = T_mod.equations
+
+    T_equations = _EliminateByEquations(inequalities, equations, B)
+    inequalities = T_equations.inequalities
+    equations = T_equations.equations
+
+    T_inequalities = _SplitOffSimpleInequalities(inequalities, equations, B)
+    inequalities = T_inequalities.inequalities
+    equations = T_inequalities.equations
+    assert not equations
+
+    logger.info('%s inequalities left; using Omega...', len(inequalities))
+    numerator, terms = _generating_function_via_Omega_(
+        inequalities, B, skip_indices=T_equations.indices)
+
+    numerator, terms = T_inequalities.apply_rules(numerator, terms)
+    numerator, terms = T_equations.apply_rules(numerator, terms)
+    numerator, terms = T_mod.apply_rules(numerator, terms)
+
+    if sort_factors:
+        def key(t):
+            D = t.monomial_coefficients().popitem()[0]
+            return (-sum(abs(d) for d in D), D)
+        terms = sorted(terms, key=key, reverse=True)
+    return Factorization([(numerator, 1)] +
+                         list((1-t, -1) for t in terms),
+                         sort=Factorization_sort,
+                         simplify=Factorization_simplify)
+
+
+def _generating_function_via_Omega_(inequalities, B, skip_indices=()):
+    r"""
+    Compute the generating function of the integral points of the
+    polyhedron specified by ``inequalities`` via
+    :func:`MacMahon's Omega operator <sage.rings.polynomial.omega.MacMahonOmega>`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``inequalities`` -- list or other iterable of tuples
+      of numbers
+
+    - ``B`` -- a Laurent polynomial ring
+
+    - ``skip_indices`` -- list or tuple of indices
+
+      The variables corresponding to ``skip_indices`` are not handled
+      (e.g. because they are determined by an equation).
+
+    OUTPUT: a pair of
+
+    - a Laurent polynomial specifying the numerator and
+
+    - a tuple of Laurent polynomials specifying the denominator;
+      each entry `t` corresponds to a factor `1 - t`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _generating_function_via_Omega_
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 3)
+        sage: _generating_function_via_Omega_([(0, -1, -1, 1)], B)
+        (1, (y2, y0*y2, y1*y2))
+    """
+    import logging
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+    from .representation import repr_pretty
+    from sage.rings.polynomial.laurent_polynomial_ring import LaurentPolynomialRing
+    from sage.rings.polynomial.omega import _Omega_, _simplify_, partition
+
+    numerator = B(1)
+    terms = B.gens()
+    L = B
+    mu = 'mu' if not repr(B.gen()).startswith('mu') else 'nu'
+    for i, coeffs in enumerate(inequalities):
+        L = LaurentPolynomialRing(L, mu + str(i), sparse=True)
+        l = L.gen()
+        logger.debug('mapping %s --> %s', l, repr_pretty(coeffs, 0))
+        it_coeffs = iter(coeffs)
+        numerator *= l**next(it_coeffs)
+        assert numerator.parent() == L
+        terms = tuple(l**c * t for c, t in zip(it_coeffs, terms))
+    assert all(y == t for y, t in
+               (tuple(zip(B.gens(), terms))[i] for i in skip_indices))
+    terms = tuple(t for i, t in enumerate(terms)
+                  if i not in skip_indices)
+
+    logger.debug('terms denominator %s', terms)
+
+    def decode_factor(factor):
+        D = factor.monomial_coefficients()
+        assert len(D) == 1
+        exponent, coefficient = next(iter(D.items()))
+        return coefficient, exponent
+
+    while repr(numerator.parent().gen()).startswith(mu):
+        logger.info('applying Omega[%s]...', numerator.parent().gen())
+        logger.debug('...on terms denominator %s', terms)
+        logger.debug('...(numerator has %s terms)', numerator.number_of_terms())
+        logger.debug('...numerator %s', numerator)
+
+        decoded_factors, other_factors = \
+            partition((decode_factor(factor) for factor in terms),
+                      lambda factor: factor[1] == 0)
+        other_factors = tuple(factor[0] for factor in other_factors)
+        numerator, factors_denominator = \
+            _Omega_(numerator.monomial_coefficients(), tuple(decoded_factors))
+        terms = other_factors + factors_denominator
+
+    return _simplify_(numerator, terms)
+
+
+class _TransformHrepresentation:
+    r"""
+    An abstract base class for transformations of the
+    Hrepresentation of a polyhedron together with its
+    back-substitutions of the corresponding generating function.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``inequalities`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``equations`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``B`` -- a Laurent polynomial ring
+
+    ATTRIBUTES:
+
+    - ``inequalities``, ``equations`` -- list of tuples
+
+      Determine the generating function of these inequalities
+      and equations instead of the input.
