okstra 0.108.0 → 0.110.0

package/runtime/python/okstra_vendor/networkx/drawing/nx_pylab.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2978 @@
+"""
+**********
+Matplotlib
+**********
+
+Draw networks with matplotlib.
+
+Examples
+--------
+>>> G = nx.complete_graph(5)
+>>> nx.draw(G)
+
+See Also
+--------
+ - :doc:`matplotlib <matplotlib:index>`
+ - :func:`matplotlib.pyplot.scatter`
+ - :obj:`matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch`
+"""
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import math
+from numbers import Number
+
+import networkx as nx
+
+__all__ = [
+    "display",
+    "apply_matplotlib_colors",
+    "draw",
+    "draw_networkx",
+    "draw_networkx_nodes",
+    "draw_networkx_edges",
+    "draw_networkx_labels",
+    "draw_networkx_edge_labels",
+    "draw_bipartite",
+    "draw_circular",
+    "draw_kamada_kawai",
+    "draw_random",
+    "draw_spectral",
+    "draw_spring",
+    "draw_planar",
+    "draw_shell",
+    "draw_forceatlas2",
+]
+
+
+def apply_matplotlib_colors(
+    G, src_attr, dest_attr, map, vmin=None, vmax=None, nodes=True
+):
+    """
+    Apply colors from a matplotlib colormap to a graph.
+
+    Reads values from the `src_attr` and use a matplotlib colormap
+    to produce a color. Write the color to `dest_attr`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : nx.Graph
+        The graph to read and compute colors for.
+
+    src_attr : str or other attribute name
+        The name of the attribute to read from the graph.
+
+    dest_attr : str or other attribute name
+        The name of the attribute to write to on the graph.
+
+    map : matplotlib.colormap
+        The matplotlib colormap to use.
+
+    vmin : float, default None
+        The minimum value for scaling the colormap. If `None`, find the
+        minimum value of `src_attr`.
+
+    vmax : float, default None
+        The maximum value for scaling the colormap. If `None`, find the
+        maximum value of `src_attr`.
+
+    nodes : bool, default True
+        Whether the attribute names are edge attributes or node attributes.
+    """
+    import matplotlib as mpl
+
+    if nodes:
+        type_iter = G.nodes()
+    elif G.is_multigraph():
+        type_iter = G.edges(keys=True)
+    else:
+        type_iter = G.edges()
+
+    if vmin is None or vmax is None:
+        vals = [type_iter[a][src_attr] for a in type_iter]
+        if vmin is None:
+            vmin = min(vals)
+        if vmax is None:
+            vmax = max(vals)
+
+    mapper = mpl.cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=map)
+    mapper.set_clim(vmin, vmax)
+
+    def do_map(x):
+        # Cast numpy scalars to float
+        return tuple(float(x) for x in mapper.to_rgba(x))
+
+    if nodes:
+        nx.set_node_attributes(
+            G, {n: do_map(G.nodes[n][src_attr]) for n in G.nodes()}, dest_attr
+        )
+    else:
+        nx.set_edge_attributes(
+            G, {e: do_map(G.edges[e][src_attr]) for e in type_iter}, dest_attr
+        )
+
+
+class CurvedArrowTextBase:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arrow,
+        *args,
+        label_pos=0.5,
+        labels_horizontal=False,
+        ax=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        # Bind to FancyArrowPatch
+        self.arrow = arrow
+        # how far along the text should be on the curve,
+        # 0 is at start, 1 is at end etc.
+        self.label_pos = label_pos
+        self.labels_horizontal = labels_horizontal
+        if ax is None:
+            ax = plt.gca()
+        self.ax = ax
+        self.x, self.y, self.angle = self._update_text_pos_angle(arrow)
+
+        # Create text object
+        super().__init__(self.x, self.y, *args, rotation=self.angle, **kwargs)
+        # Bind to axis
+        self.ax.add_artist(self)
+
+    def _get_arrow_path_disp(self, arrow):
+        """
+        This is part of FancyArrowPatch._get_path_in_displaycoord
+        It omits the second part of the method where path is converted
+            to polygon based on width
+        The transform is taken from ax, not the object, as the object
+            has not been added yet, and doesn't have transform
+        """
+        dpi_cor = arrow._dpi_cor
+        trans_data = self.ax.transData
+        if arrow._posA_posB is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can only draw labels for fancy arrows with "
+                "posA and posB inputs, not custom path"
+            )
+        posA = arrow._convert_xy_units(arrow._posA_posB[0])
+        posB = arrow._convert_xy_units(arrow._posA_posB[1])
+        (posA, posB) = trans_data.transform((posA, posB))
+        _path = arrow.get_connectionstyle()(
+            posA,
+            posB,
+            patchA=arrow.patchA,
+            patchB=arrow.patchB,
+            shrinkA=arrow.shrinkA * dpi_cor,
+            shrinkB=arrow.shrinkB * dpi_cor,
+        )
+        # Return is in display coordinates
+        return _path
+
+    def _update_text_pos_angle(self, arrow):
+        # Fractional label position
+        # Text position at a proportion t along the line in display coords
+        # default is 0.5 so text appears at the halfway point
+        import matplotlib as mpl
+        import numpy as np
+
+        t = self.label_pos
+        tt = 1 - t
+        path_disp = self._get_arrow_path_disp(arrow)
+        conn = arrow.get_connectionstyle()
+        # 1. Calculate x and y
+        points = path_disp.vertices
+        if is_curve := isinstance(
+            conn,
+            mpl.patches.ConnectionStyle.Angle3 | mpl.patches.ConnectionStyle.Arc3,
+        ):
+            # Arc3 or Angle3 type Connection Styles - Bezier curve
+            (x1, y1), (cx, cy), (x2, y2) = points
+            x = tt**2 * x1 + 2 * t * tt * cx + t**2 * x2
+            y = tt**2 * y1 + 2 * t * tt * cy + t**2 * y2
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(
+                conn,
+                mpl.patches.ConnectionStyle.Angle
+                | mpl.patches.ConnectionStyle.Arc
+                | mpl.patches.ConnectionStyle.Bar,
+            ):
+                msg = f"invalid connection style: {type(conn)}"
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            # A. Collect lines
+            codes = path_disp.codes
+            lines = [
+                points[i - 1 : i + 1]
+                for i in range(1, len(points))
+                if codes[i] == mpl.path.Path.LINETO
+            ]
+            # B. If more than one line, find the right one and position in it
+            if (nlines := len(lines)) != 1:
+                dists = [math.dist(*line) for line in lines]
+                dist_tot = sum(dists)
+                cdist = 0
+                last_cut = 0
+                i_last = nlines - 1
+                for i, dist in enumerate(dists):
+                    cdist += dist
+                    cut = cdist / dist_tot
+                    if i == i_last or t < cut:
+                        t = (t - last_cut) / (dist / dist_tot)
+                        tt = 1 - t
+                        lines = [lines[i]]
+                        break
+                    last_cut = cut
+            [[(cx1, cy1), (cx2, cy2)]] = lines
+            x = cx1 * tt + cx2 * t
+            y = cy1 * tt + cy2 * t
+
+        # 2. Calculate Angle
+        if self.labels_horizontal:
+            # Horizontal text labels
+            angle = 0
+        else:
+            # Labels parallel to curve
+            if is_curve:
+                change_x = 2 * tt * (cx - x1) + 2 * t * (x2 - cx)
+                change_y = 2 * tt * (cy - y1) + 2 * t * (y2 - cy)
+            else:
+                change_x = (cx2 - cx1) / 2
+                change_y = (cy2 - cy1) / 2
+            angle = np.arctan2(change_y, change_x) / (2 * np.pi) * 360
+            # Text is "right way up"
+            if angle > 90:
+                angle -= 180
+            elif angle < -90:
+                angle += 180
+        (x, y) = self.ax.transData.inverted().transform((x, y))
+        return x, y, angle
+
+    def draw(self, renderer):
+        # recalculate the text position and angle
+        self.x, self.y, self.angle = self._update_text_pos_angle(self.arrow)
+        self.set_position((self.x, self.y))
+        self.set_rotation(self.angle)
+        # redraw text
+        super().draw(renderer)
+
+
+def display(
+    G,
+    canvas=None,
+    **kwargs,
+):
+    """Draw the graph G.
