megadetector 10.0.15__py3-none-any.whl

megadetector/detection/run_md_and_speciesnet.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1604 @@
+"""
+
+run_md_and_speciesnet.py
+
+Script to run MegaDetector and SpeciesNet on a folder of images and/or videos.
+Runs MD first, then runs SpeciesNet on every above-threshold crop.
+
+"""
+
+#%% Constants, imports, environment
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import multiprocessing
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from multiprocessing import JoinableQueue, Process, Queue
+from threading import Thread
+
+import humanfriendly
+
+from megadetector.detection import run_detector_batch
+from megadetector.detection.video_utils import find_videos, run_callback_on_frames, is_video_file
+from megadetector.detection.run_detector_batch import load_and_run_detector_batch
+from megadetector.detection.run_detector import DEFAULT_OUTPUT_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD
+from megadetector.detection.run_detector import CONF_DIGITS
+from megadetector.detection.run_detector_batch import write_results_to_file
+from megadetector.utils.ct_utils import round_float
+from megadetector.utils.ct_utils import write_json
+from megadetector.utils.ct_utils import make_temp_folder
+from megadetector.utils.ct_utils import is_list_sorted
+from megadetector.utils.ct_utils import is_sphinx_build
+from megadetector.utils.ct_utils import args_to_object
+from megadetector.utils.path_utils import find_images
+from megadetector.utils.path_utils import test_file_write
+from megadetector.visualization import visualization_utils as vis_utils
+from megadetector.postprocessing.validate_batch_results import \
+    validate_batch_results, ValidateBatchResultsOptions
+from megadetector.detection.process_video import \
+    process_videos, ProcessVideoOptions
+from megadetector.postprocessing.combine_batch_outputs import combine_batch_output_files
+
+# We aren't taking an explicit dependency on the speciesnet package yet,
+# so we wrap this in a try/except so sphinx can still document this module.
+try:
+    from speciesnet import SpeciesNetClassifier
+    from speciesnet.utils import BBox
+    from speciesnet.ensemble import SpeciesNetEnsemble
+    from speciesnet.geofence_utils import roll_up_labels_to_first_matching_level
+    from speciesnet.geofence_utils import geofence_animal_classification
+except Exception:
+    pass
+
+
+#%% Constants
+
+DEFAULT_DETECTOR_MODEL = 'MDV5A'
+DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_MODEL = 'kaggle:google/speciesnet/pyTorch/v4.0.1a'
+DEFAULT_DETECTION_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD_FOR_CLASSIFICATION = 0.1
+DEFAULT_DETECTION_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD_FOR_OUTPUT = DEFAULT_OUTPUT_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD
+DEFAULT_DETECTOR_BATCH_SIZE = 1
+DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_BATCH_SIZE = 8
+DEFAULT_LOADER_WORKERS = 4
+DEFAULT_WORKER_TYPE = 'thread'
+
+# This determines the maximum number of image filenames that can be assigned to
+# each of the producer workers before blocking.  The actual size of the queue
+# will be MAX_IMAGE_QUEUE_SIZE_PER_WORKER * n_workers.  This is only used for
+# the classification step.
+MAX_IMAGE_QUEUE_SIZE_PER_WORKER = 30
+
+# This determines the maximum number of crops that can accumulate in the queue
+# used to communicate between the producers (which read and crop images) and the
+# consumer (which runs the classifier).  This is only used for the classification step.
+MAX_BATCH_QUEUE_SIZE = 300
+
+# Default interval between frames we should process when processing video.
+# This is only used for the detection step.
+DEFAULT_SECONDS_PER_VIDEO_FRAME = 1.0
+
+# Max number of classification scores to include per detection
+DEFAULT_TOP_N_SCORES = 2
+
+# Unless --norollup is specified, roll up taxonomic levels until the
+# cumulative confidence is above this value.  Only relevant when
+# geofencing is disabled, otherwise the default speciesnet library
+# constants are used.
+DEFAULT_ROLLUP_TARGET_CONFIDENCE = 0.65
+
+# When the called supplies an existing MD results file, should we validate it before
+# starting classification?
+VALIDATE_DETECTION_FILE = False
+
+verbose = False
+
+
+#%% Main options class
+
+class RunMDSpeciesNetOptions:
+    """
+    Class controlling the behavior of run_md_and_speciesnet()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+
+        #: Folder containing images and/or videos to process
+        self.source = None
+
+        #: Output file for results (JSON format)
+        self.output_file = None
+
+        #: What to do if the output file exists ('overwrite', 'error', 'skip')
+        self.overwrite_handling = 'overwrite'
+
+        #: MegaDetector model identifier (MDv5a, MDv5b, MDv1000-redwood, etc.)
+        self.detector_model = DEFAULT_DETECTOR_MODEL
+
+        #: SpeciesNet classifier model identifier (e.g. kaggle:google/speciesnet/pyTorch/v4.0.1a)
+        self.classification_model = DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_MODEL
+
+        #: Batch size for MegaDetector inference
+        self.detector_batch_size = DEFAULT_DETECTOR_BATCH_SIZE
+
+        #: Batch size for SpeciesNet classification
+        self.classifier_batch_size = DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_BATCH_SIZE
+
+        #: Number of worker threads for preprocessing
+        self.loader_workers = DEFAULT_LOADER_WORKERS
+
+        #: Classify detections above this threshold
+        self.detection_confidence_threshold_for_classification = \
+            DEFAULT_DETECTION_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD_FOR_CLASSIFICATION
+
+        #: Include detections above this threshold in the output
+        self.detection_confidence_threshold_for_output = \
+            DEFAULT_DETECTION_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD_FOR_OUTPUT
+
+        #: Folder for intermediate files (default: system temp)
+        self.intermediate_file_folder = None
+
+        #: Keep intermediate files (e.g. detection-only results file)
+        self.keep_intermediate_files = False
+
+        #: Disable taxonomic rollup
+        self.norollup = False
+
+        #: Target confidence threshold for taxonomic rollup
+        self.rollup_target_confidence = DEFAULT_ROLLUP_TARGET_CONFIDENCE
+
+        #: Country code (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3) for geofencing (default None, no geoferencing)
+        self.country = None
+
+        #: Admin1 region/state code for geofencing
+        self.admin1_region = None
+
+        #: Path to existing MegaDetector output file (skips detection step)
+        self.detections_file = None
+
+        #: Ignore videos, only process images
+        self.skip_video = False
+
+        #: Ignore images, only process videos
+        self.skip_images = False
+
+        #: Sample every Nth frame from videos
+        #:
+        #: Mutually exclusive with time_sample
+        self.frame_sample = None
+
+        #: Sample frames every N seconds from videos
+        #:
+        #: Mutually exclusive with frame_sample
+        self.time_sample = DEFAULT_SECONDS_PER_VIDEO_FRAME
+
+        #: Enable additional debug output
+        self.verbose = False
+
+        #: Worker type for parallelization; should be "thread" or "process"
+        self.worker_type = DEFAULT_WORKER_TYPE
+
+        #: Include raw (pre-rollup/geofence) classification scores in output
+        self.include_raw_classifications = False
+
+        if self.time_sample is None and self.frame_sample is None:
+            self.time_sample = DEFAULT_SECONDS_PER_VIDEO_FRAME
+
+# ...class RunMDSpeciesNetOptions
+
+
+#%% Support classes
+
+class CropMetadata:
+    """
+    Metadata for a crop extracted from an image detection.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 image_file: str,
+                 detection_index: int,
+                 bbox: list[float],
+                 original_width: int,
+                 original_height: int):
+        """
+        Args:
+            image_file (str): path to the original image file
+            detection_index (int): index of this detection in the image
+            bbox (List[float]): normalized bounding box [x_min, y_min, width, height]
+            original_width (int): width of the original image
+            original_height (int): height of the original image
+        """
+
+        self.image_file = image_file
+        self.detection_index = detection_index
+        self.bbox = bbox
+        self.original_width = original_width
+        self.original_height = original_height
+
+
+class CropBatch:
+    """
+    A batch of crops with their metadata for classification.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        #: List of preprocessed images
+        self.crops = []
+
+        #: List of CropMetadata objects
+        self.metadata = []
+
+    def add_crop(self, crop_data, metadata):
+        """
+        Args:
+            crop_data (PreprocessedImage): preprocessed image data from
+                SpeciesNetClassifier.preprocess()
+            metadata (CropMetadata): metadata for this crop
+        """
+
+        self.crops.append(crop_data)
+        self.metadata.append(metadata)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.crops)
+
+
+#%% Support functions for classification
+
+def _process_image_detections(file_path: str,
+                              absolute_file_path: str,
+                              detection_results: dict,
+                              classifier: 'SpeciesNetClassifier',
+                              detection_confidence_threshold: float,
+                              batch_queue: Queue):
+    """
+    Process detections from a single image.
