multipers 2.2.3__cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl → 2.3.0__cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl

multipers/gudhi/gudhi/Fields/Zp_field_operators.h

@@ -1,400 +1,400 @@
-/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
- *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
- *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber
- *
- *    Copyright (C) 2024 Inria
- *
- *    Modification(s):
- *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
- */
-
-/**
- * @file Zp_field_operators.h
- * @author Hannah Schreiber
- * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Zp_field_operators class.
- */
-
-#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_OPERATOR_H_
-#define MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_OPERATOR_H_
-
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-#include <limits.h>
-
-namespace Gudhi {
-/// Field namespace
-namespace persistence_fields {
-
-/**
- * @class Zp_field_operators Zp_field_operators.h gudhi/Fields/Zp_field_operators.h
- * @ingroup persistence_fields
- *
- * @brief Class defining operators for the \f$ \mathbb{F}_p \f$ field for any prime number \f$ p \f$.
- *
- * @tparam Unsigned_integer_type A native unsigned integer type: unsigned int, long unsigned int, etc.
- * Will be used as the field element type.
- */
-template <typename Unsigned_integer_type = unsigned int,
-          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned_v<Unsigned_integer_type> > >
-class Zp_field_operators
-{
- public:
-  using Element = Unsigned_integer_type; /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
-  using Characteristic = Element;   /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
-  template <class T>
-  using isSignedInteger = std::enable_if_t<std::is_signed_v<T> >;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Default constructor. If a non-zero characteristic is given, initializes the field with it.
-   * The characteristic can later be changed again or initialized with @ref set_characteristic.
-   *
-   * @param characteristic Prime number corresponding to the desired characteristic of the field.
-   */
-  Zp_field_operators(Characteristic characteristic = 0) : characteristic_(0) {
-    if (characteristic != 0) set_characteristic(characteristic);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Copy constructor.
-   * 
-   * @param toCopy Operators to copy.
-   */
-  Zp_field_operators(const Zp_field_operators& toCopy)
-      : characteristic_(toCopy.characteristic_), inverse_(toCopy.inverse_) {}
-  /**
-   * @brief Move constructor.
-   * 
-   * @param toMove Operators to move.
-   */
-  Zp_field_operators(Zp_field_operators&& toMove) noexcept
-      : characteristic_(std::exchange(toMove.characteristic_, 0)), inverse_(std::move(toMove.inverse_)) {}
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Sets the characteristic of the field.
-   * 
-   * @param characteristic Prime number corresponding to the desired characteristic of the field.
-   */
-  void set_characteristic(Characteristic characteristic) {
-    if (characteristic <= 1)
-      throw std::invalid_argument("Characteristic must be strictly positive and a prime number.");
-
-    inverse_.resize(characteristic);
-    inverse_[0] = 0;
-    for (unsigned int i = 1; i < characteristic; ++i) {
-      unsigned int inv = 1;
-      unsigned int mult = inv * i;
-      while ((mult % characteristic) != 1) {
-        ++inv;
-        if (mult == characteristic) throw std::invalid_argument("Characteristic must be a prime number.");
-        mult = inv * i;
-      }
-      inverse_[i] = inv;
-    }
-
-    characteristic_ = characteristic;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the current characteristic.
-   * 
-   * @return The value of the current characteristic.
-   */
-  const Characteristic& get_characteristic() const { return characteristic_; }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the value of an integer in the field.
-   * That is the positive value of the integer modulo the current characteristic.
-   * 
-   * @param e Unsigned integer to return the value from.
-   * @return @p e modulo the current characteristic, such that the result is positive.
-   */
-  Element get_value(Element e) const { return e < characteristic_ ? e : e % characteristic_; }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the value of an integer in the field.
-   * That is the positive value of the integer modulo the current characteristic.
-   * 
-   * @tparam Signed_integer_type A native signed integer type: int, long int, etc.
-   * @param e Integer to return the value from.
-   * @return @p e modulo the current characteristic, such that the result is positive.
-   */
-  template <typename Signed_integer_type, class = isSignedInteger<Signed_integer_type> >
-  Element get_value(Signed_integer_type e) const {
-    if (e < -static_cast<Signed_integer_type>(characteristic_)) e = e % characteristic_;
-    if (e < 0) return e += characteristic_;
-    return e < static_cast<Signed_integer_type>(characteristic_) ? e : e % characteristic_;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the sum of two elements in the field.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element.
-   * @param e2 Second element.
-   * @return `(e1 + e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
-   */
-  Element add(Element e1, Element e2) const {
-    return _add(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Stores in the first element the sum of two given elements in the field, that is
-   * `(e1 + e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element.
