megadetector 10.0.15__py3-none-any.whl

megadetector/taxonomy_mapping/species_lookup.py

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+"""
+
+species_lookup.py
+
+Look up species names (common or scientific) in the GBIF and iNaturalist
+taxonomies.
+
+Run initialize_taxonomy_lookup() before calling any other function.
+
+"""
+
+#%% Constants and imports
+
+import argparse
+import pickle
+import shutil
+import zipfile
+import sys
+import os
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import compress
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Sequence, Set
+
+import pandas as pd
+import numpy as np
+
+from megadetector.utils import url_utils
+
+taxonomy_download_dir = os.path.expanduser('~/taxonomy')
+
+taxonomy_urls = {
+    'GBIF': 'https://hosted-datasets.gbif.org/datasets/backbone/current/backbone.zip',
+    'iNaturalist': 'https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/inaturalist-taxonomy.dwca.zip'
+}
+
+files_to_unzip = {
+    'GBIF': ['Taxon.tsv', 'VernacularName.tsv'],
+    'iNaturalist': ['taxa.csv','VernacularNames-english.csv']
+}
+
+# As of 2025.06.24:
+#
+# GBIF: 950MB zipped, 2.3GB of relevant content unzipped
+# iNat: 71MB zipped, 415MB of relevant content unzipped
+
+os.makedirs(taxonomy_download_dir, exist_ok=True)
+for taxonomy_name in taxonomy_urls:
+    taxonomy_dir = os.path.join(taxonomy_download_dir, taxonomy_name)
+    os.makedirs(taxonomy_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+serialized_structures_file = os.path.join(taxonomy_download_dir,
+                                          'serialized_taxonomies.p')
+
+# These are un-initialized globals that must be initialized by
+# the initialize_taxonomy_lookup() function below.
+inat_taxonomy = None # : pd.DataFrame
+gbif_taxonomy = None # : pd.DataFrame
+gbif_common_mapping = None # : pd.DataFrame
+inat_taxon_id_to_row = None # : Dict[np.int64, int]
+gbif_taxon_id_to_row = None # : Dict[np.int64, int]
+inat_taxon_id_to_vernacular = None # : Dict[np.int64, Set[str]]
+inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id = None # : Dict[str, np.int64]
+inat_taxon_id_to_scientific = None # : Dict[np.int64, Set[str]]
+inat_scientific_to_taxon_id = None # : Dict[str, np.int64]
+gbif_taxon_id_to_vernacular = None # : Dict[np.int64, Set[str]]
+gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id = None # : Dict[str, np.int64]
+gbif_taxon_id_to_scientific = None # : Dict[np.int64, Set[str]]
+gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id = None # : Dict[str, np.int64]
+
+
+#%% Functions
+
+# Initialization function
+
+def initialize_taxonomy_lookup(force_init=False):
+    """
+    Initialize this module by doing the following:
+
+    * Downloads and unzips the current GBIF and iNat taxonomies if necessary
+      (only unzips what's necessary, but does not delete the original zipfiles)
+    * Builds a bunch of dictionaries and tables to facilitate lookup
+    * Serializes those tables via pickle
+    * Skips all of the above if the serialized pickle file already exists
+
+    Args:
+        force_init (bool, optional): force re-download and parsing of the source .zip files,
+            even if the cached .p file already exists
+    """
+
+    #%%
+
+    global inat_taxonomy,\
+        gbif_taxonomy,\
+        gbif_common_mapping,\
+        inat_taxon_id_to_row,\
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_row,\
+        inat_taxon_id_to_vernacular,\
+        inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id,\
+        inat_taxon_id_to_scientific,\
+        inat_scientific_to_taxon_id,\
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_vernacular,\
+        gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id,\
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_scientific,\
+        gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id
+
+
+    #%% Load serialized taxonomy info if we've already saved it
+
+    if (not force_init) and (inat_taxonomy is not None):
+        print('Skipping taxonomy re-init')
+        return
+
+    if (not force_init) and (os.path.isfile(serialized_structures_file)):
+
+        print(f'De-serializing taxonomy data from {serialized_structures_file}')
+
+        with open(serialized_structures_file, 'rb') as f:
+            structures_to_serialize = pickle.load(f)
+
+        inat_taxonomy,\
+        gbif_taxonomy,\
+        gbif_common_mapping,\
+        inat_taxon_id_to_row,\
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_row,\
+        inat_taxon_id_to_vernacular,\
+        inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id,\