+
+    Args:
+        file_path (str): relative path to the image file
+        absolute_file_path (str): absolute path to the image file
+        detection_results (dict): detection results for this image
+        classifier (SpeciesNetClassifier): classifier instance for preprocessing
+        detection_confidence_threshold (float): classify detections above this threshold
+        batch_queue (Queue): queue to send crops to
+    """
+
+    detections = detection_results['detections']
+
+    # Don't bother loading images that have no above-threshold detections
+    detections_above_threshold = \
+        [d for d in detections if d['conf'] >= detection_confidence_threshold]
+    if len(detections_above_threshold) == 0:
+        return
+
+    # Load the image
+    try:
+        image = vis_utils.load_image(absolute_file_path)
+        original_width, original_height = image.size
+    except Exception as e:
+        print('Warning: failed to load image {}: {}'.format(file_path, str(e)))
+
+        # Send failure information to consumer
+        failure_metadata = CropMetadata(
+            image_file=file_path,
+            detection_index=-1,  # -1 indicates whole-image failure
+            bbox=[],
+            original_width=0,
+            original_height=0
+        )
+        batch_queue.put(('failure',
+                         'Failed to load image: {}'.format(str(e)),
+                         failure_metadata))
+        return
+
+    # Process each detection above threshold
+    #
+    # detection_index needs to index into the original list of detections
+    # (this is how classification results will be associated with detections
+    # later), so iterate over "detections" here, rather than
+    # "detections_above_threshold".
+    for detection_index, detection in enumerate(detections):
+
+        conf = detection['conf']
+        if conf < detection_confidence_threshold:
+            continue
+
+        bbox = detection['bbox']
+        assert len(bbox) == 4
+
+        # Convert normalized bbox to BBox object for SpeciesNet
+        speciesnet_bbox = BBox(
+            xmin=bbox[0],
+            ymin=bbox[1],
+            width=bbox[2],
+            height=bbox[3]
+        )
+
+        # Preprocess the crop
+        try:
+
+            preprocessed_crop = classifier.preprocess(
+                image,
+                bboxes=[speciesnet_bbox],
+                resize=True
+            )
+
+            if preprocessed_crop is not None:
+
+                metadata = CropMetadata(
+                    image_file=file_path,
+                    detection_index=detection_index,
+                    bbox=bbox,
+                    original_width=original_width,
+                    original_height=original_height
+                )
+
+                # Send individual crop to the consumer
+                batch_queue.put(('crop', preprocessed_crop, metadata))
+
+        except Exception as e:
+
+            print('Warning: failed to preprocess crop from {}, detection {}: {}'.format(
+                file_path, detection_index, str(e)))
+
+            # Send failure information to consumer
+            failure_metadata = CropMetadata(
+                image_file=file_path,
+                detection_index=detection_index,
+                bbox=bbox,
+                original_width=original_width,
+                original_height=original_height
+            )
+            batch_queue.put(('failure',
+                             'Failed to preprocess crop: {}'.format(str(e)),
+                             failure_metadata))
+
+        # ...try/except
+
+    # ...for each detection in this image
+
+# ...def _process_image_detections(...)
+
+
+def _process_video_detections(file_path: str,
+                              absolute_file_path: str,
+                              detection_results: dict,
+                              classifier: 'SpeciesNetClassifier',
+                              detection_confidence_threshold: float,
+                              batch_queue: Queue):
+    """
+    Process detections from a single video.
+
+    Args:
+        file_path (str): relative path to the video file
+        absolute_file_path (str): absolute path to the video file
+        detection_results (dict): detection results for this video
+        classifier (SpeciesNetClassifier): classifier instance for preprocessing
+        detection_confidence_threshold (float): classify detections above this threshold
+        batch_queue (Queue): queue to send crops to
+    """
+
+    detections = detection_results['detections']
+
+    # Find frames with above-threshold detections
+    frames_with_detections = set()
+    frame_to_detections = {}
+
+    for detection_index, detection in enumerate(detections):
+
+        conf = detection['conf']
+        if conf < detection_confidence_threshold:
+            continue
+
+        frame_number = detection['frame_number']
+        frames_with_detections.add(frame_number)
+
+        if frame_number not in frame_to_detections:
+            frame_to_detections[frame_number] = []
+        frame_to_detections[frame_number].append((detection_index, detection))
+
+    # ...for each detection in this video
+
+    if len(frames_with_detections) == 0:
+        return
+
+    frames_to_process = sorted(list(frames_with_detections))
+
+    # Define callback for processing each frame
+    def frame_callback(frame_array, frame_id):
+        """
+        Callback to process a single frame.