+
+    Draw the graph as a collection of nodes connected by edges.
+    The exact details of what the graph looks like are controlled by the below
+    attributes. All nodes and nodes at the end of visible edges must have a
+    position set, but nearly all other node and edge attributes are options and
+    nodes or edges missing the attribute will use the default listed below. A more
+    complete description of each parameter is given below this summary.
+
+    .. list-table:: Default Visualization Attributes
+        :widths: 25 25 50
+        :header-rows: 1
+
+        * - Parameter
+          - Default Attribute
+          - Default Value
+        * - node_pos
+          - `"pos"`
+          - If there is not position, a layout will be calculated with `nx.spring_layout`.
+        * - node_visible
+          - `"visible"`
+          - True
+        * - node_color
+          - `"color"`
+          - #1f78b4
+        * - node_size
+          - `"size"`
+          - 300
+        * - node_label
+          - `"label"`
+          - Dict describing the node label. Defaults create a black text with
+            the node name as the label. The dict respects these keys and defaults:
+
+            * size : 12
+            * color : black
+            * family : sans serif
+            * weight : normal
+            * alpha : 1.0
+            * h_align : center
+            * v_align : center
+            * bbox : Dict describing a `matplotlib.patches.FancyBboxPatch`.
+              Default is None.
+
+        * - node_shape
+          - `"shape"`
+          - "o"
+        * - node_alpha
+          - `"alpha"`
+          - 1.0
+        * - node_border_width
+          - `"border_width"`
+          - 1.0
+        * - node_border_color
+          - `"border_color"`
+          - Matching node_color
+        * - edge_visible
+          - `"visible"`
+          - True
+        * - edge_width
+          - `"width"`
+          - 1.0
+        * - edge_color
+          - `"color"`
+          - Black (#000000)
+        * - edge_label
+          - `"label"`
+          - Dict describing the edge label. Defaults create black text with a
+            white bounding box. The dictionary respects these keys and defaults:
+
+            * size : 12
+            * color : black
+            * family : sans serif
+            * weight : normal
+            * alpha : 1.0
+            * bbox : Dict describing a `matplotlib.patches.FancyBboxPatch`.
+              Default {"boxstyle": "round", "ec": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0), "fc": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)}
+            * h_align : "center"
+            * v_align : "center"
+            * pos : 0.5
+            * rotate : True
+
+        * - edge_style
+          - `"style"`
+          - "-"
+        * - edge_alpha
+          - `"alpha"`
+          - 1.0
+        * - edge_arrowstyle
+          - `"arrowstyle"`
+          - ``"-|>"`` if `G` is directed else ``"-"``
+        * - edge_arrowsize
+          - `"arrowsize"`
+          - 10 if `G` is directed else 0
+        * - edge_curvature
+          - `"curvature"`
+          - arc3
+        * - edge_source_margin
+          - `"source_margin"`
+          - 0
+        * - edge_target_margin
+          - `"target_margin"`
+          - 0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    canvas : Matplotlib Axes object, optional
+        Draw the graph in specified Matplotlib axes
+
+    node_pos : string or function, default "pos"
+        A string naming the node attribute storing the position of nodes as a tuple.
+        Or a function to be called with input `G` which returns the layout as a dict keyed
+        by node to position tuple like the NetworkX layout functions.
+        If no nodes in the graph has the attribute, a spring layout is calculated.
+
+    node_visible : string or bool, default visible
+        A string naming the node attribute which stores if a node should be drawn.
+        If `True`, all nodes will be visible while if `False` no nodes will be visible.
+        If incomplete, nodes missing this attribute will be shown by default.
+
+    node_color : string, default "color"
+        A string naming the node attribute which stores the color of each node.
+        Visible nodes without this attribute will use '#1f78b4' as a default.
+
+    node_size : string or number, default "size"
+        A string naming the node attribute which stores the size of each node.
+        Visible nodes without this attribute will use a default size of 300.
+
+    node_label : string or bool, default "label"
+        A string naming the node attribute which stores the label of each node.
+        The attribute value can be a string, False (no label for that node),
+        True (the node is the label) or a dict keyed by node to the label.
+
+        If a dict is specified, these keys are read to further control the label:
+
+        * label : The text of the label; default: name of the node
+        * size : Font size of the label; default: 12
+        * color : Font color of the label; default: black
+        * family : Font family of the label; default: "sans-serif"
+        * weight : Font weight of the label; default: "normal"
+        * alpha : Alpha value of the label; default: 1.0
+        * h_align : The horizontal alignment of the label.
+            one of "left", "center", "right"; default: "center"
+        * v_align : The vertical alignment of the label.
+            one of "top", "center", "bottom"; default: "center"
+        * bbox : A dict of parameters for `matplotlib.patches.FancyBboxPatch`.