+        inat_taxon_id_to_scientific,\
+        inat_scientific_to_taxon_id,\
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_vernacular,\
+        gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id,\
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_scientific,\
+        gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id = structures_to_serialize
+
+        return
+
+
+    #%% Download and unzip taxonomy files
+
+    # taxonomy_name = list(taxonomy_urls.items())[0][0]; zip_url = list(taxonomy_urls.items())[0][1]
+    for taxonomy_name, zip_url in taxonomy_urls.items():
+
+        need_to_download = False
+
+        if force_init:
+            need_to_download = True
+
+        # Don't download the zipfile if we've already unzipped what we need
+        for fn in files_to_unzip[taxonomy_name]:
+            target_file = os.path.join(
+                taxonomy_download_dir, taxonomy_name, fn)
+            if not os.path.isfile(target_file):
+                need_to_download = True
+                break
+        if not need_to_download:
+            print(f'Bypassing download of {taxonomy_name}, all files available')
+            continue
+
+        zipfile_path = os.path.join(
+            taxonomy_download_dir, zip_url.split('/')[-1])
+
+        # Bypasses download if the file exists already (unless force_init is set)
+        url_utils.download_url(
+            zip_url, os.path.join(zipfile_path),
+            progress_updater=url_utils.DownloadProgressBar(),
+            verbose=True,force_download=force_init)
+
+        # Unzip the files we need
+        files_we_need = files_to_unzip[taxonomy_name]
+
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(zipfile_path, 'r') as zipH:
+
+            for fn in files_we_need:
+                print('Unzipping {}'.format(fn))
+                target_file = os.path.join(
+                    taxonomy_download_dir, taxonomy_name, os.path.basename(fn))
+
+                if (not force_init) and (os.path.isfile(target_file)):
+                    print(f'Bypassing unzip of {target_file}, file exists')
+                else:
+                    os.makedirs(os.path.basename(target_file),exist_ok=True)
+                    with zipH.open(fn) as zf, open(target_file, 'wb') as f:
+                        shutil.copyfileobj(zf, f)
+
+            # ...for each file that we need from this zipfile
+
+    # ...for each taxonomy
+
+
+    #%% Create dataframes from each of the taxonomy/vernacular files
+
+    # Load iNat taxonomy
+    inat_taxonomy_file = os.path.join(taxonomy_download_dir, 'iNaturalist', 'taxa.csv')
+    print('Loading iNat taxonomy from {}'.format(inat_taxonomy_file))
+    inat_taxonomy = pd.read_csv(inat_taxonomy_file)
+    inat_taxonomy['scientificName'] = inat_taxonomy['scientificName'].fillna('').str.strip()
+
+    # Delete columns we won't use.  The "taxonID" column is a non-int version of "ID"
+    inat_taxonomy = inat_taxonomy.drop(['identifier', 'taxonID', 'modified', 'references'], axis=1)
+
+    # The "parentNameUsageID" column in inat_taxonomy is a URL, like:
+    #
+    # https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/71262
+    #
+    # Convert this column to be integer-valued, using only the last token of the URL
+    inat_taxonomy['parentNameUsageID'] = \
+        inat_taxonomy['parentNameUsageID'].str.split('/').str[-1].fillna(0).astype(int)
+
+    # Rename the "id" column to "taxonID"
+    inat_taxonomy = inat_taxonomy.rename(columns={'id': 'taxonID'})
+
+    assert 'id' not in inat_taxonomy.columns
+    assert 'taxonID' in inat_taxonomy.columns
+
+    # Load iNat common name mapping
+    inat_common_mapping_file = os.path.join(taxonomy_download_dir, 'iNaturalist', 'VernacularNames-english.csv')
+    inat_common_mapping = pd.read_csv(inat_common_mapping_file)
+    inat_common_mapping['vernacularName'] = inat_common_mapping['vernacularName'].fillna('').str.strip()
+
+    inat_common_mapping = inat_common_mapping.drop(['language','locality','countryCode',
+                                                    'source','lexicon','contributor','created'], axis=1)
+    assert 'id' in inat_common_mapping.columns
+    assert 'taxonID' not in inat_common_mapping.columns
+    assert 'vernacularName' in inat_common_mapping.columns
+
+    # Load GBIF taxonomy
+    gbif_taxonomy_file = os.path.join(taxonomy_download_dir, 'GBIF', 'Taxon.tsv')
+    print('Loading GBIF taxonomy from {}'.format(gbif_taxonomy_file))
+    gbif_taxonomy = pd.read_csv(gbif_taxonomy_file, sep='\t', encoding='utf-8',on_bad_lines='warn')
