multipers 2.2.3__cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl → 2.3.0__cp312-cp312-win_amd64.whl

multipers/gudhi/gudhi/Fields/Multi_field_shared.h

@@ -1,450 +1,450 @@
-/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
- *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
- *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
- *
- *    Copyright (C) 2022-24 Inria
- *
- *    Modification(s):
- *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
- */
-
-/**
- * @file Multi_field_shared.h
- * @author Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
- * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Shared_multi_field_element class.
- */
-
-#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SHARED_H_
-#define MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SHARED_H_
-
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-#include <gmpxx.h>
-#include <stdexcept>
-
-namespace Gudhi {
-namespace persistence_fields {
-
-/**
- * @class Shared_multi_field_element Multi_field_shared.h gudhi/Fields/Multi_field_shared.h
- * @ingroup persistence_fields
- *
- * @brief Class representing an element of a multi-field. If each instantiation of the class can represent another
- * element, they all share the same characteristics. That is if the characteristics are set for one, they will be
- * set for all the others. The characteristics can be set before instantiating the elements with the static 
- * @ref Shared_multi_field_element::initialize method.
- */
-class Shared_multi_field_element 
-{
- public:
-  using Element = mpz_class;           /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
-  using Characteristic = Element; /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Default constructor. Sets the element to 0.
-   */
-  Shared_multi_field_element();
-  /**
-   * @brief Constructor setting the element to the given value.
-   * 
-   * @param element Value of the element.
-   */
-  Shared_multi_field_element(Element element);
-  /**
-   * @brief Copy constructor.
-   * 
-   * @param toCopy Element to copy.
-   */
-  Shared_multi_field_element(const Shared_multi_field_element& toCopy);
-  /**
-   * @brief Move constructor.
-   * 
-   * @param toMove Element to move.
-   */
-  Shared_multi_field_element(Shared_multi_field_element&& toMove) noexcept;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Initialize the multi-field to the characteristics (primes) contained in the given interval.
-   * Should be called first before constructing the field elements.
-   * 
-   * @param minimum Lowest value in the interval.
-   * @param maximum Highest value in the interval.
-   */
-  static void initialize(unsigned int minimum, unsigned int maximum);
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+=
-   */
-  friend void operator+=(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
-    f1.element_ += f2.element_;
-    mpz_mod(f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   */
-  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator+(Shared_multi_field_element f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
-    f1 += f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+=
-   */
-  friend void operator+=(Shared_multi_field_element& f, Element const v) {
-    f.element_ += v;
-    mpz_mod(f.element_.get_mpz_t(), f.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   */
-  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator+(Shared_multi_field_element f, Element const v) {
-    f += v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   */
-  friend Element operator+(Element v, Shared_multi_field_element const& f) {
-    v += f.element_;
-    mpz_mod(v.get_mpz_t(), v.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-    return v;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-=
-   */
-  friend void operator-=(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
-    f1.element_ -= f2.element_;
-    mpz_mod(f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   */
-  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator-(Shared_multi_field_element f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
-    f1 -= f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-=
-   */
-  friend void operator-=(Shared_multi_field_element& f, Element const v) {
-    f.element_ -= v;
-    mpz_mod(f.element_.get_mpz_t(), f.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   */
-  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator-(Shared_multi_field_element f, Element const v) {
-    f -= v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   */
-  friend Element operator-(Element v, Shared_multi_field_element const& f) {
-    if (v >= productOfAllCharacteristics_)
-      mpz_mod(v.get_mpz_t(), v.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-    if (f.element_ > v) v += productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-    v -= f.element_;
-    return v;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*=
-   */
-  friend void operator*=(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
-    f1.element_ *= f2.element_;
-    mpz_mod(f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   */
-  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator*(Shared_multi_field_element f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
-    f1 *= f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*=
-   */
-  friend void operator*=(Shared_multi_field_element& f, Element const v) {
-    f.element_ *= v;
-    mpz_mod(f.element_.get_mpz_t(), f.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   */
-  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator*(Shared_multi_field_element f, Element const v) {
-    f *= v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   */
-  friend Element operator*(Element v, Shared_multi_field_element const& f) {
-    v *= f.element_;
-    mpz_mod(v.get_mpz_t(), v.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-    return v;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   */
-  friend bool operator==(const Shared_multi_field_element& f1, const Shared_multi_field_element& f2) {
-    return f1.element_ == f2.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   */
-  friend bool operator==(const Element& v, const Shared_multi_field_element& f) {
-    if (v < productOfAllCharacteristics_) return v == f.element_;
-    Element e(v);
-    mpz_mod(e.get_mpz_t(), e.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-    return e == f.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   */
-  friend bool operator==(const Shared_multi_field_element& f, const Element& v) {
-    if (v < productOfAllCharacteristics_) return v == f.element_;
-    Element e(v);
-    mpz_mod(e.get_mpz_t(), e.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-    return e == f.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   */
-  friend bool operator!=(const Shared_multi_field_element& f1, const Shared_multi_field_element& f2) {
-    return !(f1 == f2);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   */
-  friend bool operator!=(const Element& v, const Shared_multi_field_element& f) { return !(v == f); }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   */
-  friend bool operator!=(const Shared_multi_field_element& f, const Element& v) { return !(v == f); }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Assign operator.