+
+        Args:
+            frame_array (numpy.ndarray): frame data in PIL format
+            frame_id (str): frame identifier like "frame0006.jpg"
+        """
+
+        # Extract frame number from frame_id (e.g., "frame0006.jpg" -> 6)
+        import re
+        match = re.match(r'frame(\d+)\.jpg', frame_id)
+        if not match:
+            print('Warning: could not parse frame number from {}'.format(frame_id))
+            return
+        frame_number = int(match.group(1))
+
+        # Only process frames for which we have detection results
+        if frame_number not in frame_to_detections:
+            return
+
+        # Convert numpy array to PIL Image
+        from PIL import Image
+        if frame_array.dtype != 'uint8':
+            frame_array = (frame_array * 255).astype('uint8')
+        frame_image = Image.fromarray(frame_array)
+        original_width, original_height = frame_image.size
+
+        # Process each detection in this frame
+        for detection_index, detection in frame_to_detections[frame_number]:
+
+            bbox = detection['bbox']
+            assert len(bbox) == 4
+
+            # Convert normalized bbox to BBox object for SpeciesNet
+            speciesnet_bbox = BBox(
+                xmin=bbox[0],
+                ymin=bbox[1],
+                width=bbox[2],
+                height=bbox[3]
+            )
+
+            # Preprocess the crop
+            try:
+
+                preprocessed_crop = classifier.preprocess(
+                    frame_image,
+                    bboxes=[speciesnet_bbox],
+                    resize=True
+                )
+
+                if preprocessed_crop is not None:
+                    metadata = CropMetadata(
+                        image_file=file_path,
+                        detection_index=detection_index,
+                        bbox=bbox,
+                        original_width=original_width,
+                        original_height=original_height
+                    )
+
+                    # Send individual crop immediately to consumer
+                    batch_queue.put(('crop', preprocessed_crop, metadata))
+
+            except Exception as e:
+
+                print('Warning: failed to preprocess crop from {}, detection {}: {}'.format(
+                    file_path, detection_index, str(e)))
+
+                # Send failure information to consumer
+                failure_metadata = CropMetadata(
+                    image_file=file_path,
+                    detection_index=detection_index,
+                    bbox=bbox,
+                    original_width=original_width,
+                    original_height=original_height
+                )
+                batch_queue.put(('failure',
+                                 'Failed to preprocess crop: {}'.format(str(e)),
+                                 failure_metadata))
+
+            # ...try/except
+
+        # ...for each detection
+
+    # ...def frame_callback(...)
+
+    # Process the video frames
+    try:
+
+        run_callback_on_frames(
+            input_video_file=absolute_file_path,
+            frame_callback=frame_callback,
+            frames_to_process=frames_to_process,
+            verbose=verbose
+        )
+
+    except Exception as e:
+
+        print('Warning: failed to process video {}: {}'.format(file_path, str(e)))
+
+        # Send failure information to consumer for the whole video
+        failure_metadata = CropMetadata(
+            image_file=file_path,
+            detection_index=-1,  # -1 indicates whole-file failure
+            bbox=[],
+            original_width=0,
+            original_height=0
+        )
+        batch_queue.put(('failure',
+                         'Failed to process video: {}'.format(str(e)),
+                         failure_metadata))
+    # ...try/except
+
+# ...def _process_video_detections(...)
+
+
+def _crop_producer_func(image_queue: JoinableQueue,
+                        batch_queue: Queue,
+                        classifier_model: str,
+                        detection_confidence_threshold: float,
+                        source_folder: str,
+                        producer_id: int = -1,
+                        preloaded_classifier: 'SpeciesNetClassifier' = None):
+    """
+    Producer function for classification workers.
+
+    Reads images and videos from [image_queue], crops detections above a threshold,
+    preprocesses them, and sends individual crops to [batch_queue].
+    See the documentation of _crop_consumer_func to for the format of the
+    tuples placed on batch_queue.
+
+    Args:
+        image_queue (JoinableQueue): queue containing detection_results dicts (for both images and videos)
+        batch_queue (Queue): queue to put individual crops into
+        classifier_model (str): classifier model identifier to load in this process
+        detection_confidence_threshold (float): classify detections above this threshold
+        source_folder (str): source folder to resolve relative paths
+        producer_id (int, optional): identifier for this producer worker
+        preloaded_classifier (SpeciesNetClassifier, optional): pre-loaded classifier instance
+            (for thread-based workers, to avoid loading models in threads)
+    """
+
+    if verbose:
+        print('Classification producer starting: ID {}'.format(producer_id))
+
+    # Load classifier; this is just being used as a preprocessor, so we force device=cpu.
+    #
+    # When using threads, we pre-load the classifier in the main thread to avoid PyTorch FX
+    # issues with loading models in worker threads.
+    if preloaded_classifier is not None:
+        classifier = preloaded_classifier
+        if verbose:
+            print('Classification producer {}: using pre-loaded classifier'.format(producer_id))
+    else:
+        # There are a number of reasons loading the model might fail; note to self: *don't*
+        # catch Exceptions here.  This should be a catastrophic failure that stops the whole
+        # process.
+        classifier = SpeciesNetClassifier(classifier_model, device='cpu')
+        if verbose:
+            print('Classification producer {}: loaded classifier'.format(producer_id))
+
+    while True:
+
+        # Pull an image of detection results from the queue
+        detection_results = image_queue.get()
+
+        # Pulling None from the queue indicates that this producer is done
+        if detection_results is None:
+            image_queue.task_done()
+            break
+
+        file_path = detection_results['file']
+
+        # Skip files that failed at the detection stage
+        if 'failure' in detection_results:
+            image_queue.task_done()
+            continue
+
+        # Skip files with no detections
+        detections = detection_results['detections']
+        if len(detections) == 0:
+            image_queue.task_done()
+            continue
+
+        # Determine if this is an image or video
+        absolute_file_path = os.path.join(source_folder, file_path)
+        is_video = is_video_file(file_path)
+
+        if is_video:
+
+            # Process video
+            _process_video_detections(
+                file_path=file_path,
+                absolute_file_path=absolute_file_path,
+                detection_results=detection_results,
+                classifier=classifier,
+                detection_confidence_threshold=detection_confidence_threshold,
+                batch_queue=batch_queue
+            )
+
+        else:
+
+            # Process image
+            _process_image_detections(
+                file_path=file_path,
+                absolute_file_path=absolute_file_path,
+                detection_results=detection_results,
+                classifier=classifier,
+                detection_confidence_threshold=detection_confidence_threshold,
+                batch_queue=batch_queue
+            )
+
+        image_queue.task_done()
+
+    # ...while(we still have items to process)
+
+    # Send sentinel to indicate this producer is done
+    batch_queue.put(None)
+
+    if verbose:
+        print('Classification producer {} finished'.format(producer_id))
+
+# ...def _crop_producer_func(...)