+    gbif_taxonomy['scientificName'] = gbif_taxonomy['scientificName'].fillna('').str.strip()
+    gbif_taxonomy['canonicalName'] = gbif_taxonomy['canonicalName'].fillna('').str.strip()
+    gbif_taxonomy['parentNameUsageID'] = gbif_taxonomy['parentNameUsageID'].fillna(-1).astype(int)
+
+    # Remove questionable rows from the GBIF taxonomy
+    gbif_taxonomy = gbif_taxonomy[~gbif_taxonomy['taxonomicStatus'].isin(['doubtful', 'misapplied'])]
+    gbif_taxonomy = gbif_taxonomy.reset_index()
+
+    gbif_taxonomy = gbif_taxonomy.drop(['datasetID','acceptedNameUsageID','originalNameUsageID',
+                                        'scientificNameAuthorship','nameAccordingTo','namePublishedIn',
+                                        'taxonomicStatus','nomenclaturalStatus','taxonRemarks'], axis=1)
+
+    assert 'taxonID' in gbif_taxonomy.columns
+    assert 'scientificName' in gbif_taxonomy.columns
+
+    # Load GBIF common name mapping
+    gbif_common_mapping = pd.read_csv(os.path.join(
+        taxonomy_download_dir, 'GBIF', 'VernacularName.tsv'), sep='\t')
+    gbif_common_mapping['vernacularName'] = gbif_common_mapping['vernacularName'].fillna('').str.strip()
+
+    # Only keep English mappings
+    gbif_common_mapping = gbif_common_mapping.loc[gbif_common_mapping['language'] == 'en']
+    gbif_common_mapping = gbif_common_mapping.reset_index()
+
+    gbif_common_mapping = gbif_common_mapping.drop(['language','country','countryCode','sex',
+                                                    'lifeStage','source'],axis=1)
+
+    assert 'taxonID' in gbif_common_mapping.columns
+    assert 'vernacularName' in gbif_common_mapping.columns
+
+
+    # Convert everything to lowercase
+
+    def convert_df_to_lowercase(df):
+        df = df.applymap(lambda s: s.lower() if isinstance(s, str) else s)
+        return df
+
+    inat_taxonomy = convert_df_to_lowercase(inat_taxonomy)
+    gbif_taxonomy = convert_df_to_lowercase(gbif_taxonomy)
+    gbif_common_mapping = convert_df_to_lowercase(gbif_common_mapping)
+    inat_common_mapping = convert_df_to_lowercase(inat_common_mapping)
+
+
+    ##%% For each taxonomy table, create a mapping from taxon IDs to rows
+
+    inat_taxon_id_to_row = {}
+    gbif_taxon_id_to_row = {}
+
+    print('Building iNat taxonID --> row table')
+    for i_row, row in tqdm(inat_taxonomy.iterrows(), total=len(inat_taxonomy)):
+        taxon_id = row['taxonID']
+        assert isinstance(taxon_id, int)
+        inat_taxon_id_to_row[taxon_id] = i_row
+
+    print('Building GBIF taxonID --> row table')
+    for i_row, row in tqdm(gbif_taxonomy.iterrows(), total=len(gbif_taxonomy)):
+        taxon_id = row['taxonID']
+        assert isinstance(taxon_id, int)
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_row[taxon_id] = i_row
+
+
+    ##%% Create name mapping dictionaries
+
+    inat_taxon_id_to_vernacular = defaultdict(set)
+    inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id = defaultdict(set)
+    inat_taxon_id_to_scientific = defaultdict(set)
+    inat_scientific_to_taxon_id = defaultdict(set)
+
+    gbif_taxon_id_to_vernacular = defaultdict(set)
+    gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id = defaultdict(set)
+    gbif_taxon_id_to_scientific = defaultdict(set)
+    gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id = defaultdict(set)
+
+
+    # Build iNat dictionaries
+
+    print('Building lookup dictionaries for iNat taxonomy')
+
+    # iNat Scientific name mapping
+
+    for i_row, row in tqdm(inat_taxonomy.iterrows(), total=len(inat_taxonomy)):
+
+        taxon_id = row['taxonID']
+        assert isinstance(taxon_id,int)
+
+        scientific_name = row['scientificName']
+        assert len(scientific_name) > 0
+
+        inat_taxon_id_to_scientific[taxon_id].add(scientific_name)
+        inat_scientific_to_taxon_id[scientific_name].add(taxon_id)
+
+    # iNat common name mapping
+
+    inat_taxon_ids_in_vernacular_file_but_not_in_taxa_file = set()
+
+    for i_row, row in tqdm(inat_common_mapping.iterrows(), total=len(inat_common_mapping)):
+
+        taxon_id = row['id']
+        assert isinstance(taxon_id,int)
+
+        # This should never happen; we will assert() this at the end of the loop
+        if taxon_id not in inat_taxon_id_to_scientific:
+            inat_taxon_ids_in_vernacular_file_but_not_in_taxa_file.add(taxon_id)
+            continue
+
+        vernacular_name = row['vernacularName']
+
+        assert len(vernacular_name) > 0
+        inat_taxon_id_to_vernacular[taxon_id].add(vernacular_name)
+        inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id[vernacular_name].add(taxon_id)
+