-   * @param e2 Second element.
-   */
-  void add_inplace(Element& e1, Element e2) const {
-    e1 = _add(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the subtraction in the field of the first element by the second element.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element.
-   * @param e2 Second element.
-   * @return `(e1 - e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
-   */
-  Element subtract(Element e1, Element e2) const {
-    return _subtract(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Stores in the first element the subtraction in the field of the first element by the second element,
-   * that is `(e1 - e2) % 2`, such that the result is positive.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element.
-   * @param e2 Second element.
-   */
-  void subtract_inplace_front(Element& e1, Element e2) const {
-    e1 = _subtract(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Stores in the second element the subtraction in the field of the first element by the second element,
-   * that is `(e1 - e2) % 2`, such that the result is positive.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element.
-   * @param e2 Second element.
-   */
-  void subtract_inplace_back(Element e1, Element& e2) const {
-    e2 = _subtract(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the multiplication of two elements in the field.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element.
-   * @param e2 Second element.
-   * @return `(e1 * e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
-   */
-  Element multiply(Element e1, Element e2) const {
-    return _multiply(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Stores in the first element the multiplication of two given elements in the field,
-   * that is `(e1 * e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element.
-   * @param e2 Second element.
-   */
-  void multiply_inplace(Element& e1, Element e2) const {
-    e1 = _multiply(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Multiplies the first element with the second one and adds the third one. Returns the result in the field.
-   *
-   * @warning Not overflow safe.
-   * 
-   * @param e First element.
-   * @param m Second element.
-   * @param a Third element.
-   * @return `(e * m + a) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
-   */
-  Element multiply_and_add(Element e, Element m, Element a) const { return get_value(e * m + a); }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Multiplies the first element with the second one and adds the third one, that is
-   * `(e * m + a) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the first element.
-   *
-   * @warning Not overflow safe.
-   * 
-   * @param e First element.
-   * @param m Second element.
-   * @param a Third element.
-   */
-  void multiply_and_add_inplace_front(Element& e, Element m, Element a) const {
-    e = get_value(e * m + a);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Multiplies the first element with the second one and adds the third one, that is
-   * `(e * m + a) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the third element.
-   *
-   * @warning Not overflow safe.
-   * 
-   * @param e First element.
-   * @param m Second element.
-   * @param a Third element.
-   */
-  void multiply_and_add_inplace_back(Element e, Element m, Element& a) const {
-    a = get_value(e * m + a);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Adds the first element to the second one and multiplies the third one with it.
-   * Returns the result in the field.
-   *
-   * @warning Not overflow safe.
-   * 
-   * @param e First element.
-   * @param a Second element.
-   * @param m Third element.
-   * @return `((e + a) * m) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
-   */
-  Element add_and_multiply(Element e, Element a, Element m) const { return get_value((e + a) * m); }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Adds the first element to the second one and multiplies the third one with it, that is
-   * `((e + a) * m) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the first element.
-   *
-   * @warning Not overflow safe.
-   * 
-   * @param e First element.
-   * @param a Second element.
-   * @param m Third element.
-   */
-  void add_and_multiply_inplace_front(Element& e, Element a, Element m) const {
-    e = get_value((e + a) * m);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Adds the first element to the second one and multiplies the third one with it, that is
-   * `((e + a) * m) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the third element.
-   *
-   * @warning Not overflow safe.
-   * 
-   * @param e First element.
-   * @param a Second element.
-   * @param m Third element.
-   */
-  void add_and_multiply_inplace_back(Element e, Element a, Element& m) const {
-    m = get_value((e + a) * m);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns true if the two given elements are equal in the field, false otherwise.
-   * 
-   * @param e1 First element to compare.
-   * @param e2 Second element to compare.
-   * @return true If `e1 % characteristic == e2 % characteristic`.
-   * @return false Otherwise.
-   */
-  bool are_equal(Element e1, Element e2) const { return get_value(e1) == get_value(e2); }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the inverse of the given element in the field.
-   * 
-   * @param e Element to get the inverse from.
-   * @return Inverse in the current field of `e % characteristic`.
-   */
-  Element get_inverse(Element e) const { return inverse_[get_value(e)]; }
-  /**
-   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the inverse together with the second argument.
-   * 
-   * @param e Element to get the inverse from.
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
-   * @return Pair whose first element is the inverse of @p e and the second element is @p productOfCharacteristics.
