multipers 2.2.3__cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl → 2.3.0__cp311-cp311-win_amd64.whl

multipers/gudhi/gudhi/Fields/Multi_field_small.h

@@ -1,531 +1,531 @@
-/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
- *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
- *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
- *
- *    Copyright (C) 2022-24 Inria
- *
- *    Modification(s):
- *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
- */
-
-/**
- * @file Multi_field_small.h
- * @author Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
- * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics class.
- */
-
-#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SMALL_H_
-#define MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SMALL_H_
-
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <numeric>
-
-namespace Gudhi {
-namespace persistence_fields {
-
-/**
- * @class Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics Multi_field_small.h gudhi/Fields/Multi_field_small.h
- * @ingroup persistence_fields
- *
- * @brief Class representing an element of a multi-field, such that the product of all characteristics fits into
- * the given @p Unsigned_integer_type template argument. The characteristics will corresponds to all prime numbers
- * in the interval given as other template arguments.
- *
- * @tparam minimum Interval closed lower bound.
- * @tparam maximum Interval closed upper bound.
- * @tparam Unsigned_integer_type A native unsigned integer type: unsigned int, long unsigned int, etc.
- * Will be used as the field element type.
- */
-template <unsigned int minimum, unsigned int maximum, typename Unsigned_integer_type = unsigned int,
-          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned_v<Unsigned_integer_type> > >
-class Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics {
- public:
-  using Element = Unsigned_integer_type; /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
-  using Characteristic = Element;   /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
-  template <class T>
-  using isInteger = std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T> >;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Default constructor. Sets the element to 0.
-   */
-  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics() : element_(0) {
-    static_assert(maximum >= 2, "Characteristics have to be positive.");
-    static_assert(minimum <= maximum, "The given interval is not valid.");
-    static_assert(minimum != maximum || _is_prime(minimum), "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
-    static_assert(productOfAllCharacteristics_ != 1, "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Constructor setting the element to the given value.
-   *
-   * @param element Value of the element.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(Integer_type element)
-      : element_(_get_value(element)) {
-    static_assert(maximum >= 2, "Characteristics has to be positive.");
-    static_assert(minimum <= maximum, "The given interval is not valid.");
-    static_assert(minimum != maximum || _is_prime(minimum), "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
-    static_assert(productOfAllCharacteristics_ != 1, "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Copy constructor.
-   *
-   * @param toCopy Element to copy.
-   */
-  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& toCopy)
-      : element_(toCopy.element_) {}
-  /**
-   * @brief Move constructor.
-   *
-   * @param toMove Element to move.
-   */
-  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics&& toMove) noexcept
-      : element_(std::exchange(toMove.element_, 0)) {}
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+=
-   */
-  friend void operator+=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
-                         Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
-    f1.element_ = _add(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   */
-  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator+(
-      Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f1, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
-    f1 += f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+=
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend void operator+=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f.element_ = _add(f.element_, _get_value(v));
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator+(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f,
-                                                                  const Integer_type& v) {
-    f += v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Integer_type operator+(const Integer_type& v, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f) {
-    f += v;
-    return f.element_;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-=
-   */
-  friend void operator-=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
-                         Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
-    f1.element_ = _subtract(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   */
-  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator-(
-      Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f1, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
-    f1 -= f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-=
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend void operator-=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f.element_ = _subtract(f.element_, _get_value(v));
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator-(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f,
-                                                                  const Integer_type& v) {
-    f -= v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Integer_type operator-(const Integer_type& v, const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f) {
-    return _subtract(_get_value(v), f.element_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*=
-   */
-  friend void operator*=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
-                         Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
-    f1.element_ = _multiply(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   */
-  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator*(
-      Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f1, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
-    f1 *= f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*=
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend void operator*=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f.element_ = _multiply(f.element_, _get_value(v));
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator*(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f,
-                                                                  const Integer_type& v) {
-    f *= v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Integer_type operator*(const Integer_type& v, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f) {
-    f *= v;
-    return f.element_;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   */
-  friend bool operator==(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
-                         const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f2) {
-    return f1.element_ == f2.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator==(const Integer_type v, const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f) {
-    return _get_value(v) == f.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator==(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type v) {
-    return _get_value(v) == f.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   */
-  friend bool operator!=(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
-                         const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f2) {
-    return !(f1 == f2);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator!=(const Integer_type v, const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f) {
-    return !(v == f);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator!=(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type v) {
-    return !(v == f);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Assign operator.