-   */
-  Shared_multi_field_element& operator=(Shared_multi_field_element other);
-  /**
-   * @brief Assign operator.
-   */
-  Shared_multi_field_element& operator=(const Element& value);
-  /**
-   * @brief Swap operator.
-   */
-  friend void swap(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element& f2) {
-    std::swap(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Casts the element into an unsigned int.
-   */
-  operator unsigned int() const;
-  /**
-   * @brief Casts the element into a mpz_class.
-   */
-  operator mpz_class() const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element in the multi-field, see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
-   * 
-   * @return The inverse.
-   */
-  Shared_multi_field_element get_inverse() const;
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element with respect to a sub-product of the characteristics in the multi-field,
-   * see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
-   * 
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Sub-product of the characteristics.
-   * @return Pair of the inverse and the characteristic the inverse corresponds to.
-   */
-  std::pair<Shared_multi_field_element, Characteristic> get_partial_inverse(
-      const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) const;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the additive identity of a field.
-   * 
-   * @return The additive identity of a field.
-   */
-  static Shared_multi_field_element get_additive_identity();
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of a field.
-   * 
-   * @return The multiplicative identity of a field.
-   */
-  static Shared_multi_field_element get_multiplicative_identity();
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field from the given product.
-   * See @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572 for more details.
-   * 
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Product of the different characteristics to take into account in the multi-field.
-   * @return The partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field.
-   */
-  static Shared_multi_field_element get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
-      const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics);
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the product of all characteristics.
-   * 
-   * @return The product of all characteristics.
-   */
-  static Characteristic get_characteristic();
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the value of the element.
-   * 
-   * @return Value of the element.
-   */
-  Element get_value() const;
-
-  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
-
- private:
-  Element element_;                                       /**< Element. */
-  static inline std::vector<unsigned int> primes_;          /**< All characteristics. */
-  static inline Characteristic productOfAllCharacteristics_ = 0; /**< Product of all characteristics. */
-  static inline std::vector<Element> partials_;           /**< Partial products of the characteristics. */
-  static inline const Element multiplicativeID_ = 1;      /**< Multiplicative identity. */
-
-  static constexpr bool _is_prime(const int p);
-};
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element() : element_(0) {}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element(Element element) : element_(element) {
-  mpz_mod(element_.get_mpz_t(), element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element(const Shared_multi_field_element& toCopy)
-    : element_(toCopy.element_) {}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element(Shared_multi_field_element&& toMove) noexcept
-    : element_(std::move(toMove.element_)) {}
-
-inline void Shared_multi_field_element::initialize(unsigned int minimum, unsigned int maximum) {
-  if (maximum < 2) throw std::invalid_argument("Characteristic must be strictly positive");
-  if (minimum > maximum) throw std::invalid_argument("The given interval is not valid.");
-  if (minimum == maximum && !_is_prime(minimum))
-    throw std::invalid_argument("The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
-
-  unsigned int curr_prime = minimum;
-  mpz_t tmp_prime;
-  mpz_init_set_ui(tmp_prime, minimum);
-  // test if min_prime is prime
-  int is_prime = mpz_probab_prime_p(tmp_prime, 25);  // probabilistic primality test
-
-  if (is_prime == 0) {  // min_prime is composite
-    mpz_nextprime(tmp_prime, tmp_prime);
-    curr_prime = mpz_get_ui(tmp_prime);
-  }
-
-  primes_.clear();
-  while (curr_prime <= maximum) {
-    primes_.push_back(curr_prime);
-    mpz_nextprime(tmp_prime, tmp_prime);
-    curr_prime = mpz_get_ui(tmp_prime);
-  }
-  mpz_clear(tmp_prime);
-
-  if (primes_.empty()) throw std::invalid_argument("The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
-
-  productOfAllCharacteristics_ = 1;
-  for (const unsigned int p : primes_) {
-    productOfAllCharacteristics_ *= p;
-  }
-