+
+
+def _crop_consumer_func(batch_queue: Queue,
+                        results_queue: Queue,
+                        classifier_model: str,
+                        batch_size: int,
+                        num_producers: int,
+                        enable_rollup: bool,
+                        country: str = None,
+                        admin1_region: str = None,
+                        preloaded_classifier: 'SpeciesNetClassifier' = None,
+                        rollup_target_confidence: float = DEFAULT_ROLLUP_TARGET_CONFIDENCE):
+    """
+    Consumer function for classification inference.
+
+    Pulls individual crops from batch_queue, assembles them into batches,
+    runs inference, and puts results into results_queue.
+
+    Args:
+        batch_queue (Queue): queue containing individual crop tuples or failures.
+            Items on this queue are either None (to indicate that a producer finished)
+            or tuples formatted as (type,image,metadata).  [type] is a string (either
+            "crop" or "failure"), [image] is a PreprocessedImage, and [metadata] is
+            a CropMetadata object.
+        results_queue (Queue): queue to put classification results into
+        classifier_model (str): classifier model identifier to load
+        batch_size (int): batch size for inference
+        num_producers (int): number of producer workers
+        enable_rollup (bool): whether to apply taxonomic rollup
+        country (str, optional): country code for geofencing
+        admin1_region (str, optional): admin1 region for geofencing
+        preloaded_classifier (SpeciesNetClassifier, optional): pre-loaded classifier instance
+            (for thread-based workers, to avoid loading models in threads)
+        rollup_target_confidence (float, optional): target confidence threshold for taxonomic
+            rollup.  Ignored if enable_rollup is False.
+    """
+
+    if verbose:
+        print('Classification consumer starting')
+
+    # Load classifier
+    # When using threads, we pre-load the classifier in the main thread to avoid PyTorch FX
+    # issues with loading models in worker threads.
+    if preloaded_classifier is not None:
+        classifier = preloaded_classifier
+        if verbose:
+            print('Classification consumer: using pre-loaded classifier')
+    else:
+        try:
+            classifier = SpeciesNetClassifier(classifier_model)
+            if verbose:
+                print('Classification consumer: loaded classifier')
+        except Exception as e:
+            print('Classification consumer: failed to load classifier: {}'.format(str(e)))
+            results_queue.put({})
+            return
+
+    all_results = {}  # image_file -> {detection_index -> classification_result}
+    current_batch = CropBatch()
+    producers_finished = 0
+
+    # Load ensemble metadata if rollup/geofencing is enabled
+    taxonomy_map = {}
+    geofence_map = {}
+
+    if (enable_rollup) or (country is not None):
+
+        # Note to self: there are a number of reasons loading the ensemble
+        # could fail here; don't catch this exception, this should be a
+        # catatstrophic failure.
+        ensemble = SpeciesNetEnsemble(
+            classifier_model, geofence=(country is not None))
+        taxonomy_map = ensemble.taxonomy_map
+        geofence_map = ensemble.geofence_map
+
+    # ...if we need to load ensemble components
+
+    while True:
+
+        # Pull an item from the queue
+        item = batch_queue.get()
+
+        # This indicates that a producer worker finished
+        if item is None:
+
+            producers_finished += 1
+            if producers_finished == num_producers:
+                # Process any remaining images
+                if len(current_batch) > 0:
+                    _process_classification_batch(
+                        current_batch, classifier, all_results,
+                        enable_rollup, taxonomy_map, geofence_map,
+                        country, admin1_region, rollup_target_confidence
+                    )
+                break
+            continue
+
+        # ...if a producer finished
+
+        # If we got here, we know we have a crop to process, or
+        # a failure to ignore.
+        assert isinstance(item, tuple) and len(item) == 3
+        item_type, data, metadata = item
+
+        if metadata.image_file not in all_results:
+            all_results[metadata.image_file] = {}
+
+        # We should never be processing the same detection twice
+        assert metadata.detection_index not in all_results[metadata.image_file]
+
+        if item_type == 'failure':
+
+            all_results[metadata.image_file][metadata.detection_index] = {
+                'failure': 'Failure classification: {}'.format(data)
+            }
+
+        else:
+
+            assert item_type == 'crop'
+            current_batch.add_crop(data, metadata)
+            assert len(current_batch) <= batch_size
+
+            # Process batch if necessary
+            if len(current_batch) == batch_size:
+                _process_classification_batch(
+                    current_batch, classifier, all_results,
+                    enable_rollup, taxonomy_map, geofence_map,
+                    country, admin1_region, rollup_target_confidence
+                )
+                current_batch = CropBatch()
+
+        # ...was this item a failure or a crop?
+
+    # ...while (we have items to process)
+
+    # Send all the results at once back to the main process
+    results_queue.put(all_results)
+
+    if verbose:
+        print('Classification consumer finished')
+
+# ...def _crop_consumer_func(...)
+
+
+def _process_classification_batch(batch: CropBatch,
+                                  classifier: 'SpeciesNetClassifier',
+                                  all_results: dict,
+                                  enable_rollup: bool,
+                                  taxonomy_map: dict,
+                                  geofence_map: dict,
+                                  country: str = None,
+                                  admin1_region: str = None,
+                                  rollup_target_confidence: float =
+                                    DEFAULT_ROLLUP_TARGET_CONFIDENCE):
+    """
+    Run a batch of crops through the classifier.
+
+    Args:
+        batch (CropBatch): batch of crops to process
+        classifier (SpeciesNetClassifier): classifier instance
+        all_results (dict): dictionary to store results in, modified in-place with format:
+            {image_file: {detection_index: {'predictions': [[class_name, score], ...]}
+            or {image_file: {detection_index: {'failure': error_message}}}.
+        enable_rollup (bool): whether to apply rollup
+        taxonomy_map (dict): taxonomy mapping for rollup
+        geofence_map (dict): geofence mapping
+        country (str, optional): country code for geofencing
+        admin1_region (str, optional): admin1 region for geofencing
+        rollup_target_confidence (float, optional): target confidence threshold for
+            taxonomic rollup, ignored if enable_rollup is False
+    """
+
+    if len(batch) == 0:
+        print('Warning: _process_classification_batch received empty batch')
+        return
+
+    # Prepare batch for inference
+    filepaths = [f"{metadata.image_file}_{metadata.detection_index}"
+                 for metadata in batch.metadata]
+
+    # Run batch inference
+    try:
+        batch_results = classifier.batch_predict(filepaths, batch.crops)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print('*** Batch classification failed: {} ***'.format(str(e)))
+        # Mark all crops in this batch as failed
+        for metadata in batch.metadata:
+            if metadata.image_file not in all_results:
+                all_results[metadata.image_file] = {}
+            all_results[metadata.image_file][metadata.detection_index] = {
+                'failure': 'Failure classification: {}'.format(str(e))
+            }
+        return
+
+    # Process results
+    assert len(batch_results) == len(batch.metadata)
+    assert len(batch_results) == len(filepaths)
+
+    for i_result in range(0, len(batch_results)):
+
+        filepath = filepaths[i_result]
+        result = batch_results[i_result]
+        metadata = batch.metadata[i_result]
+
+        assert metadata.image_file in all_results, \
+            'File {} not in results dict'.format(metadata.image_file)
+
+        detection_index = metadata.detection_index
+
+        # Handle classification failure
+        if 'failures' in result:
+            print('*** Classification failure for image: {} ***'.format(
+                filepath))
+            all_results[metadata.image_file][detection_index] = {
+                'failure': 'Failure classification: SpeciesNet classifier failed'
+            }
+            continue
+
+        # Extract classification results; this is a dict with keys "classes"
+        # and "scores", each of which points to a list.