+    assert len(inat_taxon_ids_in_vernacular_file_but_not_in_taxa_file) == 0
+
+
+    ##%% Build GBIF dictionaries
+
+    print('Building lookup dictionaries for GBIF taxonomy')
+
+    # GBIF scientific name mapping
+
+    for i_row, row in tqdm(gbif_taxonomy.iterrows(), total=len(gbif_taxonomy)):
+
+        taxon_id = row['taxonID']
+        assert isinstance(taxon_id,int)
+
+        # The "canonical name" is the Latin name; the "scientific name"
+        # column includes other information.  For example:
+        #
+        # "scientificName": Schizophoria impressa (Hall, 1843)
+        # "canonicalName": Schizophoria impressa
+        #
+        # Also see:
+        #
+        # http://globalnames.org/docs/glossary/
+
+        scientific_name = row['canonicalName']
+
+        # This only seems to happen for really esoteric species that aren't
+        # likely to apply to our problems, but doing this for completeness.
+        if len(scientific_name) == 0:
+            scientific_name = row['scientificName']
+
+        assert len(scientific_name) > 0
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_scientific[taxon_id].add(scientific_name)
+        gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id[scientific_name].add(taxon_id)
+
+    # GBIF common name mapping
+
+    gbif_taxon_ids_in_vernacular_file_but_not_in_taxa_file = set()
+
+    for i_row, row in tqdm(gbif_common_mapping.iterrows(), total=len(gbif_common_mapping)):
+
+        taxon_id = row['taxonID']
+        assert isinstance(taxon_id,int)
+
+        # Don't include taxon IDs that were removed from the master table
+        if taxon_id not in gbif_taxon_id_to_scientific:
+            gbif_taxon_ids_in_vernacular_file_but_not_in_taxa_file.add(taxon_id)
+            continue
+
+        vernacular_name = row['vernacularName']
+
+        assert len(vernacular_name) > 0
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_vernacular[taxon_id].add(vernacular_name)
+        gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id[vernacular_name].add(taxon_id)
+
+    print('Finished GBIF common --> scientific mapping, failed to map {} of {} taxon IDs'.format(
+        len(gbif_taxon_ids_in_vernacular_file_but_not_in_taxa_file),
+        len(gbif_common_mapping)
+    ))
+
+
+    ##%% Save everything to file
+
+    structures_to_serialize = [
+        inat_taxonomy,
+        gbif_taxonomy,
+        gbif_common_mapping,
+        inat_taxon_id_to_row,
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_row,
+        inat_taxon_id_to_vernacular,
+        inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id,
+        inat_taxon_id_to_scientific,
+        inat_scientific_to_taxon_id,
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_vernacular,
+        gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id,
+        gbif_taxon_id_to_scientific,
+        gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id
+    ]
+
+    print('Serializing to {}...'.format(serialized_structures_file), end='')
+    if not os.path.isfile(serialized_structures_file):
+        with open(serialized_structures_file, 'wb') as p:
+            pickle.dump(structures_to_serialize, p)
+    print('...done')
+
+
+    #%%
+
+# ...def initialize_taxonomy_lookup(...)
+
+
+def get_scientific_name_from_row(r):
+    """
+    r: a dataframe that's really a row in one of our taxonomy tables
+    """
+
+    if 'canonicalName' in r and len(r['canonicalName']) > 0:
+        scientific_name = r['canonicalName']
+    else:
+        scientific_name = r['scientificName']
+    return scientific_name
+
+
+def taxonomy_row_to_string(r):
+    """
+    r: a dataframe that's really a row in one of our taxonomy tables
+    """
+
+    if 'vernacularName' in r:
+        common_string = ' (' + r['vernacularName'] + ')'
+    else:
+        common_string = ''
+    scientific_name = get_scientific_name_from_row(r)
+
+    return r['taxonRank'] + ' ' + scientific_name + common_string
+
+
+def traverse_taxonomy(matching_rownums: Sequence[int],
+                      taxon_id_to_row: Mapping[str, int],
+                      taxon_id_to_vernacular: Mapping[str, Set[str]],
+                      taxonomy: pd.DataFrame,
+                      source_name: str,
+                      query: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """
+    Given a data frame that's a set of rows from one of our taxonomy tables,
+    walks the taxonomy hierarchy from each row to put together a full taxonomy
+    tree, then prunes redundant trees (e.g. if we had separate hits for a
+    species and the genus that contains that species.)
