passagemath-polyhedra 10.6.37__cp314-cp314-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl

sage/geometry/polyhedron/library.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3502 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-polyhedra
+r"""
+Library of commonly used, famous, or interesting polytopes
+
+This module gathers several constructors of polytopes that can be reached
+through ``polytopes.<tab>``. For example, here is the hypercube in dimension 5::
+
+    sage: polytopes.hypercube(5)
+    A 5-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^5 defined as the convex hull of 32 vertices
+
+The following constructions are available
+
+.. csv-table::
+    :class: contentstable
+    :widths: 30
+    :delim: |
+
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.Birkhoff_polytope`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.associahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.bitruncated_six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.buckyball`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cantellated_one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cantellated_six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cantitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cantitruncated_six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cross_polytope`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cube`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cuboctahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.cyclic_polytope`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.dodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.flow_polytope`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.Gosset_3_21`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.grand_antiprism`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.great_rhombicuboctahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.hypercube`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.hypersimplex`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.icosahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.icosidodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.Kirkman_icosahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.octahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.omnitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.omnitruncated_six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.parallelotope`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.pentakis_dodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.permutahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.generalized_permutahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.rectified_one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.rectified_six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.regular_polygon`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.rhombic_dodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.rhombicosidodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.runcinated_one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.runcitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.runcitruncated_six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.simplex`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.small_rhombicuboctahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.snub_cube`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.snub_dodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.tetrahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.truncated_cube`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.truncated_dodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.truncated_icosidodecahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.truncated_tetrahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.truncated_octahedron`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.truncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.truncated_six_hundred_cell`
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.Polytopes.twenty_four_cell`
+"""
+########################################################################
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 Marshall Hampton <hamptonio@gmail.com>
+#                     2011 Volker Braun <vbraun.name@gmail.com>
+#                     2015 Vincent Delecroix <20100.delecroix@gmail.com>
+#                     2019 Jean-Philippe Labbé <labbe@math.fu-berlin.de>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+########################################################################
+
+import itertools
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
+from sage.misc.lazy_import import lazy_import
+from sage.rings.rational_field import QQ
+lazy_import('sage.combinat.permutation', 'Permutations')
+lazy_import('sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named', 'AlternatingGroup')
+from .constructor import Polyhedron
+from .parent import Polyhedra
+lazy_import('sage.graphs.digraph', 'DiGraph')
+lazy_import('sage.graphs.graph', 'Graph')
+lazy_import('sage.combinat.root_system.associahedron', 'Associahedron')
+
+
+def zero_sum_projection(d, base_ring=None):
+    r"""
+    Return a matrix corresponding to the projection on the orthogonal of
+    `(1,1,\ldots,1)` in dimension `d`.
+
+    The projection maps the orthonormal basis `(1,-1,0,\ldots,0) / \sqrt(2)`,
+    `(1,1,-1,0,\ldots,0) / \sqrt(3)`, \ldots, `(1,1,\ldots,1,-1) / \sqrt(d)` to
+    the canonical basis in `\RR^{d-1}`.
+
+    OUTPUT:
+
+    A matrix of dimensions `(d-1)\times d` defined over ``base_ring`` (default:
+    :class:`RDF <sage.rings.real_double.RealDoubleField_class>`).
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.library import zero_sum_projection
+        sage: zero_sum_projection(2)
+        [ 0.7071067811865475 -0.7071067811865475]
+        sage: zero_sum_projection(3)
+        [ 0.7071067811865475 -0.7071067811865475                 0.0]
+        [ 0.4082482904638631  0.4082482904638631 -0.8164965809277261]
+
+    Exact computation in :class:`AA <sage.rings.qqbar.AlgebraicRealField>`::
+
+        sage: zero_sum_projection(3, base_ring=AA)                                      # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        [ 0.7071067811865475? -0.7071067811865475?                    0]
+        [ 0.4082482904638630?  0.4082482904638630? -0.8164965809277260?]
+    """
+    from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+    from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+    if base_ring is None:
+        from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+    basis = [vector(base_ring, [1]*i + [-i] + [0]*(d-i-1)) for i in range(1, d)]
+    return matrix(base_ring, [v / v.norm() for v in basis])
+
+
+def project_points(*points, **kwds):
+    """
+    Projects a set of points into a vector space of dimension one less.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``points``... -- the points to project
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- (defaults to ``RDF`` if keyword is ``None`` or not
+      provided in ``kwds``) the base ring to use
+
+    The projection is isometric to the orthogonal projection on the hyperplane
+    made of zero sum vector. Hence, if the set of points have all equal sums,
+    then their projection is isometric (as a set of points).
+
+    The projection used is the matrix given by :func:`zero_sum_projection`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.library import project_points
+        sage: project_points([2,-1,3,2])          # abs tol 1e-15
+        [(2.1213203435596424, -2.041241452319315, -0.577350269189626)]
+        sage: project_points([1,2,3],[3,3,5])     # abs tol 1e-15
+        [(-0.7071067811865475, -1.2247448713915892), (0.0, -1.6329931618554523)]
+
+    These projections are compatible with the restriction. More precisely,
+    given a vector `v`, the projection of `v` restricted to the first `i`
+    coordinates will be equal to the projection of the first `i+1` coordinates
+    of `v`::
+
+        sage: project_points([1,2])    # abs tol 1e-15
+        [(-0.7071067811865475)]
+        sage: project_points([1,2,3])  # abs tol 1e-15
+        [(-0.7071067811865475, -1.2247448713915892)]
+        sage: project_points([1,2,3,4])     # abs tol 1e-15
+        [(-0.7071067811865475, -1.2247448713915892, -1.7320508075688776)]
+        sage: project_points([1,2,3,4,0])   # abs tol 1e-15
+        [(-0.7071067811865475, -1.2247448713915892, -1.7320508075688776, 2.23606797749979)]
+
+    Check that it is (almost) an isometry::
+
+        sage: V = list(map(vector, IntegerVectors(n=5, length=3)))
+        sage: P = project_points(*V)
+        sage: for i in range(21):                                                       # needs sage.combinat sage.symbolic
+        ....:     for j in range(21):
+        ....:         assert abs((V[i]-V[j]).norm() - (P[i]-P[j]).norm()) < 0.00001
+
+    Example with exact computation::
+
+        sage: V = [ vector(v) for v in IntegerVectors(n=4, length=2) ]
+        sage: P = project_points(*V, base_ring=AA)                                      # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+        sage: for i in range(len(V)):                                                   # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field sage.symbolic
+        ....:     for j in range(len(V)):
+        ....:         assert (V[i]-V[j]).norm() == (P[i]-P[j]).norm()
+    """
+    if not points:
+        return []
+    base_ring = kwds.pop('base_ring', None)
+    if base_ring is None:
+        from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+    from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+    vecs = [vector(base_ring, p) for p in points]
+    m = zero_sum_projection(len(vecs[0]), base_ring=base_ring)
+    return [m * v for v in vecs]
+
+
+def gale_transform_to_polytope(vectors, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+    r"""
+    Return the polytope associated to the list of vectors forming a Gale transform.
+
+    This function is the inverse of
+    :meth:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.base.Polyhedron_base.gale_transform`
+    up to projective transformation.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vectors`` -- the vectors of the Gale transform
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- string (default: ``None``);
+      the base ring to be used for the construction
+
+    - ``backend`` -- string (default: ``None``);
+      the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        The order of the input vectors will not be preserved.
+
+        If the center of the (input) vectors is the origin,
+        the function is much faster and might give a nicer representation
+        of the polytope.
+
+        If this is not the case, the vectors will be scaled
+        (each by a positive scalar) accordingly to obtain the polytope.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :func`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.gale_transform_to_primal`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.library import gale_transform_to_polytope
+        sage: points = polytopes.octahedron().gale_transform()
+        sage: points
+        ((0, -1), (-1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1))
+        sage: P = gale_transform_to_polytope(points); P
+        A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices
+        sage: P.vertices()
+        (A vertex at (-1, 0, 0),
+         A vertex at (0, -1, 0),
+         A vertex at (0, 0, -1),
+         A vertex at (0, 0, 1),
+         A vertex at (0, 1, 0),
+         A vertex at (1, 0, 0))
+
+    One can specify the base ring::
+
+        sage: gale_transform_to_polytope(                                               # needs sage.libs.pari
+        ....:     [(1,1), (-1,-1), (1,0),
+        ....:      (-1,0), (1,-1), (-2,1)]).vertices()
+        (A vertex at (-25, 0, 0),
+         A vertex at (-15, 50, -60),
+         A vertex at (0, -25, 0),
+         A vertex at (0, 0, -25),
+         A vertex at (16, -35, 54),
+         A vertex at (24, 10, 31))
+        sage: gale_transform_to_polytope(                                               # needs cddexec
+        ....:     [(1,1), (-1,-1), (1,0),
+        ....:      (-1,0), (1,-1), (-2,1)],
+        ....:     base_ring=RDF).vertices()
+        (A vertex at (-0.64, 1.4, -2.16),
+         A vertex at (-0.96, -0.4, -1.24),
+         A vertex at (0.6, -2.0, 2.4),
+         A vertex at (1.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+         A vertex at (0.0, 1.0, 0.0),
+         A vertex at (0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
+
+    One can also specify the backend::
+
+        sage: gale_transform_to_polytope(
+        ....:     [(1,1), (-1,-1), (1,0),
+        ....:      (-1,0), (1,-1), (-2,1)],
+        ....:     backend='field').backend()
+        'field'
+        sage: gale_transform_to_polytope(                                               # needs cddexec
+        ....:     [(1,1), (-1,-1), (1,0),
+        ....:      (-1,0), (1,-1), (-2,1)],
+        ....:     backend='cdd', base_ring=RDF).backend()
+        'cdd'
+
+    A gale transform corresponds to a polytope if and only if
+    every oriented (linear) hyperplane
+    has at least two vectors on each side.
+    See Theorem 6.19 of [Zie2007]_.
+    If this is not the case, one of two errors is raised.
+
+    If there is such a hyperplane with no vector on one side,
+    the vectors are not totally cyclic::
+
+        sage: gale_transform_to_polytope([(0,1), (1,1), (1,0), (-1,0)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: input vectors not totally cyclic
+
+    If every hyperplane has at least one vector on each side, then the gale
+    transform corresponds to a point configuration.
+    It corresponds to a polytope if and only if this point configuration is
+    convex and if and only if every hyperplane contains at least two vectors of
+    the gale transform on each side.
+
+    If this is not the case, an error is raised::
+
+        sage: gale_transform_to_polytope([(0,1), (1,1), (1,0), (-1,-1)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: the gale transform does not correspond to a polytope
+    """
+    vertices = gale_transform_to_primal(vectors, base_ring, backend)
+    P = Polyhedron(vertices=vertices, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    if not P.n_vertices() == len(vertices):
+        # If the input vectors are not totally cyclic, ``gale_transform_to_primal``
+        # raises an error.
+        # As no error was raised so far, the gale transform corresponds to
+        # to a point configuration.
+        # It corresponds to a polytope if and only if
+        # ``vertices`` are in convex position.
+        raise ValueError("the gale transform does not correspond to a polytope")
+
+    return P
+
+
+def gale_transform_to_primal(vectors, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+    r"""
+    Return a point configuration dual to a totally cyclic vector configuration.
+
+    This is the dehomogenized vector configuration dual to the input.
+    The dual vector configuration is acyclic and can therefore
+    be dehomogenized as the input is totally cyclic.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``vectors`` -- the ordered vectors of the Gale transform
+
+    - ``base_ring`` -- string (default: ``None``);
+      the base ring to be used for the construction
+
+    - ``backend`` -- string (default: ``None``);
+      the backend to be use to construct a polyhedral,
+      used internally in case the center is not the origin,
+      see :func:`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.constructor.Polyhedron`
+
+    OUTPUT: an ordered point configuration as list of vectors
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        If the center of the (input) vectors is the origin,
+        the function is much faster and might give a nicer representation
+        of the point configuration.
+
+        If this is not the case, the vectors will be scaled
+        (each by a positive scalar) accordingly.
+
+    ALGORITHM:
+
+    Step 1: If the center of the (input) vectors is not the origin,
+    we do an appropriate transformation to make it so.
+
+    Step 2: We add a row of ones on top of ``Matrix(vectors)``.
+    The right kernel of this larger matrix is the dual configuration space,
+    and a basis of this space provides the dual point configuration.
+
+    More concretely, the dual vector configuration (inhomogeneous)
+    is obtained by taking a basis of the right kernel of ``Matrix(vectors)``.
+    If the center of the (input) vectors is the origin,
+    there exists a basis of the right kernel of the form
+    ``[[1], [V]]``, where ``[1]`` represents a row of ones.
+    Then, ``V`` is a dehomogenization and thus the dual point configuration.