+
+    - ``factor`` -- a Laurent polynomial
+
+      The numerator of the generating function has to be multiplied
+      with ``factor`` *after* substituting ``rules``.
+
+    - ``rules`` -- dictionary mapping Laurent polynomial variables to
+      Laurent polynomials
+
+      Substitute ``rules`` into the generating function.
+
+    The generating function of the input ``inequalities`` and
+    ``equations`` is equal to the generating function of the
+    attributes ``inequalities`` and ``equations`` in which ``rules``
+    were substituted and ``factor`` was multiplied (via
+    :meth:`~_TransformHrepresentation.apply_rules`).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, inequalities, equations, B):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`_TransformHrepresentation` for details.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _TransformHrepresentation
+            sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 2)
+            sage: _TransformHrepresentation([(1, 2, 3)], [(0, -1, 1)], B)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError
+        """
+        self.inequalities = inequalities
+        self.equations = equations
+        self.B = B
+        self._transform_()
+
+    def _transform_(self):
+        r"""
+        Transform the input given on construction of this object.
+
+        This is called during :meth:`__init__`. Overload this method
+        in derived classes.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _TransformHrepresentation
+            sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 2)
+            sage: _TransformHrepresentation([(1, 2, 3)], [(0, -1, 1)], B)
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            NotImplementedError
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def apply_rules(self, numerator, terms):
+        r"""
+        Substitute the generated rules.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``numerator`` -- a Laurent polynomial
+
+        - ``terms`` -- tuple or other iterable of Laurent polynomials
+
+          The denominator is the product of factors `1 - t` for each
+          `t` in ``terms``.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A pair of a Laurent polynomial and a tuple of Laurent polynomials
+        representing numerator and denominator as described in the
+        INPUT-section.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _SplitOffSimpleInequalities as prepare
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _generating_function_via_Omega_ as gf
+            sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 3)
+            sage: ieqs = [(0, -1, 1, 0)]
+            sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+            ([], 1, {y2: y2, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1})
+            sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+            (1, (y0*y1, y1, y2))
+        """
+        return (numerator.subs(self.rules) * self.factor,
+                tuple(t.subs(self.rules) for t in terms))
+
+
+class _SplitOffSimpleInequalities(_TransformHrepresentation):
+    r"""
+    Split off (simple) inequalities which can be handled better
+    without passing them to Omega.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``inequalities`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``equations`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``B`` -- a Laurent polynomial ring
+
+    ATTRIBUTES:
+
+    - ``inequalities``, ``equations`` -- list of tuples
+
+      Determine the generating function of these inequalities
+      and equations instead of the input.
+
+    - ``factor`` -- a Laurent polynomial
+
+      The numerator of the generating function has to be multiplied
+      with ``factor`` *after* substituting ``rules``.
+
+    - ``rules`` -- dictionary mapping Laurent polynomial variables to
+      Laurent polynomials
+
+      Substitute ``rules`` into the generating function.