-  partials_.resize(primes_.size());
-  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < primes_.size(); ++i) {
-    unsigned int p = primes_[i];
-    partials_[i] = productOfAllCharacteristics_ / p;
-    mpz_powm_ui(partials_[i].get_mpz_t(), partials_[i].get_mpz_t(), p - 1, productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  }
-
-  // If I understood the paper well, multiplicativeID_ always equals to 1. But in Clement's code,
-  // multiplicativeID_ is computed (see commented loop below). TODO: verify with Clement.
-  //	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < partials_.size(); ++i){
-  //		multiplicativeID_ = (multiplicativeID_ + partials_[i]) % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-  //	}
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element& Shared_multi_field_element::operator=(Shared_multi_field_element other) {
-  std::swap(element_, other.element_);
-  return *this;
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element& Shared_multi_field_element::operator=(const Element& value) {
-  mpz_mod(element_.get_mpz_t(), value.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
-  return *this;
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::operator unsigned int() const { return element_.get_ui(); }
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::operator mpz_class() const { return element_; }
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_inverse() const {
-  return get_partial_inverse(productOfAllCharacteristics_).first;
-}
-
-inline std::pair<Shared_multi_field_element, Shared_multi_field_element::Characteristic>
-Shared_multi_field_element::get_partial_inverse(const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) const {
-  Element QR;
-  mpz_gcd(QR.get_mpz_t(), element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfCharacteristics.get_mpz_t());  // QR <- gcd(x,QS)
-
-  if (QR == productOfCharacteristics) return {Shared_multi_field_element(), multiplicativeID_};  // partial inverse is 0
-
-  Element QT = productOfCharacteristics / QR;
-
-  Element inv_qt;
-  mpz_invert(inv_qt.get_mpz_t(), element_.get_mpz_t(), QT.get_mpz_t());
-
-  auto res = get_partial_multiplicative_identity(QT);
-  res *= inv_qt;
-
-  return {res, QT};
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_additive_identity() {
-  return Shared_multi_field_element();
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_multiplicative_identity() {
-  return Shared_multi_field_element(multiplicativeID_);
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
-    const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) {
-  if (productOfCharacteristics == 0) {
-    return Shared_multi_field_element(multiplicativeID_);
-  }
-  Shared_multi_field_element mult;
-  for (unsigned int idx = 0; idx < primes_.size(); ++idx) {
-    if ((productOfCharacteristics % primes_[idx]) == 0) {
-      mult += partials_[idx];
-    }
-  }
-  return mult;
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::Characteristic Shared_multi_field_element::get_characteristic() {
-  return productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-}
-
-inline Shared_multi_field_element::Element Shared_multi_field_element::get_value() const { return element_; }
-
-inline constexpr bool Shared_multi_field_element::_is_prime(const int p) {
-  if (p <= 1) return false;
-  if (p <= 3) return true;
-  if (p % 2 == 0 || p % 3 == 0) return false;
-
-  for (long i = 5; i * i <= p; i = i + 6)
-    if (p % i == 0 || p % (i + 2) == 0) return false;
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-}  // namespace persistence_fields
-}  // namespace Gudhi
-
-#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SHARED_H_
+/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
+ *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
+ *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2022-24 Inria
+ *
+ *    Modification(s):
+ *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file Multi_field_shared.h
+ * @author Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
+ * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Shared_multi_field_element class.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SHARED_H_
+#define MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SHARED_H_
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#include <gmpxx.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+namespace Gudhi {
+namespace persistence_fields {
+
+/**
+ * @class Shared_multi_field_element Multi_field_shared.h gudhi/Fields/Multi_field_shared.h
+ * @ingroup persistence_fields
+ *
+ * @brief Class representing an element of a multi-field. If each instantiation of the class can represent another
+ * element, they all share the same characteristics. That is if the characteristics are set for one, they will be
+ * set for all the others. The characteristics can be set before instantiating the elements with the static 
+ * @ref Shared_multi_field_element::initialize method.