+
+        Visible nodes without this attribute will be treated as if the value was True.
+
+    node_shape : string, default "shape"
+        A string naming the node attribute which stores the label of each node.
+        The values of this attribute are expected to be one of the matplotlib shapes,
+        one of 'so^>v<dph8'. Visible nodes without this attribute will use 'o'.
+
+    node_alpha : string, default "alpha"
+        A string naming the node attribute which stores the alpha of each node.
+        The values of this attribute are expected to be floats between 0.0 and 1.0.
+        Visible nodes without this attribute will be treated as if the value was 1.0.
+
+    node_border_width : string, default "border_width"
+        A string naming the node attribute storing the width of the border of the node.
+        The values of this attribute are expected to be numeric. Visible nodes without
+        this attribute will use the assumed default of 1.0.
+
+    node_border_color : string, default "border_color"
+        A string naming the node attribute which storing the color of the border of the node.
+        Visible nodes missing this attribute will use the final node_color value.
+
+    edge_visible : string or bool, default "visible"
+        A string nameing the edge attribute which stores if an edge should be drawn.
+        If `True`, all edges will be drawn while if `False` no edges will be visible.
+        If incomplete, edges missing this attribute will be shown by default. Values
+        of this attribute are expected to be booleans.
+
+    edge_width : string or int, default "width"
+        A string nameing the edge attribute which stores the width of each edge.
+        Visible edges without this attribute will use a default width of 1.0.
+
+    edge_color : string or color, default "color"
+        A string nameing the edge attribute which stores of color of each edge.
+        Visible edges without this attribute will be drawn black. Each color can be
+        a string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of floats from 0.0 to 1.0.
+
+    edge_label : string, default "label"
+        A string naming the edge attribute which stores the label of each edge.
+        The values of this attribute can be a string, number or False or None. In
+        the latter two cases, no edge label is displayed.
+
+        If a dict is specified, these keys are read to further control the label:
+
+        * label : The text of the label, or the name of an edge attribute holding the label.
+        * size : Font size of the label; default: 12
+        * color : Font color of the label; default: black
+        * family : Font family of the label; default: "sans-serif"
+        * weight : Font weight of the label; default: "normal"
+        * alpha : Alpha value of the label; default: 1.0
+        * h_align : The horizontal alignment of the label.
+            one of "left", "center", "right"; default: "center"
+        * v_align : The vertical alignment of the label.
+            one of "top", "center", "bottom"; default: "center"
+        * bbox : A dict of parameters for `matplotlib.patches.FancyBboxPatch`.
+        * rotate : Whether to rotate labels to lie parallel to the edge, default: True.
+        * pos : A float showing how far along the edge to put the label; default: 0.5.
+
+    edge_style : string, default "style"
+        A string naming the edge attribute which stores the style of each edge.
+        Visible edges without this attribute will be drawn solid. Values of this
+        attribute can be line styles, e.g. '-', '--', '-.' or ':' or words like 'solid'
+        or 'dashed'. If no edge in the graph has this attribute and it is a non-default
+        value, assume that it describes the edge style for all edges in the graph.
+
+    edge_alpha : string or float, default "alpha"
+        A string naming the edge attribute which stores the alpha value of each edge.
+        Visible edges without this attribute will use an alpha value of 1.0.
+
+    edge_arrowstyle : string, default "arrowstyle"
+        A string naming the edge attribute which stores the type of arrowhead to use for
+        each edge. Visible edges without this attribute use ``"-"`` for undirected graphs
+        and ``"-|>"`` for directed graphs.
+
+        See `matplotlib.patches.ArrowStyle` for more options
+
+    edge_arrowsize : string or int, default "arrowsize"
+        A string naming the edge attribute which stores the size of the arrowhead for each
+        edge. Visible edges without this attribute will use a default value of 10.
+
+    edge_curvature : string, default "curvature"
+       A string naming the edge attribute storing the curvature and connection style
+       of each edge. Visible edges without this attribute will use "arc3" as a default
+       value, resulting an a straight line between the two nodes. Curvature can be given
+       as 'arc3,rad=0.2' to specify both the style and radius of curvature.
+
+       Please see `matplotlib.patches.ConnectionStyle` and
+       `matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch` for more information.
+
+    edge_source_margin : string or int, default "source_margin"
+        A string naming the edge attribute which stores the minimum margin (gap) between
+        the source node and the start of the edge. Visible edges without this attribute
+        will use a default value of 0.
+
+    edge_target_margin : string or int, default "target_margin"
+        A string naming the edge attribute which stores the minimumm margin (gap) between
+        the target node and the end of the edge. Visible edges without this attribute
+        will use a default value of 0.
+
+    hide_ticks : bool, default True
+        Weather to remove the ticks from the axes of the matplotlib object.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    NetworkXError
+        If a node or edge is missing a required parameter such as `pos` or
+        if `display` receives an argument not listed above.
+
+    ValueError
+        If a node or edge has an invalid color format, i.e. not a color string,
+        rgb tuple or rgba tuple.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    The input graph. This is potentially useful for dispatching visualization
+    functions.