+
+    The generating function of the input ``inequalities`` and
+    ``equations`` is equal to the generating function of the
+    attributes ``inequalities`` and ``equations`` in which ``rules``
+    were substitited and ``factor`` was multiplied (via
+    :meth:`~_TransformHrepresentation.apply_rules`).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _SplitOffSimpleInequalities as prepare
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _generating_function_via_Omega_ as gf
+
+        sage: def eq(A, B):
+        ....:     return (A[0] == B[0] and
+        ....:             sorted(A[1], key=repr) == sorted(B[1], key=repr))
+
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 3)
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(0, -1, 1, 0), (2, -1, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(2, -2, -1, 1)], 1, {y2: y2, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (y0*y1^3*y2^3 - y0*y1^3*y2^2 + y0*y1^2*y2^3 - y0*y1^2*y2^2
+         - y0*y1*y2^2 - y1^2*y2 + y0*y1 + y1^2 - y1*y2 + y1 + 1,
+         (y2, y1*y2, y0*y1*y2^2))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(-1, -1, 1, 0), (2, -1, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, -2, -1, 1)], y1, {y2: y2, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (y0*y1^3*y2^3 - y0*y1^3*y2^2 - y0*y1^2*y2^2
+         + y0*y1^2*y2 - y1^2*y2 + y1^2 + y1,
+         (y2, y1*y2, y0*y1*y2^2))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(-2, -1, 1, 0), (2, -1, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(0, -2, -1, 1)], y1^2, {y2: y2, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (y1^2, (y2, y1*y2, y0*y1*y2^2))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(2, -1, 1, 0), (2, -1, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(2, -1, 1, 0), (2, -1, -1, 1)], 1, {y2: y2, y1: y1, y0: y0})
+        sage: eq(T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B)), gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+        sage: def eq2(A, B):
+        ....:     a = SR(repr(A[0])) * prod(1-SR(repr(t)) for t in B[1])
+        ....:     b = SR(repr(B[0])) * prod(1-SR(repr(t)) for t in A[1])
+        ....:     return bool((a-b).full_simplify() == 0)
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 3)
+        sage: ieqs = [(-2, 1, -1, 0), (-2, -1, 0, 1), (-1, -1, -1, 3)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(9, 2, 1, 3)], y0^2*y2^4, {y2: y2, y1: y0*y1*y2, y0: y0*y2})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (y0^2*y2^4, (y2, y0*y2, y0*y1*y2))
+        sage: eq2(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 4)
+        sage: ieqs = [(-1, 1, -1, 0, 0)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([], y0, {y3: y3, y2: y2, y1: y0*y1, y0: y0})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (y0, (y0, y0*y1, y2, y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(0, 0, -1, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
+        ....:         (0, 1, 0, 0, -1), (-1, 1, -1, 0, 0)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 1, 0, 0, -1)], y0, {y3: y3, y2: y2, y1: y0*y1*y3, y0: y0})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y0^2*y3 + y0*y3 + y0, (y0*y1*y3, y2, y0, y0*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(-2, 1, -1, 0, 0)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([], y0^2, {y3: y3, y2: y2, y1: y0*y1, y0: y0})
+
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (y0^2, (y0, y0*y1, y2, y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(0, -1, 1, 0, 0), (-2, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (0, -1, 0, 1, 0), (-3, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, -1, 1, 1)],
+         y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2*y3, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1*y2*y3^4 - y1*y3^4 + y1*y3^3 + y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y2*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y1*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(0, -1, 1, 0, 0), (-3, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (0, -1, 0, 1, 0), (-2, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, 1, -1, 1)],
+         y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2, y1: y1*y3, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1*y2*y3^4 - y2*y3^4 + y2*y3^3 + y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y1*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y2*y3))
+        sage: eq(_,  gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(0, -1, 1, 0, 0), (-2, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (-3, -1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, -1, 1, 1)],