+        classifications = result['classifications']
+        classes = classifications['classes']
+        scores = classifications['scores']
+
+        classification_was_geofenced = False
+
+        predicted_class = classes[0]
+        predicted_score = scores[0]
+
+        # Possibly apply geofencing
+        if country:
+
+            geofence_result = geofence_animal_classification(
+                labels=classes,
+                scores=scores,
+                country=country,
+                admin1_region=admin1_region,
+                taxonomy_map=taxonomy_map,
+                geofence_map=geofence_map,
+                enable_geofence=True
+            )
+
+            geofenced_class, geofenced_score, prediction_source = geofence_result
+
+            if prediction_source != 'classifier':
+                classification_was_geofenced = True
+                predicted_class = geofenced_class
+                predicted_score = geofenced_score
+
+        # ...if we might need to apply geofencing
+
+        # Possibly apply rollup; this was already done if geofencing was applied
+        if enable_rollup and (not classification_was_geofenced):
+
+            rollup_result = roll_up_labels_to_first_matching_level(
+                labels=classes,
+                scores=scores,
+                country=country,
+                admin1_region=admin1_region,
+                target_taxonomy_levels=['species','genus','family','order','class','kingdom'],
+                non_blank_threshold=rollup_target_confidence,
+                taxonomy_map=taxonomy_map,
+                geofence_map=geofence_map,
+                enable_geofence=(country is not None)
+            )
+
+            if rollup_result is not None:
+                rolled_up_class, rolled_up_score, prediction_source = rollup_result
+                predicted_class = rolled_up_class
+                predicted_score = rolled_up_score
+
+        # ...if we might need to apply taxonomic rollup
+
+        # For now, we'll store category names as strings; these will be assigned to integer
+        # IDs before writing results to file later.
+        classification = [predicted_class,predicted_score]
+
+        # Also report raw model classifications
+        raw_classifications = []
+        for i_class in range(0,len(classes)):
+            raw_classifications.append([classes[i_class],scores[i_class]])
+
+        all_results[metadata.image_file][detection_index] = {
+            'classifications': [classification],
+            'raw_classifications': raw_classifications
+        }
+
+    # ...for each result in this batch
+
+# ...def _process_classification_batch(...)
+
+
+#%% Inference functions
+
+def _run_detection_step(source_folder: str,
+                        detector_output_file: str,
+                        detector_model: str = DEFAULT_DETECTOR_MODEL,
+                        detector_batch_size: int = DEFAULT_DETECTOR_BATCH_SIZE,
+                        detection_confidence_threshold: float = DEFAULT_OUTPUT_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD,
+                        detector_worker_threads: int = DEFAULT_LOADER_WORKERS,
+                        worker_type: str = DEFAULT_WORKER_TYPE,
+                        skip_images: bool = False,
+                        skip_video: bool = False,
+                        frame_sample: int = None,
+                        time_sample: float = None) -> str:
+    """
+    Run MegaDetector on all images/videos in [source_folder].
+
+    Args:
+        source_folder (str): folder containing images/videos
+        detector_output_file (str): output .json file
+        detector_model (str, optional): detector model identifier
+        detector_batch_size (int, optional): batch size for detection
+        detection_confidence_threshold (float, optional): confidence threshold for detections
+            (to include in the output file)
+        detector_worker_threads (int, optional): number of workers to use for preprocessing
+        worker_type (str, optional): type of worker parallelization ("thread" or "process")
+        skip_images (bool, optional): ignore images, only process videos
+        skip_video (bool, optional): ignore videos, only process images
+        frame_sample (int, optional): sample every Nth frame from videos
+        time_sample (float, optional): sample frames every N seconds from videos
+    """
+
+    print('Starting detection step...')
+
+    # Validate arguments
+    assert not (frame_sample is None and time_sample is None), \
+        'Must specify either frame_sample or time_sample'
+
+    # Find image and video files
+    if not skip_images:
+        image_files = find_images(source_folder, recursive=True,
+                                  return_relative_paths=False)
+    else:
+        image_files = []
+
+    if not skip_video:
+        video_files = find_videos(source_folder, recursive=True,
+                                  return_relative_paths=False)
+    else:
+        video_files = []
+
+    if len(image_files) == 0 and len(video_files) == 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'No images or videos found in {}'.format(source_folder))
+
+    print('Found {} images and {} videos'.format(len(image_files), len(video_files)))
+
+    files_to_merge = []
+
+    # Process images if necessary
+    if len(image_files) > 0:
+
+        print('Running MegaDetector on {} images...'.format(len(image_files)))
+
+        use_threads_for_queue = (worker_type == 'thread')
+
+        image_results = load_and_run_detector_batch(
+            model_file=detector_model,
+            image_file_names=image_files,
+            checkpoint_path=None,
+            confidence_threshold=detection_confidence_threshold,
+            checkpoint_frequency=-1,
+            results=None,
+            n_cores=0,
+            use_image_queue=True,
+            quiet=True,
+            image_size=None,
+            batch_size=detector_batch_size,
+            include_image_size=False,
+            include_image_timestamp=False,
+            include_exif_tags=None,
+            loader_workers=detector_worker_threads,
+            preprocess_on_image_queue=True,
+            use_threads_for_queue=use_threads_for_queue
+        )
+
+        # Write image results to temporary file
+        image_output_file = detector_output_file.replace('.json', '_images.json')
+        write_results_to_file(image_results,
+                              image_output_file,
+                              relative_path_base=source_folder,
+                              detector_file=detector_model)
+
+        print('Image detection results written to {}'.format(image_output_file))
+        files_to_merge.append(image_output_file)
+
+    # ...if we had images to process
+
+    # Process videos if necessary
+    if len(video_files) > 0:
+
+        print('Running MegaDetector on {} videos...'.format(len(video_files)))
+
+        # Set up video processing options
+        video_options = ProcessVideoOptions()
+        video_options.model_file = detector_model
+        video_options.input_video_file = source_folder
+        video_options.output_json_file = detector_output_file.replace('.json', '_videos.json')
+        video_options.json_confidence_threshold = detection_confidence_threshold
+        video_options.frame_sample = frame_sample
+        video_options.time_sample = time_sample
+        video_options.recursive = True
+
+        # Process videos
+        process_videos(video_options)
+
+        print('Video detection results written to {}'.format(video_options.output_json_file))
+        files_to_merge.append(video_options.output_json_file)
+
+    # ...if we had videos to process
+
+    # Merge results if we have both images and videos
+    if len(files_to_merge) > 1:
+        print('Merging image and video detection results...')