+    """
+    from collections import Counter
+
+    import matplotlib as mpl
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    import numpy as np
+
+    defaults = {
+        "node_pos": None,
+        "node_visible": True,
+        "node_color": "#1f78b4",
+        "node_size": 300,
+        "node_label": {
+            "size": 12,
+            "color": "#000000",
+            "family": "sans-serif",
+            "weight": "normal",
+            "alpha": 1.0,
+            "h_align": "center",
+            "v_align": "center",
+            "bbox": None,
+        },
+        "node_shape": "o",
+        "node_alpha": 1.0,
+        "node_border_width": 1.0,
+        "node_border_color": "face",
+        "edge_visible": True,
+        "edge_width": 1.0,
+        "edge_color": "#000000",
+        "edge_label": {
+            "size": 12,
+            "color": "#000000",
+            "family": "sans-serif",
+            "weight": "normal",
+            "alpha": 1.0,
+            "bbox": {"boxstyle": "round", "ec": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0), "fc": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)},
+            "h_align": "center",
+            "v_align": "center",
+            "pos": 0.5,
+            "rotate": True,
+        },
+        "edge_style": "-",
+        "edge_alpha": 1.0,
+        "edge_arrowstyle": "-|>" if G.is_directed() else "-",
+        "edge_arrowsize": 10 if G.is_directed() else 0,
+        "edge_curvature": "arc3",
+        "edge_source_margin": 0,
+        "edge_target_margin": 0,
+        "hide_ticks": True,
+    }
+
+    # Check arguments
+    for kwarg in kwargs:
+        if kwarg not in defaults:
+            raise nx.NetworkXError(
+                f"Unrecognized visualization keyword argument: {kwarg}"
+            )
+
+    if canvas is None:
+        canvas = plt.gca()
+
+    if kwargs.get("hide_ticks", defaults["hide_ticks"]):
+        canvas.tick_params(
+            axis="both",
+            which="both",
+            bottom=False,
+            left=False,
+            labelbottom=False,
+            labelleft=False,
+        )
+
+    ### Helper methods and classes
+
+    def node_property_sequence(seq, attr):
+        """Return a list of attribute values for `seq`, using a default if needed"""
+
+        # All node attribute parameters start with "node_"
+        param_name = f"node_{attr}"
+        default = defaults[param_name]
+        attr = kwargs.get(param_name, attr)
+
+        if default is None:
+            # raise instead of using non-existant default value
+            for n in seq:
+                if attr not in node_subgraph.nodes[n]:
+                    raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Attribute '{attr}' missing for node {n}")
+
+        # If `attr` is not a graph attr and was explicitly passed as an argument
+        # it must be a user-default value. Allow attr=None to tell draw to skip
+        # attributes which are on the graph
+        if (
+            attr is not None
+            and nx.get_node_attributes(node_subgraph, attr) == {}
+            and any(attr == v for k, v in kwargs.items() if "node" in k)
+        ):
+            return [attr for _ in seq]
+
+        return [node_subgraph.nodes[n].get(attr, default) for n in seq]
+
+    def compute_colors(color, alpha):
+        if isinstance(color, str):
+            rgba = mpl.colors.colorConverter.to_rgba(color)
+            # Using a non-default alpha value overrides any alpha value in the color
+            if alpha != defaults["node_alpha"]:
+                return (rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], alpha)
+            return rgba
+
+        if isinstance(color, tuple) and len(color) == 3:
+            return (color[0], color[1], color[2], alpha)
+
+        if isinstance(color, tuple) and len(color) == 4:
+            return color
+
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid format for color: {color}")
+
+    # Find which edges can be plotted as a line collection
+    #
+    # Non-default values for these attributes require fancy arrow patches:
+    # - any arrow style (including the default -|> for directed graphs)
+    # - arrow size (by extension of style)
+    # - connection style
+    # - min_source_margin
+    # - min_target_margin
+
+    def collection_compatible(e):
+        return (
+            get_edge_attr(e, "arrowstyle") == "-"
+            and get_edge_attr(e, "curvature") == "arc3"
+            and get_edge_attr(e, "source_margin") == 0
+            and get_edge_attr(e, "target_margin") == 0
+            # Self-loops will use fancy arrow patches
+            and e[0] != e[1]
+        )
+
+    def edge_property_sequence(seq, attr):
+        """Return a list of attribute values for `seq`, using a default if needed"""
+
+        param_name = f"edge_{attr}"
+        default = defaults[param_name]
+        attr = kwargs.get(param_name, attr)
+
+        if default is None:
+            # raise instead of using non-existant default value
+            for e in seq:
+                if attr not in edge_subgraph.edges[e]:
+                    raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Attribute '{attr}' missing for edge {e}")
+
+        if (
+            attr is not None
+            and nx.get_edge_attributes(edge_subgraph, attr) == {}
+            and any(attr == v for k, v in kwargs.items() if "edge" in k)
+        ):
+            return [attr for _ in seq]
+
+        return [edge_subgraph.edges[e].get(attr, default) for e in seq]
+
+    def get_edge_attr(e, attr):
+        """Return the final edge attribute value, using default if not None"""
+
+        param_name = f"edge_{attr}"
+        default = defaults[param_name]
+        attr = kwargs.get(param_name, attr)
+
+        if default is None and attr not in edge_subgraph.edges[e]:
+            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Attribute '{attr}' missing from edge {e}")
+
+        if (
+            attr is not None
+            and nx.get_edge_attributes(edge_subgraph, attr) == {}
+            and attr in kwargs.values()
+        ):
+            return attr
+
+        return edge_subgraph.edges[e].get(attr, default)
+
+    def get_node_attr(n, attr, use_edge_subgraph=True):
+        """Return the final node attribute value, using default if not None"""
+        subgraph = edge_subgraph if use_edge_subgraph else node_subgraph
+
+        param_name = f"node_{attr}"
+        default = defaults[param_name]
+        attr = kwargs.get(param_name, attr)
+
+        if default is None and attr not in subgraph.nodes[n]:
+            raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Attribute '{attr}' missing from node {n}")
+
+        if (
+            attr is not None
+            and nx.get_node_attributes(subgraph, attr) == {}
+            and attr in kwargs.values()
+        ):
+            return attr
+
+        return subgraph.nodes[n].get(attr, default)
+
+    # Taken from ConnectionStyleFactory
+    def self_loop(edge_index, node_size):
+        def self_loop_connection(posA, posB, *args, **kwargs):
+            if not np.all(posA == posB):