+         y2^3*y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2*y3, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1*y2^4*y3^4 - y1*y2^3*y3^4 + y1*y2^3*y3^3 + y2^3*y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y2*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y1*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(0, -1, 1, 0, 0), (-3, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (-2, -1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, 1, -1, 1)],
+         y2^2*y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2, y1: y1*y3, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1*y2^3*y3^4 - y2^3*y3^4 + y2^3*y3^3 + y2^2*y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y1*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y2*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(-2, -1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (0, -1, 0, 1, 0), (-3, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, -1, 1, 1)],
+         y1^2*y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2*y3, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1^3*y2*y3^4 - y1^3*y3^4 + y1^3*y3^3 + y1^2*y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y2*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y1*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(-3, -1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (0, -1, 0, 1, 0), (-2, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, 1, -1, 1)],
+         y1^3*y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2, y1: y1*y3, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1^4*y2*y3^4 - y1^3*y2*y3^4 + y1^3*y2*y3^3 + y1^3*y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y1*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y2*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(-2, -1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (-3, -1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, -1, 1, 1)],
+         y1^2*y2^3*y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2*y3, y1: y1, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1^3*y2^4*y3^4 - y1^3*y2^3*y3^4 + y1^3*y2^3*y3^3 + y1^2*y2^3*y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y2*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y1*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+
+        sage: ieqs = [(-3, -1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, -1, 0, 1),
+        ....:         (-2, -1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, -1, 1)]
+        sage: T = prepare(ieqs, [], B); T.inequalities, T.factor, T.rules
+        ([(1, 0, 1, -1, 1)],
+         y1^3*y2^2*y3^3,
+         {y3: y3, y2: y2, y1: y1*y3, y0: y0*y1*y2*y3})
+        sage: T.apply_rules(*gf(T.inequalities, B))
+        (-y1^4*y2^3*y3^4 - y1^3*y2^3*y3^4 + y1^3*y2^3*y3^3 + y1^3*y2^2*y3^3,
+         (y0*y1*y2*y3, y1*y3, y3, y1*y2*y3, y2*y3))
+        sage: eq(_, gf(ieqs, B))
+        True
+    """
+
+    def _transform_(self):
+        r"""
+        Do the actual transformation.
+
+        This is called during initialization.
+        See :class:`_SplitOffSimpleInequalities` for details.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _SplitOffSimpleInequalities
+            sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 2)
+            sage: T = _SplitOffSimpleInequalities([(1, 1, 1)], [], B)  # indirect doctest
+        """
+        inequalities = self.inequalities
+        B = self.B
+
+        import logging
+        logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+        from itertools import takewhile
+        from .representation import repr_pretty
+        from sage.graphs.digraph import DiGraph
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+        inequalities_filtered = []
+        chain_links = {}
+        for coeffs in inequalities:
+            dim = len(coeffs)
+            if all(c >= 0 for c in coeffs):
+                logger.debug('skipping %s (all coefficients >= 0)',
+                             repr_pretty(coeffs, 0))
+                continue
+            constant = coeffs[0]
+            ones = tuple(i+1 for i, c in enumerate(coeffs[1:]) if c == 1)
+            mones = tuple(i+1 for i, c in enumerate(coeffs[1:]) if c == -1)
+            absgetwo = tuple(i+1 for i, c in enumerate(coeffs[1:]) if abs(c) >= 2)
+            if len(ones) == 1 and not mones and not absgetwo:
+                if constant < 0:
+                    # This case could be cleverly skipped...