+ */
+class Shared_multi_field_element 
+{
+ public:
+  using Element = mpz_class;           /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
+  using Characteristic = Element; /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Default constructor. Sets the element to 0.
+   */
+  Shared_multi_field_element();
+  /**
+   * @brief Constructor setting the element to the given value.
+   * 
+   * @param element Value of the element.
+   */
+  Shared_multi_field_element(Element element);
+  /**
+   * @brief Copy constructor.
+   * 
+   * @param toCopy Element to copy.
+   */
+  Shared_multi_field_element(const Shared_multi_field_element& toCopy);
+  /**
+   * @brief Move constructor.
+   * 
+   * @param toMove Element to move.
+   */
+  Shared_multi_field_element(Shared_multi_field_element&& toMove) noexcept;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Initialize the multi-field to the characteristics (primes) contained in the given interval.
+   * Should be called first before constructing the field elements.
+   * 
+   * @param minimum Lowest value in the interval.
+   * @param maximum Highest value in the interval.
+   */
+  static void initialize(unsigned int minimum, unsigned int maximum);
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+=
+   */
+  friend void operator+=(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
+    f1.element_ += f2.element_;
+    mpz_mod(f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   */
+  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator+(Shared_multi_field_element f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
+    f1 += f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+=
+   */
+  friend void operator+=(Shared_multi_field_element& f, Element const v) {
+    f.element_ += v;
+    mpz_mod(f.element_.get_mpz_t(), f.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   */
+  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator+(Shared_multi_field_element f, Element const v) {
+    f += v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   */
+  friend Element operator+(Element v, Shared_multi_field_element const& f) {
+    v += f.element_;
+    mpz_mod(v.get_mpz_t(), v.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-=
+   */
+  friend void operator-=(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
+    f1.element_ -= f2.element_;
+    mpz_mod(f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   */
+  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator-(Shared_multi_field_element f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
+    f1 -= f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-=
+   */
+  friend void operator-=(Shared_multi_field_element& f, Element const v) {
+    f.element_ -= v;
+    mpz_mod(f.element_.get_mpz_t(), f.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   */
+  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator-(Shared_multi_field_element f, Element const v) {
+    f -= v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   */
+  friend Element operator-(Element v, Shared_multi_field_element const& f) {
+    if (v >= productOfAllCharacteristics_)
+      mpz_mod(v.get_mpz_t(), v.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+    if (f.element_ > v) v += productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+    v -= f.element_;
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*=
+   */
+  friend void operator*=(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
+    f1.element_ *= f2.element_;
+    mpz_mod(f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), f1.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   */
+  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator*(Shared_multi_field_element f1, Shared_multi_field_element const& f2) {
+    f1 *= f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*=
+   */
+  friend void operator*=(Shared_multi_field_element& f, Element const v) {
+    f.element_ *= v;
+    mpz_mod(f.element_.get_mpz_t(), f.element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   */
+  friend Shared_multi_field_element operator*(Shared_multi_field_element f, Element const v) {
+    f *= v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   */
+  friend Element operator*(Element v, Shared_multi_field_element const& f) {
+    v *= f.element_;
+    mpz_mod(v.get_mpz_t(), v.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   */
+  friend bool operator==(const Shared_multi_field_element& f1, const Shared_multi_field_element& f2) {
+    return f1.element_ == f2.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   */
+  friend bool operator==(const Element& v, const Shared_multi_field_element& f) {
+    if (v < productOfAllCharacteristics_) return v == f.element_;
+    Element e(v);
+    mpz_mod(e.get_mpz_t(), e.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+    return e == f.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   */
+  friend bool operator==(const Shared_multi_field_element& f, const Element& v) {
+    if (v < productOfAllCharacteristics_) return v == f.element_;
+    Element e(v);
+    mpz_mod(e.get_mpz_t(), e.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+    return e == f.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   */
+  friend bool operator!=(const Shared_multi_field_element& f1, const Shared_multi_field_element& f2) {
+    return !(f1 == f2);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   */
+  friend bool operator!=(const Element& v, const Shared_multi_field_element& f) { return !(v == f); }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   */
+  friend bool operator!=(const Shared_multi_field_element& f, const Element& v) { return !(v == f); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Assign operator.
