fonttools 4.60.2__cp311-cp311-win32.whl

fontTools/cffLib/specializer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,927 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+"""T2CharString operator specializer and generalizer.
+
+PostScript glyph drawing operations can be expressed in multiple different
+ways. For example, as well as the ``lineto`` operator, there is also a
+``hlineto`` operator which draws a horizontal line, removing the need to
+specify a ``dx`` coordinate, and a ``vlineto`` operator which draws a
+vertical line, removing the need to specify a ``dy`` coordinate. As well
+as decompiling :class:`fontTools.misc.psCharStrings.T2CharString` objects
+into lists of operations, this module allows for conversion between general
+and specific forms of the operation.
+
+"""
+
+from fontTools.cffLib import maxStackLimit
+
+
+def stringToProgram(string):
+    if isinstance(string, str):
+        string = string.split()
+    program = []
+    for token in string:
+        try:
+            token = int(token)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                token = float(token)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        program.append(token)
+    return program
+
+
+def programToString(program):
+    return " ".join(str(x) for x in program)
+
+
+def programToCommands(program, getNumRegions=None):
+    """Takes a T2CharString program list and returns list of commands.
+    Each command is a two-tuple of commandname,arg-list.  The commandname might
+    be empty string if no commandname shall be emitted (used for glyph width,
+    hintmask/cntrmask argument, as well as stray arguments at the end of the
+    program (🤷).
+    'getNumRegions' may be None, or a callable object. It must return the
+    number of regions. 'getNumRegions' takes a single argument, vsindex. It
+    returns the numRegions for the vsindex.
+    The Charstring may or may not start with a width value. If the first
+    non-blend operator has an odd number of arguments, then the first argument is
+    a width, and is popped off. This is complicated with blend operators, as
+    there may be more than one before the first hint or moveto operator, and each
+    one reduces several arguments to just one list argument. We have to sum the
+    number of arguments that are not part of the blend arguments, and all the
+    'numBlends' values. We could instead have said that by definition, if there
+    is a blend operator, there is no width value, since CFF2 Charstrings don't
+    have width values. I discussed this with Behdad, and we are allowing for an
+    initial width value in this case because developers may assemble a CFF2
+    charstring from CFF Charstrings, which could have width values.
+    """
+
+    seenWidthOp = False
+    vsIndex = 0
+    lenBlendStack = 0
+    lastBlendIndex = 0
+    commands = []
+    stack = []
+    it = iter(program)
+
+    for token in it:
+        if not isinstance(token, str):
+            stack.append(token)
+            continue
+
+        if token == "blend":
+            assert getNumRegions is not None
+            numSourceFonts = 1 + getNumRegions(vsIndex)
+            # replace the blend op args on the stack with a single list
+            # containing all the blend op args.
+            numBlends = stack[-1]
+            numBlendArgs = numBlends * numSourceFonts + 1
+            # replace first blend op by a list of the blend ops.
+            stack[-numBlendArgs:] = [stack[-numBlendArgs:]]
+            lenStack = len(stack)
+            lenBlendStack += numBlends + lenStack - 1
+            lastBlendIndex = lenStack
+            # if a blend op exists, this is or will be a CFF2 charstring.
+            continue
+
+        elif token == "vsindex":
+            vsIndex = stack[-1]
+            assert type(vsIndex) is int
+
+        elif (not seenWidthOp) and token in {
+            "hstem",
+            "hstemhm",
+            "vstem",
+            "vstemhm",
+            "cntrmask",
+            "hintmask",
+            "hmoveto",
+            "vmoveto",
+            "rmoveto",
+            "endchar",
+        }:
+            seenWidthOp = True
+            parity = token in {"hmoveto", "vmoveto"}
+            if lenBlendStack:
+                # lenBlendStack has the number of args represented by the last blend
+                # arg and all the preceding args. We need to now add the number of
+                # args following the last blend arg.