-   */
-  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& operator=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics other) {
-    std::swap(element_, other.element_);
-    return *this;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Assign operator.
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& operator=(const Integer_type& value) {
-    element_ = _get_value(value);
-    return *this;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Swap operator.
-   */
-  friend void swap(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
-                   Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f2) {
-    std::swap(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Casts the element into an unsigned int.
-   */
-  operator unsigned int() const { return element_; }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element in the multi-field, see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
-   *
-   * @return The inverse.
-   */
-  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_inverse() const {
-    return get_partial_inverse(productOfAllCharacteristics_).first;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element with respect to a sub-product of the characteristics in the multi-field,
-   * see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
-   *
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Sub-product of the characteristics.
-   * @return Pair of the inverse and the characteristic the inverse corresponds to.
-   */
-  std::pair<Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics,Characteristic> get_partial_inverse(
-      Characteristic productOfCharacteristics) const {
-    Characteristic gcd = std::gcd(element_, productOfAllCharacteristics_);
-
-    if (gcd == productOfCharacteristics)
-      return {Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(), multiplicativeID_};  // partial inverse is 0
-
-    Characteristic QT = productOfCharacteristics / gcd;
-
-    const Element inv_qt = _get_inverse(element_, QT);
-
-    auto res = get_partial_multiplicative_identity(QT);
-    res *= inv_qt;
-
-    return {res, QT};
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the additive identity of a field.
-   *
-   * @return The additive identity of a field.
-   */
-  static Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_additive_identity() {
-    return Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum>();
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of a field.
-   *
-   * @return The multiplicative identity of a field.
-   */
-  static Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_multiplicative_identity() {
-    return Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum>(multiplicativeID_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field from the given product.
-   * See @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572 for more details.
-   *
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Product of the different characteristics to take into account in the multi-field.
-   * @return The partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field.
-   */
-  static Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
-      const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) {
-    if (productOfCharacteristics == 0) {
-      return Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum>(multiplicativeID_);
-    }
-    Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum> mult;
-    for (Characteristic idx = 0; idx < primes_.size(); ++idx) {
-      if ((productOfCharacteristics % primes_[idx]) == 0) {
-        mult += partials_[idx];
-      }
-    }
-    return mult;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the product of all characteristics.
-   *
-   * @return The product of all characteristics.
-   */
-  static constexpr Characteristic get_characteristic() { return productOfAllCharacteristics_; }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the value of the element.
-   *
-   * @return Value of the element.
-   */
-  Element get_value() const { return element_; }
-
-  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
-
- private:
-  static constexpr bool _is_prime(const unsigned int p) {
-    if (p <= 1) return false;
-    if (p <= 3) return true;
-    if (p % 2 == 0 || p % 3 == 0) return false;
-
-    for (unsigned long i = 5; i * i <= p; i = i + 6)
-      if (p % i == 0 || p % (i + 2) == 0) return false;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-  static constexpr Element _multiply(Element a, Element b) {
-    Element res = 0;
-    Element temp_b = 0;
-
-    if (b < a) std::swap(a, b);
-
-    while (a != 0) {
-      if (a & 1) {
-        /* Add b to res, modulo m, without overflow */
-        if (b >= productOfAllCharacteristics_ - res) res -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-        res += b;
-      }
-      a >>= 1;
-
-      /* Double b, modulo m */
-      temp_b = b;
-      if (b >= productOfAllCharacteristics_ - b) temp_b -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-      b += temp_b;
-    }
-    return res;
-  }
-  static constexpr Element _add(Element element, Element v) {
-    if (UINT_MAX - element < v) {
-      // automatic unsigned integer overflow behaviour will make it work
-      element += v;
-      element -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-      return element;
-    }
-
-    element += v;
-    if (element >= productOfAllCharacteristics_) element -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-
-    return element;
-  }
-  static constexpr Element _subtract(Element element, Element v) {
-    if (element < v) {
-      element += productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-    }
-    element -= v;
-
-    return element;
-  }
-  static constexpr int _get_inverse(Element element, const Element mod) {
-    // to solve: Ax + My = 1
-    int M = mod;
-    int A = element;
-    int y = 0, x = 1;