+                    inequalities_filtered.append(coeffs)
+            elif len(ones) == 1 and len(mones) == 1 and not absgetwo and constant <= 0:
+                logger.debug('handling %s',
+                             repr_pretty(coeffs, 0))
+                chain_links[(mones[0], ones[0])] = constant
+            else:
+                inequalities_filtered.append(coeffs)
+
+        G = DiGraph(chain_links, format='list_of_edges')
+        potential = {}
+        paths = {}
+        D = {}
+        inequalities_extra = []
+        for i in range(dim):
+            D[(i, i)] = 1
+        for v in G.topological_sort():
+            NP = iter(sorted(((n, potential[n] + chain_links[(n, v)])
+                              for n in G.neighbor_in_iterator(v)),
+                             key=lambda k: (k[1], k[0])))
+            n, p = next(NP, (None, 0))
+            potential[v] = p
+            D[(0, v)] = -p
+            paths[v] = paths.get(n, ()) + (v,)
+            for u in paths[v]:
+                D[(u, v)] = 1
+
+            for n, p in NP:
+                ell = len(tuple(takewhile(lambda u: u[0] == u[1],
+                                          zip(paths[n], paths[v]))))
+                coeffs = dim*[0]
+                for u in paths[v][ell:]:
+                    coeffs[u] = 1
+                for u in paths[n][ell:]:
+                    coeffs[u] = -1
+                coeffs[0] = p - potential[v]
+                inequalities_extra.append(tuple(coeffs))
+        T = matrix(ZZ, dim, dim, D)
+
+        self.inequalities = (list(tuple(T*vector(ieq))
+                                  for ieq in inequalities_filtered)
+                             + inequalities_extra)
+
+        rules_pre = ((y, B({tuple(row[1:]): 1}))
+                     for y, row in zip((1,) + B.gens(), T.rows()))
+        self.factor = next(rules_pre)[1]
+        self.rules = dict(rules_pre)
+
+
+class _EliminateByEquations(_TransformHrepresentation):
+    r"""
+    Prepare the substitutions coming from "eliminated" variables
+    in the given equations.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``inequalities`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``equations`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``B`` -- a Laurent polynomial ring
+
+    ATTRIBUTES:
+
+    - ``inequalities``, ``equations`` -- list of tuples
+
+      Determine the generating function of these inequalities
+      and equations instead of the input.
+
+    - ``factor`` -- a Laurent polynomial
+
+      The numerator of the generating function has to be multiplied
+      with ``factor`` *after* substituting ``rules``.
+
+    - ``rules`` -- dictionary mapping Laurent polynomial variables to
+      Laurent polynomials
+
+      Substitute ``rules`` into the generating function.
+
+    - ``indices`` -- a sorted tuple of integers representing
+      indices of Laurent polynomial ring variables
+
+      These are exactly the "eliminated" variables which we take care of
+      by ``factor`` and ``rules``.
+
+    The generating function of the input ``inequalities`` and
+    ``equations`` is equal to the generating function of the
+    attributes ``inequalities`` and ``equations`` in which ``rules``
+    were substitited and ``factor`` was multiplied (via
+    :meth:`~_TransformHrepresentation.apply_rules`).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _EliminateByEquations
+
+        sage: def prepare_equations(equations, B):
+        ....:     T = _EliminateByEquations([], equations, B)
+        ....:     return T.factor, T.rules, T.indices
+
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 4)
+        sage: prepare_equations([(1, 1, 1, -1, 0)], B)
+        (y2, {y1: y1*y2, y0: y0*y2}, (2,))
+        sage: prepare_equations([(0, 1, 0, -1, 0)], B)
+        (1, {y0: y0*y2}, (2,))
+        sage: prepare_equations([(-1, 0, 1, -1, -1), (1, 1, 0, 1, 2)], B)
+        (y2^-1, {y1: y1*y2^2*y3^-1, y0: y0*y2*y3^-1}, (2, 3))
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 4)
+        sage: prepare_equations([(0, 0, 1, 0, -1), (-1, 1, -1, -1, 0)], B)
+        (y2^-1, {y1: y1*y2^-1*y3, y0: y0*y2}, (2, 3))
+
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 5)
+        sage: prepare_equations([(0, 0, 0, 1, 0, -1), (0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0),
+        ....:                    (0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0)], B)
+        (1, {y2: y2*y4, y0: y0*y1*y3}, (1, 3, 4))
+    """
+
+    def _transform_(self):
+        r"""
+        Do the actual transformation.
+
+        This is called during initialization.