+                numArgs = lenBlendStack + len(stack[lastBlendIndex:])
+            else:
+                numArgs = len(stack)
+            if numArgs and (numArgs % 2) ^ parity:
+                width = stack.pop(0)
+                commands.append(("", [width]))
+
+        if token in {"hintmask", "cntrmask"}:
+            if stack:
+                commands.append(("", stack))
+            commands.append((token, []))
+            commands.append(("", [next(it)]))
+        else:
+            commands.append((token, stack))
+        stack = []
+    if stack:
+        commands.append(("", stack))
+    return commands
+
+
+def _flattenBlendArgs(args):
+    token_list = []
+    for arg in args:
+        if isinstance(arg, list):
+            token_list.extend(arg)
+            token_list.append("blend")
+        else:
+            token_list.append(arg)
+    return token_list
+
+
+def commandsToProgram(commands):
+    """Takes a commands list as returned by programToCommands() and converts
+    it back to a T2CharString program list."""
+    program = []
+    for op, args in commands:
+        if any(isinstance(arg, list) for arg in args):
+            args = _flattenBlendArgs(args)
+        program.extend(args)
+        if op:
+            program.append(op)
+    return program
+
+
+def _everyN(el, n):
+    """Group the list el into groups of size n"""
+    l = len(el)
+    if l % n != 0:
+        raise ValueError(el)
+    for i in range(0, l, n):
+        yield el[i : i + n]
+
+
+class _GeneralizerDecombinerCommandsMap(object):
+    @staticmethod
+    def rmoveto(args):
+        if len(args) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        yield ("rmoveto", args)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def hmoveto(args):
+        if len(args) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        yield ("rmoveto", [args[0], 0])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def vmoveto(args):
+        if len(args) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        yield ("rmoveto", [0, args[0]])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def rlineto(args):
+        if not args:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        for args in _everyN(args, 2):
+            yield ("rlineto", args)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def hlineto(args):
+        if not args:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        it = iter(args)
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield ("rlineto", [next(it), 0])
+                yield ("rlineto", [0, next(it)])
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def vlineto(args):
+        if not args:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        it = iter(args)
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield ("rlineto", [0, next(it)])
+                yield ("rlineto", [next(it), 0])
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def rrcurveto(args):
+        if not args:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        for args in _everyN(args, 6):
+            yield ("rrcurveto", args)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def hhcurveto(args):
+        l = len(args)
+        if l < 4 or l % 4 > 1:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        if l % 2 == 1:
+            yield ("rrcurveto", [args[1], args[0], args[2], args[3], args[4], 0])
+            args = args[5:]
+        for args in _everyN(args, 4):
+            yield ("rrcurveto", [args[0], 0, args[1], args[2], args[3], 0])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def vvcurveto(args):
+        l = len(args)
+        if l < 4 or l % 4 > 1:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        if l % 2 == 1:
+            yield ("rrcurveto", [args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], 0, args[4]])
+            args = args[5:]
+        for args in _everyN(args, 4):
+            yield ("rrcurveto", [0, args[0], args[1], args[2], 0, args[3]])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def hvcurveto(args):
+        l = len(args)
+        if l < 4 or l % 8 not in {0, 1, 4, 5}:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        last_args = None
+        if l % 2 == 1:
+            lastStraight = l % 8 == 5
+            args, last_args = args[:-5], args[-5:]
+        it = _everyN(args, 4)
+        try:
+            while True:
+                args = next(it)
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [args[0], 0, args[1], args[2], 0, args[3]])
+                args = next(it)
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [0, args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], 0])
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+        if last_args:
+            args = last_args
+            if lastStraight:
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [args[0], 0, args[1], args[2], args[4], args[3]])
+            else:
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [0, args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4]])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def vhcurveto(args):
+        l = len(args)
+        if l < 4 or l % 8 not in {0, 1, 4, 5}:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        last_args = None
+        if l % 2 == 1:
+            lastStraight = l % 8 == 5
+            args, last_args = args[:-5], args[-5:]
+        it = _everyN(args, 4)
+        try:
+            while True:
+                args = next(it)
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [0, args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], 0])
+                args = next(it)
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [args[0], 0, args[1], args[2], 0, args[3]])
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+        if last_args:
+            args = last_args
+            if lastStraight:
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [0, args[0], args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4]])
+            else:
+                yield ("rrcurveto", [args[0], 0, args[1], args[2], args[4], args[3]])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def rcurveline(args):
+        l = len(args)
+        if l < 8 or l % 6 != 2:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        args, last_args = args[:-2], args[-2:]
+        for args in _everyN(args, 6):
+            yield ("rrcurveto", args)
+        yield ("rlineto", last_args)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def rlinecurve(args):
+        l = len(args)
+        if l < 8 or l % 2 != 0:
+            raise ValueError(args)
+        args, last_args = args[:-6], args[-6:]
+        for args in _everyN(args, 2):
+            yield ("rlineto", args)
+        yield ("rrcurveto", last_args)
+
+
+def _convertBlendOpToArgs(blendList):
+    # args is list of blend op args. Since we are supporting
+    # recursive blend op calls, some of these args may also
+    # be a list of blend op args, and need to be converted before
+    # we convert the current list.
+    if any([isinstance(arg, list) for arg in blendList]):
+        args = [
+            i
+            for e in blendList
+            for i in (_convertBlendOpToArgs(e) if isinstance(e, list) else [e])
+        ]
+    else:
+        args = blendList
+
+    # We now know that blendList contains a blend op argument list, even if
+    # some of the args are lists that each contain a blend op argument list.
+    # 	Convert from:
+    # 		[default font arg sequence x0,...,xn] + [delta tuple for x0] + ... + [delta tuple for xn]
+    # 	to:
+    # 		[ [x0] + [delta tuple for x0],
+    #                 ...,
+    #          [xn] + [delta tuple for xn] ]
+    numBlends = args[-1]
+    # Can't use args.pop() when the args are being used in a nested list
+    # comprehension. See calling context
+    args = args[:-1]
+
+    l = len(args)
+    numRegions = l // numBlends - 1
+    if not (numBlends * (numRegions + 1) == l):
+        raise ValueError(blendList)
+
+    defaultArgs = [[arg] for arg in args[:numBlends]]
+    deltaArgs = args[numBlends:]
+    numDeltaValues = len(deltaArgs)
+    deltaList = [
+        deltaArgs[i : i + numRegions] for i in range(0, numDeltaValues, numRegions)
+    ]
+    blend_args = [a + b + [1] for a, b in zip(defaultArgs, deltaList)]
+    return blend_args
+
+
+def generalizeCommands(commands, ignoreErrors=False):
+    result = []
+    mapping = _GeneralizerDecombinerCommandsMap
+    for op, args in commands:
+        # First, generalize any blend args in the arg list.
+        if any([isinstance(arg, list) for arg in args]):
+            try:
+                args = [
+                    n
+                    for arg in args
+                    for n in (
+                        _convertBlendOpToArgs(arg) if isinstance(arg, list) else [arg]
+                    )
+                ]
+            except ValueError:
+                if ignoreErrors:
+                    # Store op as data, such that consumers of commands do not have to
+                    # deal with incorrect number of arguments.
+                    result.append(("", args))
+                    result.append(("", [op]))
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+        func = getattr(mapping, op, None)
+        if func is None:
+            result.append((op, args))
+            continue
+        try:
+            for command in func(args):
+                result.append(command)
+        except ValueError:
+            if ignoreErrors:
+                # Store op as data, such that consumers of commands do not have to
+                # deal with incorrect number of arguments.