+
+    Returns a list of dicts:
+    [
+      {
+        'source': 'inat' or 'gbif',
+        'taxonomy': [(taxon_id, taxon_rank, scientific_name, [common names])]
+      },
+      ...
+    ]
+    """
+
+    # list of dicts: {'source': source_name, 'taxonomy': match_details}
+    matching_trees: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+
+    # i_match = 0
+    for i_match in matching_rownums:
+
+        # list of (taxon_id, taxonRank, scientific name, [vernacular names])
+        # corresponding to an exact match and its parents
+        match_details = []
+        current_row = taxonomy.iloc[i_match]
+
+        # Walk taxonomy hierarchy
+        while True:
+
+            taxon_id = current_row['taxonID']
+            # sort for determinism
+            vernacular_names = sorted(taxon_id_to_vernacular[taxon_id])
+            match_details.append((taxon_id, current_row['taxonRank'],
+                                  get_scientific_name_from_row(current_row),
+                                  vernacular_names))
+
+            if np.isnan(current_row['parentNameUsageID']):
+                break
+            parent_taxon_id = current_row['parentNameUsageID'].astype('int64')
+            if parent_taxon_id not in taxon_id_to_row:
+                # This can happen because we remove questionable rows from the
+                # GBIF taxonomy
+                # print(f'Warning: no row exists for parent_taxon_id {parent_taxon_id},' + \
+                #      f'child taxon_id: {taxon_id}, query: {query}')
+                break
+            i_parent_row = taxon_id_to_row[parent_taxon_id]
+            current_row = taxonomy.iloc[i_parent_row]
+
+            # The GBIF taxonomy contains unranked entries
+            if current_row['taxonRank'] == 'unranked':
+                break
+
+        # ...while there is taxonomy left to walk
+
+        matching_trees.append({'source': source_name,
+                               'taxonomy': match_details})
+
+    # ...for each match
+
+    # Remove redundant matches
+    b_valid_tree = [True] * len(matching_rownums)
+    # i_tree_a = 0; tree_a = matching_trees[i_tree_a]
+    for i_tree_a, tree_a in enumerate(matching_trees):
+
+        tree_a_primary_taxon_id = tree_a['taxonomy'][0][0]
+
+        # i_tree_b = 1; tree_b = matching_trees[i_tree_b]
+        for i_tree_b, tree_b in enumerate(matching_trees):
+
+            if i_tree_a == i_tree_b:
+                continue
+
+            # If tree a's primary taxon ID is inside tree b, discard tree a
+            #
+            # taxonomy_level_b = tree_b['taxonomy'][0]
+            for taxonomy_level_b in tree_b['taxonomy']:
+                if tree_a_primary_taxon_id == taxonomy_level_b[0]:
+                    b_valid_tree[i_tree_a] = False
+                    break
+
+            # ...for each level in taxonomy B
+
+        # ...for each tree (inner)
+
+    # ...for each tree (outer)
+
+    matching_trees = list(compress(matching_trees, b_valid_tree))
+    return matching_trees
+
+# ...def traverse_taxonomy()
+
+
+def get_taxonomic_info(query: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    """
+    Main entry point: get taxonomic matches from both taxonomies for [query],
+    which may be a scientific or common name.