+   */
+  Shared_multi_field_element& operator=(Shared_multi_field_element other);
+  /**
+   * @brief Assign operator.
+   */
+  Shared_multi_field_element& operator=(const Element& value);
+  /**
+   * @brief Swap operator.
+   */
+  friend void swap(Shared_multi_field_element& f1, Shared_multi_field_element& f2) {
+    std::swap(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Casts the element into an unsigned int.
+   */
+  operator unsigned int() const;
+  /**
+   * @brief Casts the element into a mpz_class.
+   */
+  operator mpz_class() const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element in the multi-field, see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
+   * 
+   * @return The inverse.
+   */
+  Shared_multi_field_element get_inverse() const;
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element with respect to a sub-product of the characteristics in the multi-field,
+   * see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
+   * 
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Sub-product of the characteristics.
+   * @return Pair of the inverse and the characteristic the inverse corresponds to.
+   */
+  std::pair<Shared_multi_field_element, Characteristic> get_partial_inverse(
+      const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) const;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the additive identity of a field.
+   * 
+   * @return The additive identity of a field.
+   */
+  static Shared_multi_field_element get_additive_identity();
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of a field.
+   * 
+   * @return The multiplicative identity of a field.
+   */
+  static Shared_multi_field_element get_multiplicative_identity();
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field from the given product.
+   * See @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572 for more details.
+   * 
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Product of the different characteristics to take into account in the multi-field.
+   * @return The partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field.
+   */
+  static Shared_multi_field_element get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
+      const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics);
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the product of all characteristics.
+   * 
+   * @return The product of all characteristics.
+   */
+  static Characteristic get_characteristic();
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the value of the element.
+   * 
+   * @return Value of the element.
+   */
+  Element get_value() const;
+
+  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
+
+ private:
+  Element element_;                                       /**< Element. */
+  static inline std::vector<unsigned int> primes_;          /**< All characteristics. */
+  static inline Characteristic productOfAllCharacteristics_ = 0; /**< Product of all characteristics. */
+  static inline std::vector<Element> partials_;           /**< Partial products of the characteristics. */
+  static inline const Element multiplicativeID_ = 1;      /**< Multiplicative identity. */
+
+  static constexpr bool _is_prime(const int p);
+};
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element() : element_(0) {}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element(Element element) : element_(element) {
+  mpz_mod(element_.get_mpz_t(), element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element(const Shared_multi_field_element& toCopy)
+    : element_(toCopy.element_) {}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::Shared_multi_field_element(Shared_multi_field_element&& toMove) noexcept
+    : element_(std::move(toMove.element_)) {}
+
+inline void Shared_multi_field_element::initialize(unsigned int minimum, unsigned int maximum) {
+  if (maximum < 2) throw std::invalid_argument("Characteristic must be strictly positive");
+  if (minimum > maximum) throw std::invalid_argument("The given interval is not valid.");
+  if (minimum == maximum && !_is_prime(minimum))
+    throw std::invalid_argument("The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
+
+  unsigned int curr_prime = minimum;
+  mpz_t tmp_prime;
+  mpz_init_set_ui(tmp_prime, minimum);
+  // test if min_prime is prime