+                result.append(("", args))
+                result.append(("", [op]))
+            else:
+                raise
+    return result
+
+
+def generalizeProgram(program, getNumRegions=None, **kwargs):
+    return commandsToProgram(
+        generalizeCommands(programToCommands(program, getNumRegions), **kwargs)
+    )
+
+
+def _categorizeVector(v):
+    """
+    Takes X,Y vector v and returns one of r, h, v, or 0 depending on which
+    of X and/or Y are zero, plus tuple of nonzero ones.  If both are zero,
+    it returns a single zero still.
+
+    >>> _categorizeVector((0,0))
+    ('0', (0,))
+    >>> _categorizeVector((1,0))
+    ('h', (1,))
+    >>> _categorizeVector((0,2))
+    ('v', (2,))
+    >>> _categorizeVector((1,2))
+    ('r', (1, 2))
+    """
+    if not v[0]:
+        if not v[1]:
+            return "0", v[:1]
+        else:
+            return "v", v[1:]
+    else:
+        if not v[1]:
+            return "h", v[:1]
+        else:
+            return "r", v
+
+
+def _mergeCategories(a, b):
+    if a == "0":
+        return b
+    if b == "0":
+        return a
+    if a == b:
+        return a
+    return None
+
+
+def _negateCategory(a):
+    if a == "h":
+        return "v"
+    if a == "v":
+        return "h"
+    assert a in "0r"
+    return a
+
+
+def _convertToBlendCmds(args):
+    # return a list of blend commands, and
+    # the remaining non-blended args, if any.
+    num_args = len(args)
+    stack_use = 0
+    new_args = []
+    i = 0
+    while i < num_args:
+        arg = args[i]
+        i += 1
+        if not isinstance(arg, list):
+            new_args.append(arg)
+            stack_use += 1
+        else:
+            prev_stack_use = stack_use
+            # The arg is a tuple of blend values.
+            # These are each (master 0,delta 1..delta n, 1)
+            # Combine as many successive tuples as we can,
+            # up to the max stack limit.
+            num_sources = len(arg) - 1
+            blendlist = [arg]
+            stack_use += 1 + num_sources  # 1 for the num_blends arg
+
+            # if we are here, max stack is the CFF2 max stack.
+            # I use the CFF2 max stack limit here rather than
+            # the 'maxstack' chosen by the client, as the default
+            # maxstack may have been used unintentionally. For all
+            # the other operators, this just produces a little less
+            # optimization, but here it puts a hard (and low) limit
+            # on the number of source fonts that can be used.
+            #
+            # Make sure the stack depth does not exceed (maxstack - 1), so
+            # that subroutinizer can insert subroutine calls at any point.
+            while (
+                (i < num_args)
+                and isinstance(args[i], list)
+                and stack_use + num_sources < maxStackLimit
+            ):
+                blendlist.append(args[i])
+                i += 1
+                stack_use += num_sources
+            # blendList now contains as many single blend tuples as can be
+            # combined without exceeding the CFF2 stack limit.
+            num_blends = len(blendlist)
+            # append the 'num_blends' default font values
+            blend_args = []
+            for arg in blendlist:
+                blend_args.append(arg[0])
+            for arg in blendlist:
+                assert arg[-1] == 1
+                blend_args.extend(arg[1:-1])
+            blend_args.append(num_blends)
+            new_args.append(blend_args)
+            stack_use = prev_stack_use + num_blends
+
+    return new_args
+
+
+def _addArgs(a, b):
+    if isinstance(b, list):
+        if isinstance(a, list):
+            if len(a) != len(b) or a[-1] != b[-1]:
+                raise ValueError()
+            return [_addArgs(va, vb) for va, vb in zip(a[:-1], b[:-1])] + [a[-1]]
+        else:
+            a, b = b, a
+    if isinstance(a, list):
+        assert a[-1] == 1
+        return [_addArgs(a[0], b)] + a[1:]
+    return a + b
+
+
+def _argsStackUse(args):
+    stackLen = 0
+    maxLen = 0
+    for arg in args:
+        if type(arg) is list:
+            # Blended arg
+            maxLen = max(maxLen, stackLen + _argsStackUse(arg))
+            stackLen += arg[-1]
+        else:
+            stackLen += 1
+    return max(stackLen, maxLen)
+
+
+def specializeCommands(
+    commands,
+    ignoreErrors=False,
+    generalizeFirst=True,
+    preserveTopology=False,
+    maxstack=48,
+):
+    # We perform several rounds of optimizations.  They are carefully ordered and are:
+    #
+    # 0. Generalize commands.