-    // extended euclidean division
-    while (A > 1) {
-      int quotient = A / M;
-      int temp = M;
-
-      M = A % M, A = temp;
-      temp = y;
-
-      y = x - quotient * y;
-      x = temp;
-    }
-
-    if (x < 0) x += mod;
-
-    return x;
-  }
-
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  static constexpr Element _get_value(Integer_type e) {
-    if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<Integer_type>){
-      if (e < -static_cast<Integer_type>(productOfAllCharacteristics_)) e = e % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-      if (e < 0) return e += productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-      return e < static_cast<Integer_type>(productOfAllCharacteristics_) ? e : e % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-    } else {
-      return e < productOfAllCharacteristics_ ? e : e % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-    }
-  }
-
-  Element element_;
-  static inline const std::vector<Characteristic> primes_ = []() {
-    std::vector<Characteristic> res;
-    for (Characteristic i = minimum; i <= maximum; ++i) {
-      if (_is_prime(i)) {
-        res.push_back(i);
-      }
-    }
-    return res;
-  }();
-  static inline constexpr Characteristic productOfAllCharacteristics_ = []() {
-    Characteristic res = 1;
-    for (Characteristic i = minimum; i <= maximum; ++i) {
-      if (_is_prime(i)) {
-        res *= i;
-      }
-    }
-    return res;
-  }();
-  static inline const std::vector<Characteristic> partials_ = []() {
-    std::vector<Characteristic> res;
-
-    if (productOfAllCharacteristics_ == 1) return res;
-
-    for (Characteristic i = 0; i < primes_.size(); ++i) {
-      Characteristic p = primes_[i];
-      Characteristic base = productOfAllCharacteristics_ / p;
-      Characteristic exp = p - 1;
-      res.push_back(1);
-
-      while (exp > 0) {
-        // If exp is odd, multiply with result
-        if (exp & 1) res.back() = _multiply(res.back(), base);
-        // y must be even now
-        exp = exp >> 1;
-        base = _multiply(base, base);
-      }
-    }
-
-    return res;
-  }();
-  // If I understood the paper well, multiplicativeID_ always equals to 1. But in Clement's code,
-  // multiplicativeID_ is computed (see commented lambda function below). TODO: verify with Clement.
-  static inline constexpr Element multiplicativeID_ = 1; /*= [](){
-          unsigned int res = 0;
-          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < partials_.size(); ++i){
-                  res = (res + partials_[i]) % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
-          }
-
-          return res;
-  }();*/
-};
-
-}  // namespace persistence_fields
-}  // namespace Gudhi
-
-#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SMALL_H_
+/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
+ *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
+ *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2022-24 Inria
+ *
+ *    Modification(s):
+ *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file Multi_field_small.h
+ * @author Hannah Schreiber, Clément Maria
+ * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics class.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SMALL_H_
+#define MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SMALL_H_
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <numeric>
+
+namespace Gudhi {
+namespace persistence_fields {
+
+/**
+ * @class Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics Multi_field_small.h gudhi/Fields/Multi_field_small.h
+ * @ingroup persistence_fields
+ *
+ * @brief Class representing an element of a multi-field, such that the product of all characteristics fits into
+ * the given @p Unsigned_integer_type template argument. The characteristics will corresponds to all prime numbers
+ * in the interval given as other template arguments.
+ *
+ * @tparam minimum Interval closed lower bound.
+ * @tparam maximum Interval closed upper bound.
+ * @tparam Unsigned_integer_type A native unsigned integer type: unsigned int, long unsigned int, etc.
+ * Will be used as the field element type.
+ */
+template <unsigned int minimum, unsigned int maximum, typename Unsigned_integer_type = unsigned int,
+          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned_v<Unsigned_integer_type> > >
+class Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics {
+ public:
+  using Element = Unsigned_integer_type; /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
+  using Characteristic = Element;   /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
+  template <class T>
+  using isInteger = std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T> >;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Default constructor. Sets the element to 0.
+   */
+  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics() : element_(0) {
+    static_assert(maximum >= 2, "Characteristics have to be positive.");
+    static_assert(minimum <= maximum, "The given interval is not valid.");
+    static_assert(minimum != maximum || _is_prime(minimum), "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
+    static_assert(productOfAllCharacteristics_ != 1, "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Constructor setting the element to the given value.
+   *
+   * @param element Value of the element.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(Integer_type element)
+      : element_(_get_value(element)) {
+    static_assert(maximum >= 2, "Characteristics has to be positive.");
+    static_assert(minimum <= maximum, "The given interval is not valid.");
+    static_assert(minimum != maximum || _is_prime(minimum), "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
+    static_assert(productOfAllCharacteristics_ != 1, "The given interval does not contain a prime number.");
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Copy constructor.
+   *
+   * @param toCopy Element to copy.