+        combine_batch_output_files(files_to_merge, detector_output_file)
+        print('Merged detection results written to {}'.format(detector_output_file))
+    elif len(files_to_merge) == 1:
+        # Just rename the single file
+        if files_to_merge[0] != detector_output_file:
+            if os.path.isfile(detector_output_file):
+                print('Detector file {} exists, over-writing'.format(detector_output_file))
+                os.remove(detector_output_file)
+            os.rename(files_to_merge[0], detector_output_file)
+        print('Detection results written to {}'.format(detector_output_file))
+
+# ...def _run_detection_step(...)
+
+
+def _run_classification_step(detector_results_file: str,
+                             merged_results_file: str,
+                             source_folder: str,
+                             classifier_model: str = DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_MODEL,
+                             classifier_batch_size: int = DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_BATCH_SIZE,
+                             classifier_worker_threads: int = DEFAULT_LOADER_WORKERS,
+                             detection_confidence_threshold: float = \
+                                DEFAULT_DETECTION_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD_FOR_CLASSIFICATION,
+                             enable_rollup: bool = True,
+                             country: str = None,
+                             admin1_region: str = None,
+                             top_n_scores: int = DEFAULT_TOP_N_SCORES,
+                             worker_type: str = DEFAULT_WORKER_TYPE,
+                             include_raw_classifications: bool = False,
+                             rollup_target_confidence: float = DEFAULT_ROLLUP_TARGET_CONFIDENCE):
+    """
+    Run SpeciesNet classification on detections from MegaDetector results.
+
+    Args:
+        detector_results_file (str): path to MegaDetector output .json file
+        merged_results_file (str): path to which we should write the merged results
+        source_folder (str): source folder for resolving relative paths
+        classifier_model (str, optional): classifier model identifier
+        classifier_batch_size (int, optional): batch size for classification
+        classifier_worker_threads (int, optional): number of worker threads
+        detection_confidence_threshold (float, optional): classify detections above this threshold
+        enable_rollup (bool, optional): whether to apply taxonomic rollup
+        country (str, optional): country code for geofencing
+        admin1_region (str, optional): admin1 region (typically a state code) for geofencing
+        top_n_scores (int, optional): maximum number of scores to include for each detection
+        worker_type (str, optional): type of worker parallelization ("thread" or "process")
+        include_raw_classifications (bool, optional): include raw (pre-rollup/geofence)
+            classification scores in output
+        rollup_target_confidence (float, optional): target confidence threshold for taxonomic
+            rollup.  Ignored if enable_rollup is False.
+    """
+
+    print('Starting classification step...')
+
+    # Load MegaDetector results
+    print('Reading detection results from {}'.format(detector_results_file))
+
+    with open(detector_results_file, 'r') as f:
+        detector_results = json.load(f)
+
+    print('Classification step loaded detection results for {} images'.format(
+        len(detector_results['images'])))
+
+    images = detector_results['images']
+    if len(images) == 0:
+        raise ValueError('No images found in detector results')
+
+    print('Using SpeciesNet classifier: {}'.format(classifier_model))
+
+    # Set multiprocessing start method to 'spawn' for CUDA compatibility
+    if worker_type == 'process':
+        original_start_method = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        if original_start_method != 'spawn':
+            multiprocessing.set_start_method('spawn', force=True)
+            print('Set multiprocessing start method to spawn (was {})'.format(
+                original_start_method))
+
+    ## Set up multiprocessing queues
+
+    # This queue receives lists of image filenames (and associated detection results)
+    # from the "main" thread (the one you're reading right now).  Items are pulled off
+    # of this queue by producer workers (on _crop_producer_func), where the corresponding
+    # images are loaded from disk and preprocessed into crops.
+    image_queue = JoinableQueue(maxsize= \
+                                classifier_worker_threads * MAX_IMAGE_QUEUE_SIZE_PER_WORKER)
+
+    # This queue receives cropped images from producers (on _crop_producer_func); those
+    # crops are pulled off of this queue by the consumer (on _crop_consumer_func).
+    batch_queue = Queue(maxsize=MAX_BATCH_QUEUE_SIZE)
+
+    # This is not really used as a queue, rather it's just used to send all the results
+    # at once from the consumer process to the main process (the one you're reading right
+    # now).
+    results_queue = Queue()
+
+    WorkerClass = Thread if worker_type == 'thread' else Process # noqa
+
+    # When using threads, pre-load classifiers in the main thread to avoid PyTorch FX issues
+    # with loading models in worker threads. When using processes, pass None and let each
+    # process load its own classifier.
+    if worker_type == 'thread':
+        # Producer classifier (CPU only, used for preprocessing)
+        producer_classifier = SpeciesNetClassifier(classifier_model, device='cpu')
+        # Consumer classifier (GPU if available, used for inference)
+        consumer_classifier = SpeciesNetClassifier(classifier_model)
+    else:
+        producer_classifier = None
+        consumer_classifier = None
+
+    # Start producer workers
+    producers = []
+    for i_worker in range(classifier_worker_threads):
+        p = WorkerClass(target=_crop_producer_func,
+                        args=(image_queue, batch_queue, classifier_model,
+                              detection_confidence_threshold, source_folder, i_worker,
+                              producer_classifier))
+        p.start()
+        producers.append(p)
+
+
+    ## Start consumer worker
+
+    consumer = WorkerClass(target=_crop_consumer_func,
+                           args=(batch_queue, results_queue, classifier_model,
+                                 classifier_batch_size, classifier_worker_threads,
+                                 enable_rollup, country, admin1_region, consumer_classifier,
+                                 rollup_target_confidence))
+    consumer.start()
+
+    # This will block every time the queue reaches its maximum depth, so for
+    # very small jobs, this will not be a useful progress bar.
+    with tqdm(total=len(images),desc='Classification') as pbar:
+        for image_data in images:
+            image_queue.put(image_data)
+            pbar.update()
+
+    # Send sentinel signals to producers
+    for _ in range(classifier_worker_threads):
+        image_queue.put(None)
+
+    # Wait for all work to complete
+    image_queue.join()
+
+    print('Finished waiting for input queue')
+
+
+    ## Wait for results
+
+    classification_results = results_queue.get()
+
+
+    ## Clean up processes
+
+    for p in producers:
+        p.join()
+    consumer.join()
+
+    print('Finished waiting for workers')
+
+
+    ## Format results and write output
+
+    class CategoryState:
+        """
+        Helper class to manage classification category IDs.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self):
+
+            self.next_category_id = 0
+
+            # Maps common name to string-int IDs
+            self.common_name_to_id = {}
+
+            # Maps string-ints to common names, as per format standard
+            self.classification_categories = {}
+
+            # Maps string-ints to latin taxonomy strings, as per format standard
+            self.classification_category_descriptions = {}
+
+        def _get_category_id(self, class_name):
+            """
+            Get an integer-valued category ID for the 7-token string [class_name],
+            creating a new one if necessary.