+    #    This ensures that they are in our expected simple form, with each line/curve only
+    #    having arguments for one segment, and using the generic form (rlineto/rrcurveto).
+    #    If caller is sure the input is in this form, they can turn off generalization to
+    #    save time.
+    #
+    # 1. Combine successive rmoveto operations.
+    #
+    # 2. Specialize rmoveto/rlineto/rrcurveto operators into horizontal/vertical variants.
+    #    We specialize into some, made-up, variants as well, which simplifies following
+    #    passes.
+    #
+    # 3. Merge or delete redundant operations, to the extent requested.
+    #    OpenType spec declares point numbers in CFF undefined.  As such, we happily
+    #    change topology.  If client relies on point numbers (in GPOS anchors, or for
+    #    hinting purposes(what?)) they can turn this off.
+    #
+    # 4. Peephole optimization to revert back some of the h/v variants back into their
+    #    original "relative" operator (rline/rrcurveto) if that saves a byte.
+    #
+    # 5. Combine adjacent operators when possible, minding not to go over max stack size.
+    #
+    # 6. Resolve any remaining made-up operators into real operators.
+    #
+    # I have convinced myself that this produces optimal bytecode (except for, possibly
+    # one byte each time maxstack size prohibits combining.)  YMMV, but you'd be wrong. :-)
+    # A dynamic-programming approach can do the same but would be significantly slower.
+    #
+    # 7. For any args which are blend lists, convert them to a blend command.
+
+    # 0. Generalize commands.
+    if generalizeFirst:
+        commands = generalizeCommands(commands, ignoreErrors=ignoreErrors)
+    else:
+        commands = list(commands)  # Make copy since we modify in-place later.
+
+    # 1. Combine successive rmoveto operations.
+    for i in range(len(commands) - 1, 0, -1):
+        if "rmoveto" == commands[i][0] == commands[i - 1][0]:
+            v1, v2 = commands[i - 1][1], commands[i][1]
+            commands[i - 1] = (
+                "rmoveto",
+                [_addArgs(v1[0], v2[0]), _addArgs(v1[1], v2[1])],
+            )
+            del commands[i]
+
+    # 2. Specialize rmoveto/rlineto/rrcurveto operators into horizontal/vertical variants.
+    #
+    # We, in fact, specialize into more, made-up, variants that special-case when both
+    # X and Y components are zero.  This simplifies the following optimization passes.
+    # This case is rare, but OCD does not let me skip it.
+    #
+    # After this round, we will have four variants that use the following mnemonics:
+    #
+    #  - 'r' for relative,   ie. non-zero X and non-zero Y,
+    #  - 'h' for horizontal, ie. zero X and non-zero Y,
+    #  - 'v' for vertical,   ie. non-zero X and zero Y,
+    #  - '0' for zeros,      ie. zero X and zero Y.
+    #
+    # The '0' pseudo-operators are not part of the spec, but help simplify the following
+    # optimization rounds.  We resolve them at the end.  So, after this, we will have four
+    # moveto and four lineto variants:
+    #
+    #  - 0moveto, 0lineto
+    #  - hmoveto, hlineto
+    #  - vmoveto, vlineto
+    #  - rmoveto, rlineto
+    #
+    # and sixteen curveto variants.  For example, a '0hcurveto' operator means a curve
+    # dx0,dy0,dx1,dy1,dx2,dy2,dx3,dy3 where dx0, dx1, and dy3 are zero but not dx3.