+                raise nx.NetworkXError(
+                    "`self_loop` connection style method"
+                    "is only to be used for self-loops"
+                )
+            # this is called with _screen space_ values
+            # so convert back to data space
+            data_loc = canvas.transData.inverted().transform(posA)
+            # Scale self loop based on the size of the base node
+            # Size of nodes are given in points ** 2 and each point is 1/72 of an inch
+            v_shift = np.sqrt(node_size) / 72
+            h_shift = v_shift * 0.5
+            # put the top of the loop first so arrow is not hidden by node
+            path = np.asarray(
+                [
+                    # 1
+                    [0, v_shift],
+                    # 4 4 4
+                    [h_shift, v_shift],
+                    [h_shift, 0],
+                    [0, 0],
+                    # 4 4 4
+                    [-h_shift, 0],
+                    [-h_shift, v_shift],
+                    [0, v_shift],
+                ]
+            )
+            # Rotate self loop 90 deg. if more than 1
+            # This will allow for maximum of 4 visible self loops
+            if edge_index % 4:
+                x, y = path.T
+                for _ in range(edge_index % 4):
+                    x, y = y, -x
+                path = np.array([x, y]).T
+            return mpl.path.Path(
+                canvas.transData.transform(data_loc + path), [1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
+            )
+
+        return self_loop_connection
+
+    def to_marker_edge(size, marker):
+        if marker in "s^>v<d":
+            return np.sqrt(2 * size) / 2
+        else:
+            return np.sqrt(size) / 2
+
+    def build_fancy_arrow(e):
+        source_margin = to_marker_edge(
+            get_node_attr(e[0], "size"),
+            get_node_attr(e[0], "shape"),
+        )
+        source_margin = max(
+            source_margin,
+            get_edge_attr(e, "source_margin"),
+        )
+
+        target_margin = to_marker_edge(
+            get_node_attr(e[1], "size"),
+            get_node_attr(e[1], "shape"),
+        )
+        target_margin = max(
+            target_margin,
+            get_edge_attr(e, "target_margin"),
+        )
+        return mpl.patches.FancyArrowPatch(
+            edge_subgraph.nodes[e[0]][pos],
+            edge_subgraph.nodes[e[1]][pos],
+            arrowstyle=get_edge_attr(e, "arrowstyle"),
+            connectionstyle=(
+                get_edge_attr(e, "curvature")
+                if e[0] != e[1]
+                else self_loop(
+                    0 if len(e) == 2 else e[2] % 4,
+                    get_node_attr(e[0], "size"),
+                )
+            ),
+            color=get_edge_attr(e, "color"),
+            linestyle=get_edge_attr(e, "style"),
+            linewidth=get_edge_attr(e, "width"),
+            mutation_scale=get_edge_attr(e, "arrowsize"),
+            shrinkA=source_margin,
+            shrinkB=source_margin,
+            zorder=1,
+        )
+
+    class CurvedArrowText(CurvedArrowTextBase, mpl.text.Text):
+        pass
+
+    ### Draw the nodes first
+    node_visible = kwargs.get("node_visible", "visible")
+    if isinstance(node_visible, bool):
+        if node_visible:
+            visible_nodes = G.nodes()
+        else:
+            visible_nodes = []
+    else:
+        visible_nodes = [
+            n for n, v in nx.get_node_attributes(G, node_visible, True).items() if v
+        ]
+
+    node_subgraph = G.subgraph(visible_nodes)
+
+    # Ignore the default dict value since that's for default values to use, not
+    # default attribute name
+    pos = kwargs.get("node_pos", "pos")
+
+    default_display_pos_attr = "display's position attribute name"
+    if callable(pos):
+        nx.set_node_attributes(
+            node_subgraph, pos(node_subgraph), default_display_pos_attr
+        )
+        pos = default_display_pos_attr
+        kwargs["node_pos"] = default_display_pos_attr
+    elif nx.get_node_attributes(G, pos) == {}:
+        nx.set_node_attributes(
+            node_subgraph, nx.spring_layout(node_subgraph), default_display_pos_attr
+        )
+        pos = default_display_pos_attr
+        kwargs["node_pos"] = default_display_pos_attr
+
+    # Each shape requires a new scatter object since they can't have different
+    # shapes.
+    if len(visible_nodes) > 0:
+        node_shape = kwargs.get("node_shape", "shape")
+        for shape in Counter(
+            nx.get_node_attributes(
+                node_subgraph, node_shape, defaults["node_shape"]
+            ).values()
+        ):
+            # Filter position just on this shape.
+            nodes_with_shape = [
+                n
+                for n, s in node_subgraph.nodes(data=node_shape)
+                if s == shape or (s is None and shape == defaults["node_shape"])
+            ]
+            # There are two property sequences to create before hand.
+            # 1. position, since it is used for x and y parameters to scatter
+            # 2. edgecolor, since the spaeical 'face' parameter value can only be
+            #    be passed in as the sole string, not part of a list of strings.
+            position = np.asarray(node_property_sequence(nodes_with_shape, "pos"))
+            color = np.asarray(
+                [
+                    compute_colors(c, a)
+                    for c, a in zip(
+                        node_property_sequence(nodes_with_shape, "color"),
+                        node_property_sequence(nodes_with_shape, "alpha"),
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            border_color = np.asarray(
+                [
+                    (
+                        c
+                        if (
+                            c := get_node_attr(
+                                n,
+                                "border_color",
+                                False,
+                            )
+                        )
+                        != "face"
+                        else color[i]
+                    )
+                    for i, n in enumerate(nodes_with_shape)
+                ]
+            )
+            canvas.scatter(
+                position[:, 0],
+                position[:, 1],
+                s=node_property_sequence(nodes_with_shape, "size"),
+                c=color,
+                marker=shape,
+                linewidths=node_property_sequence(nodes_with_shape, "border_width"),
+                edgecolors=border_color,
+                zorder=2,
+            )
+
+    ### Draw node labels
+    node_label = kwargs.get("node_label", "label")
+    # Plot labels if node_label is not None and not False
+    if node_label is not None and node_label is not False:
+        default_dict = {}
+        if isinstance(node_label, dict):
+            default_dict = node_label
+            node_label = None
+
+        for n, lbl in node_subgraph.nodes(data=node_label):
+            if lbl is False:
+                continue
+
+            # We work with label dicts down here...