+        See :class:`_EliminateByEquations` for details.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _EliminateByEquations
+            sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 2)
+            sage: T = _EliminateByEquations([], [], B)  # indirect doctest
+        """
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        from sage.misc.misc_c import prod
+
+        equations = self.equations
+        B = self.B
+
+        E = matrix(equations)
+        if not E:
+            self.factor = 1
+            self.rules = {}
+            self.indices = ()
+            return
+
+        TE, indices, indicesn = _EliminateByEquations.prepare_equations_transformation(E)
+
+        gens = (1,) + B.gens()
+        z = tuple(gens[i] for i in indices)
+        gens_cols = tuple(zip(gens, TE.columns()))
+        rules_pre = ((y, y * prod(zz**(-c) for zz, c in zip(z, col)))
+                     for y, col in (gens_cols[i] for i in indicesn))
+        self.factor = next(rules_pre)[1]
+        self.rules = dict(rules_pre)
+        self.indices = tuple(i-1 for i in indices)
+        self.equations = []
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def prepare_equations_transformation(E):
+        r"""
+        Return a transformation matrix and indices which variables
+        in the equation to "eliminate" and deal with later.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``E`` -- a matrix whose rows represent equations
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A triple ``(TE, indices, indicesn)`` with the following properties:
+
+        - ``TE`` -- a matrix
+
+          This matrix arises from ``E`` by multiplying a transformation matrix
+          on the left.
+
+        - ``indices`` -- a sorted tuple of integers representing column indices
+
+          The the sub-matrix of ``TE`` with columns ``indices``
+          is the identity matrix.
+
+        - ``indicesn`` -- a sorted tuple of integers representing column indices
+
+          ``indicesn`` contains ``0`` and all indices of the columns of ``E``
+          which are nonzero.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _EliminateByEquations
+
+            sage: _EliminateByEquations.prepare_equations_transformation(matrix([(0, 1, 0, -2)]))
+            ([   0 -1/2    0    1], (3,), (0, 1))
+            sage: _EliminateByEquations.prepare_equations_transformation(matrix([(0, 1, -2, 0), (0, 2, 0, -3)]))
+            (
+            [   0 -1/2    1    0]
+            [   0 -2/3    0    1], (2, 3), (0, 1)
+            )
+        """
+        indices_nonzero = tuple(i for i, col in enumerate(E.columns())
+                                if i > 0 and not col.is_zero())
+        indices = []
+        r = 0
+        for i in reversed(indices_nonzero):
+            indices.append(i)
+            r1 = E.matrix_from_columns(indices).rank()
+            if r1 > r:
+                r = r1
+                if len(indices) >= E.nrows():
+                    break
+            else:
+                indices = indices[:-1]
+        assert len(indices) == E.nrows()
+        indices = tuple(reversed(indices))
+        indicesn = (0,) + tuple(i for i in indices_nonzero if i not in indices)
+        TE = E.matrix_from_columns(indices).inverse() * E
+        return TE, indices, indicesn
+
+
+class _TransformMod(_TransformHrepresentation):
+    r"""
+    Prepare the substitutions coming from the moduli.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``inequalities`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``equations`` -- list of tuples of numbers
+
+    - ``B`` -- a Laurent polynomial ring
+
+    - ``mod`` -- dictionary mapping an index ``i`` to ``(m, r)``
+
+      This is one entry of the output tuple of :meth:`generate_mods`.
+
+    ATTRIBUTES:
+
+    - ``inequalities``, ``equations`` -- list of tuples
+
+      Determine the generating function of these inequalities
+      and equations instead of the input.
+
+    - ``factor`` -- a Laurent polynomial
+
+      The numerator of the generating function has to be multiplied
+      with ``factor`` *after* substituting ``rules``.
+
+    - ``rules`` -- dictionary mapping Laurent polynomial variables to
+      Laurent polynomials
+
+      Substitute ``rules`` into the generating function.