+
+    To extend ``[1]`` to a basis of ``Matrix(vectors)``, we add
+    a row of ones to ``Matrix(vectors)`` and calculate a basis of the
+    right kernel of the obtained matrix.
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+        For more information, see Section 6.4 of [Zie2007]_
+        or Definition 2.5.1 and Definition 4.1.35 of [DLRS2010]_.
+
+    .. SEEALSO::
+
+        :func`~sage.geometry.polyhedron.library.gale_transform_to_polytope`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: from sage.geometry.polyhedron.library import gale_transform_to_primal
+        sage: points = ((0, -1), (-1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1), (-1, 0), (0, -1))
+        sage: gale_transform_to_primal(points)
+        [(0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0), (-1, 0, 0), (0, -1, 0), (0, 0, -1)]
+
+    One can specify the base ring::
+
+        sage: p = [(1,1), (-1,-1), (1,0), (-1,0), (1,-1), (-2,1)]
+        sage: gtpp = gale_transform_to_primal(p); gtpp                                  # needs sage.libs.pari
+        [(16, -35, 54),
+         (24, 10, 31),
+         (-15, 50, -60),
+         (-25, 0, 0),
+         (0, -25, 0),
+         (0, 0, -25)]
+        sage: (matrix(RDF, gtpp)/25 +                                                   # needs sage.libs.pari
+        ....:  matrix(gale_transform_to_primal(p, base_ring=RDF))).norm() < 1e-15
+        True
+
+    One can also specify the backend to be used internally::
+
+        sage: gale_transform_to_primal(p, backend='field')                              # needs sage.libs.pari
+        [(48, -71, 88),
+         (84, -28, 99),
+         (-77, 154, -132),
+         (-55, 0, 0),
+         (0, -55, 0),
+         (0, 0, -55)]
+        sage: gale_transform_to_primal(p, backend='normaliz')           # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.libs.pari
+        [(16, -35, 54),
+         (24, 10, 31),
+         (-15, 50, -60),
+         (-25, 0, 0),
+         (0, -25, 0),
+         (0, 0, -25)]
+
+    The input vectors should be totally cyclic::
+
+        sage: gale_transform_to_primal([(0,1), (1,0), (1,1), (-1,0)])
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: input vectors not totally cyclic
+
+        sage: gale_transform_to_primal(
+        ....:     [(1,1,0), (-1,-1,0), (1,0,0),
+        ....:      (-1,0,0), (1,-1,0), (-2,1,0)], backend='field')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: input vectors not totally cyclic
+    """
+    from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+    from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+    if base_ring:
+        vectors = tuple(vector(base_ring, x) for x in vectors)
+    else:
+        vectors = tuple(vector(x) for x in vectors)
+
+    if not sum(vectors).is_zero():
+        # The center of the input vectors shall be the origin.
+        # If this is not the case, we scale them accordingly.
+        # This has the advantage that right kernel of ``vectors`` can be
+        # presented in the form ``[[1], [V]]``, where ``V`` are the points
+        # in the dual point configuration.
+        # (Dehomogenization is straightforward.)
+
+        # Scaling of the vectors is equivalent to finding a hyperplane that intersects
+        # all vectors of the dual point configuration. But if the input is already provided
+        # such that the vectors add up to zero, the coordinates might be nicer.
+        # (And this is faster.)
+
+        if base_ring:
+            ker = matrix(base_ring, vectors).left_kernel()
+        else:
+            ker = matrix(vectors).left_kernel()
+        solutions = Polyhedron(lines=tuple(ker.basis_matrix()), base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+        from sage.matrix.special import identity_matrix
+        pos_orthant = Polyhedron(rays=identity_matrix(len(vectors)), base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+        pos_solutions = solutions.intersection(pos_orthant)
+        if base_ring is ZZ:
+            pos_solutions = pos_solutions.change_ring(ZZ)
+
+        # Any integral point in ``pos_solutions`` will correspond to scaling-factors
+        # that make ``sum(vectors)`` zero.
+        x = pos_solutions.representative_point()
+        if not all(y > 0 for y in x):
+            raise ValueError("input vectors not totally cyclic")
+        vectors = tuple(vec*x[i] for i, vec in enumerate(vectors))
+
+    # The right kernel of ``vectors`` has a basis of the form ``[[1], [V]]``,
+    # where ``V`` is the dehomogenized dual point configuration.
+    # If we append a row of ones to ``vectors``, ``V`` is just the right kernel.
+    if base_ring:
+        m = matrix(base_ring, vectors).transpose().stack(matrix(base_ring, [[1]*len(vectors)]))
+    else:
+        m = matrix(vectors).transpose().stack(matrix([[1]*len(vectors)]))
+
+    if m.rank() != len(vectors[0]) + 1:
+        # The given vectors do not span the ambient space,
+        # then there exists a nonnegative value vector.
+        raise ValueError("input vectors not totally cyclic")
+
+    return m.right_kernel_matrix(basis='computed').columns()
+
+
+class Polytopes:
+    """
+    A class of constructors for commonly used, famous, or interesting
+    polytopes.
+    """
+
+    def regular_polygon(self, n, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return a regular polygon with `n` vertices.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer; the number of vertices
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` floating point
+          numbers are used for coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- a ring in which the coordinates will lie. It is
+          ``None`` by default. If it is not provided and ``exact`` is ``True``
+          then it will be the field of real algebraic number, if ``exact`` is
+          ``False`` it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: octagon = polytopes.regular_polygon(8)
+            sage: octagon
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in AA^2 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices
+            sage: octagon.n_vertices()
+            8
+            sage: v = octagon.volume()
+            sage: v
+            2.828427124746190?
+            sage: v == 2*QQbar(2).sqrt()
+            True
+
+        Its non exact version::
+
+            sage: polytopes.regular_polygon(3, exact=False).vertices()                  # needs cddexec
+            (A vertex at (0.0, 1.0),
+             A vertex at (0.8660254038, -0.5),
+             A vertex at (-0.8660254038, -0.5))
+            sage: polytopes.regular_polygon(25, exact=False).n_vertices()               # needs cddexec
+            25
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: octagon = polytopes.regular_polygon(8, backend='normaliz')
+            sage: octagon
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in AA^2 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices
+            sage: octagon.n_vertices()
+            8
+            sage: octagon.volume()
+            2*a
+            sage: TestSuite(octagon).run()      # long time
+
+            sage: TestSuite(polytopes.regular_polygon(5, exact=False)).run()            # needs scipy
+        """
+        n = ZZ(n)
+        if n <= 2:
+            raise ValueError("n (={}) must be an integer greater than 2".format(n))
+
+        if base_ring is None:
+            if exact:
+                from sage.rings.qqbar import AA as base_ring
+            else:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+
+        try:
+            omega = 2*base_ring.pi() / n
+            verts = [((i*omega).sin(), (i*omega).cos()) for i in range(n)]
+        except AttributeError:
+            from sage.rings.qqbar import QQbar
+            z = QQbar.zeta(n)
+            verts = [(base_ring((z**k).imag()), base_ring((z**k).real())) for k in range(n)]
+
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def Birkhoff_polytope(self, n, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the Birkhoff polytope with `n!` vertices.
+
+        The vertices of this polyhedron are the (flattened) `n` by `n`
+        permutation matrices. So the ambient vector space has dimension `n^2`
+        but the dimension of the polyhedron is `(n-1)^2`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer giving the size of the permutation matrices
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`sage.matrix.matrix2.Matrix.as_sum_of_permutations` -- return
+            the current matrix as a sum of permutation matrices
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: b3 = polytopes.Birkhoff_polytope(3)
+            sage: b3.f_vector()
+            (1, 6, 15, 18, 9, 1)
+            sage: b3.ambient_dim(), b3.dim()
+            (9, 4)
+            sage: b3.is_lattice_polytope()
+            True
+            sage: p3 = b3.ehrhart_polynomial()     # optional - latte_int
+            sage: p3                               # optional - latte_int
+            1/8*t^4 + 3/4*t^3 + 15/8*t^2 + 9/4*t + 1
+            sage: [p3(i) for i in [1,2,3,4]]       # optional - latte_int
+            [6, 21, 55, 120]
+            sage: [len((i*b3).integral_points()) for i in [1,2,3,4]]                    # needs sage.libs.pari
+            [6, 21, 55, 120]
+
+            sage: b4 = polytopes.Birkhoff_polytope(4)
+            sage: b4.n_vertices(), b4.ambient_dim(), b4.dim()
+            (24, 16, 9)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: b4norm = polytopes.Birkhoff_polytope(4,backend='normaliz')    # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(b4norm).run()                                       # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(polytopes.Birkhoff_polytope(3)).run()
+        """
+        from itertools import permutations
+        verts = []
+        for p in permutations(range(n)):
+            verts.append([ZZ.one() if p[i] == j else ZZ.zero()
+                          for j in range(n) for i in range(n)])
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def simplex(self, dim=3, project=False, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the ``dim`` dimensional simplex.
+
+        The `d`-simplex is the convex hull in `\RR^{d+1}` of the standard basis
+        `(1,0,\ldots,0)`, `(0,1,\ldots,0)`, \ldots, `(0,0,\ldots,1)`. For more
+        information, see the :wikipedia:`Simplex`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- the dimension of the simplex, a positive
+          integer
+
+        - ``project`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the polytope
+          is (isometrically) projected to a vector space of dimension
+          ``dim-1``.  This corresponds to the projection given by the matrix
+          from :func:`zero_sum_projection`.  By default, this operation turns
+          the coordinates into floating point approximations (see
+          ``base_ring``).
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the base ring to use to create the polytope;
+          if ``project`` is ``False``, this defaults to `\ZZ`.
+          Otherwise, it defaults to ``RDF``.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`tetrahedron`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: s5 = polytopes.simplex(5); s5
+            A 5-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^6 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices
+            sage: s5.f_vector()
+            (1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1)
+
+            sage: s5 = polytopes.simplex(5, project=True); s5                           # needs cddexec
+            A 5-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^5 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices
+
+        Its volume is `\sqrt{d+1} / d!`::
+
+            sage: s5 = polytopes.simplex(5, project=True)                               # needs cddexec
+            sage: s5.volume()      # abs tol 1e-10                                      # needs cddexec scipy
+            0.0204124145231931
+            sage: sqrt(6.) / factorial(5)
+            0.0204124145231931
+
+            sage: s6 = polytopes.simplex(6, project=True)                               # needs cddexec
+            sage: s6.volume()      # abs tol 1e-10                                      # needs cddexec scipy
+            0.00367465459870082
+            sage: sqrt(7.) / factorial(6)
+            0.00367465459870082
+
+        Computation in algebraic reals::
+
+            sage: s3 = polytopes.simplex(3, project=True, base_ring=AA)                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: s3.volume() == sqrt(3+1) / factorial(3)                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: s6norm = polytopes.simplex(6,backend='normaliz')      # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(s6norm).run()                               # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(polytopes.simplex(5)).run()
+        """
+        verts = list((ZZ**(dim + 1)).basis())
+        if project:
+            # Handling of default in base_ring is delegated to project_points
+            verts = project_points(*verts, base_ring=base_ring)
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def icosahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return an icosahedron with edge length 1.
+
+        The icosahedron is one of the Platonic solids. It has 20 faces
+        and is dual to the :meth:`dodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- (optional) the ring in which the coordinates will
+          belong to.  Note that this ring must contain `\sqrt(5)`. If it is not
+          provided and ``exact=True`` it will be the number field
+          `\QQ[\sqrt(5)]` and if ``exact=False`` it will be the real double
+          field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ico = polytopes.icosahedron()                                         # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: ico.f_vector()                                                        # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 12, 30, 20, 1)
+            sage: ico.volume()                                                          # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            5/12*sqrt5 + 5/4
+
+        Its non exact version::
+
+            sage: ico = polytopes.icosahedron(exact=False)                              # needs sage.groups
+            sage: ico.base_ring()                                                       # needs sage.groups
+            Real Double Field
+            sage: ico.volume()                  # known bug                             # needs sage.groups
+            2.181694990...
+
+        A version using `AA <sage.rings.qqbar.AlgebraicRealField>`::
+
+            sage: ico = polytopes.icosahedron(base_ring=AA)     # long time             # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: ico.base_ring()                               # long time             # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            Algebraic Real Field
+            sage: ico.volume()                                  # long time             # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            2.181694990624913?