+            if not isinstance(lbl, dict):
+                lbl = {"label": lbl if lbl is not None else n}
+
+            lbl_text = lbl.get("label", n)
+            if not isinstance(lbl_text, str):
+                lbl_text = str(lbl_text)
+
+            lbl.update(default_dict)
+            x, y = node_subgraph.nodes[n][pos]
+            canvas.text(
+                x,
+                y,
+                lbl_text,
+                size=lbl.get("size", defaults["node_label"]["size"]),
+                color=lbl.get("color", defaults["node_label"]["color"]),
+                family=lbl.get("family", defaults["node_label"]["family"]),
+                weight=lbl.get("weight", defaults["node_label"]["weight"]),
+                horizontalalignment=lbl.get(
+                    "h_align", defaults["node_label"]["h_align"]
+                ),
+                verticalalignment=lbl.get("v_align", defaults["node_label"]["v_align"]),
+                transform=canvas.transData,
+                bbox=lbl.get("bbox", defaults["node_label"]["bbox"]),
+            )
+
+    ### Draw edges
+
+    edge_visible = kwargs.get("edge_visible", "visible")
+    if isinstance(edge_visible, bool):
+        if edge_visible:
+            visible_edges = G.edges()
+        else:
+            visible_edges = []
+    else:
+        visible_edges = [
+            e for e, v in nx.get_edge_attributes(G, edge_visible, True).items() if v
+        ]
+
+    edge_subgraph = G.edge_subgraph(visible_edges)
+    nx.set_node_attributes(
+        edge_subgraph, nx.get_node_attributes(node_subgraph, pos), name=pos
+    )
+
+    collection_edges = (
+        [e for e in edge_subgraph.edges(keys=True) if collection_compatible(e)]
+        if edge_subgraph.is_multigraph()
+        else [e for e in edge_subgraph.edges() if collection_compatible(e)]
+    )
+    non_collection_edges = (
+        [e for e in edge_subgraph.edges(keys=True) if not collection_compatible(e)]
+        if edge_subgraph.is_multigraph()
+        else [e for e in edge_subgraph.edges() if not collection_compatible(e)]
+    )
+    edge_position = np.asarray(
+        [
+            (
+                get_node_attr(u, "pos", use_edge_subgraph=True),
+                get_node_attr(v, "pos", use_edge_subgraph=True),
+            )
+            for u, v, *_ in collection_edges
+        ]
+    )
+
+    # Only plot a line collection if needed
+    if len(collection_edges) > 0:
+        edge_collection = mpl.collections.LineCollection(
+            edge_position,
+            colors=edge_property_sequence(collection_edges, "color"),
+            linewidths=edge_property_sequence(collection_edges, "width"),
+            linestyle=edge_property_sequence(collection_edges, "style"),
+            alpha=edge_property_sequence(collection_edges, "alpha"),
+            antialiaseds=(1,),
+            zorder=1,
+        )
+        canvas.add_collection(edge_collection)
+
+    fancy_arrows = {}
+    if len(non_collection_edges) > 0:
+        for e in non_collection_edges:
+            # Cache results for use in edge labels
+            fancy_arrows[e] = build_fancy_arrow(e)
+            canvas.add_patch(fancy_arrows[e])
+
+    ### Draw edge labels
+    edge_label = kwargs.get("edge_label", "label")
+    default_dict = {}
+    if isinstance(edge_label, dict):
+        default_dict = edge_label
+        # Restore the default label attribute key of 'label'
+        edge_label = "label"
+
+    # Handle multigraphs
+    edge_label_data = (
+        edge_subgraph.edges(data=edge_label, keys=True)
+        if edge_subgraph.is_multigraph()
+        else edge_subgraph.edges(data=edge_label)
+    )
+    if edge_label is not None and edge_label is not False:
+        for *e, lbl in edge_label_data:
+            e = tuple(e)
+            # I'm not sure how I want to handle None here... For now it means no label
+            if lbl is False or lbl is None:
+                continue
+
+            if not isinstance(lbl, dict):
+                lbl = {"label": lbl}
+
+            lbl.update(default_dict)
+            lbl_text = lbl.get("label")
+            if not isinstance(lbl_text, str):
+                lbl_text = str(lbl_text)
+
+            # In the old code, every non-self-loop is placed via a fancy arrow patch
+            # Only compute a new fancy arrow if needed by caching the results from
+            # edge placement.
+            try:
+                arrow = fancy_arrows[e]
+            except KeyError:
+                arrow = build_fancy_arrow(e)
+
+            if e[0] == e[1]:
+                # Taken directly from draw_networkx_edge_labels
+                connectionstyle_obj = arrow.get_connectionstyle()
+                posA = canvas.transData.transform(edge_subgraph.nodes[e[0]][pos])
+                path_disp = connectionstyle_obj(posA, posA)
+                path_data = canvas.transData.inverted().transform_path(path_disp)
+                x, y = path_data.vertices[0]
+                canvas.text(
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    lbl_text,
+                    size=lbl.get("size", defaults["edge_label"]["size"]),
+                    color=lbl.get("color", defaults["edge_label"]["color"]),
+                    family=lbl.get("family", defaults["edge_label"]["family"]),
+                    weight=lbl.get("weight", defaults["edge_label"]["weight"]),
+                    alpha=lbl.get("alpha", defaults["edge_label"]["alpha"]),
+                    horizontalalignment=lbl.get(
+                        "h_align", defaults["edge_label"]["h_align"]
+                    ),
+                    verticalalignment=lbl.get(
+                        "v_align", defaults["edge_label"]["v_align"]
+                    ),
+                    rotation=0,
+                    transform=canvas.transData,
+                    bbox=lbl.get("bbox", defaults["edge_label"]["bbox"]),
+                    zorder=1,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            CurvedArrowText(
+                arrow,
+                lbl_text,
+                size=lbl.get("size", defaults["edge_label"]["size"]),
+                color=lbl.get("color", defaults["edge_label"]["color"]),
+                family=lbl.get("family", defaults["edge_label"]["family"]),
+                weight=lbl.get("weight", defaults["edge_label"]["weight"]),
+                alpha=lbl.get("alpha", defaults["edge_label"]["alpha"]),
+                bbox=lbl.get("bbox", defaults["edge_label"]["bbox"]),
+                horizontalalignment=lbl.get(
+                    "h_align", defaults["edge_label"]["h_align"]
+                ),
+                verticalalignment=lbl.get("v_align", defaults["edge_label"]["v_align"]),
+                label_pos=lbl.get("pos", defaults["edge_label"]["pos"]),
+                labels_horizontal=lbl.get("rotate", defaults["edge_label"]["rotate"]),
+                transform=canvas.transData,
+                zorder=1,
+                ax=canvas,
+            )
+
+    # If we had to add an attribute, remove it here
+    if pos == default_display_pos_attr:
+        nx.remove_node_attributes(G, default_display_pos_attr)
+
+    return G
+
+
+def draw(G, pos=None, ax=None, **kwds):
+    """Draw the graph G with Matplotlib.
+
+    Draw the graph as a simple representation with no node
+    labels or edge labels and using the full Matplotlib figure area
+    and no axis labels by default.  See draw_networkx() for more
+    full-featured drawing that allows title, axis labels etc.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    pos : dictionary, optional
+        A dictionary with nodes as keys and positions as values.
+        If not specified a spring layout positioning will be computed.
+        See :py:mod:`networkx.drawing.layout` for functions that
+        compute node positions.
+
+    ax : Matplotlib Axes object, optional
+        Draw the graph in specified Matplotlib axes.
+
+    kwds : optional keywords
+        See networkx.draw_networkx() for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.dodecahedral_graph()
+    >>> nx.draw(G)
+    >>> nx.draw(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G))  # use spring layout
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    draw_networkx
+    draw_networkx_nodes
+    draw_networkx_edges
+    draw_networkx_labels
+    draw_networkx_edge_labels
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function has the same name as pylab.draw and pyplot.draw
+    so beware when using `from networkx import *`
+
+    since you might overwrite the pylab.draw function.