-   */
-  std::pair<Element, Characteristic> get_partial_inverse(Element e,
-                                                                   Characteristic productOfCharacteristics) const {
-    return {get_inverse(e), productOfCharacteristics};
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the additive identity of the field.
-   * 
-   * @return 0.
-   */
-  static constexpr Element get_additive_identity() { return 0; }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
-   * 
-   * @return 1.
-   */
-  static constexpr Element get_multiplicative_identity() { return 1; }
-  /**
-   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
-   * 
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
-   * @return 1.
-   */
-  static constexpr Element get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
-      [[maybe_unused]] Characteristic productOfCharacteristics) {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Assign operator.
-   */
-  Zp_field_operators& operator=(Zp_field_operators other) {
-    std::swap(characteristic_, other.characteristic_);
-    inverse_.swap(other.inverse_);
-    return *this;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Swap operator.
-   */
-  friend void swap(Zp_field_operators& f1, Zp_field_operators& f2) {
-    std::swap(f1.characteristic_, f2.characteristic_);
-    f1.inverse_.swap(f2.inverse_);
-  }
-
- private:
-  Characteristic characteristic_;  /**< Current characteristic of the field. */
-  std::vector<Element> inverse_;   /**< All inverse elements. */
-
-  static Element _add(Element e1, Element e2, Characteristic characteristic) {
-    if (UINT_MAX - e1 < e2) {
-      // automatic unsigned integer overflow behaviour will make it work
-      e1 += e2;
-      e1 -= characteristic;
-      return e1;
-    }
-
-    e1 += e2;
-    if (e1 >= characteristic) e1 -= characteristic;
-
-    return e1;
-  }
-  static Element _subtract(Element e1, Element e2, Characteristic characteristic) {
-    if (e1 < e2) {
-      e1 += characteristic;
-    }
-    e1 -= e2;
-
-    return e1;
-  }
-  static Element _multiply(Element e1, Element e2, Characteristic characteristic) {
-    unsigned int a = e1;
-    e1 = 0;
-    unsigned int temp_b;
-
-    while (a != 0) {
-      if (a & 1) {
-        if (e2 >= characteristic - e1) e1 -= characteristic;
-        e1 += e2;
-      }
-      a >>= 1;
-
-      temp_b = e2;
-      if (e2 >= characteristic - e2) temp_b -= characteristic;
-      e2 += temp_b;
-    }
-
-    return e1;
-  }
-};
-
-}  // namespace persistence_fields
-}  // namespace Gudhi
-
-#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_OPERATOR_H_
+/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
+ *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
+ *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2024 Inria
+ *
+ *    Modification(s):
+ *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file Zp_field_operators.h
+ * @author Hannah Schreiber
+ * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Zp_field_operators class.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_OPERATOR_H_
+#define MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_OPERATOR_H_
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+namespace Gudhi {
+/// Field namespace
+namespace persistence_fields {
+
+/**
+ * @class Zp_field_operators Zp_field_operators.h gudhi/Fields/Zp_field_operators.h
+ * @ingroup persistence_fields
+ *
+ * @brief Class defining operators for the \f$ \mathbb{F}_p \f$ field for any prime number \f$ p \f$.
+ *
+ * @tparam Unsigned_integer_type A native unsigned integer type: unsigned int, long unsigned int, etc.
+ * Will be used as the field element type.
+ */
+template <typename Unsigned_integer_type = unsigned int,
+          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned_v<Unsigned_integer_type> > >
+class Zp_field_operators
+{
+ public:
+  using Element = Unsigned_integer_type; /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
+  using Characteristic = Element;   /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
+  template <class T>
+  using isSignedInteger = std::enable_if_t<std::is_signed_v<T> >;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Default constructor. If a non-zero characteristic is given, initializes the field with it.
+   * The characteristic can later be changed again or initialized with @ref set_characteristic.
+   *
+   * @param characteristic Prime number corresponding to the desired characteristic of the field.
+   */
+  Zp_field_operators(Characteristic characteristic = 0) : characteristic_(0) {
+    if (characteristic != 0) set_characteristic(characteristic);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Copy constructor.
+   * 
+   * @param toCopy Operators to copy.
+   */
+  Zp_field_operators(const Zp_field_operators& toCopy)
+      : characteristic_(toCopy.characteristic_), inverse_(toCopy.inverse_) {}
+  /**
+   * @brief Move constructor.
+   * 
+   * @param toMove Operators to move.
+   */
+  Zp_field_operators(Zp_field_operators&& toMove) noexcept
+      : characteristic_(std::exchange(toMove.characteristic_, 0)), inverse_(std::move(toMove.inverse_)) {}
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Sets the characteristic of the field.