+
+        Note that if base ring is provided it must contain the square root of
+        `5`. Otherwise you will get an error::
+
+            sage: polytopes.icosahedron(base_ring=QQ)                                   # needs sage.symbolic
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert 1/4*sqrt(5) + 1/4 to a rational
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: ico = polytopes.icosahedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: ico.f_vector()
+            (1, 12, 30, 20, 1)
+            sage: ico.volume()
+            5/12*sqrt5 + 5/4
+            sage: TestSuite(ico).run()
+
+            sage: ico = polytopes.icosahedron(exact=False)                              # needs sage.groups
+            sage: TestSuite(ico).run(skip='_test_lawrence')                             # needs sage.groups
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = K.gen()
+            g = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+
+        r12 = base_ring.one() / 2
+        z = base_ring.zero()
+        pts = [[z, s1 * r12, s2 * g / 2]
+               for s1, s2 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=2)]
+        verts = [p(v) for p in AlternatingGroup(3) for v in pts]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def dodecahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a dodecahedron.
+
+        The dodecahedron is the Platonic solid dual to the :meth:`icosahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- (optional) the ring in which the coordinates will
+          belong to.  Note that this ring must contain `\sqrt(5)`. If it is not
+          provided and ``exact=True`` it will be the number field
+          `\QQ[\sqrt(5)]` and if ``exact=False`` it will be the real double
+          field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: d12 = polytopes.dodecahedron()
+            sage: d12.f_vector()
+            (1, 20, 30, 12, 1)
+            sage: d12.volume()
+            -176*sqrt5 + 400
+            sage: numerical_approx(_)
+            6.45203596003699
+
+            sage: d12 = polytopes.dodecahedron(exact=False)                             # needs sage.groups
+            sage: d12.base_ring()                                                       # needs sage.groups
+            Real Double Field
+
+        Here is an error with a field that does not contain `\sqrt(5)`::
+
+            sage: polytopes.dodecahedron(base_ring=QQ)                                  # needs sage.groups sage.symbolic
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: unable to convert 1/4*sqrt(5) + 1/4 to a rational
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: d12 = polytopes.dodecahedron(backend='normaliz')      # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: d12.f_vector()                                        # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 20, 30, 12, 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(d12).run()                                  # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+        """
+        return self.icosahedron(exact=exact, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend).polar()
+
+    def small_rhombicuboctahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the (small) rhombicuboctahedron.
+
+        The rhombicuboctahedron is an Archimedean solid with 24 vertices and 26
+        faces. See the :wikipedia:`Rhombicuboctahedron` for more information.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if ``exact=False``
+          it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: sr = polytopes.small_rhombicuboctahedron()                            # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: sr.f_vector()                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 24, 48, 26, 1)
+            sage: sr.volume()                                                           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            80/3*sqrt2 + 32
+
+        The faces are `8` equilateral triangles and `18` squares::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in sr.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            8
+            sage: sum(1 for f in sr.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 4)                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            18
+
+        Its non exact version::
+
+            sage: sr = polytopes.small_rhombicuboctahedron(False); sr                   # needs cddexec
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^3 defined as the convex hull of
+            24 vertices
+            sage: sr.f_vector()                                                         # needs cddexec
+            (1, 24, 48, 26, 1)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: sr = polytopes.small_rhombicuboctahedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: sr.f_vector()
+            (1, 24, 48, 26, 1)
+            sage: sr.volume()
+            80/3*sqrt2 + 32
+            sage: TestSuite(sr).run()           # long time
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(2, 'sqrt2')
+            sqrt2 = K.gen()
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            sqrt2 = base_ring(2).sqrt()
+
+        one = base_ring.one()
+        a = sqrt2 + one
+        verts = []
+        verts.extend([s1*one, s2*one, s3*a] for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3))
+        verts.extend([s1*one, s3*a, s2*one] for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3))
+        verts.extend([s1*a, s2*one, s3*one] for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3))
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, backend=backend)
+
+    def great_rhombicuboctahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the great rhombicuboctahedron.
+
+        The great rhombicuboctahedron (or truncated cuboctahedron) is an
+        Archimedean solid with 48 vertices and 26 faces. For more information
+        see the :wikipedia:`Truncated_cuboctahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if ``exact=False``
+          it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: gr = polytopes.great_rhombicuboctahedron()    # long time             # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: gr.f_vector()                 # long time                             # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 48, 72, 26, 1)
+
+        A faster implementation is obtained by setting ``exact=False``::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: gr = polytopes.great_rhombicuboctahedron(exact=False)
+            sage: gr.f_vector()
+            (1, 48, 72, 26, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 4 squares, 8 regular hexagons and 6 regular octagons::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: sum(1 for f in gr.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 4)
+            12
+            sage: sum(1 for f in gr.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 6)
+            8
+            sage: sum(1 for f in gr.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 8)
+            6
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            base_ring = QuadraticField(2, 'sqrt2')
+            sqrt2 = base_ring.gen()
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            sqrt2 = base_ring(2).sqrt()
+
+        one = base_ring.one()
+        v1 = sqrt2 + 1
+        v2 = 2 * sqrt2 + 1
+        verts = [[s1 * z1, s2 * z2, s3 * z3]
+                 for z1, z2, z3 in itertools.permutations([one, v1, v2])
+                 for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def rhombic_dodecahedron(self, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the rhombic dodecahedron.
+
+        The rhombic dodecahedron is a polytope dual to the cuboctahedron. It
+        has 14 vertices and 12 faces. For more information see
+        the :wikipedia:`Rhombic_dodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`cuboctahedron`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: rd = polytopes.rhombic_dodecahedron()
+            sage: rd.f_vector()
+            (1, 14, 24, 12, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 12 quadrilaterals (not all identical)::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in rd.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 4)
+            12
+
+        Some more computations::
+
+            sage: p = rd.ehrhart_polynomial()    # optional - latte_int
+            sage: p                              # optional - latte_int
+            16*t^3 + 12*t^2 + 4*t + 1
+            sage: [p(i) for i in [1,2,3,4]]      # optional - latte_int
+            [33, 185, 553, 1233]
+            sage: [len((i*rd).integral_points()) for i in [1,2,3,4]]
+            [33, 185, 553, 1233]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: rd_norm = polytopes.rhombic_dodecahedron(backend='normaliz')  # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(rd_norm).run()                                      # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        v = [[2,0,0],[-2,0,0],[0,2,0],[0,-2,0],[0,0,2],[0,0,-2]]
+        v.extend(itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3))
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=v, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def cuboctahedron(self, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the cuboctahedron.
+
+        The cuboctahedron is an Archimedean solid with 12 vertices and 14 faces
+        dual to the rhombic dodecahedron. It can be defined as the convex hull
+        of the twelve vertices `(0, \pm 1, \pm 1)`, `(\pm 1, 0, \pm 1)` and
+        `(\pm 1, \pm 1, 0)`. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Cuboctahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`rhombic_dodecahedron`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: co = polytopes.cuboctahedron()
+            sage: co.f_vector()
+            (1, 12, 24, 14, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 8 triangles and 6 squares::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)
+            8
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 4)
+            6
+
+        Some more computation::
+
+            sage: co.volume()
+            20/3
+            sage: co.ehrhart_polynomial()      # optional - latte_int
+            20/3*t^3 + 8*t^2 + 10/3*t + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: co_norm = polytopes.cuboctahedron(backend='normaliz')      # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(co_norm).run()                                   # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        v = [[0, -1, -1], [0, 1, -1], [0, -1, 1], [0, 1, 1],
+             [-1, -1, 0], [1, -1, 0], [-1, 1, 0], [1, 1, 0],
+             [-1, 0, -1], [1, 0, -1], [-1, 0, 1], [1, 0, 1]]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=v, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def truncated_cube(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the truncated cube.
+
+        The truncated cube is an Archimedean solid with 24 vertices
+        and 14 faces. It can be defined as the convex hull of the 24 vertices
+        `(\pm x, \pm 1, \pm 1), (\pm 1, \pm x, \pm 1), (\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm x)`
+        where `x = \sqrt(2) - 1`. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Truncated_cube`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\sqrt{2}]` and if ``exact=False`` it
+          will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: co = polytopes.truncated_cube()                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: co.f_vector()                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 24, 36, 14, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 8 triangles and 6 octogons::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            8
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 8)                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            6
+
+        Some more computation::
+
+            sage: co.volume()                                                           # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            56/3*sqrt2 - 56/3
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: co = polytopes.truncated_cube(backend='normaliz')     # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: co.f_vector()                 # optional - pynormaliz                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 24, 36, 14, 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(co).run()           # optional - pynormaliz                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(2, 'sqrt2')
+            sqrt2 = K.gen()
+            g = sqrt2 - 1
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = base_ring(2).sqrt() - 1
+
+        v = [[a * g, b, c] for a in [-1, 1] for b in [-1, 1] for c in [-1, 1]]
+        v += [[a, b * g, c] for a in [-1, 1] for b in [-1, 1] for c in [-1, 1]]
+        v += [[a, b, c * g] for a in [-1, 1] for b in [-1, 1] for c in [-1, 1]]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=v, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def tetrahedron(self, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the tetrahedron.
+
+        The tetrahedron is a Platonic solid with 4 vertices and 4 faces
+        dual to itself. It can be defined as the convex hull
+        of the 4 vertices `(0, 0, 0)`, `(1, 1, 0)`, `(1, 0, 1)` and
+        `(0, 1, 1)`. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Tetrahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`simplex`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: co = polytopes.tetrahedron()
+            sage: co.f_vector()
+            (1, 4, 6, 4, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 4 triangles::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)
+            4
+
+        Some more computation::
+
+            sage: co.volume()
+            1/3
+            sage: co.ehrhart_polynomial()      # optional - latte_int
+            1/3*t^3 + t^2 + 5/3*t + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: t_norm = polytopes.tetrahedron(backend='normaliz')    # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(t_norm).run()                               # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        v = [[0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1]]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=v, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def truncated_tetrahedron(self, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the truncated tetrahedron.
+
+        The truncated tetrahedron is an Archimedean solid with 12
+        vertices and 8 faces. It can be defined as the convex hull off
+        all the permutations of `(\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm 3)` with an even
+        number of minus signs. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Truncated_tetrahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: co = polytopes.truncated_tetrahedron()
+            sage: co.f_vector()
+            (1, 12, 18, 8, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 4 triangles and 4 hexagons::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)
+            4
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 6)
+            4
+
+        Some more computation::
+
+            sage: co.volume()
+            184/3
+            sage: co.ehrhart_polynomial()      # optional - latte_int
+            184/3*t^3 + 28*t^2 + 26/3*t + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: tt_norm = polytopes.truncated_tetrahedron(backend='normaliz')     # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(tt_norm).run()                                          # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        v = [(3,1,1), (1,3,1), (1,1,3),
+             (-3,-1,1), (-1,-3,1), (-1,-1,3),
+             (-3,1,-1), (-1,3,-1), (-1,1,-3),
+             (3,-1,-1), (1,-3,-1), (1,-1,-3)]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=v, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def truncated_octahedron(self, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the truncated octahedron.
+
+        The truncated octahedron is an Archimedean solid with 24
+        vertices and 14 faces. It can be defined as the convex hull
+        off all the permutations of `(0, \pm 1, \pm 2)`. For more
+        information, see the :wikipedia:`Truncated_octahedron`.
+
+        This is also known as the permutohedron of dimension 3.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: co = polytopes.truncated_octahedron()
+            sage: co.f_vector()
+            (1, 24, 36, 14, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 6 squares and 8 hexagons::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 4)
+            6
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 6)
+            8
+
+        Some more computation::
+
+            sage: co.volume()
+            32
+            sage: co.ehrhart_polynomial()       # optional - latte_int                  # needs sage.combinat
+            32*t^3 + 18*t^2 + 6*t + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: to_norm = polytopes.truncated_octahedron(backend='normaliz')  # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.combinat
+            sage: TestSuite(to_norm).run()                                      # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.combinat
+        """
+        v = [(0, e, f) for e in [-1, 1] for f in [-2, 2]]
+        v = [(xyz[sigma(1) - 1], xyz[sigma(2) - 1], xyz[sigma(3) - 1])
+             for sigma in Permutations(3) for xyz in v]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=v, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def octahedron(self, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the octahedron.
+
+        The octahedron is a Platonic solid with 6 vertices and 8 faces
+        dual to the cube. It can be defined as the convex hull
+        of the six vertices `(0, 0, \pm 1)`, `(\pm 1, 0, 0)` and
+        `(0, \pm 1, 0)`. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Octahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: co = polytopes.octahedron()
+            sage: co.f_vector()
+            (1, 6, 12, 8, 1)
+
+        Its facets are 8 triangles::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in co.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)
+            8
+
+        Some more computation::
+
+            sage: co.volume()
+            4/3
+            sage: co.ehrhart_polynomial()      # optional - latte_int
+            4/3*t^3 + 2*t^2 + 8/3*t + 1
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: o_norm = polytopes.octahedron(backend='normaliz')     # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(o_norm).run()                               # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        v = [[0, 0, -1], [0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0],
+             [-1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, -1, 0]]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=v, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def snub_cube(self, exact=False, base_ring=None, backend=None, verbose=False):
+        """
+        Return a snub cube.