+
+    With pyplot use
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> G = nx.dodecahedral_graph()
+    >>> nx.draw(G)  # networkx draw()
+    >>> plt.draw()  # pyplot draw()
+
+    Also see the NetworkX drawing examples at
+    https://networkx.org/documentation/latest/auto_examples/index.html
+    """
+
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+    if ax is None:
+        cf = plt.gcf()
+    else:
+        cf = ax.get_figure()
+    cf.set_facecolor("w")
+    if ax is None:
+        if cf.axes:
+            ax = cf.gca()
+        else:
+            ax = cf.add_axes((0, 0, 1, 1))
+
+    if "with_labels" not in kwds:
+        kwds["with_labels"] = "labels" in kwds
+
+    draw_networkx(G, pos=pos, ax=ax, **kwds)
+    ax.set_axis_off()
+    plt.draw_if_interactive()
+    return
+
+
+def draw_networkx(G, pos=None, arrows=None, with_labels=True, **kwds):
+    r"""Draw the graph G using Matplotlib.
+
+    Draw the graph with Matplotlib with options for node positions,
+    labeling, titles, and many other drawing features.
+    See draw() for simple drawing without labels or axes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    pos : dictionary, optional
+        A dictionary with nodes as keys and positions as values.
+        If not specified a spring layout positioning will be computed.
+        See :py:mod:`networkx.drawing.layout` for functions that
+        compute node positions.
+
+    arrows : bool or None, optional (default=None)
+        If `None`, directed graphs draw arrowheads with
+        `~matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch`, while undirected graphs draw edges
+        via `~matplotlib.collections.LineCollection` for speed.
+        If `True`, draw arrowheads with FancyArrowPatches (bendable and stylish).
+        If `False`, draw edges using LineCollection (linear and fast).
+        For directed graphs, if True draw arrowheads.
+        Note: Arrows will be the same color as edges.
+
+    arrowstyle : str (default='-\|>' for directed graphs)
+        For directed graphs, choose the style of the arrowsheads.
+        For undirected graphs default to '-'
+
+        See `matplotlib.patches.ArrowStyle` for more options.
+
+    arrowsize : int or list (default=10)
+        For directed graphs, choose the size of the arrow head's length and
+        width. A list of values can be passed in to assign a different size for arrow head's length and width.
+        See `matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch` for attribute `mutation_scale`
+        for more info.
+
+    with_labels :  bool (default=True)
+        Set to True to draw labels on the nodes.
+
+    ax : Matplotlib Axes object, optional
+        Draw the graph in the specified Matplotlib axes.
+
+    nodelist : list (default=list(G))
+        Draw only specified nodes
+
+    edgelist : list (default=list(G.edges()))
+        Draw only specified edges
+
+    node_size : scalar or array (default=300)
+        Size of nodes.  If an array is specified it must be the
+        same length as nodelist.
+
+    node_color : color or array of colors (default='#1f78b4')
+        Node color. Can be a single color or a sequence of colors with the same
+        length as nodelist. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of
+        floats from 0-1. If numeric values are specified they will be
+        mapped to colors using the cmap and vmin,vmax parameters. See
+        matplotlib.scatter for more details.
+
+    node_shape :  string (default='o')
+        The shape of the node.  Specification is as matplotlib.scatter
+        marker, one of 'so^>v<dph8'.
+
+    alpha : float or None (default=None)
+        The node and edge transparency
+
+    cmap : Matplotlib colormap, optional
+        Colormap for mapping intensities of nodes
+
+    vmin,vmax : float, optional
+        Minimum and maximum for node colormap scaling
+
+    linewidths : scalar or sequence (default=1.0)
+        Line width of symbol border
+
+    width : float or array of floats (default=1.0)
+        Line width of edges
+
+    edge_color : color or array of colors (default='k')
+        Edge color. Can be a single color or a sequence of colors with the same
+        length as edgelist. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of
+        floats from 0-1. If numeric values are specified they will be
+        mapped to colors using the edge_cmap and edge_vmin,edge_vmax parameters.
+
+    edge_cmap : Matplotlib colormap, optional
+        Colormap for mapping intensities of edges
+
+    edge_vmin,edge_vmax : floats, optional
+        Minimum and maximum for edge colormap scaling
+
+    style : string (default=solid line)
+        Edge line style e.g.: '-', '--', '-.', ':'
+        or words like 'solid' or 'dashed'.
+        (See `matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch`: `linestyle`)
+
+    labels : dictionary (default=None)
+        Node labels in a dictionary of text labels keyed by node
+
+    font_size : int (default=12 for nodes, 10 for edges)
+        Font size for text labels
+
+    font_color : color (default='k' black)
+        Font color string. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of
+        floats from 0-1.
+
+    font_weight : string (default='normal')
+        Font weight
+
+    font_family : string (default='sans-serif')
+        Font family
+
+    label : string, optional
+        Label for graph legend
+
+    hide_ticks : bool, optional
+        Hide ticks of axes. When `True` (the default), ticks and ticklabels
+        are removed from the axes. To set ticks and tick labels to the pyplot default,
+        use ``hide_ticks=False``.
+
+    kwds : optional keywords
+        See networkx.draw_networkx_nodes(), networkx.draw_networkx_edges(), and
+        networkx.draw_networkx_labels() for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For directed graphs, arrows  are drawn at the head end.  Arrows can be
+    turned off with keyword arrows=False.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.dodecahedral_graph()
+    >>> nx.draw(G)
+    >>> nx.draw(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G))  # use spring layout
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> limits = plt.axis("off")  # turn off axis
+
+    Also see the NetworkX drawing examples at
+    https://networkx.org/documentation/latest/auto_examples/index.html
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    draw
+    draw_networkx_nodes
+    draw_networkx_edges
+    draw_networkx_labels
+    draw_networkx_edge_labels
+    """
+    from inspect import signature
+
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+    # Get all valid keywords by inspecting the signatures of draw_networkx_nodes,
+    # draw_networkx_edges, draw_networkx_labels
+
+    valid_node_kwds = signature(draw_networkx_nodes).parameters.keys()
+    valid_edge_kwds = signature(draw_networkx_edges).parameters.keys()
+    valid_label_kwds = signature(draw_networkx_labels).parameters.keys()
+
+    # Create a set with all valid keywords across the three functions and
+    # remove the arguments of this function (draw_networkx)
+    valid_kwds = (valid_node_kwds | valid_edge_kwds | valid_label_kwds) - {
+        "G",
+        "pos",
+        "arrows",
+        "with_labels",
+    }
+
+    if any(k not in valid_kwds for k in kwds):
+        invalid_args = ", ".join([k for k in kwds if k not in valid_kwds])
+        raise ValueError(f"Received invalid argument(s): {invalid_args}")
+
+    node_kwds = {k: v for k, v in kwds.items() if k in valid_node_kwds}
+    edge_kwds = {k: v for k, v in kwds.items() if k in valid_edge_kwds}
+    label_kwds = {k: v for k, v in kwds.items() if k in valid_label_kwds}
+
+    if pos is None:
+        pos = nx.drawing.spring_layout(G)  # default to spring layout
+
+    draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos, **node_kwds)
+    draw_networkx_edges(G, pos, arrows=arrows, **edge_kwds)
+    if with_labels:
+        draw_networkx_labels(G, pos, **label_kwds)
+    plt.draw_if_interactive()
+
+
+def draw_networkx_nodes(
+    G,
+    pos,
+    nodelist=None,
+    node_size=300,
+    node_color="#1f78b4",
+    node_shape="o",
+    alpha=None,
+    cmap=None,
+    vmin=None,
+    vmax=None,
+    ax=None,
+    linewidths=None,
+    edgecolors=None,
+    label=None,
+    margins=None,
+    hide_ticks=True,
+):
+    """Draw the nodes of the graph G.