+            """
+
+            # E.g.:
+            #
+            # "cb553c4e-42c9-4fe0-9bd0-da2d6ed5bfa1;mammalia;carnivora;canidae;urocyon;littoralis;island fox"
+            tokens = class_name.split(';')
+            assert len(tokens) == 7
+            taxonomy_string = ';'.join(tokens[1:6])
+            common_name = tokens[6]
+            if len(common_name) == 0:
+                common_name = taxonomy_string
+
+            if common_name not in self.common_name_to_id:
+                self.common_name_to_id[common_name] = str(self.next_category_id)
+                self.classification_categories[str(self.next_category_id)] = common_name
+                # Store the full seven-token string, rather than the shortened five-token string, for
+                # compatibility with what is expected by the classification_postprocessing module.
+                # self.classification_category_descriptions[str(self.next_category_id)] = taxonomy_string
+                self.classification_category_descriptions[str(self.next_category_id)] = class_name
+                self.next_category_id += 1
+
+            category_id = self.common_name_to_id[common_name]
+
+            return category_id
+
+    # ...class CategoryState
+
+    category_state = CategoryState()
+
+    # Merge classification results back into detector results with proper category IDs
+    for image_data in images:
+
+        image_file = image_data['file']
+
+        if ('detections' not in image_data) or (image_data['detections'] is None):
+            continue
+
+        detections = image_data['detections']
+
+        if image_file not in classification_results:
+            continue
+
+        image_classifications = classification_results[image_file]
+
+        for detection_index, detection in enumerate(detections):
+
+            if detection_index in image_classifications:
+
+                result = image_classifications[detection_index]
+
+                if 'failure' in result:
+                    # Add failure to the image, not the detection
+                    if 'failure' not in image_data:
+                        image_data['failure'] = result['failure']
+                    else:
+                        image_data['failure'] += ';' + result['failure']
+                else:
+
+                    # Convert class names to category IDs
+                    classification_pairs = []
+                    raw_classification_pairs = []
+
+                    scores = [x[1] for x in result['classifications']]
+                    assert is_list_sorted(scores, reverse=True)
+
+                    # Only report the requested number of scores per detection
+                    if len(result['classifications']) > top_n_scores:
+                        result['classifications'] = \
+                            result['classifications'][0:top_n_scores]
+
+                    if len(result['raw_classifications']) > top_n_scores:
+                        result['raw_classifications'] = \
+                            result['raw_classifications'][0:top_n_scores]
+
+                    for class_name, score in result['classifications']:
+
+                        category_id = category_state._get_category_id(class_name)
+                        score = round_float(score, precision=CONF_DIGITS)
+                        classification_pairs.append([category_id, score])
+
+                    for class_name, score in result['raw_classifications']:
+
+                        category_id = category_state._get_category_id(class_name)
+                        score = round_float(score, precision=CONF_DIGITS)
+                        raw_classification_pairs.append([category_id, score])
+
+                    # Add classifications to the detection
+                    detection['classifications'] = classification_pairs
+                    if include_raw_classifications:
+                        detection['raw_classifications'] = raw_classification_pairs
+
+                # ...if this classification contains a failure
+
+            # ...if this detection has classification information
+
+        # ...for each detection
+
+    # ...for each image
+
+    # Update metadata in the results
+    if 'info' not in detector_results:
+        detector_results['info'] = {}
+
+    detector_results['info']['classifier'] = classifier_model
+    detector_results['info']['classification_completion_time'] = time.strftime(
+        '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+
+    # Add classification category mapping
+    detector_results['classification_categories'] = \
+        category_state.classification_categories
+    detector_results['classification_category_descriptions'] = \
+        category_state.classification_category_descriptions
+
+    print('Writing output file')
+
+    # Write results
+    write_json(merged_results_file, detector_results)
+
+    if verbose:
+        print('Classification results written to {}'.format(merged_results_file))
+
+# ...def _run_classification_step(...)
+
+
+#%% Main function
+
+def run_md_and_speciesnet(options):
+    """
+    Main entry point, runs MegaDetector and SpeciesNet on a folder.  See
+    RunMDSpeciesNetOptions for available arguments.
+
+    Args:
+        options (RunMDSpeciesNetOptions): options controlling MD and SN inference
+    """
+
+    # Set global verbose flag
+    global verbose
+    verbose = options.verbose
+
+    # Also set the run_detector_batch verbose flag
+    run_detector_batch.verbose = verbose
+
+    # Validate arguments
+    if not os.path.isdir(options.source):
+        raise ValueError(
+            'Source folder does not exist: {}'.format(options.source))
+
+    if (options.admin1_region is not None) and (options.country is None):
+        raise ValueError('--admin1_region requires --country to be specified')
+
+    if options.skip_images and options.skip_video:
+        raise ValueError('Cannot skip both images and videos')
+
+    if (options.frame_sample is not None) and (options.time_sample is not None):
+        raise ValueError('--frame_sample and --time_sample are mutually exclusive')
+    if (options.frame_sample is None) and (options.time_sample is None):
+        options.time_sample = DEFAULT_SECONDS_PER_VIDEO_FRAME
+
+    if options.worker_type not in ('thread','process'):
+        raise ValueError('Unknown worker type {}'.format(options.worker_type))
+
+    # Set up intermediate file folder
+    if options.intermediate_file_folder:
+        temp_folder = options.intermediate_file_folder
+        os.makedirs(temp_folder, exist_ok=True)
+    else:
+        temp_folder = make_temp_folder(subfolder='run_md_and_speciesnet')
+
+    start_time = time.time()
+
+    print('Processing folder: {}'.format(options.source))
+    print('Output file: {}'.format(options.output_file))
+    print('Intermediate file folder: {}'.format(temp_folder))
+
+    assert options.overwrite_handling in ('overwrite','error','skip'), \
+        'Unknown overwrite_handling value {}'.format(options.overwrite_handling)
+
+    if os.path.isdir(options.output_file):
+        raise ValueError('Output file {} exists, but is a directory'.format(
+            options.output_file))
+    if os.path.isfile(options.output_file):
+        if options.overwrite_handling == 'overwrite':
+            print('Over-writing existing output file {}'.format(options.output_file))
+        elif options.overwrite_handling == 'error':
+            raise ValueError('Output file {} exists, and overwrite_handling is "error"'.format(
+                options.output_file))
+        elif options.ovwrite_handling == 'skip':
+            print('Bypassing proecssing: output file {} exists, and overwrite_handling is "skip"'.format(
+                options.output_file))
+            return
+
+    # Verify that we can create the output file
+    test_file_write(options.output_file)
+
+    # Determine detector output file path
+    if options.detections_file is not None:
+        detector_output_file = options.detections_file
+        if VALIDATE_DETECTION_FILE:
+            print('Using existing detections file: {}'.format(detector_output_file))