+
+        The snub cube is an Archimedean solid. It has 24 vertices and 38 faces.
+        For more information see the :wikipedia:`Snub_cube`.
+
+        The constant `z` used in constructing this polytope is the reciprocal
+        of the tribonacci constant, that is, the solution of the equation
+        `x^3 + x^2 + x - 1 = 0`.
+        See :wikipedia:`Generalizations_of_Fibonacci_numbers#Tribonacci_numbers`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the field to use; if ``None`` (the default),
+          construct the exact number field needed (if ``exact`` is ``True``) or
+          default to ``RDF`` (if ``exact`` is ``True``)
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope; if
+          ``None`` (the default), the backend will be selected automatically
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.groups
+            sage: sc_inexact = polytopes.snub_cube(exact=False); sc_inexact
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^3 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
+            sage: sc_inexact.f_vector()
+            (1, 24, 60, 38, 1)
+
+            sage: # long time, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: sc_exact = polytopes.snub_cube(exact=True)
+            sage: sc_exact.f_vector()
+            (1, 24, 60, 38, 1)
+            sage: sorted(sc_exact.vertices())
+            [A vertex at (-1, -z, -z^2),
+             A vertex at (-1, -z^2, z),
+             A vertex at (-1, z^2, -z),
+             A vertex at (-1, z, z^2),
+             A vertex at (-z, -1, z^2),
+             A vertex at (-z, -z^2, -1),
+             A vertex at (-z, z^2, 1),
+             A vertex at (-z, 1, -z^2),
+             A vertex at (-z^2, -1, -z),
+             A vertex at (-z^2, -z, 1),
+             A vertex at (-z^2, z, -1),
+             A vertex at (-z^2, 1, z),
+             A vertex at (z^2, -1, z),
+             A vertex at (z^2, -z, -1),
+             A vertex at (z^2, z, 1),
+             A vertex at (z^2, 1, -z),
+             A vertex at (z, -1, -z^2),
+             A vertex at (z, -z^2, 1),
+             A vertex at (z, z^2, -1),
+             A vertex at (z, 1, z^2),
+             A vertex at (1, -z, z^2),
+             A vertex at (1, -z^2, -z),
+             A vertex at (1, z^2, z),
+             A vertex at (1, z, -z^2)]
+            sage: sc_exact.is_combinatorially_isomorphic(sc_inexact)
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: sc = polytopes.snub_cube(exact=True, backend='normaliz')      # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: sc.f_vector()                                                 # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 24, 60, 38, 1)
+        """
+        def construct_z(field):
+            # z here is the reciprocal of the tribonacci constant, that is, the
+            # solution of the equation x^3 + x^2 + x - 1 = 0.
+            tsqr33 = 3 * field(33).sqrt()
+            return ((17 + tsqr33)**QQ((1, 3)) - (-17 + tsqr33)**QQ((1, 3)) - 1) / 3
+
+        if exact and base_ring is None:
+            # construct the exact number field
+            from sage.rings.qqbar import AA
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import NumberField
+            R = QQ['x']
+            f = R([-1, 1, 1, 1])
+            embedding = construct_z(AA)
+            base_ring = NumberField(f, name='z', embedding=embedding)
+            z = base_ring.gen()
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            z = construct_z(base_ring)
+
+        verts = []
+        z2 = z ** 2
+        A3 = AlternatingGroup(3)
+        for e in [-1, 1]:
+            for f in [-1, 1]:
+                for g in [-1, 1]:
+                    if e * f * g == -1:
+                        v = [e, f * z, g * z2]
+                        for p in A3:
+                            verts += [p(v)]
+                    else:
+                        v = [f * z, e, g * z2]
+                        for p in A3:
+                            verts += [p(v)]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def buckyball(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the bucky ball.
+
+        The bucky ball, also known as the truncated icosahedron is an
+        Archimedean solid.  It has 32 faces and 60 vertices.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`icosahedron`
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if ``exact=False``
+          it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: bb = polytopes.buckyball()    # long time                             # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: bb.f_vector()                 # long time                             # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 60, 90, 32, 1)
+            sage: bb.base_ring()                # long time                             # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+
+        A much faster implementation using floating point approximations::
+
+            sage: bb = polytopes.buckyball(exact=False)                                 # needs sage.groups
+            sage: bb.f_vector()                                                         # needs sage.groups
+            (1, 60, 90, 32, 1)
+            sage: bb.base_ring()                                                        # needs sage.groups
+            Real Double Field
+
+        Its facets are 5 regular pentagons and 6 regular hexagons::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in bb.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 5)                 # needs sage.groups
+            12
+            sage: sum(1 for f in bb.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 6)                 # needs sage.groups
+            20
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: bb = polytopes.buckyball(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: bb.f_vector()
+            (1, 60, 90, 32, 1)
+            sage: bb.base_ring()
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+        """
+        return self.icosahedron(exact=exact, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend).truncation()
+
+    def icosidodecahedron(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the icosidodecahedron.
+
+        The Icosidodecahedron is a polyhedron with twenty triangular faces and
+        twelve pentagonal faces. For more information see the
+        :wikipedia:`Icosidodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: id = polytopes.icosidodecahedron()                                    # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: id.f_vector()                                                         # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 30, 60, 32, 1)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: id = polytopes.icosidodecahedron(exact=False); id                     # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^3 defined as the convex hull of 30 vertices
+            sage: TestSuite(id).run(skip=["_test_is_combinatorially_isomorphic",        # needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            ....:                         "_test_product",
+            ....:                         "_test_pyramid",
+            ....:                         "_test_lawrence"])
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: id = polytopes.icosidodecahedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: id.f_vector()
+            (1, 30, 60, 32, 1)
+            sage: id.base_ring()
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+            sage: TestSuite(id).run()           # long time
+        """
+        from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+        from itertools import product
+
+        K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+        one = K.one()
+        phi = (one+K.gen())/2
+
+        gens = [((-1)**a*one/2, (-1)**b*phi/2, (-1)**c*(one+phi)/2)
+                for a, b, c in product([0, 1], repeat=3)]
+        gens.extend([(0, 0, phi), (0, 0, -phi)])
+
+        verts = []
+        for p in AlternatingGroup(3):
+            verts.extend(p(x) for x in gens)
+
+        if exact:
+            return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=K, backend=backend)
+        else:
+            from sage.rings.real_mpfr import RR
+            verts = [(RR(x), RR(y), RR(z)) for x, y, z in verts]
+            return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, backend=backend)
+
+    def icosidodecahedron_V2(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the icosidodecahedron.
+
+        The icosidodecahedron is an Archimedean solid.
+        It has 32 faces and 30 vertices. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Icosidodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to
+          If it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number
+          field `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if
+          ``exact=False`` it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: id = polytopes.icosidodecahedron_V2()   # long time (6s)
+            sage: id.f_vector()                           # long time
+            (1, 30, 60, 32, 1)
+            sage: id.base_ring()                          # long time
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+
+        A much faster implementation using floating point approximations::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: id = polytopes.icosidodecahedron_V2(exact=False)
+            sage: id.f_vector()
+            (1, 30, 60, 32, 1)
+            sage: id.base_ring()
+            Real Double Field
+
+        Its facets are 20 triangles and 12 regular pentagons::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: sum(1 for f in id.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)
+            20
+            sage: sum(1 for f in id.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 5)
+            12
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: id = polytopes.icosidodecahedron_V2(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: id.f_vector()
+            (1, 30, 60, 32, 1)
+            sage: id.base_ring()
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+            sage: TestSuite(id).run()           # long time
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = K.gen()
+            g = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+
+        pts = [[g, 0, 0], [-g, 0, 0]]
+        pts += [[s1 * base_ring.one() / 2, s2 * g / 2, s3 * (1 + g)/2]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        verts = pts
+        verts += [[v[1], v[2], v[0]] for v in pts]
+        verts += [[v[2], v[0], v[1]] for v in pts]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def truncated_dodecahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the truncated dodecahedron.
+
+        The truncated dodecahedron is an Archimedean solid.
+        It has 32 faces and 60 vertices. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Truncated dodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if ``exact=False``
+          it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: td = polytopes.truncated_dodecahedron()                               # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: td.f_vector()                                                         # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            (1, 60, 90, 32, 1)
+            sage: td.base_ring()                                                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+
+        Its facets are 20 triangles and 12 regular decagons::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in td.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            20
+            sage: sum(1 for f in td.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 10)                # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            12
+
+        The faster implementation using floating point approximations does not
+        fully work unfortunately, see https://github.com/cddlib/cddlib/pull/7
+        for a detailed discussion of this case::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: td = polytopes.truncated_dodecahedron(exact=False)  # random
+            doctest:warning
+            ...
+            UserWarning: This polyhedron data is numerically complicated; cdd
+            could not convert between the inexact V and H representation
+            without loss of data. The resulting object might show
+            inconsistencies.
+            sage: td.f_vector()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: not all vertices are intersections of facets
+            sage: td.base_ring()
+            Real Double Field
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: td = polytopes.truncated_dodecahedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: td.f_vector()
+            (1, 60, 90, 32, 1)
+            sage: td.base_ring()
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = K.gen()
+            g = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+
+        z = base_ring.zero()
+        pts = [[z, s1 * base_ring.one() / g, s2 * (2 + g)]
+                for s1, s2 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=2)]
+        pts += [[s1 * base_ring.one() / g, s2 * g, s3 * (2 * g)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        pts += [[s1 * g, s2 * base_ring(2), s3 * (g ** 2)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        verts = pts
+        verts += [[v[1], v[2], v[0]] for v in pts]
+        verts += [[v[2], v[0], v[1]] for v in pts]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def pentakis_dodecahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the pentakis dodecahedron.
+
+        The pentakis dodecahedron (orkisdodecahedron) is a face-regular,
+        vertex-uniform polytope dual to the truncated icosahedron.  It has 60
+        facets and 32 vertices. See the :wikipedia:`Pentakis_dodecahedron` for more
+        information.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if ``exact=False``
+          it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: pd = polytopes.pentakis_dodecahedron()    # long time (10s)
+            sage: pd.n_vertices()                           # long time
+            32
+            sage: pd.n_inequalities()                       # long time
+            60
+
+        A much faster implementation is obtained when setting ``exact=False``::
+
+            sage: pd = polytopes.pentakis_dodecahedron(exact=False)                     # needs sage.groups
+            sage: pd.n_vertices()                                                       # needs sage.groups
+            32
+            sage: pd.n_inequalities()                                                   # needs sage.groups
+            60
+
+        The 60 are triangles::
+
+            sage: all(len(f.vertices()) == 3 for f in pd.facets())                      # needs sage.groups
+            True
+        """
+        return self.buckyball(exact=exact, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend).polar()
+
+    def Kirkman_icosahedron(self, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the Kirkman icosahedron.
+
+        The Kirkman icosahedron is a 3-polytope with integer coordinates: `(\pm
+        9, \pm 6, \pm 6)`, `(\pm 12, \pm 4, 0)`, `(0, \pm 12, \pm 8)`, `(\pm 6,
+        0, \pm 12)`. See [Fe2012]_ for more information.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ki = polytopes.Kirkman_icosahedron()
+            sage: ki.f_vector()
+            (1, 20, 38, 20, 1)
+
+            sage: ki.volume()
+            6528
+
+            sage: vertices = ki.vertices()
+            sage: edges = [[vector(edge[0]),vector(edge[1])] for edge in ki.bounded_edges()]
+            sage: edge_lengths = [norm(edge[0]-edge[1]) for edge in edges]
+            sage: sorted(set(edge_lengths))
+            [7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16]
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: ki_norm = polytopes.Kirkman_icosahedron(backend='normaliz')   # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(ki_norm).run()                                      # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        vertices = [[9, 6, 6], [-9, 6, 6], [9, -6, 6], [9, 6, -6],
+                    [-9, -6, 6], [-9, 6, -6], [9, -6, -6], [-9, -6, -6],
+                    [12, 4, 0], [-12, 4, 0], [12, -4, 0], [-12, -4, 0],
+                    [0, 12, 8], [0, -12, 8], [0, 12, -8], [0, -12, -8],
+                    [6, 0, 12], [-6, 0, 12], [6, 0, -12], [-6, 0, -12]]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=vertices, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def rhombicosidodecahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the rhombicosidodecahedron.
+
+        The rhombicosidodecahedron is an Archimedean solid.