+
+    The generating function of the input ``inequalities`` and
+    ``equations`` is equal to the generating function of the
+    attributes ``inequalities`` and ``equations`` in which ``rules``
+    were substitited and ``factor`` was multiplied (via
+    :meth:`~_TransformHrepresentation.apply_rules`).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _TransformMod
+
+        sage: def prepare_mod(mod, B, *vecs):
+        ....:     inequalities, equations = vecs
+        ....:     T = _TransformMod(inequalities, equations, B, mod)
+        ....:     return T.factor, T.rules, T.inequalities, T.equations
+
+        sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 3)
+        sage: prepare_mod({0: (2, 1)}, B, [(1, -1, 0, 2)], [])
+        (y0, {y2: y2, y1: y1, y0: y0^2}, [(0, -2, 0, 2)], [])
+        sage: prepare_mod({0: (2, 1), 1: (2, 1)}, B,
+        ....:             [(0, -1, -1, 2)], [(0, -1, 1, 0)])
+        (y0*y1, {y2: y2, y1: y1^2, y0: y0^2},
+         [(-2, -2, -2, 2)], [(0, -2, 2, 0)])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, inequalities, equations, B, mod):
+        r"""
+        See :class:`_TransformMod` for details.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _TransformMod
+            sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 2)
+            sage: _TransformMod([], [], B, {})
+            <..._TransformMod object at 0x...>
+        """
+        self.mod = mod
+        super().__init__(inequalities, equations, B)
+
+    def _transform_(self):
+        r"""
+        Do the actual transformation.
+
+        This is called during initialization.
+        See :class:`_TransformMod` for details.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _TransformMod
+            sage: B = LaurentPolynomialRing(ZZ, 'y', 2)
+            sage: T = _TransformMod([], [], B, {})  # indirect doctest
+        """
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+
+        mod = self.mod
+        B = self.B
+
+        if not mod:
+            self.factor = 1
+            self.rules = {}
+
+        n = len(B.gens()) + 1
+
+        D = {(i, i): 1 for i in range(n)}
+        for i, mr in mod.items():
+            D[(i+1, i+1)] = mr[0]
+            D[(i+1, 0)] = mr[1]
+        T = matrix(ZZ, n, n, D)
+
+        rules_pre = ((y, B({tuple(row[1:]): 1}))
+                     for y, row in zip((1,) + B.gens(), T.columns()))
+        self.factor = next(rules_pre)[1]
+        self.rules = dict(rules_pre)
+
+        self.inequalities = list(tuple(vector(e)*T) for e in self.inequalities)
+        self.equations = list(tuple(vector(e)*T) for e in self.equations)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def generate_mods(equations):
+        r"""
+        Extract the moduli and residue classes implied
+        by the equations.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``equations`` -- list of tuples
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        A tuple where each entry represents one possible configuration.
+        Each entry is a dictionary mapping ``i`` to ``(m, r)`` with the following
+        meaning: The ``i``-th coordinate of each element of the polyhedron
+        has to be congruent to ``r`` modulo ``m``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _TransformMod
+            sage: _TransformMod.generate_mods([(0, 1, 1, -2)])
+            ({0: (2, 0), 1: (2, 0)}, {0: (2, 1), 1: (2, 1)})
+        """
+        from sage.arith.functions import lcm
+        from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+        from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+        from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+
+        TE, TEi, TEin = _EliminateByEquations.prepare_equations_transformation(matrix(equations))
+        TEin = TEin[1:]
+        if TE.base_ring() == ZZ:
+            mods = [{}]
+        elif TE.base_ring() == QQ:
+            m = lcm([e.denominator() for e in TE.list()])
+            if m == 1:
+                mods = [{}]
+            else:
+                cols = TE.columns()
+                assert all(cols[j][i] == 1 for i, j in enumerate(TEi))
+                pre_mods = _compositions_mod((tuple(ZZ(cc*m) for cc in cols[i])
+                                              for i in TEin),
+                                             m, r=(-cc*m for cc in cols[0]),
+                                             multidimensional=True)
+                mods = tuple({i-1: (aa.modulus(), ZZ(aa))
+                              for i, aa in zip(TEin, a) if aa.modulus() > 1}
+                             for a in pre_mods)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('equations over ZZ or QQ expected, but got '
+                            'equations over {}.'.format(TE.base_ring()))
+
+        return mods
+
+
+def _compositions_mod(u, m, r=0, multidimensional=False):
+    r"""
+    Return an iterable of all tuples `a` such that `a u^T \equiv r \mod m`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``m`` -- the modulus as a positive integer
+
+    - ``multidimensional`` -- boolean (default: ``False``)
+
+    If ``multidimensional=False``:
+
+    - ``u`` -- the coefficients as a tuple
+
+    - ``r`` -- (default: `0`)
+      the remainder as a nonnegative integer
+
+    If ``multidimensional=True``:
+
+    - ``u`` -- the coefficients as a tuple of tuples (read column-wise)
+
+    - ``r`` -- (default: the zero vector)
+      the remainder as a tuple of nonnegative integers
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    An iterable of tuples. All these tuples have the same size as ``u``.