+    # An 'rvcurveto' means dx3 is zero but not dx0,dy0,dy3.
+    #
+    # There are nine different variants of curves without the '0'.  Those nine map exactly
+    # to the existing curve variants in the spec: rrcurveto, and the four variants hhcurveto,
+    # vvcurveto, hvcurveto, and vhcurveto each cover two cases, one with an odd number of
+    # arguments and one without.  Eg. an hhcurveto with an extra argument (odd number of
+    # arguments) is in fact an rhcurveto.  The operators in the spec are designed such that
+    # all four of rhcurveto, rvcurveto, hrcurveto, and vrcurveto are encodable for one curve.
+    #
+    # Of the curve types with '0', the 00curveto is equivalent to a lineto variant.  The rest
+    # of the curve types with a 0 need to be encoded as a h or v variant.  Ie. a '0' can be
+    # thought of a "don't care" and can be used as either an 'h' or a 'v'.  As such, we always
+    # encode a number 0 as argument when we use a '0' variant.  Later on, we can just substitute
+    # the '0' with either 'h' or 'v' and it works.
+    #
+    # When we get to curve splines however, things become more complicated...  XXX finish this.
+    # There's one more complexity with splines.  If one side of the spline is not horizontal or
+    # vertical (or zero), ie. if it's 'r', then it limits which spline types we can encode.
+    # Only hhcurveto and vvcurveto operators can encode a spline starting with 'r', and
+    # only hvcurveto and vhcurveto operators can encode a spline ending with 'r'.
+    # This limits our merge opportunities later.
+    #
+    for i in range(len(commands)):
+        op, args = commands[i]
+
+        if op in {"rmoveto", "rlineto"}:
+            c, args = _categorizeVector(args)
+            commands[i] = c + op[1:], args
+            continue
+
+        if op == "rrcurveto":
+            c1, args1 = _categorizeVector(args[:2])
+            c2, args2 = _categorizeVector(args[-2:])
+            commands[i] = c1 + c2 + "curveto", args1 + args[2:4] + args2
+            continue
+
+    # 3. Merge or delete redundant operations, to the extent requested.
+    #
+    # TODO
+    # A 0moveto that comes before all other path operations can be removed.
+    # though I find conflicting evidence for this.
+    #
+    # TODO
+    # "If hstem and vstem hints are both declared at the beginning of a
+    # CharString, and this sequence is followed directly by the hintmask or
+    # cntrmask operators, then the vstem hint operator (or, if applicable,
+    # the vstemhm operator) need not be included."
+    #
+    # "The sequence and form of a CFF2 CharString program may be represented as:
+    # {hs* vs* cm* hm* mt subpath}? {mt subpath}*"
+    #
+    # https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/cff2charstr.htm#section3.1
+    #
+    # For Type2 CharStrings the sequence is:
+    # w? {hs* vs* cm* hm* mt subpath}? {mt subpath}* endchar"
+
+    # Some other redundancies change topology (point numbers).
+    if not preserveTopology:
+        for i in range(len(commands) - 1, -1, -1):
+            op, args = commands[i]
+
+            # A 00curveto is demoted to a (specialized) lineto.
+            if op == "00curveto":
+                assert len(args) == 4
+                c, args = _categorizeVector(args[1:3])
+                op = c + "lineto"
+                commands[i] = op, args
+                # and then...
+
+            # A 0lineto can be deleted.
+            if op == "0lineto":
+                del commands[i]
+                continue
+
+            # Merge adjacent hlineto's and vlineto's.
+            # In CFF2 charstrings from variable fonts, each
+            # arg item may be a list of blendable values, one from
+            # each source font.