+        It has 62 faces and 60 vertices. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Rhombicosidodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if ``exact=False``
+          it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: rid = polytopes.rhombicosidodecahedron()   # long time (6secs)
+            sage: rid.f_vector()                             # long time
+            (1, 60, 120, 62, 1)
+            sage: rid.base_ring()                            # long time
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+
+        A much faster implementation using floating point approximations::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: rid = polytopes.rhombicosidodecahedron(exact=False)
+            sage: rid.f_vector()
+            (1, 60, 120, 62, 1)
+            sage: rid.base_ring()
+            Real Double Field
+
+        Its facets are 20 triangles, 30 squares and 12 pentagons::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: sum(1 for f in rid.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 3)
+            20
+            sage: sum(1 for f in rid.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 4)
+            30
+            sage: sum(1 for f in rid.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 5)
+            12
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: rid = polytopes.rhombicosidodecahedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: rid.f_vector()
+            (1, 60, 120, 62, 1)
+            sage: rid.base_ring()
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = K.gen()
+            g = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+
+        pts = [[s1 * base_ring.one(), s2 * base_ring.one(), s3 * (g**3)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        pts += [[s1 * (g**2), s2 * g, s3 * 2 * g]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        pts += [[s1 * (2 + g), 0, s2 * (g**2)]
+                for s1, s2 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=2)]
+        # the vertices are all even permutations of the lists in pts
+        verts = pts
+        verts += [[v[1], v[2], v[0]] for v in pts]
+        verts += [[v[2], v[0], v[1]] for v in pts]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def truncated_icosidodecahedron(self, exact=True, base_ring=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the truncated icosidodecahedron.
+
+        The truncated icosidodecahedron is an Archimedean solid.
+        It has 62 faces and 120 vertices. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Truncated_icosidodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use an
+          approximate ring for the coordinates
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to. If
+          it is not provided and ``exact=True`` it will be a the number field
+          `\QQ[\phi]` where `\phi` is the golden ratio and if ``exact=False``
+          it will be the real double field.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: ti = polytopes.truncated_icosidodecahedron()  # long time
+            sage: ti.f_vector()                                 # long time
+            (1, 120, 180, 62, 1)
+            sage: ti.base_ring()                                # long time
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5
+             with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+
+        The implementation using floating point approximations is much faster::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: ti = polytopes.truncated_icosidodecahedron(exact=False)  # random
+            sage: ti.f_vector()
+            (1, 120, 180, 62, 1)
+            sage: ti.base_ring()
+            Real Double Field
+
+        Its facets are 30 squares, 20 hexagons and 12 decagons::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: sum(1 for f in ti.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 4)
+            30
+            sage: sum(1 for f in ti.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 6)
+            20
+            sage: sum(1 for f in ti.facets() if len(f.vertices()) == 10)
+            12
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: ti = polytopes.truncated_icosidodecahedron(backend='normaliz')
+            sage: ti.f_vector()
+            (1, 120, 180, 62, 1)
+            sage: ti.base_ring()
+            Number Field in sqrt5 with defining polynomial x^2 - 5 with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?
+        """
+        if base_ring is None and exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = K.gen()
+            g = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            if base_ring is None:
+                from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+
+        pts = [[s1 * 1 / g, s2 * 1 / g, s3 * (3 + g)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        pts += [[s1 * 2 / g, s2 * g, s3 * (1 + 2 * g)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        pts += [[s1 * 1 / g, s2 * (g**2), s3 * (-1 + 3 * g)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        pts += [[s1 * (-1 + 2 * g), s2 * 2 * base_ring.one(), s3 * (2 + g)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        pts += [[s1 * g, s2 * 3 * base_ring.one(), s3 * 2 * g]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in itertools.product([1, -1], repeat=3)]
+        # the vertices are all ever permutations of the lists in pts
+        verts = pts
+        verts += [[v[1], v[2], v[0]] for v in pts]
+        verts += [[v[2], v[0], v[1]] for v in pts]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def snub_dodecahedron(self, base_ring=None, backend=None, verbose=False):
+        """
+        Return the snub dodecahedron.
+
+        The snub dodecahedron is an Archimedean solid.
+        It has 92 faces and 60 vertices. For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Snub_dodecahedron`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- the ring in which the coordinates will belong to; if
+          it is not provided it will be the real double field
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Only the backend using the optional normaliz package can construct
+        the snub dodecahedron in reasonable time::
+
+            sage: sd = polytopes.snub_dodecahedron(base_ring=AA,        # optional - pynormaliz, long time
+            ....:                                  backend='normaliz')
+            sage: sd.f_vector()                                         # optional - pynormaliz, long time
+            (1, 60, 150, 92, 1)
+            sage: sd.base_ring()                                        # optional - pynormaliz, long time
+            Algebraic Real Field
+
+        Its facets are 80 triangles and 12 pentagons::
+
+            sage: sum(1 for f in sd.facets()                            # optional - pynormaliz, long time
+            ....:       if len(f.vertices()) == 3)
+            80
+            sage: sum(1 for f in sd.facets()                            # optional - pynormaliz, long time
+            ....:       if len(f.vertices()) == 5)
+            12
+
+        TESTS:
+
+        The cdd backend with floating point arithmetic fails for this
+        polytope::
+
+            sage: sd = polytopes.snub_dodecahedron()        # not tested
+            sage: sd.f_vector()                             # not tested
+            (1, 60, 150, 92, 1)
+            sage: sd.base_ring()                            # not tested
+            Real Double Field
+        """
+        if base_ring is None:
+            from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+        phi = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+        xi = ((phi/2 + (phi - ZZ(5)/27).sqrt()/2)**(~ZZ(3)) +
+              (phi/2 - (phi - ZZ(5)/27).sqrt()/2)**(~ZZ(3)))
+
+        alpha = xi - 1 / xi
+        beta = xi * phi + phi**2 + phi / xi
+        signs = [[-1,-1,-1], [-1,1,1], [1,-1,1], [1,1,-1]]
+
+        pts = [[s1 * 2 * alpha, s2 * 2 * base_ring.one(), s3 * 2 * beta]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in signs]
+        pts += [[s1 * (alpha + beta/phi + phi), s2 * (-alpha * phi + beta + 1/phi), s3 * (alpha/phi + beta * phi - 1)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in signs]
+        pts += [[s1 * (alpha + beta/phi - phi), s2 * (alpha * phi - beta + 1/phi), s3 * (alpha/phi + beta * phi + 1)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in signs]
+        pts += [[s1 * (-alpha/phi + beta * phi + 1), s2 * (-alpha + beta/phi - phi), s3 * (alpha * phi + beta - 1/phi)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in signs]
+        pts += [[s1 * (-alpha/phi + beta * phi - 1), s2 * (alpha - beta/phi - phi), s3 * (alpha * phi + beta + 1/phi)]
+                for s1, s2, s3 in signs]
+
+        # the vertices are all even permutations of the lists in pts
+        verts = pts
+        verts += [[v[1], v[2], v[0]] for v in pts]
+        verts += [[v[2], v[0], v[1]] for v in pts]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend, verbose=verbose)
+
+    def twenty_four_cell(self, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the standard 24-cell polytope.
+
+        The 24-cell polyhedron (also called icositetrachoron or octaplex) is a
+        regular polyhedron in 4-dimension. For more information see
+        the :wikipedia:`24-cell`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p24 = polytopes.twenty_four_cell()
+            sage: p24.f_vector()
+            (1, 24, 96, 96, 24, 1)
+            sage: v = next(p24.vertex_generator())
+            sage: for adj in v.neighbors(): print(adj)
+            A vertex at (-1/2, -1/2, -1/2, 1/2)
+            A vertex at (-1/2, -1/2, 1/2, -1/2)
+            A vertex at (-1, 0, 0, 0)
+            A vertex at (-1/2, 1/2, -1/2, -1/2)
+            A vertex at (0, -1, 0, 0)
+            A vertex at (0, 0, -1, 0)
+            A vertex at (0, 0, 0, -1)
+            A vertex at (1/2, -1/2, -1/2, -1/2)
+
+            sage: p24.volume()
+            2
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: tfcell = polytopes.twenty_four_cell(backend='normaliz')    # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(tfcell).run()                                    # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        q12 = QQ((1, 2))
+        verts = list(itertools.product([q12, -q12], repeat=4))
+        B4 = (ZZ**4).basis()
+        verts.extend(B4)
+        verts.extend(-v for v in B4)
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, backend=backend)
+
+    def runcitruncated_six_hundred_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the runcitruncated 600-cell.
+
+        The runcitruncated 600-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in
+        the `H_4` family. It has 7200 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Runcitruncated 600-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.runcitruncated_six_hundred_cell(backend='normaliz')  # not tested - very long time
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of
+            7200 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[1, 1, 0, 1], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def cantitruncated_six_hundred_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the cantitruncated 600-cell.
+
+        The cantitruncated 600-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in
+        the `H_4` family. It has 7200 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Cantitruncated 600-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cantitruncated_six_hundred_cell(exact=True,          # not tested - very long time
+            ....:                                           backend='normaliz')
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 7200 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[1, 1, 1, 0], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def bitruncated_six_hundred_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the bitruncated 600-cell.
+
+        The bitruncated 600-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 3600 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Bitruncated 600-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.runcinated_six_hundred_cell(exact=True,              # not tested - very long time
+            ....:                                       backend='normaliz')
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 3600 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[0, 1, 1, 0], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def cantellated_six_hundred_cell(self, exact=False, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the cantellated 600-cell.
+
+        The cantellated 600-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 3600 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Cantellated 600-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are inexact by default. The computation with
+            inexact coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) issues a
+            UserWarning on inconsistencies.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cantellated_six_hundred_cell()       # not tested - very long time
+            doctest:warning
+            ...
+            UserWarning: This polyhedron data is numerically complicated; cdd
+            could not convert between the inexact V and H representation
+            without loss of data. The resulting object might show
+            inconsistencies.
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^4 defined as the convex hull of 3600 vertices
+
+        It is possible to use the backend ``'normaliz'`` to get an exact
+        representation::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cantellated_six_hundred_cell(exact=True,  # not tested - long time
+            ....:                                        backend='normaliz')
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 3600 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[1, 0, 1, 0], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def truncated_six_hundred_cell(self, exact=False, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the truncated 600-cell.
+
+        The truncated 600-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 1440 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Truncated 600-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are not exact by default. The computation with
+            exact coordinates takes a huge amount of time.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.truncated_six_hundred_cell()  # not tested - long time
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^4 defined as the convex hull of 1440 vertices
+
+        It is possible to use the backend ``'normaliz'`` to get an exact
+        representation::
+
+            sage: polytopes.truncated_six_hundred_cell(exact=True,backend='normaliz')  # not tested, long time (16s)
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 1440 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[1, 1, 0, 0], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def rectified_six_hundred_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the rectified 600-cell.
+
+        The rectified 600-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 720 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Rectified 600-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.rectified_six_hundred_cell(backend='normaliz')              # not tested, long time (14s)
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 720 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[0, 1, 0, 0], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def six_hundred_cell(self, exact=False, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the standard 600-cell polytope.
+
+        The 600-cell is a 4-dimensional regular polytope. In many ways this is
+        an analogue of the icosahedron.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are not exact by default. The computation with
+            exact coordinates takes a huge amount of time.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: p600 = polytopes.six_hundred_cell(); p600                             # needs sage.groups
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^4 defined as the convex hull of 120 vertices
+            sage: p600.f_vector()               # long time (~2sec)                     # needs sage.groups
+            (1, 120, 720, 1200, 600, 1)
+
+        Computation with exact coordinates is currently too long to be useful::
+
+            sage: p600 = polytopes.six_hundred_cell(exact=True)         # long time, not tested, needs sage.groups
+            sage: len(list(p600.bounded_edges()))                       # long time, not tested, needs sage.groups
+            720
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.groups sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: p600 = polytopes.six_hundred_cell(exact=True,
+            ....:                                   backend='normaliz')
+            sage: len(list(p600.bounded_edges()))                       # long time
+            720
+        """
+        if exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = K.gen()
+            g = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+
+        q12 = base_ring(1) / base_ring(2)
+        z = base_ring.zero()
+        verts = [[s1*q12, s2*q12, s3*q12, s4*q12] for s1,s2,s3,s4 in itertools.product([1,-1], repeat=4)]
+        V = (base_ring)**4
+        verts.extend(V.basis())
+        verts.extend(-v for v in V.basis())
+        pts = [[s1 * q12, s2*g/2, s3/(2*g), z] for (s1,s2,s3) in itertools.product([1,-1], repeat=3)]
+        for p in AlternatingGroup(4):
+            verts.extend(p(x) for x in pts)
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def grand_antiprism(self, exact=True, backend=None, verbose=False):
+        """
+        Return the grand antiprism.
+
+        The grand antiprism is a 4-dimensional non-Wythoffian uniform polytope.
+        The coordinates were taken from http://eusebeia.dyndns.org/4d/gap. For
+        more information, see the :wikipedia:`Grand_antiprism`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with exact
+            coordinates is not as fast as with floating point approximations.