+   */
+  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& toCopy)
+      : element_(toCopy.element_) {}
+  /**
+   * @brief Move constructor.
+   *
+   * @param toMove Element to move.
+   */
+  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics&& toMove) noexcept
+      : element_(std::exchange(toMove.element_, 0)) {}
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+=
+   */
+  friend void operator+=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
+                         Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
+    f1.element_ = _add(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   */
+  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator+(
+      Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f1, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
+    f1 += f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+=
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend void operator+=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f.element_ = _add(f.element_, _get_value(v));
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator+(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f,
+                                                                  const Integer_type& v) {
+    f += v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Integer_type operator+(const Integer_type& v, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f) {
+    f += v;
+    return f.element_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-=
+   */
+  friend void operator-=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
+                         Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
+    f1.element_ = _subtract(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   */
+  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator-(
+      Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f1, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
+    f1 -= f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-=
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend void operator-=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f.element_ = _subtract(f.element_, _get_value(v));
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator-(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f,
+                                                                  const Integer_type& v) {
+    f -= v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Integer_type operator-(const Integer_type& v, const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f) {
+    return _subtract(_get_value(v), f.element_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*=
+   */
+  friend void operator*=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
+                         Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
+    f1.element_ = _multiply(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   */
+  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator*(
+      Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f1, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics const& f2) {
+    f1 *= f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*=
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend void operator*=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f.element_ = _multiply(f.element_, _get_value(v));
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics operator*(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f,
+                                                                  const Integer_type& v) {
+    f *= v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Integer_type operator*(const Integer_type& v, Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics f) {
+    f *= v;
+    return f.element_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   */
+  friend bool operator==(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
+                         const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f2) {
+    return f1.element_ == f2.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator==(const Integer_type v, const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f) {
+    return _get_value(v) == f.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator==(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type v) {
+    return _get_value(v) == f.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   */
+  friend bool operator!=(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
+                         const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f2) {
+    return !(f1 == f2);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator!=(const Integer_type v, const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f) {
+    return !(v == f);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator!=(const Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f, const Integer_type v) {
+    return !(v == f);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Assign operator.
+   */
+  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& operator=(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics other) {
+    std::swap(element_, other.element_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Assign operator.
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& operator=(const Integer_type& value) {
+    element_ = _get_value(value);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Swap operator.
+   */
+  friend void swap(Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f1,
+                   Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics& f2) {
+    std::swap(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Casts the element into an unsigned int.
+   */
+  operator unsigned int() const { return element_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element in the multi-field, see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
+   *
+   * @return The inverse.
+   */
+  Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_inverse() const {
+    return get_partial_inverse(productOfAllCharacteristics_).first;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element with respect to a sub-product of the characteristics in the multi-field,
+   * see @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572.
+   *
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Sub-product of the characteristics.
+   * @return Pair of the inverse and the characteristic the inverse corresponds to.
+   */
+  std::pair<Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics,Characteristic> get_partial_inverse(
+      Characteristic productOfCharacteristics) const {
+    Characteristic gcd = std::gcd(element_, productOfAllCharacteristics_);
+
+    if (gcd == productOfCharacteristics)
+      return {Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics(), multiplicativeID_};  // partial inverse is 0
+
+    Characteristic QT = productOfCharacteristics / gcd;
+
+    const Element inv_qt = _get_inverse(element_, QT);
+
+    auto res = get_partial_multiplicative_identity(QT);
+    res *= inv_qt;
+
+    return {res, QT};
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the additive identity of a field.
+   *
+   * @return The additive identity of a field.
+   */
+  static Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_additive_identity() {
+    return Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum>();
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of a field.
+   *
+   * @return The multiplicative identity of a field.
+   */
+  static Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_multiplicative_identity() {
+    return Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum>(multiplicativeID_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field from the given product.
+   * See @cite boissonnat:hal-00922572 for more details.
+   *
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Product of the different characteristics to take into account in the multi-field.
+   * @return The partial multiplicative identity of the multi-field.
+   */
+  static Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics get_partial_multiplicative_identity(
+      const Characteristic& productOfCharacteristics) {
+    if (productOfCharacteristics == 0) {
+      return Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum>(multiplicativeID_);
+    }
+    Multi_field_element_with_small_characteristics<minimum, maximum> mult;
+    for (Characteristic idx = 0; idx < primes_.size(); ++idx) {
+      if ((productOfCharacteristics % primes_[idx]) == 0) {
+        mult += partials_[idx];
+      }
+    }
+    return mult;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the product of all characteristics.