+    """
+
+    query = query.strip().lower()
+    # print("Finding taxonomy information for: {0}".format(query))
+
+    inat_taxon_ids = set()
+    if query in inat_scientific_to_taxon_id:
+        inat_taxon_ids |= inat_scientific_to_taxon_id[query]
+    if query in inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id:
+        inat_taxon_ids |= inat_vernacular_to_taxon_id[query]
+
+    # In GBIF, some queries hit for both common and scientific, make sure we end
+    # up with unique inputs
+    gbif_taxon_ids = set()
+    if query in gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id:
+        gbif_taxon_ids |= gbif_scientific_to_taxon_id[query]
+    if query in gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id:
+        gbif_taxon_ids |= gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id[query]
+
+    # If the species is not found in either taxonomy, return None
+    if (len(inat_taxon_ids) == 0) and (len(gbif_taxon_ids) == 0):
+        return []
+
+    # Both GBIF and iNat have a 1-to-1 mapping between taxon_id and row number
+    inat_row_indices = [inat_taxon_id_to_row[i] for i in inat_taxon_ids]
+    gbif_row_indices = [gbif_taxon_id_to_row[i] for i in gbif_taxon_ids]
+
+    # Walk both taxonomies
+    inat_matching_trees = traverse_taxonomy(
+        inat_row_indices, inat_taxon_id_to_row, inat_taxon_id_to_vernacular,
+        inat_taxonomy, 'inat', query)
+    gbif_matching_trees = traverse_taxonomy(
+        gbif_row_indices, gbif_taxon_id_to_row, gbif_taxon_id_to_vernacular,
+        gbif_taxonomy, 'gbif', query)
+
+    return gbif_matching_trees + inat_matching_trees
+
+# ...def get_taxonomic_info()
+
+
+def print_taxonomy_matches(matches, verbose=False):
+    """
+    Console-friendly printing function to make nicely-indentend trees
+    """
+
+    # m = matches[0]
+    for m in matches:
+
+        source = m['source']
+
+        # For example: [(9761484, 'species', 'anas platyrhynchos')]
+        for i_taxonomy_level in range(0, len(m['taxonomy'])):
+            taxonomy_level_info = m['taxonomy'][i_taxonomy_level]
+            taxonomy_level = taxonomy_level_info[1]
+            name = taxonomy_level_info[2]
+            common = taxonomy_level_info[3]
+
+            if i_taxonomy_level > 0:
+                print('\t',end='')
+
+            print('{} {} ({})'.format(taxonomy_level, name, common), end='')
+
+            if i_taxonomy_level == 0:
+                print(' ({})'.format(source))
+            else:
+                print('')
+
+            if not verbose:
+                break
+
+        # ...for each taxonomy level
+
+    # ...for each match
+
+# ...def print_taxonomy_matches()
+
+
+#%% Taxonomy functions that make subjective judgements
+
+import unicodedata
+import re
+
+def slugify(value: Any, allow_unicode: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    From:
+    https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/django/utils/text.py
+
+    Convert to ASCII if 'allow_unicode' is False. Convert spaces to hyphens.
+    Remove characters that aren't alphanumerics, underscores, or hyphens.
+    Convert to lowercase. Also strip leading and trailing whitespace.
+    """
+
+    value = str(value)
+    value = unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', value)
+    if not allow_unicode:
+        value = value.encode('ascii', 'ignore').decode('ascii')
+    value = re.sub(r'[^\w\s-]', '', value.lower()).strip()
+    return re.sub(r'[-\s]+', '-', value)
+
+
+class TaxonomicMatch:
+
+    def __init__(self, scientific_name, common_name, taxonomic_level, source,
+                 taxonomy_string, match):
+        self.scientific_name = scientific_name
+        self.common_name = common_name
+        self.taxonomic_level = taxonomic_level
+        self.source = source
+        self.taxonomy_string = taxonomy_string
+        self.match = match
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('TaxonomicMatch('
+            f'scientific_name={self.scientific_name}, '
+            f'common_name={self.common_name}, '
+            f'taxonomic_level={self.taxonomic_level}, '
+            f'source={self.source}')
+
+
+hyphenated_terms = ['crowned', 'backed', 'throated', 'tailed', 'headed', 'cheeked',
+                    'ruffed', 'browed', 'eating', 'striped', 'shanked',
+                    'fronted', 'bellied', 'spotted', 'eared', 'collared', 'breasted',
+                    'necked']
+
+def pop_levels(m, n_levels=1):
+    """
+    Remove [n_levels] levels from the bottom of the TaxonomicMatch object m, typically used to remove
+    silly subgenera.
+    """
+
+    v = eval(m.taxonomy_string)
+    assert v[0][1] == m.taxonomic_level
+    assert v[0][2] == m.scientific_name
+    popped_v = v[n_levels:]
+    taxonomic_level = popped_v[0][1]
+    scientific_name = popped_v[0][2]
+    common_name = popped_v[0][3]
+    if len(common_name) == 0:
+        common_name = ''
+    else:
+        common_name = common_name[0]
+    taxonomy_string = str(popped_v)
+    source = m.source
+    return TaxonomicMatch(scientific_name=scientific_name,
+                          common_name=common_name,
+                          taxonomic_level=taxonomic_level,
+                          source=source,
+                          taxonomy_string=taxonomy_string,
+                          match=None)
+
+# ...def pop_levels(...)
+
+
+def get_preferred_taxonomic_match(query: str, taxonomy_preference = 'inat', retry=True) -> TaxonomicMatch:
+    """
+    Wrapper for _get_preferred_taxonomic_match, but expressing a variety of heuristics
+    and preferences that are specific to our scenario.