+            If you find this method to be too slow, consider using floating
+            point approximations
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use floating
+          point approximations instead of exact coordinates
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: gap = polytopes.grand_antiprism()  # not tested - very long time
+            sage: gap                                # not tested - very long time
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in (Number Field in sqrt5 with defining
+            polynomial x^2 - 5 with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?)^4 defined as
+            the convex hull of 100 vertices
+
+        Computation with the backend ``'normaliz'`` is instantaneous::
+
+            sage: gap_norm = polytopes.grand_antiprism(backend='normaliz')      # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: gap_norm                                                      # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.rings.number_field
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in (Number Field in sqrt5 with defining
+            polynomial x^2 - 5 with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?)^4 defined as
+            the convex hull of 100 vertices
+
+        Computation with approximated coordinates is also faster, but inexact::
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: gap = polytopes.grand_antiprism(exact=False) # random
+            sage: gap
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^4 defined as the convex hull of 100 vertices
+            sage: gap.f_vector()
+            (1, 100, 500, 720, 320, 1)
+            sage: len(list(gap.bounded_edges()))
+            500
+        """
+        from itertools import product
+
+        if exact:
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            K = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = K.gen()
+            g = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            base_ring = K
+        else:
+            from sage.rings.real_double import RDF as base_ring
+            g = (1 + base_ring(5).sqrt()) / 2
+
+        q12 = base_ring(1) / base_ring(2)
+        z = base_ring.zero()
+        verts = [[s1*q12, s2*q12, s3*q12, s4*q12] for s1,s2,s3,s4 in product([1,-1], repeat=4)]
+        V = (base_ring)**4
+        verts.extend(V.basis()[2:])
+        verts.extend(-v for v in V.basis()[2:])
+
+        verts.extend([s1 * q12, s2/(2*g), s3*g/2, z] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+        verts.extend([s3*g/2, s1 * q12, s2/(2*g), z] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+        verts.extend([s2/(2*g), s3*g/2, s1 * q12, z] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+
+        verts.extend([s1 * q12, s2*g/2, z, s3/(2*g)] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+        verts.extend([s3/(2*g), s1 * q12, z, s2*g/2] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+        verts.extend([s2*g/2, s3/(2*g), z, s1 * q12] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+
+        verts.extend([s1 * q12, z, s2/(2*g), s3*g/2] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+
+        verts.extend([z, s1 * q12, s2*g/2, s3/(2*g)] for (s1,s2,s3) in product([1,-1], repeat=3))
+
+        verts.extend([z, s1/(2*g), q12, g/2] for s1 in [1, -1])
+        verts.extend([z, s1/(2*g), -q12, -g/2] for s1 in [1, -1])
+
+        verts.extend([z, s1*g/2, 1/(2*g), q12] for s1 in [1, -1])
+        verts.extend([z, s1*g/2, -1/(2*g), -q12] for s1 in [1, -1])
+
+        verts.extend([s1*g/2, z, q12, -1/(2*g)] for s1 in [1, -1])
+        verts.extend([s1*g/2, z, -q12, 1/(2*g)] for s1 in [1, -1])
+
+        verts.extend([s1/(2*g), z, g/2, -q12] for s1 in [1, -1])
+        verts.extend([s1/(2*g), z, -g/2, q12] for s1 in [1, -1])
+
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend, verbose=verbose)
+
+    def Gosset_3_21(self, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the Gosset `3_{21}` polytope.
+
+        The Gosset `3_{21}` polytope is a uniform 7-polytope. It has 56
+        vertices, and 702 facets: `126` `3_{11}` and `576` `6`-simplex. For
+        more information, see the :wikipedia:`3_21_polytope`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: g = polytopes.Gosset_3_21(); g
+            A 7-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^8 defined as the convex hull of 56 vertices
+            sage: g.f_vector() # not tested (~16s)
+            (1, 56, 756, 4032, 10080, 12096, 6048, 702, 1)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: G321 = polytopes.Gosset_3_21(backend='normaliz')   # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(G321).run()                              # optional - pynormaliz, long time
+        """
+        from itertools import combinations
+        verts = []
+        for i, j in combinations(range(8), 2):
+            x = [1]*8
+            x[i] = x[j] = -3
+            verts.append(x)
+            verts.append([-xx for xx in x])
+
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=ZZ, backend=backend)
+
+    def cyclic_polytope(self, dim, n, base_ring=QQ, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a cyclic polytope.
+
+        A cyclic polytope of dimension ``dim`` with ``n`` vertices is the
+        convex hull of the points  ``(t,t^2,...,t^dim)`` with `t \in
+        \{0,1,...,n-1\}` .  For more information, see the
+        :wikipedia:`Cyclic_polytope`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- positive integer; the dimension of the polytope
+
+        - ``n`` -- positive integer; the number of vertices
+
+        - ``base_ring`` -- either ``QQ`` (default) or ``RDF``
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: c = polytopes.cyclic_polytope(4,10)
+            sage: c.f_vector()
+            (1, 10, 45, 70, 35, 1)
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cp = polytopes.cyclic_polytope(4,10,backend='normaliz')  # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(cp).run()                                      # optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        verts = [[t**i for i in range(1, dim+1)] for t in range(n)]
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+    def hypersimplex(self, dim, k, project=False, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the hypersimplex in dimension ``dim`` and parameter ``k``.
+
+        The hypersimplex `\Delta_{d,k}` is the convex hull of the vertices made
+        of `k` ones and `d-k` zeros. It lies in the `d-1` hyperplane of vectors
+        of sum `k`. If you want a projected version to `\RR^{d-1}` (with
+        floating point coordinates) then set ``project=True`` in the options.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`simplex`
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- the dimension
+
+        - ``n`` -- the numbers ``(1,...,n)`` are permuted
+
+        - ``project`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the polytope
+          is (isometrically) projected to a vector space of dimension
+          ``dim-1``.  This operation turns the coordinates into floating point
+          approximations and corresponds to the projection given by the matrix
+          from :func:`zero_sum_projection`.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: h_4_2 = polytopes.hypersimplex(4, 2)
+            sage: h_4_2
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 6 vertices
+            sage: h_4_2.f_vector()
+            (1, 6, 12, 8, 1)
+            sage: h_4_2.ehrhart_polynomial()                            # optional - latte_int
+            2/3*t^3 + 2*t^2 + 7/3*t + 1
+            sage: TestSuite(h_4_2).run()
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: h_7_3 = polytopes.hypersimplex(7, 3, project=True)
+            sage: h_7_3
+            A 6-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^6 defined as the convex hull of 35 vertices
+            sage: h_7_3.f_vector()
+            (1, 35, 210, 350, 245, 84, 14, 1)
+            sage: TestSuite(h_7_3).run(skip=["_test_pyramid", "_test_lawrence"])
+        """
+        verts = Permutations([0] * (dim - k) + [1] * k).list()
+        if project:
+            verts = project_points(*verts)
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, backend=backend)
+
+    def permutahedron(self, n, project=False, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the standard permutahedron of (1,...,n).
+
+        The permutahedron (or permutohedron) is the convex hull of the
+        permutations of `\{1,\ldots,n\}` seen as vectors. The edges
+        between the permutations correspond to multiplication on the
+        right by an elementary transposition in the
+        :class:`~sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.SymmetricGroup`.
+
+        If we take the graph in which the vertices correspond to
+        vertices of the polyhedron, and edges to edges, we get the
+        :meth:`~sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.BubbleSortGraph`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- integer
+
+        - ``project`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True``, the polytope
+          is (isometrically) projected to a vector space of dimension
+          ``dim-1``.  This operation turns the coordinates into floating point
+          approximations and corresponds to the projection given by the matrix
+          from :func:`zero_sum_projection`.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: perm4 = polytopes.permutahedron(4); perm4
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
+            sage: perm4.is_lattice_polytope()
+            True
+            sage: perm4.ehrhart_polynomial()   # optional - latte_int
+            16*t^3 + 15*t^2 + 6*t + 1
+
+            sage: # needs cddexec
+            sage: perm4 = polytopes.permutahedron(4, project=True); perm4
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^3 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
+            sage: perm4.plot()                                                          # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics3d Object
+            sage: perm4.graph().is_isomorphic(graphs.BubbleSortGraph(4))                # needs sage.graphs
+            True
+
+        As both Hrepresentation and Vrepresentation are known, the permutahedron can be set
+        up with both using the backend ``field``. The following takes very very long time
+        to recompute, e.g. with backend ``ppl``::
+
+            sage: polytopes.permutahedron(8, backend='field')  # (~1s)
+            A 7-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^8 defined as the convex hull of 40320 vertices
+            sage: polytopes.permutahedron(9, backend='field')  # not tested (memory consumption)  # (~5s)
+            A 8-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^9 defined as the convex hull of 362880 vertices
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            * :meth:`~sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.BubbleSortGraph`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: p4 = polytopes.permutahedron(4, backend='normaliz')  # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(p4).run()                                  # optional - pynormaliz
+
+        Check that precomputed data is correct::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.permutahedron(5, backend='field')
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run()  # long time
+        """
+        verts = itertools.permutations(range(1, n + 1))
+        if project:
+            verts = project_points(*verts)
+            return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, backend=backend)
+        else:
+            parent = Polyhedra(ZZ, n, backend=backend)
+
+            def tri(m):
+                return (m * (m + 1)) // 2
+
+            # Each proper `S \subset [n]` corresponds exactly to
+            # a facet that minimizes the coordinates in `S`.
+            # The minimal sum for `m` coordinates is `(m*(m+1))/2`.
+            ieqs = ((-tri(sum(x)),) + x
+                    for x in itertools.product([0,1], repeat=n)
+                    if 0 < sum(x) < n)
+
+            # Adding the defining equality.
+            eqns = ((-tri(n),) + tuple(1 for _ in range(n)),)
+
+            return parent([verts, [], []], [ieqs, eqns],
+                          Vrep_minimal=True, Hrep_minimal=True, pref_rep='Hrep')
+
+    def generalized_permutahedron(self, coxeter_type, point=None, exact=True, regular=False, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the generalized permutahedron of type ``coxeter_type`` as the
+        convex hull of the orbit of ``point`` in the fundamental cone.
+
+        This generalized permutahedron lies in the vector space used in the
+        geometric representation, that is, in the default case, the dimension
+        of generalized permutahedron equals the dimension of the space.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coxeter_type`` -- a Coxeter type; given as a pair [type,rank],
+          where type is a letter and rank is the number of generators
+
+        - ``point`` -- list (default: ``None``); a point given by its
+          coordinates in the weight basis. If ``None`` is given, the point
+          `(1, 1, 1, \ldots)` is used.