+   * 
+   * @param characteristic Prime number corresponding to the desired characteristic of the field.
+   */
+  void set_characteristic(Characteristic characteristic) {
+    if (characteristic <= 1)
+      throw std::invalid_argument("Characteristic must be strictly positive and a prime number.");
+
+    inverse_.resize(characteristic);
+    inverse_[0] = 0;
+    for (unsigned int i = 1; i < characteristic; ++i) {
+      unsigned int inv = 1;
+      unsigned int mult = inv * i;
+      while ((mult % characteristic) != 1) {
+        ++inv;
+        if (mult == characteristic) throw std::invalid_argument("Characteristic must be a prime number.");
+        mult = inv * i;
+      }
+      inverse_[i] = inv;
+    }
+
+    characteristic_ = characteristic;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the current characteristic.
+   * 
+   * @return The value of the current characteristic.
+   */
+  const Characteristic& get_characteristic() const { return characteristic_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the value of an integer in the field.
+   * That is the positive value of the integer modulo the current characteristic.
+   * 
+   * @param e Unsigned integer to return the value from.
+   * @return @p e modulo the current characteristic, such that the result is positive.
+   */
+  Element get_value(Element e) const { return e < characteristic_ ? e : e % characteristic_; }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the value of an integer in the field.
+   * That is the positive value of the integer modulo the current characteristic.
+   * 
+   * @tparam Signed_integer_type A native signed integer type: int, long int, etc.
+   * @param e Integer to return the value from.
+   * @return @p e modulo the current characteristic, such that the result is positive.
+   */
+  template <typename Signed_integer_type, class = isSignedInteger<Signed_integer_type> >
+  Element get_value(Signed_integer_type e) const {
+    if (e < -static_cast<Signed_integer_type>(characteristic_)) e = e % characteristic_;
+    if (e < 0) return e += characteristic_;
+    return e < static_cast<Signed_integer_type>(characteristic_) ? e : e % characteristic_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the sum of two elements in the field.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element.
+   * @param e2 Second element.
+   * @return `(e1 + e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
+   */
+  Element add(Element e1, Element e2) const {
+    return _add(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Stores in the first element the sum of two given elements in the field, that is
+   * `(e1 + e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element.
+   * @param e2 Second element.
+   */
+  void add_inplace(Element& e1, Element e2) const {
+    e1 = _add(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the subtraction in the field of the first element by the second element.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element.
+   * @param e2 Second element.
+   * @return `(e1 - e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
+   */
+  Element subtract(Element e1, Element e2) const {
+    return _subtract(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Stores in the first element the subtraction in the field of the first element by the second element,
+   * that is `(e1 - e2) % 2`, such that the result is positive.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element.
+   * @param e2 Second element.
+   */
+  void subtract_inplace_front(Element& e1, Element e2) const {
+    e1 = _subtract(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Stores in the second element the subtraction in the field of the first element by the second element,
+   * that is `(e1 - e2) % 2`, such that the result is positive.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element.
+   * @param e2 Second element.
+   */
+  void subtract_inplace_back(Element e1, Element& e2) const {
+    e2 = _subtract(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the multiplication of two elements in the field.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element.
+   * @param e2 Second element.
+   * @return `(e1 * e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
+   */
+  Element multiply(Element e1, Element e2) const {
+    return _multiply(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Stores in the first element the multiplication of two given elements in the field,
+   * that is `(e1 * e2) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element.
+   * @param e2 Second element.
+   */
+  void multiply_inplace(Element& e1, Element e2) const {
+    e1 = _multiply(get_value(e1), get_value(e2), characteristic_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Multiplies the first element with the second one and adds the third one. Returns the result in the field.
+   *
+   * @warning Not overflow safe.
+   * 
+   * @param e First element.
+   * @param m Second element.
+   * @param a Third element.
+   * @return `(e * m + a) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
+   */
+  Element multiply_and_add(Element e, Element m, Element a) const { return get_value(e * m + a); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Multiplies the first element with the second one and adds the third one, that is
+   * `(e * m + a) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the first element.
+   *
+   * @warning Not overflow safe.
+   * 
+   * @param e First element.
+   * @param m Second element.
+   * @param a Third element.
+   */
+  void multiply_and_add_inplace_front(Element& e, Element m, Element a) const {
+    e = get_value(e * m + a);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Multiplies the first element with the second one and adds the third one, that is
+   * `(e * m + a) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the third element.
+   *
+   * @warning Not overflow safe.
+   * 
+   * @param e First element.
+   * @param m Second element.
+   * @param a Third element.