+  int is_prime = mpz_probab_prime_p(tmp_prime, 25);  // probabilistic primality test
+
+  if (is_prime == 0) {  // min_prime is composite
+    mpz_nextprime(tmp_prime, tmp_prime);
+    curr_prime = mpz_get_ui(tmp_prime);
+  }
+
+  primes_.clear();
+  while (curr_prime <= maximum) {
+    primes_.push_back(curr_prime);
+    mpz_nextprime(tmp_prime, tmp_prime);
+    curr_prime = mpz_get_ui(tmp_prime);
+  }
+  mpz_clear(tmp_prime);
+
+  if (primes_.empty()) throw std::invalid_argument("The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
+
+  productOfAllCharacteristics_ = 1;
+  for (const unsigned int p : primes_) {
+    productOfAllCharacteristics_ *= p;
+  }
+
+  partials_.resize(primes_.size());
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < primes_.size(); ++i) {
+    unsigned int p = primes_[i];
+    partials_[i] = productOfAllCharacteristics_ / p;
+    mpz_powm_ui(partials_[i].get_mpz_t(), partials_[i].get_mpz_t(), p - 1, productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  }
+
+  // If I understood the paper well, multiplicativeID_ always equals to 1. But in Clement's code,
+  // multiplicativeID_ is computed (see commented loop below). TODO: verify with Clement.
+  //	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < partials_.size(); ++i){
+  //		multiplicativeID_ = (multiplicativeID_ + partials_[i]) % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+  //	}
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element& Shared_multi_field_element::operator=(Shared_multi_field_element other) {
+  std::swap(element_, other.element_);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element& Shared_multi_field_element::operator=(const Element& value) {
+  mpz_mod(element_.get_mpz_t(), value.get_mpz_t(), productOfAllCharacteristics_.get_mpz_t());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::operator unsigned int() const { return element_.get_ui(); }
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::operator mpz_class() const { return element_; }
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_inverse() const {
+  return get_partial_inverse(productOfAllCharacteristics_).first;
+}
+
+inline std::pair<Shared_multi_field_element, Shared_multi_field_element::Characteristic>
+Shared_multi_field_element::get_partial_inverse(const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) const {
+  Element QR;
+  mpz_gcd(QR.get_mpz_t(), element_.get_mpz_t(), productOfCharacteristics.get_mpz_t());  // QR <- gcd(x,QS)
+
+  if (QR == productOfCharacteristics) return {Shared_multi_field_element(), multiplicativeID_};  // partial inverse is 0
+
+  Element QT = productOfCharacteristics / QR;
+
+  Element inv_qt;
+  mpz_invert(inv_qt.get_mpz_t(), element_.get_mpz_t(), QT.get_mpz_t());
+
+  auto res = get_partial_multiplicative_identity(QT);
+  res *= inv_qt;
+
+  return {res, QT};
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_additive_identity() {
+  return Shared_multi_field_element();
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_multiplicative_identity() {
+  return Shared_multi_field_element(multiplicativeID_);
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element Shared_multi_field_element::get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
+    const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) {
+  if (productOfCharacteristics == 0) {
+    return Shared_multi_field_element(multiplicativeID_);
+  }
+  Shared_multi_field_element mult;
+  for (unsigned int idx = 0; idx < primes_.size(); ++idx) {
+    if ((productOfCharacteristics % primes_[idx]) == 0) {
+      mult += partials_[idx];
+    }
+  }
+  return mult;
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::Characteristic Shared_multi_field_element::get_characteristic() {
+  return productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+}
+
+inline Shared_multi_field_element::Element Shared_multi_field_element::get_value() const { return element_; }
+
+inline constexpr bool Shared_multi_field_element::_is_prime(const int p) {
+  if (p <= 1) return false;
+  if (p <= 3) return true;
+  if (p % 2 == 0 || p % 3 == 0) return false;
+
+  for (long i = 5; i * i <= p; i = i + 6)
+    if (p % i == 0 || p % (i + 2) == 0) return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace persistence_fields
+}  // namespace Gudhi
+
+#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SHARED_H_