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``False`` use floating
+          point approximations instead of exact coordinates
+
+        - ``regular`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); whether to apply a
+          linear transformation making the vertex figures isometric
+
+        - ``backend`` -- backend to use to create the polytope; (default:
+          ``None``)
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: perm_a3 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(['A',3]); perm_a3       # needs sage.combinat
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
+
+        You can put the starting point along the hyperplane of the first
+        generator::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: perm_a3_011 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(['A',3], [0,1,1])
+            sage: perm_a3_011
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 12 vertices
+            sage: perm_a3_110 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(['A',3], [1,1,0])
+            sage: perm_a3_110
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 12 vertices
+            sage: perm_a3_110.is_combinatorially_isomorphic(perm_a3_011)
+            True
+            sage: perm_a3_101 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(['A',3], [1,0,1])
+            sage: perm_a3_101
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^3 defined as the convex hull of 12 vertices
+            sage: perm_a3_110.is_combinatorially_isomorphic(perm_a3_101)
+            False
+            sage: perm_a3_011.f_vector()
+            (1, 12, 18, 8, 1)
+            sage: perm_a3_101.f_vector()
+            (1, 12, 24, 14, 1)
+
+        The usual output does not necessarily give a polyhedron with isometric
+        vertex figures::
+
+            sage: perm_a2 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(['A',2])                # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: perm_a2.vertices()                                                    # needs sage.combinat
+            (A vertex at (-1, -1),
+             A vertex at (-1, 0),
+             A vertex at (0, -1),
+             A vertex at (0, 1),
+             A vertex at (1, 0),
+             A vertex at (1, 1))
+
+        It works also with Coxeter types that lead to non-rational coordinates::
+
+            sage: perm_b3 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(['B',3])        # long time, needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: perm_b3                                                       # long time, needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in
+             (Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?)^3
+             defined as the convex hull of 48 vertices
+
+        Setting ``regular=True`` applies a linear transformation to get
+        isometric vertex figures and the result is inscribed. This cannot be done using
+        rational coordinates. We first do the computations using floating point
+        approximations (``RDF``)::
+
+            sage: perm_a2_inexact = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(                # needs sage.combinat
+            ....:     ['A',2], exact=False)
+            sage: sorted(perm_a2_inexact.vertices())                                    # needs sage.combinat
+            [A vertex at (-1.0, -1.0),
+             A vertex at (-1.0, 0.0),
+             A vertex at (0.0, -1.0),
+             A vertex at (0.0, 1.0),
+             A vertex at (1.0, 0.0),
+             A vertex at (1.0, 1.0)]
+
+            sage: perm_a2_inexact_reg = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(            # needs sage.combinat
+            ....:     ['A',2], exact=False, regular=True)
+            sage: sorted(perm_a2_inexact_reg.vertices())                                # needs sage.combinat
+            [A vertex at (-1.0, 0.0),
+             A vertex at (-0.5, -0.8660254038),
+             A vertex at (-0.5, 0.8660254038),
+             A vertex at (0.5, -0.8660254038),
+             A vertex at (0.5, 0.8660254038),
+             A vertex at (1.0, 0.0)]
+
+        We can do the same computation using exact arithmetic with the field ``AA``::
+
+            sage: perm_a2_reg = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(                    # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            ....:     ['A',2], regular=True)
+            sage: V = sorted(perm_a2_reg.vertices()); V  # random                       # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            [A vertex at (-1, 0),
+             A vertex at (-1/2, -0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (-1/2, 0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (1/2, -0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (1/2, 0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (1.000000000000000?, 0.?e-18)]
+
+        Even though the numbers look like floating point approximations, the computation is
+        actually exact. We can clean up the display a bit using ``exactify``::
+
+            sage: for v in V:                                                           # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            ....:     for x in v:
+            ....:         x.exactify()
+            sage: V                                                                     # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            [A vertex at (-1, 0),
+             A vertex at (-1/2, -0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (-1/2, 0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (1/2, -0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (1/2, 0.866025403784439?),
+             A vertex at (1, 0)]
+            sage: perm_a2_reg.is_inscribed()                                            # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            True
+
+        Larger examples take longer::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: perm_a3_reg = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(    # long time
+            ....:     ['A',3], regular=True); perm_a3_reg
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in AA^3 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
+            sage: perm_a3_reg.is_inscribed()    # long time
+            True
+            sage: perm_b3_reg = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(    # long time (12sec on 64 bits), not tested
+            ....:     ['B',3], regular=True); perm_b3_reg
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in AA^3 defined as the convex hull of 48 vertices
+
+        It is faster with the backend ``'number_field'``, which internally uses an embedded
+        number field instead of doing the computations directly with the base ring (``AA``)::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: perm_a3_reg_nf = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(
+            ....:    ['A',3], regular=True, backend='number_field'); perm_a3_reg_nf
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in AA^3 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
+            sage: perm_a3_reg_nf.is_inscribed()
+            True
+            sage: perm_b3_reg_nf = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(         # long time
+            ....:    ['B',3], regular=True, backend='number_field'); perm_b3_reg_nf
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in AA^3 defined as the convex hull of 48 vertices
+
+        It is even faster with the backend ``'normaliz'``::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: perm_a3_reg_norm = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(
+            ....:    ['A',3], regular=True, backend='normaliz'); perm_a3_reg_norm
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in AA^3 defined as the convex hull of 24 vertices
+            sage: perm_a3_reg_norm.is_inscribed()
+            True
+            sage: perm_b3_reg_norm = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(
+            ....:    ['B',3], regular=True, backend='normaliz'); perm_b3_reg_norm
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in AA^3 defined as the convex hull of 48 vertices
+
+        The speedups from using backend ``'normaliz'`` allow us to go even further::
+
+            sage: # optional - pynormaliz, needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: perm_h3 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(
+            ....:     ['H',3], backend='normaliz'); perm_h3
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in
+             (Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 5 with a = 2.236067977499790?)^3
+             defined as the convex hull of 120 vertices
+            sage: perm_f4 = polytopes.generalized_permutahedron(        # long time
+            ....:     ['F',4], backend='normaliz'); perm_f4
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron
+             in (Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with a = 1.414213562373095?)^4
+             defined as the convex hull of 1152 vertices
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            * :meth:`~sage.combinat.root_system.reflection_group_real.permutahedron`
+            * :meth:`~sage.categories.finite_coxeter_groups.permutahedron`
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: TestSuite(perm_h3).run()      # optional - pynormaliz                 # needs sage.combinat sage.rings.number_field
+        """
+        from sage.combinat.root_system.coxeter_group import CoxeterGroup
+        try:
+            W = CoxeterGroup(coxeter_type)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise ValueError("cannot build a Coxeter group from {}".format(coxeter_type))
+        n = W.one().canonical_matrix().rank()
+        weights = W.fundamental_weights()
+        if point is None:
+            point = [ZZ.one()] * n
+        apex = sum(point[i-1] * weights[i] for i in weights.keys())
+        # Try to rationalize the starting point
+        non_zero_index = list(apex).index([x for x in apex if x != 0][0])
+        apex = (QQ(1)/apex[non_zero_index]) * apex
+        apex.set_immutable()
+        vertices = set()
+        # This does not work well with UCF, so we set it to None:
+        # br = apex.base_ring()
+        br = None
+        for w in W:
+            # The apex is considered in the space on which it acts and not in
+            # the weight space.
+            new_point = w * apex
+            new_point.set_immutable()
+            vertices.add(new_point)
+        if regular:
+            from sage.rings.qqbar import AA
+            from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
+            from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+            # This transformation fixes the first root and adjust the other
+            # roots to have the correct angles
+            bf = W.bilinear_form()
+            transf_col = [[1] + [0]*(n-1)]
+            for i in range(1, n):
+                new_col = [0]*i + [1] + [0]*(n-i-1)
+                transf_col += [new_col]
+                m = matrix(AA, transf_col)
+                col = bf.column(i)
+                rhs = vector(AA, list(col[:i+1]))
+                adjusted_col = m.solve_right(rhs)
+                # Then scales the images so that the polytope is inscribed
+                c = 1 - sum(adjusted_col[j]**2 for j in range(n) if j != i)
+                c = c.sqrt()
+                adjusted_col[i] = c
+                transf_col[-1] = adjusted_col
+            # TODO: Make this matrix into the cyclotomics, the value of c is an
+            # algebraic number not anymore in the cyclotomic field.
+            transf = matrix(transf_col).transpose()
+            vertices = [transf * v.change_ring(AA) for v in vertices]
+            br = AA
+        if not exact:
+            from sage.rings.real_double import RDF
+            vertices = [v.change_ring(RDF) for v in vertices]
+            br = RDF
+        return Polyhedron(vertices=vertices, backend=backend, base_ring=br)
+
+    def omnitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the omnitruncated 120-cell.
+
+        The omnitruncated 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 14400 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Omnitruncated 120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.omnitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(backend='normaliz')  # not tested - very long time ~10min
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 14400 vertices
+        """
+        if not exact:
+            # cdd finds a numerical inconsistency.
+            raise NotImplementedError("cannot compute the convex hull using floating points")
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    omnitruncated_six_hundred_cell = omnitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell
+
+    def runcitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=False, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the runcitruncated 120-cell.
+
+        The runcitruncated 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in
+        the `H_4` family. It has 7200 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Runcitruncated 120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are inexact by default. The computation with
+            inexact coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) issues a
+            UserWarning on inconsistencies.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.runcitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(exact=False)  # not tested - very long time
+            doctest:warning
+            ...
+            UserWarning: This polyhedron data is numerically complicated; cdd
+            could not convert between the inexact V and H representation
+            without loss of data. The resulting object might show
+            inconsistencies.
+
+        It is possible to use the backend ``'normaliz'`` to get an exact
+        representation::
+
+            sage: polytopes.runcitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(exact=True,   # not tested - very long time
+            ....:                                                  backend='normaliz')
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 7200 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[1, 0, 1, 1], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def cantitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the cantitruncated 120-cell.
+
+        The cantitruncated 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in
+        the `H_4` family. It has 7200 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Cantitruncated 120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cantitruncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(exact=True, backend='normaliz')  # not tested - very long time
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 7200 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[0, 1, 1, 1], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def runcinated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=False, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the runcinated 120-cell.
+
+        The runcinated 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 2400 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Runcinated 120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are inexact by default. The computation with
+            inexact coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) issues a
+            UserWarning on inconsistencies.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.runcinated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(exact=False)  # not tested - very long time
+            doctest:warning ...  UserWarning: This polyhedron data is
+            numerically complicated; cdd could not convert between the inexact
+            V and H representation without loss of data. The resulting object
+            might show inconsistencies.
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in RDF^4 defined as the convex hull of 2400 vertices
+
+        It is possible to use the backend ``'normaliz'`` to get an exact
+        representation::
+
+            sage: polytopes.runcinated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(exact=True,   # not tested - very long time
+            ....:                                              backend='normaliz')
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 2400 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[1, 0, 0, 1], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def cantellated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the cantellated 120-cell.
+
+        The cantellated 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 3600 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Cantellated 120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.cantellated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(backend='normaliz')  # not tested - long time
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 3600 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[0, 1, 0, 1], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def truncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the truncated 120-cell.
+
+        The truncated 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 2400 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Truncated 120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.truncated_one_hundred_twenty_cell(backend='normaliz')  # not tested - long time
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 2400 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[0, 0, 1, 1], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def rectified_one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None):
+        """
+        Return the rectified 120-cell.
+
+        The rectified 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the
+        `H_4` family. It has 1200 vertices. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`Rectified 120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.rectified_one_hundred_twenty_cell(backend='normaliz')  # not tested - long time
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 1200 vertices
+        """
+        return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[0, 0, 1, 0], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+
+    def one_hundred_twenty_cell(self, exact=True, backend=None, construction='coxeter'):
+        """
+        Return the 120-cell.
+
+        The 120-cell is a 4-dimensional 4-uniform polytope in the `H_4` family.
+        It has 600 vertices and 120 facets. For more information see
+        :wikipedia:`120-cell`.
+
+        .. WARNING::
+
+            The coordinates are exact by default. The computation with inexact
+            coordinates (using the backend ``'cdd'``) returns a numerical
+            inconsistency error, and thus cannot be computed.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``exact`` -- boolean (default: ``True``); if ``True`` use exact
+          coordinates instead of floating point approximations
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        - ``construction`` -- string (default: ``'coxeter'``); the construction to use.
+          The other possibility is 'as_permutahedron'.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The classical construction given by Coxeter in [Cox1969]_ is given by::
+
+            sage: polytopes.one_hundred_twenty_cell()                    # not tested, long time (~15s)
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in (Number Field in sqrt5 with defining
+             polynomial x^2 - 5 with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?)^4 defined as
+             the convex hull of 600 vertices
+
+        The ``'normaliz'`` is faster::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.one_hundred_twenty_cell(backend='normaliz'); P  # optional - pynormaliz
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in (Number Field in sqrt5 with defining
+             polynomial x^2 - 5 with sqrt5 = 2.236067977499790?)^4 defined as
+             the convex hull of 600 vertices
+
+        It is also possible to realize it using the generalized permutahedron
+        of type `H_4`::
+
+            sage: polytopes.one_hundred_twenty_cell(backend='normaliz',  # not tested - long time
+            ....:                                   construction='as_permutahedron')
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in AA^4 defined as the convex hull of 600 vertices
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run()                                 # long time, optional - pynormaliz
+        """
+        if construction == 'coxeter':
+            if not exact:
+                raise ValueError("The 'cdd' backend produces numerical inconsistencies, use 'exact=True'.")
+            from sage.rings.number_field.number_field import QuadraticField
+            base_ring = QuadraticField(5, 'sqrt5')
+            sqrt5 = base_ring.gen()
+            phi = (1 + sqrt5) / 2
+            phi_inv = base_ring.one() / phi
+
+            # The 24 permutations of [0,0,±2,±2] (the ± are independent)
+            verts = Permutations([0,0,2,2]).list() + Permutations([0,0,-2,-2]).list() + Permutations([0,0,2,-2]).list()
+
+            # The 64 permutations of the following vectors:
+            # [±1,±1,±1,±sqrt(5)]
+            # [±1/phi^2,±phi,±phi,±phi]
+            # [±1/phi,±1/phi,±1/phi,±phi^2]
+            from sage.categories.cartesian_product import cartesian_product
+            full_perm_vectors = [[[1,-1],[1,-1],[1,-1],[-sqrt5,sqrt5]],
+                                 [[phi_inv**2,-phi_inv**2],[phi,-phi],[phi,-phi],[-phi,phi]],
+                                 [[phi_inv,-phi_inv],[phi_inv,-phi_inv],[phi_inv,-phi_inv],[-(phi**2),phi**2]]]
+            for vect in full_perm_vectors:
+                cp = cartesian_product(vect)
+                # The group action creates duplicates, so we reduce it:
+                verts += list({tuple(p) for c in cp
+                               for p in Permutations(list(c))})
+
+            # The 96 even permutations of [0,±1/phi^2,±1,±phi^2]
+            # The 96 even permutations of [0,±1/phi,±phi,±sqrt(5)]
+            # The 192 even permutations of [±1/phi,±1,±phi,±2]
+            even_perm_vectors = [[[0],[phi_inv**2,-phi_inv**2],[1,-1],[-(phi**2),phi**2]],
+                                 [[0],[phi_inv,-phi_inv],[phi,-phi],[-sqrt5,sqrt5]],
+                                 [[phi_inv,-phi_inv],[1,-1],[phi,-phi],[-2,2]]]
+            even_perm = AlternatingGroup(4)
+            for vect in even_perm_vectors:
+                cp = cartesian_product(vect)
+                verts += [p(tuple(c)) for p in even_perm for c in cp]
+
+            return Polyhedron(vertices=verts, base_ring=base_ring, backend=backend)
+
+        elif construction == 'as_permutahedron':
+            return self.generalized_permutahedron(['H', 4], point=[0, 0, 0, 1], exact=exact, backend=backend, regular=True)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("construction (={}) must be either 'coxeter' or 'as_permutahedron' ".format(construction))
+
+    def hypercube(self, dim, intervals=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a hypercube of the given dimension.