+   */
+  void multiply_and_add_inplace_back(Element e, Element m, Element& a) const {
+    a = get_value(e * m + a);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Adds the first element to the second one and multiplies the third one with it.
+   * Returns the result in the field.
+   *
+   * @warning Not overflow safe.
+   * 
+   * @param e First element.
+   * @param a Second element.
+   * @param m Third element.
+   * @return `((e + a) * m) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive.
+   */
+  Element add_and_multiply(Element e, Element a, Element m) const { return get_value((e + a) * m); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Adds the first element to the second one and multiplies the third one with it, that is
+   * `((e + a) * m) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the first element.
+   *
+   * @warning Not overflow safe.
+   * 
+   * @param e First element.
+   * @param a Second element.
+   * @param m Third element.
+   */
+  void add_and_multiply_inplace_front(Element& e, Element a, Element m) const {
+    e = get_value((e + a) * m);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Adds the first element to the second one and multiplies the third one with it, that is
+   * `((e + a) * m) % characteristic`, such that the result is positive. Stores the result in the third element.
+   *
+   * @warning Not overflow safe.
+   * 
+   * @param e First element.
+   * @param a Second element.
+   * @param m Third element.
+   */
+  void add_and_multiply_inplace_back(Element e, Element a, Element& m) const {
+    m = get_value((e + a) * m);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns true if the two given elements are equal in the field, false otherwise.
+   * 
+   * @param e1 First element to compare.
+   * @param e2 Second element to compare.
+   * @return true If `e1 % characteristic == e2 % characteristic`.
+   * @return false Otherwise.
+   */
+  bool are_equal(Element e1, Element e2) const { return get_value(e1) == get_value(e2); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the inverse of the given element in the field.
+   * 
+   * @param e Element to get the inverse from.
+   * @return Inverse in the current field of `e % characteristic`.
+   */
+  Element get_inverse(Element e) const { return inverse_[get_value(e)]; }
+  /**
+   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the inverse together with the second argument.
+   * 
+   * @param e Element to get the inverse from.
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
+   * @return Pair whose first element is the inverse of @p e and the second element is @p productOfCharacteristics.
+   */
+  std::pair<Element, Characteristic> get_partial_inverse(Element e,
+                                                                   Characteristic productOfCharacteristics) const {
+    return {get_inverse(e), productOfCharacteristics};
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the additive identity of the field.
+   * 
+   * @return 0.
+   */
+  static constexpr Element get_additive_identity() { return 0; }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
+   * 
+   * @return 1.
+   */
+  static constexpr Element get_multiplicative_identity() { return 1; }
+  /**
+   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
+   * 
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
+   * @return 1.
+   */
+  static constexpr Element get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
+      [[maybe_unused]] Characteristic productOfCharacteristics) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Assign operator.
+   */
+  Zp_field_operators& operator=(Zp_field_operators other) {
+    std::swap(characteristic_, other.characteristic_);
+    inverse_.swap(other.inverse_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Swap operator.
+   */
+  friend void swap(Zp_field_operators& f1, Zp_field_operators& f2) {
+    std::swap(f1.characteristic_, f2.characteristic_);
+    f1.inverse_.swap(f2.inverse_);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Characteristic characteristic_;  /**< Current characteristic of the field. */
+  std::vector<Element> inverse_;   /**< All inverse elements. */
+
+  static Element _add(Element e1, Element e2, Characteristic characteristic) {
+    if (UINT_MAX - e1 < e2) {
+      // automatic unsigned integer overflow behaviour will make it work
+      e1 += e2;
+      e1 -= characteristic;
+      return e1;
+    }
+
+    e1 += e2;
+    if (e1 >= characteristic) e1 -= characteristic;
+
+    return e1;
+  }
+  static Element _subtract(Element e1, Element e2, Characteristic characteristic) {
+    if (e1 < e2) {
+      e1 += characteristic;
+    }
+    e1 -= e2;
+
+    return e1;
+  }
+  static Element _multiply(Element e1, Element e2, Characteristic characteristic) {
+    unsigned int a = e1;
+    e1 = 0;
+    unsigned int temp_b;
+
+    while (a != 0) {
+      if (a & 1) {
+        if (e2 >= characteristic - e1) e1 -= characteristic;
+        e1 += e2;
+      }
+      a >>= 1;
+
+      temp_b = e2;
+      if (e2 >= characteristic - e2) temp_b -= characteristic;
+      e2 += temp_b;
+    }
+
+    return e1;
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace persistence_fields
+}  // namespace Gudhi
+
+#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_OPERATOR_H_