+            if i and op in {"hlineto", "vlineto"} and (op == commands[i - 1][0]):
+                _, other_args = commands[i - 1]
+                assert len(args) == 1 and len(other_args) == 1
+                try:
+                    new_args = [_addArgs(args[0], other_args[0])]
+                except ValueError:
+                    continue
+                commands[i - 1] = (op, new_args)
+                del commands[i]
+                continue
+
+    # 4. Peephole optimization to revert back some of the h/v variants back into their
+    #    original "relative" operator (rline/rrcurveto) if that saves a byte.
+    for i in range(1, len(commands) - 1):
+        op, args = commands[i]
+        prv, nxt = commands[i - 1][0], commands[i + 1][0]
+
+        if op in {"0lineto", "hlineto", "vlineto"} and prv == nxt == "rlineto":
+            assert len(args) == 1
+            args = [0, args[0]] if op[0] == "v" else [args[0], 0]
+            commands[i] = ("rlineto", args)
+            continue
+
+        if op[2:] == "curveto" and len(args) == 5 and prv == nxt == "rrcurveto":
+            assert (op[0] == "r") ^ (op[1] == "r")
+            if op[0] == "v":
+                pos = 0
+            elif op[0] != "r":
+                pos = 1
+            elif op[1] == "v":
+                pos = 4
+            else:
+                pos = 5
+            # Insert, while maintaining the type of args (can be tuple or list).
+            args = args[:pos] + type(args)((0,)) + args[pos:]
+            commands[i] = ("rrcurveto", args)
+            continue
+
+    # 5. Combine adjacent operators when possible, minding not to go over max stack size.
+    stackUse = _argsStackUse(commands[-1][1]) if commands else 0
+    for i in range(len(commands) - 1, 0, -1):
+        op1, args1 = commands[i - 1]
+        op2, args2 = commands[i]
+        new_op = None
+
+        # Merge logic...
+        if {op1, op2} <= {"rlineto", "rrcurveto"}:
+            if op1 == op2:
+                new_op = op1
+            else:
+                l = len(args2)
+                if op2 == "rrcurveto" and l == 6:
+                    new_op = "rlinecurve"
+                elif l == 2:
+                    new_op = "rcurveline"
+
+        elif (op1, op2) in {("rlineto", "rlinecurve"), ("rrcurveto", "rcurveline")}:
+            new_op = op2
+
+        elif {op1, op2} == {"vlineto", "hlineto"}:
+            new_op = op1
+
+        elif "curveto" == op1[2:] == op2[2:]:
+            d0, d1 = op1[:2]
+            d2, d3 = op2[:2]
+
+            if d1 == "r" or d2 == "r" or d0 == d3 == "r":
+                continue
+
+            d = _mergeCategories(d1, d2)
+            if d is None:
+                continue
+            if d0 == "r":
+                d = _mergeCategories(d, d3)
+                if d is None:
+                    continue
+                new_op = "r" + d + "curveto"
+            elif d3 == "r":
+                d0 = _mergeCategories(d0, _negateCategory(d))
+                if d0 is None:
+                    continue
+                new_op = d0 + "r" + "curveto"
+            else:
+                d0 = _mergeCategories(d0, d3)
+                if d0 is None:
+                    continue
+                new_op = d0 + d + "curveto"
+
+        # Make sure the stack depth does not exceed (maxstack - 1), so
+        # that subroutinizer can insert subroutine calls at any point.
+        args1StackUse = _argsStackUse(args1)
+        combinedStackUse = max(args1StackUse, len(args1) + stackUse)
+        if new_op and combinedStackUse < maxstack:
+            commands[i - 1] = (new_op, args1 + args2)
+            del commands[i]
+            stackUse = combinedStackUse
+        else:
+            stackUse = args1StackUse
+
+    # 6. Resolve any remaining made-up operators into real operators.