+
+        The ``dim``-dimensional hypercube is by default the convex hull of the
+        `2^{\text{dim}}` `\pm 1` vectors of length ``dim``. Alternatively,
+        it is the product of ``dim`` line segments given in the ``intervals``.
+        For more information see the wikipedia article :wikipedia:`Hypercube`.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- integer; the dimension of the hypercube
+
+        - ``intervals`` -- (default: ``None``) it takes the following
+          possible inputs:
+
+          - If ``None`` (the default), it returns the `\pm 1`-cube of
+            dimension ``dim``.
+
+          - ``'zero_one'`` -- string; return the `0/1`-cube
+
+          - a list of length ``dim``. Its elements are pairs of
+            numbers `(a,b)` with `a < b`. The cube will be the product of
+            these intervals.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Create the `\pm 1`-hypercube of dimension 4::
+
+            sage: four_cube = polytopes.hypercube(4)
+            sage: four_cube.is_simple()
+            True
+            sage: four_cube.base_ring()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: four_cube.volume()
+            16
+            sage: four_cube.ehrhart_polynomial()    # optional - latte_int
+            16*t^4 + 32*t^3 + 24*t^2 + 8*t + 1
+
+        Return the `0/1`-hypercube of dimension 4::
+
+            sage: z_cube = polytopes.hypercube(4, intervals='zero_one')
+            sage: z_cube.vertices()[0]
+            A vertex at (1, 0, 1, 1)
+            sage: z_cube.is_simple()
+            True
+            sage: z_cube.base_ring()
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: z_cube.volume()
+            1
+            sage: z_cube.ehrhart_polynomial()       # optional - latte_int
+            t^4 + 4*t^3 + 6*t^2 + 4*t + 1
+
+        Return the 4-dimensional combinatorial cube that is the product of
+        [0,3]^4::
+
+            sage: t_cube = polytopes.hypercube(4, intervals=[[0,3]]*4)
+
+        Checking that t_cube is three times the previous `0/1`-cube::
+
+            sage: t_cube == 3 * z_cube
+            True
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: fc = polytopes.hypercube(4,backend='normaliz')   # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(fc).run()                              # optional - pynormaliz
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: ls = [randint(-100,100) for _ in range(4)]
+            sage: intervals = [[x, x+randint(1,50)] for x in ls]
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(4, intervals, backend='field')
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run()
+
+        Check that :issue:`29904` is fixed::
+
+            sage: intervals = [[-2,2]]
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(1, intervals, 'field')
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run()
+
+        If the dimension ``dim`` is not equal to the length of intervals, an
+        error is raised::
+
+            sage: u_cube = polytopes.hypercube(2, intervals=[[0,1],[0,2],[0,3]])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the dimension of the hypercube must match the number of intervals
+
+        The intervals must be pairs `(a, b)` with `a < b`::
+
+            sage: w_cube = polytopes.hypercube(3, intervals=[[0,1],[3,2],[0,3]])
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: each interval must be a pair `(a, b)` with `a < b`
+
+        If a string besides 'zero_one' is passed to ``intervals``, return an
+        error::
+
+            sage: v_cube = polytopes.hypercube(3, intervals='a_string')
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: the only allowed string is 'zero_one'
+
+        Check that we set up the hypercube correctly::
+
+            sage: ls = [randint(-100,100) for _ in range(4)]
+            sage: intervals = [[x, x+randint(1,50)] for x in ls]
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(4, intervals, backend='field')
+            sage: P1 = polytopes.hypercube(4, intervals, backend='ppl')                 # needs pplpy
+            sage: assert P == P1                                                        # needs pplpy
+
+        Check that coercion for input intervals is handled correctly::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(2, [[1/2, 2], [0, 1]])
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(2, [[1/2, 2], [0, 1.0]])                      # needs cddexec
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(2, [[1/2, 2], [0, AA(2).sqrt()]])             # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P = polytopes.hypercube(2, [[1/2, 2], [0, 1.0]], backend='ppl')       # needs pplpy
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            ValueError: specified backend ppl cannot handle the intervals
+        """
+        parent = Polyhedra(ZZ, dim, backend=backend)
+        convert = False
+
+        # If the intervals are (a_1,b_1), ..., (a_dim, b_dim),
+        # then the inequalities correspond to
+        # b_1,b_2,...,b_dim, a_1,a_2,...,a_dim
+        # in that order.
+
+        if intervals is None:
+            cp = itertools.product((-1, 1), repeat=dim)
+
+            # An inequality -x_i       + 1 >= 0 for i <  dim
+            # resp.          x_{dim-i} + 1 >= 0 for i >= dim
+            ieq_b = lambda i: 1
+
+        elif isinstance(intervals, str):
+            if intervals == 'zero_one':
+                cp = itertools.product((0,1), repeat=dim)
+
+                # An inequality -x_i       + 1 >= 0 for i <  dim
+                # resp.          x_{dim-i} + 0 >= 0 for i >= dim
+                ieq_b = lambda i: 1 if i < dim else 0
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("the only allowed string is 'zero_one'")
+        elif len(intervals) == dim:
+            if not all(a < b for a,b in intervals):
+                raise ValueError("each interval must be a pair `(a, b)` with `a < b`")
+            parent = parent.base_extend(sum(a + b for a,b in intervals))
+            if parent.base_ring() not in (ZZ, QQ):
+                convert = True
+            if backend and parent.backend() is not backend:
+                # If the parent changed backends, but a backend was specified,
+                # the specified backend cannot handle the intervals.
+                raise ValueError("specified backend {} cannot handle the intervals".format(backend))
+
+            cp = itertools.product(*intervals)
+
+            # An inequality -x_i       + b_i >= 0 for i <  dim
+            # resp.          x_{dim-i} - a_i >= 0 for i >= dim
+            ieq_b = lambda i: intervals[i][1] if i < dim \
+                              else -intervals[i-dim][0]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("the dimension of the hypercube must match the number of intervals")
+
+        # An inequality -x_i       + ieq_b(i)     >= 0 for i <  dim
+        # resp.          x_{dim-i} + ieq_b(i-dim) >= 0 for i >= dim
+        ieq_A = lambda i, pos: -1 if i == pos           \
+                               else 1 if i == pos + dim \
+                               else 0
+        ieqs = (tuple(ieq_b(i) if pos == 0 else ieq_A(i, pos-1)
+                      for pos in range(dim+1))
+                for i in range(2*dim))
+
+        return parent([cp, [], []], [ieqs, []], convert=convert, Vrep_minimal=True, Hrep_minimal=True, pref_rep='Hrep')
+
+    def cube(self, intervals=None, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the cube.
+
+        The cube is the Platonic solid that is obtained as the convex hull of
+        the eight `\pm 1` vectors of length 3 (by default). Alternatively, the
+        cube is the product of three intervals from ``intervals``.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`hypercube`
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``intervals`` -- list (default=None). It takes the following
+          possible inputs:
+
+          - If the input is ``None`` (the default), returns the convex hull of
+            the eight `\pm 1` vectors of length three.
+
+          - ``'zero_one'`` -- string; return the `0/1`-cube
+
+          - a list of 3 lists of length 2. The cube will be a product of
+            these three intervals.
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        OUTPUT: a cube as a polyhedron object
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        Return the `\pm 1`-cube::
+
+            sage: c = polytopes.cube()
+            sage: c
+            A 3-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^3 defined as the convex hull of 8 vertices
+            sage: c.f_vector()
+            (1, 8, 12, 6, 1)
+            sage: c.volume()
+            8
+            sage: c.plot()                                                              # needs sage.plot
+            Graphics3d Object
+
+        Return the `0/1`-cube::
+
+            sage: cc = polytopes.cube(intervals ='zero_one')
+            sage: cc.vertices_list()
+            [[1, 0, 0],
+             [1, 1, 0],
+             [1, 1, 1],
+             [1, 0, 1],
+             [0, 0, 1],
+             [0, 0, 0],
+             [0, 1, 0],
+             [0, 1, 1]]
+        """
+        return self.hypercube(3, backend=backend, intervals=intervals)
+
+    def cross_polytope(self, dim, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return a cross-polytope in dimension ``dim``.
+
+        A cross-polytope is a higher dimensional generalization of the
+        octahedron. It is the convex hull of the `2d` points `(\pm 1, 0,
+        \ldots, 0)`, `(0, \pm 1, \ldots, 0)`, \ldots, `(0, 0, \ldots, \pm 1)`.
+        See the :wikipedia:`Cross-polytope` for more information.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``dim`` -- integer; the dimension of the cross-polytope
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: four_cross = polytopes.cross_polytope(4)
+            sage: four_cross.f_vector()
+            (1, 8, 24, 32, 16, 1)
+            sage: four_cross.is_simple()
+            False
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: cp = polytopes.cross_polytope(4, backend='normaliz')  # optional - pynormaliz
+            sage: TestSuite(cp).run()                                   # optional - pynormaliz
+
+        ::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cross_polytope(6, backend='field')
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run()  # long time
+
+        Check that double description is set up correctly::
+
+            sage: P = polytopes.cross_polytope(6, backend='ppl')
+            sage: Q = polytopes.cross_polytope(6, backend='ppl')
+            sage: P == Q
+            True
+        """
+        verts = tuple((ZZ**dim).basis())
+        verts += tuple(-v for v in verts)
+        ieqs = ((1,) + x for x in itertools.product((-1,1), repeat=dim))
+        parent = Polyhedra(ZZ, dim, backend=backend)
+        return parent([verts, [], []], [ieqs, []], Vrep_minimal=True, Hrep_minimal=True, pref_rep='Vrep')
+
+    def parallelotope(self, generators, backend=None):
+        r"""
+        Return the zonotope, or parallelotope, spanned by the generators.
+
+        The parallelotope is the multi-dimensional generalization of a
+        parallelogram (2 generators) and a parallelepiped (3 generators).
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``generators`` -- list of vectors of same dimension
+
+        - ``backend`` -- the backend to use to create the polytope
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: polytopes.parallelotope([ (1,0), (0,1) ])
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^2 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
+            sage: polytopes.parallelotope([[1,2,3,4], [0,1,0,7], [3,1,0,2], [0,0,1,0]])
+            A 4-dimensional polyhedron in ZZ^4 defined as the convex hull of 16 vertices
+
+            sage: K = QuadraticField(2, 'sqrt2')                                        # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: sqrt2 = K.gen()                                                       # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            sage: P = polytopes.parallelotope([(1, sqrt2), (1, -1)]); P                 # needs sage.rings.number_field
+            A 2-dimensional polyhedron in (Number Field in sqrt2 with defining
+            polynomial x^2 - 2 with sqrt2 = 1.414213562373095?)^2 defined as
+            the convex hull of 4 vertices
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: TestSuite(P).run()                                                    # needs sage.rings.number_field
+        """
+        from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+        generators = [vector(v) for v in generators]
+        if not generators:
+            return Polyhedron(backend=backend)
+
+        zero = generators[0] - generators[0]
+        intervals = [Polyhedron([zero, gen], backend=backend) for gen in generators]
+        return sum(intervals)
+
+    zonotope = parallelotope
+
+    # --------------------------------------------------------
+    # imports from other files
+    # --------------------------------------------------------
+    try:
+        associahedron = staticmethod(Associahedron)
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        flow_polytope = staticmethod(DiGraph.flow_polytope)
+        edge_polytope = staticmethod(Graph.edge_polytope)
+        symmetric_edge_polytope = staticmethod(Graph.symmetric_edge_polytope)
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+polytopes = Polytopes()