+            validation_options = ValidateBatchResultsOptions()
+            validation_options.check_image_existence = True
+            validation_options.relative_path_base = options.source
+            validation_options.raise_errors = True
+            validate_batch_results(detector_output_file,options=validation_options)
+            print('Validated detections file')
+        else:
+            print('Bypassing validation of {}'.format(options.detections_file))
+    else:
+        detector_output_file = os.path.join(temp_folder, 'detector_output.json')
+
+        # Run MegaDetector
+        _run_detection_step(
+            source_folder=options.source,
+            detector_output_file=detector_output_file,
+            detector_model=options.detector_model,
+            detector_batch_size=options.detector_batch_size,
+            detection_confidence_threshold=options.detection_confidence_threshold_for_output,
+            detector_worker_threads=options.loader_workers,
+            skip_images=options.skip_images,
+            skip_video=options.skip_video,
+            frame_sample=options.frame_sample,
+            time_sample=options.time_sample,
+            worker_type=options.worker_type
+        )
+
+    # Run SpeciesNet
+    _run_classification_step(
+        detector_results_file=detector_output_file,
+        merged_results_file=options.output_file,
+        source_folder=options.source,
+        classifier_model=options.classification_model,
+        classifier_batch_size=options.classifier_batch_size,
+        classifier_worker_threads=options.loader_workers,
+        detection_confidence_threshold=options.detection_confidence_threshold_for_classification,
+        enable_rollup=(not options.norollup),
+        country=options.country,
+        admin1_region=options.admin1_region,
+        worker_type=options.worker_type,
+        include_raw_classifications=options.include_raw_classifications,
+        rollup_target_confidence=options.rollup_target_confidence
+    )
+
+    elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time
+    print(
+        'Processing complete in {}'.format(humanfriendly.format_timespan(elapsed_time)))
+    print('Results written to: {}'.format(options.output_file))
+
+    # Clean up intermediate files if requested
+    if (not options.keep_intermediate_files) and \
+       (not options.intermediate_file_folder) and \
+       (not options.detections_file):
+        try:
+            os.remove(detector_output_file)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print('Warning: error removing temporary output file {}: {}'.format(
+                detector_output_file, str(e)))
+
+# ...def run_md_and_speciesnet(...)
+
+
+#%% Command-line driver
+
+def main():
+    """
+    Command-line driver for run_md_and_speciesnet.py
+    """
+
+    if 'speciesnet' not in sys.modules:
+        print('It looks like the speciesnet package is not available, try "pip install speciesnet"')
+        if not is_sphinx_build():
+            sys.exit(-1)
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description='Run MegaDetector and SpeciesNet on a folder of images/videos',
+        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
+    )
+
+    # Required arguments
+    parser.add_argument('source',
+                        help='Folder containing images and/or videos to process')
+    parser.add_argument('output_file',
+                        help='Output file for results (JSON format)')
+
+    # Optional arguments
+    parser.add_argument('--detector_model',
+                        default=DEFAULT_DETECTOR_MODEL,
+                        help='MegaDetector model identifier')
+    parser.add_argument('--classification_model',
+                        default=DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_MODEL,
+                        help='SpeciesNet classifier model identifier')
+    parser.add_argument('--detector_batch_size',
+                        type=int,
+                        default=DEFAULT_DETECTOR_BATCH_SIZE,
+                        help='Batch size for MegaDetector inference')
+    parser.add_argument('--classifier_batch_size',
+                        type=int,
+                        default=DEFAULT_CLASSIFIER_BATCH_SIZE,
+                        help='Batch size for SpeciesNet classification')
+    parser.add_argument('--loader_workers',
+                        type=int,
+                        default=DEFAULT_LOADER_WORKERS,
+                        help='Number of worker threads for preprocessing')
+    parser.add_argument('--detection_confidence_threshold_for_classification',
+                        type=float,
+                        default=DEFAULT_DETECTION_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD_FOR_CLASSIFICATION,
+                        help='Classify detections above this threshold')
+    parser.add_argument('--detection_confidence_threshold_for_output',
+                        type=float,
+                        default=DEFAULT_DETECTION_CONFIDENCE_THRESHOLD_FOR_OUTPUT,
+                        help='Include detections above this threshold in the output')
+    parser.add_argument('--intermediate_file_folder',
+                        default=None,
+                        help='Folder for intermediate files (default: system temp)')
+    parser.add_argument('--keep_intermediate_files',
+                        action='store_true',
+                        help='Keep intermediate files (e.g. detection-only results file)')
+    parser.add_argument('--norollup',
+                        action='store_true',
+                        help='Disable taxonomic rollup')
+    parser.add_argument('--rollup_target_confidence',
+                        type=float,
+                        default=DEFAULT_ROLLUP_TARGET_CONFIDENCE,
+                        help='Target confidence threshold for taxonomic rollup ' + \
+                             f'(default {DEFAULT_ROLLUP_TARGET_CONFIDENCE}), only ' + \
+                             'used when geofencing is disabled')
+    parser.add_argument('--country',
+                        default=None,
+                        help='Country code (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3) for geofencing')
+    parser.add_argument('--admin1_region', '--state',
+                        default=None,
+                        help='Admin1 region/state code for geofencing')
+    parser.add_argument('--detections_file',
+                        default=None,
+                        help='Path to existing MegaDetector output file (skips detection step)')
+    parser.add_argument('--skip_video',
+                        action='store_true',
+                        help='Ignore videos, only process images')
+    parser.add_argument('--skip_images',
+                        action='store_true',
+                        help='Ignore images, only process videos')
+    parser.add_argument('--frame_sample',
+                        type=int,
+                        default=None,
+                        help='Sample every Nth frame from videos (mutually exclusive with --time_sample)')
+    parser.add_argument('--time_sample',
+                        type=float,
+                        default=None,
+                        help='Sample frames every N seconds from videos (default {})'.\
+                            format(DEFAULT_SECONDS_PER_VIDEO_FRAME) + \
+                            ' (mutually exclusive with --frame_sample)')
+    parser.add_argument('--verbose',
+                        action='store_true',
+                        help='Enable additional debug output')
+    parser.add_argument('--include_raw_classifications',
+                        action='store_true',
+                        help='Include raw (pre-rollup/geofence) classification scores in output')
+
+    if len(sys.argv[1:]) == 0:
+        parser.print_help()
+        parser.exit()
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    options = RunMDSpeciesNetOptions()
+    args_to_object(args,options)
+
+    run_md_and_speciesnet(options)
+
+# ...def main(...)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()