+
+    Args:
+        query (str): The common or scientific name we want to look up
+        taxonomy_preference (str, optional): 'inat' or 'gbif'
+        retry (bool, optional): if the initial lookup fails, should we try heuristic
+            substitutions, e.g. replacing "_" with " ", or "spp" with "species"?
+
+    Returns:
+        TaxonomicMatch: the best taxonomic match, or None
+    """
+
+    m,query = _get_preferred_taxonomic_match(query=query,taxonomy_preference=taxonomy_preference)
+    if (len(m.scientific_name) > 0) or (not retry):
+        return m
+
+    for s in hyphenated_terms:
+        query = query.replace(' ' + s,'-' + s)
+    m,query = _get_preferred_taxonomic_match(query=query,taxonomy_preference=taxonomy_preference)
+
+    if (len(m.scientific_name) > 0) or (not retry):
+        return m
+
+    query = query.replace(' species','')
+    query = query.replace(' order','')
+    query = query.replace(' genus','')
+    query = query.replace(' family','')
+    query = query.replace(' subfamily','')
+    m,query = _get_preferred_taxonomic_match(query=query,taxonomy_preference=taxonomy_preference)
+
+    return m
+
+
+def validate_and_convert(data):
+    """
+    Recursively validates that all elements in the nested structure are only
+    tuples, lists, ints, or np.int64, and converts np.int64 to int.
+
+    Args:
+        data: The nested structure to validate and convert
+
+    Returns:
+        The validated and converted structure
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If an invalid type is encountered
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(data, np.int64):
+        return int(data)
+    elif isinstance(data, int) or isinstance(data, str):
+        return data
+    elif isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
+        # Process lists and tuples recursively
+        container_type = type(data)
+        return container_type(validate_and_convert(item) for item in data)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Invalid type encountered: {type(data).__name__}. "
+                        f"Only int, np.int64, list, and tuple are allowed.")
+
+# ...def validate_and_convert(...)
+
+
+def _get_preferred_taxonomic_match(query: str, taxonomy_preference = 'inat') -> TaxonomicMatch:
+
+    query = query.lower().strip().replace('_', ' ')
+    query = query.replace('unidentified','')
+    query = query.replace('unknown','')
+    if query.endswith(' sp'):
+        query = query.replace(' sp','')
+    if query.endswith(' group'):
+        query = query.replace(' group','')
+
+    query = query.strip()
+
+    # query = 'person'
+    matches = get_taxonomic_info(query)
+
+    # Do we have an iNat match?
+    inat_matches = [m for m in matches if m['source'] == 'inat']
+    gbif_matches = [m for m in matches if m['source'] == 'gbif']
+
+    # print_taxonomy_matches(inat_matches, verbose=True)
+    # print_taxonomy_matches(gbif_matches, verbose=True)
+
+    scientific_name = ''
+    common_name = ''
+    taxonomic_level = ''
+    match = ''
+    source = ''
+    taxonomy_string = ''
+
+    n_inat_matches = len(inat_matches)
+    n_gbif_matches = len(gbif_matches)
+
+    selected_matches = None
+
+    assert taxonomy_preference in ['gbif','inat'],\
+        'Unrecognized taxonomy preference: {}'.format(taxonomy_preference)
+
+    if n_inat_matches > 0 and taxonomy_preference == 'inat':
+        selected_matches = 'inat'
+    elif n_gbif_matches > 0:
+        selected_matches = 'gbif'
+
+    if selected_matches == 'inat':
+
+        i_match = 0
+
+        if len(inat_matches) > 1:
+            # print('Warning: multiple iNat matches for {}'.format(query))
+
+            # Prefer chordates... most of the names that aren't what we want
+            # are esoteric insects, like a moth called "cheetah"
+            #
+            # If we can't find a chordate, just take the first match.
+            #
+            # i_test_match = 0
+            for i_test_match, match in enumerate(inat_matches):
+                found_vertebrate = False
+                taxonomy = match['taxonomy']
+                for taxonomy_level in taxonomy:
+                    taxon_rank = taxonomy_level[1]
+                    scientific_name = taxonomy_level[2]
+                    if taxon_rank == 'phylum' and scientific_name == 'chordata':
+                        i_match = i_test_match
+                        found_vertebrate = True
+                        break
+                if found_vertebrate:
+                    break
+
+        match = inat_matches[i_match]['taxonomy']
+
+        # This is (taxonID, taxonLevel, scientific, [list of common])
+        lowest_level = match[0]
+        taxonomic_level = lowest_level[1]
+        scientific_name = lowest_level[2]
+        assert len(scientific_name) > 0
+        common_names = lowest_level[3]
+        if len(common_names) > 1:
+            # print(f'Warning: multiple iNat common names for {query}')
+            # Default to returning the query
+            if query in common_names:
+                common_name = query
+            else:
+                common_name = common_names[0]
+        elif len(common_names) > 0:
+            common_name = common_names[0]
+
+        # print(f'Matched iNat {query} to {scientific_name},{common_name}')
+        source = 'inat'
+
+    # ...if we had iNat matches
+
+    # If we either prefer GBIF or didn't have iNat matches
+    #
+    # Code is deliberately redundant here; I'm expecting some subtleties in how
+    # handle GBIF and iNat.