+   *
+   * @return The product of all characteristics.
+   */
+  static constexpr Characteristic get_characteristic() { return productOfAllCharacteristics_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the value of the element.
+   *
+   * @return Value of the element.
+   */
+  Element get_value() const { return element_; }
+
+  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
+
+ private:
+  static constexpr bool _is_prime(const unsigned int p) {
+    if (p <= 1) return false;
+    if (p <= 3) return true;
+    if (p % 2 == 0 || p % 3 == 0) return false;
+
+    for (unsigned long i = 5; i * i <= p; i = i + 6)
+      if (p % i == 0 || p % (i + 2) == 0) return false;
+
+    return true;
+  }
+  static constexpr Element _multiply(Element a, Element b) {
+    Element res = 0;
+    Element temp_b = 0;
+
+    if (b < a) std::swap(a, b);
+
+    while (a != 0) {
+      if (a & 1) {
+        /* Add b to res, modulo m, without overflow */
+        if (b >= productOfAllCharacteristics_ - res) res -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+        res += b;
+      }
+      a >>= 1;
+
+      /* Double b, modulo m */
+      temp_b = b;
+      if (b >= productOfAllCharacteristics_ - b) temp_b -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+      b += temp_b;
+    }
+    return res;
+  }
+  static constexpr Element _add(Element element, Element v) {
+    if (UINT_MAX - element < v) {
+      // automatic unsigned integer overflow behaviour will make it work
+      element += v;
+      element -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    element += v;
+    if (element >= productOfAllCharacteristics_) element -= productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+
+    return element;
+  }
+  static constexpr Element _subtract(Element element, Element v) {
+    if (element < v) {
+      element += productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+    }
+    element -= v;
+
+    return element;
+  }
+  static constexpr int _get_inverse(Element element, const Element mod) {
+    // to solve: Ax + My = 1
+    int M = mod;
+    int A = element;
+    int y = 0, x = 1;
+    // extended euclidean division
+    while (A > 1) {
+      int quotient = A / M;
+      int temp = M;
+
+      M = A % M, A = temp;
+      temp = y;
+
+      y = x - quotient * y;
+      x = temp;
+    }
+
+    if (x < 0) x += mod;
+
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  static constexpr Element _get_value(Integer_type e) {
+    if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<Integer_type>){
+      if (e < -static_cast<Integer_type>(productOfAllCharacteristics_)) e = e % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+      if (e < 0) return e += productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+      return e < static_cast<Integer_type>(productOfAllCharacteristics_) ? e : e % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+    } else {
+      return e < productOfAllCharacteristics_ ? e : e % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  Element element_;
+  static inline const std::vector<Characteristic> primes_ = []() {
+    std::vector<Characteristic> res;
+    for (Characteristic i = minimum; i <= maximum; ++i) {
+      if (_is_prime(i)) {
+        res.push_back(i);
+      }
+    }
+    return res;
+  }();
+  static inline constexpr Characteristic productOfAllCharacteristics_ = []() {
+    Characteristic res = 1;
+    for (Characteristic i = minimum; i <= maximum; ++i) {
+      if (_is_prime(i)) {
+        res *= i;
+      }
+    }
+    return res;
+  }();
+  static inline const std::vector<Characteristic> partials_ = []() {
+    std::vector<Characteristic> res;
+
+    if (productOfAllCharacteristics_ == 1) return res;
+
+    for (Characteristic i = 0; i < primes_.size(); ++i) {
+      Characteristic p = primes_[i];
+      Characteristic base = productOfAllCharacteristics_ / p;
+      Characteristic exp = p - 1;
+      res.push_back(1);
+
+      while (exp > 0) {
+        // If exp is odd, multiply with result
+        if (exp & 1) res.back() = _multiply(res.back(), base);
+        // y must be even now
+        exp = exp >> 1;
+        base = _multiply(base, base);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return res;
+  }();
+  // If I understood the paper well, multiplicativeID_ always equals to 1. But in Clement's code,
+  // multiplicativeID_ is computed (see commented lambda function below). TODO: verify with Clement.
+  static inline constexpr Element multiplicativeID_ = 1; /*= [](){
+          unsigned int res = 0;
+          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < partials_.size(); ++i){
+                  res = (res + partials_[i]) % productOfAllCharacteristics_;
+          }
+
+          return res;
+  }();*/
+};
+
+}  // namespace persistence_fields
+}  // namespace Gudhi
+
+#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_MULTI_SMALL_H_