+    The elements of the tuples are integers modulo some appropriate
+    modulus; this modulus divides `m` and is possibly different for each element.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.generating_function import _compositions_mod
+        sage: def show_cm(cm):
+        ....:     print(', '.join('({})'.format(
+        ....:                     ', '.join('{}mod{}'.format(aa, aa.modulus())
+        ....:                               for aa in a))
+        ....:                     for a in cm))
+
+        sage: list(_compositions_mod([1, 1], 2))
+        [(0, 0), (1, 1)]
+        sage: show_cm(_compositions_mod([1, 1], 2))
+        (0mod2, 0mod2), (1mod2, 1mod2)
+        sage: show_cm(_compositions_mod([1, 2, 3], 6))
+        (0mod6, 0mod3, 0mod2), (1mod6, 1mod3, 1mod2), (2mod6, 2mod3, 0mod2),
+        (3mod6, 0mod3, 1mod2), (4mod6, 1mod3, 0mod2), (5mod6, 2mod3, 1mod2)
+        sage: show_cm(_compositions_mod([2, 2, 2], 6))
+        (0mod3, 0mod3, 0mod3), (0mod3, 1mod3, 2mod3), (0mod3, 2mod3, 1mod3),
+        (1mod3, 0mod3, 2mod3), (1mod3, 1mod3, 1mod3), (1mod3, 2mod3, 0mod3),
+        (2mod3, 0mod3, 1mod3), (2mod3, 1mod3, 0mod3), (2mod3, 2mod3, 2mod3)
+
+    ::
+
+        sage: show_cm(_compositions_mod([(1, 0), (0, 1)], 2,
+        ....:                       multidimensional=True))
+        (0mod2, 0mod2)
+        sage: show_cm(_compositions_mod([(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2)], 6,
+        ....:                       multidimensional=True))
+        (0mod6, 0mod3, 0mod6), (1mod6, 1mod3, 1mod6), (2mod6, 2mod3, 2mod6),
+        (3mod6, 0mod3, 3mod6), (4mod6, 1mod3, 4mod6), (5mod6, 2mod3, 5mod6)
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: show_cm(_compositions_mod([1, 0], 2))
+        (0mod2, 0mod1)
+    """
+    from sage.arith.functions import lcm
+    from sage.arith.srange import srange
+    from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+    from sage.rings.finite_rings.integer_mod_ring import Zmod
+
+    Z = Zmod(m)
+    if not multidimensional:
+        u = tuple(vector([Z(uu)]) for uu in u)
+        r = vector([Z(r)])
+    else:
+        u = tuple(vector(Z(uuu) for uuu in uu) for uu in u)
+        if r == 0:
+            r = vector(Z(0) for _ in range(len(u[0])))
+        else:
+            r = vector(Z(rr) for rr in r)
+
+    def recursively_build_compositions(u, r):
+        if not u:
+            if all(rr == 0 for rr in r):
+                yield ()
+            return
+
+        v = u[0]
+        m = lcm(vv.order() for vv in v)
+        Z = Zmod(m)
+        for j in srange(m):
+            for a in recursively_build_compositions(u[1:], r - j*v):
+                yield (Z(j),) + a
+
+    yield from recursively_build_compositions(u, r)