+    elif selected_matches == 'gbif':
+
+        i_match = 0
+
+        if len(gbif_matches) > 1:
+            # print('Warning: multiple GBIF matches for {}'.format(query))
+
+            # Prefer chordates... most of the names that aren't what we want
+            # are esoteric insects, like a moth called "cheetah"
+            #
+            # If we can't find a chordate, just take the first match.
+            #
+            # i_test_match = 0
+            for i_test_match, match in enumerate(gbif_matches):
+                found_vertebrate = False
+                taxonomy = match['taxonomy']
+                for taxonomy_level in taxonomy:
+                    taxon_rank = taxonomy_level[1]
+                    scientific_name = taxonomy_level[2]
+                    if taxon_rank == 'phylum' and scientific_name == 'chordata':
+                        i_match = i_test_match
+                        found_vertebrate = True
+                        break
+                if found_vertebrate:
+                    break
+
+        match = gbif_matches[i_match]['taxonomy']
+
+        # This is (taxonID, taxonLevel, scientific, [list of common])
+        lowest_level = match[0]
+        taxonomic_level = lowest_level[1]
+        scientific_name = lowest_level[2]
+        assert len(scientific_name) > 0
+
+        common_names = lowest_level[3]
+        if len(common_names) > 1:
+            # print(f'Warning: multiple GBIF common names for {query}')
+            # Default to returning the query
+            if query in common_names:
+                common_name = query
+            else:
+                common_name = common_names[0]
+        elif len(common_names) > 0:
+            common_name = common_names[0]
+
+        source = 'gbif'
+
+    # ...if we needed to look in the GBIF taxonomy
+
+    # Convert np.int64's to ints
+    if match is not None:
+        match = validate_and_convert(match)
+
+    taxonomy_string = str(match)
+
+    m = TaxonomicMatch(scientific_name, common_name, taxonomic_level, source,
+                        taxonomy_string, match)
+
+    if (m.taxonomic_level == 'subgenus' and \
+        match[1][1] == 'genus' and \
+        match[1][2] == m.scientific_name):
+        print('Removing redundant subgenus {}'.format(scientific_name))
+        m = pop_levels(m,1)
+
+    return m,query
+
+# ...def _get_preferred_taxonomic_match()
+
+
+#%% Interactive drivers and debug
+
+if False:
+
+    #%% Initialization
+
+    initialize_taxonomy_lookup()
+
+
+    #%% Taxonomic lookup
+
+    # query = 'lion'
+    query = 'xenoperdix'
+    matches = get_taxonomic_info(query)
+    # print(matches)
+
+    print_taxonomy_matches(matches,verbose=True)
+
+    print('\n\n')
+
+    # Print the taxonomy in the taxonomy spreadsheet format
+    assert matches[1]['source'] == 'inat'
+    t = str(matches[1]['taxonomy'])
+    print(t)
+    import clipboard; clipboard.copy(t)
+
+
+    #%% Directly access the taxonomy tables
+
+    taxon_ids = gbif_vernacular_to_taxon_id['lion']
+    for taxon_id in taxon_ids:
+        i_row = gbif_taxon_id_to_row[taxon_id]
+        print(taxonomy_row_to_string(gbif_taxonomy.iloc[i_row]))
+
+
+#%% Command-line driver
+
+def main(): # noqa
+
+    # Read command line inputs (absolute path)
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument('input_file')
+
+    if len(sys.argv[1:]) == 0:
+        parser.print_help()
+        parser.exit()
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    input_file = args.input_file
+
+    initialize_taxonomy_lookup()
+
+    # Read the tokens from the input text file
+    with open(input_file, 'r') as f:
+        tokens = f.readlines()
+
+    # Loop through each token and get scientific name
+    for token in tokens:
+        token = token.strip().lower()
+        matches = get_taxonomic_info(token)
+        print_taxonomy_matches(matches)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()