+    for i in range(len(commands)):
+        op, args = commands[i]
+
+        if op in {"0moveto", "0lineto"}:
+            commands[i] = "h" + op[1:], args
+            continue
+
+        if op[2:] == "curveto" and op[:2] not in {"rr", "hh", "vv", "vh", "hv"}:
+            l = len(args)
+
+            op0, op1 = op[:2]
+            if (op0 == "r") ^ (op1 == "r"):
+                assert l % 2 == 1
+            if op0 == "0":
+                op0 = "h"
+            if op1 == "0":
+                op1 = "h"
+            if op0 == "r":
+                op0 = op1
+            if op1 == "r":
+                op1 = _negateCategory(op0)
+            assert {op0, op1} <= {"h", "v"}, (op0, op1)
+
+            if l % 2:
+                if op0 != op1:  # vhcurveto / hvcurveto
+                    if (op0 == "h") ^ (l % 8 == 1):
+                        # Swap last two args order
+                        args = args[:-2] + args[-1:] + args[-2:-1]
+                else:  # hhcurveto / vvcurveto
+                    if op0 == "h":  # hhcurveto
+                        # Swap first two args order
+                        args = args[1:2] + args[:1] + args[2:]
+
+            commands[i] = op0 + op1 + "curveto", args
+            continue
+
+    # 7. For any series of args which are blend lists, convert the series to a single blend arg.
+    for i in range(len(commands)):
+        op, args = commands[i]
+        if any(isinstance(arg, list) for arg in args):
+            commands[i] = op, _convertToBlendCmds(args)
+
+    return commands
+
+
+def specializeProgram(program, getNumRegions=None, **kwargs):
+    return commandsToProgram(
+        specializeCommands(programToCommands(program, getNumRegions), **kwargs)
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import sys
+
+    if len(sys.argv) == 1:
+        import doctest
+
+        sys.exit(doctest.testmod().failed)
+
+    import argparse
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        "fonttools cffLib.specializer",
+        description="CFF CharString generalizer/specializer",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("program", metavar="command", nargs="*", help="Commands.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-regions",
+        metavar="NumRegions",
+        nargs="*",
+        default=None,
+        help="Number of variable-font regions for blend opertaions.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--font",
+        metavar="FONTFILE",
+        default=None,
+        help="CFF2 font to specialize.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-o",
+        "--output-file",
+        type=str,
+        help="Output font file name.",
+    )
+
+    options = parser.parse_args(sys.argv[1:])
+
+    if options.program:
+        getNumRegions = (
+            None
+            if options.num_regions is None
+            else lambda vsIndex: int(
+                options.num_regions[0 if vsIndex is None else vsIndex]
+            )
+        )
+
+        program = stringToProgram(options.program)
+        print("Program:")
+        print(programToString(program))
+        commands = programToCommands(program, getNumRegions)
+        print("Commands:")
+        print(commands)
+        program2 = commandsToProgram(commands)
+        print("Program from commands:")
+        print(programToString(program2))
+        assert program == program2
+        print("Generalized program:")
+        print(programToString(generalizeProgram(program, getNumRegions)))
+        print("Specialized program:")
+        print(programToString(specializeProgram(program, getNumRegions)))
+
+    if options.font:
+        from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
+
+        font = TTFont(options.font)
+        cff2 = font["CFF2"].cff.topDictIndex[0]
+        charstrings = cff2.CharStrings
+        for glyphName in charstrings.keys():
+            charstring = charstrings[glyphName]
+            charstring.decompile()
+            getNumRegions = charstring.private.getNumRegions
+            charstring.program = specializeProgram(
+                charstring.program, getNumRegions, maxstack=maxStackLimit
+            )
+
+        if options.output_file is None:
+            from fontTools.misc.cliTools import makeOutputFileName
+
+            outfile = makeOutputFileName(
+                options.font, overWrite=True, suffix=".specialized"
+            )
+        else:
+            outfile = options.output_file
+        if outfile:
+            print("Saving", outfile)
+            font.save(outfile)