+
+    This draws only the nodes of the graph G.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    pos : dictionary
+        A dictionary with nodes as keys and positions as values.
+        Positions should be sequences of length 2.
+
+    ax : Matplotlib Axes object, optional
+        Draw the graph in the specified Matplotlib axes.
+
+    nodelist : list (default list(G))
+        Draw only specified nodes
+
+    node_size : scalar or array (default=300)
+        Size of nodes.  If an array it must be the same length as nodelist.
+
+    node_color : color or array of colors (default='#1f78b4')
+        Node color. Can be a single color or a sequence of colors with the same
+        length as nodelist. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of
+        floats from 0-1. If numeric values are specified they will be
+        mapped to colors using the cmap and vmin,vmax parameters. See
+        matplotlib.scatter for more details.
+
+    node_shape :  string (default='o')
+        The shape of the node.  Specification is as matplotlib.scatter
+        marker, one of 'so^>v<dph8'.
+
+    alpha : float or array of floats (default=None)
+        The node transparency.  This can be a single alpha value,
+        in which case it will be applied to all the nodes of color. Otherwise,
+        if it is an array, the elements of alpha will be applied to the colors
+        in order (cycling through alpha multiple times if necessary).
+
+    cmap : Matplotlib colormap (default=None)
+        Colormap for mapping intensities of nodes
+
+    vmin,vmax : floats or None (default=None)
+        Minimum and maximum for node colormap scaling
+
+    linewidths : [None | scalar | sequence] (default=1.0)
+        Line width of symbol border
+
+    edgecolors : [None | scalar | sequence] (default = node_color)
+        Colors of node borders. Can be a single color or a sequence of colors with the
+        same length as nodelist. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of floats
+        from 0-1. If numeric values are specified they will be mapped to colors
+        using the cmap and vmin,vmax parameters. See `~matplotlib.pyplot.scatter` for more details.
+
+    label : [None | string]
+        Label for legend
+
+    margins : float or 2-tuple, optional
+        Sets the padding for axis autoscaling. Increase margin to prevent
+        clipping for nodes that are near the edges of an image. Values should
+        be in the range ``[0, 1]``. See :meth:`matplotlib.axes.Axes.margins`
+        for details. The default is `None`, which uses the Matplotlib default.
+
+    hide_ticks : bool, optional
+        Hide ticks of axes. When `True` (the default), ticks and ticklabels
+        are removed from the axes. To set ticks and tick labels to the pyplot default,
+        use ``hide_ticks=False``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    matplotlib.collections.PathCollection
+        `PathCollection` of the nodes.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.dodecahedral_graph()
+    >>> nodes = nx.draw_networkx_nodes(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G))
+
+    Also see the NetworkX drawing examples at
+    https://networkx.org/documentation/latest/auto_examples/index.html
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    draw
+    draw_networkx
+    draw_networkx_edges
+    draw_networkx_labels
+    draw_networkx_edge_labels
+    """
+    from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+    import matplotlib as mpl
+    import matplotlib.collections  # call as mpl.collections
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    import numpy as np
+
+    if ax is None:
+        ax = plt.gca()
+
+    if nodelist is None:
+        nodelist = list(G)
+
+    if len(nodelist) == 0:  # empty nodelist, no drawing
+        return mpl.collections.PathCollection(None)
+
+    try:
+        xy = np.asarray([pos[v] for v in nodelist])
+    except KeyError as err:
+        raise nx.NetworkXError(f"Node {err} has no position.") from err
+
+    if isinstance(alpha, Iterable):
+        node_color = apply_alpha(node_color, alpha, nodelist, cmap, vmin, vmax)
+        alpha = None
+
+    if not isinstance(node_shape, np.ndarray) and not isinstance(node_shape, list):
+        node_shape = np.array([node_shape for _ in range(len(nodelist))])
+    elif isinstance(node_shape, list):
+        node_shape = np.asarray(node_shape)
+
+    for shape in np.unique(node_shape):
+        node_collection = ax.scatter(
+            xy[node_shape == shape, 0],
+            xy[node_shape == shape, 1],
+            s=node_size,
+            c=node_color,
+            marker=shape,
+            cmap=cmap,
+            vmin=vmin,
+            vmax=vmax,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            linewidths=linewidths,
+            edgecolors=edgecolors,
+            label=label,
+        )
+    if hide_ticks:
+        ax.tick_params(
+            axis="both",
+            which="both",
+            bottom=False,
+            left=False,
+            labelbottom=False,
+            labelleft=False,
+        )
+
+    if margins is not None:
+        if isinstance(margins, Iterable):
+            ax.margins(*margins)
+        else:
+            ax.margins(margins)
+
+    node_collection.set_zorder(2)
+    return node_collection
+
+
+class FancyArrowFactory:
+    """Draw arrows with `matplotlib.patches.FancyarrowPatch`"""
+
+    class ConnectionStyleFactory:
+        def __init__(self, connectionstyles, selfloop_height, ax=None):
+            import matplotlib as mpl
+            import matplotlib.path  # call as mpl.path
+            import numpy as np
+
+            self.ax = ax
+            self.mpl = mpl
+            self.np = np
+            self.base_connection_styles = [
+                mpl.patches.ConnectionStyle(cs) for cs in connectionstyles
+            ]
+            self.n = len(self.base_connection_styles)
+            self.selfloop_height = selfloop_height
+
+        def curved(self, edge_index):
+            return self.base_connection_styles[edge_index % self.n]
+
+        def self_loop(self, edge_index):
+            def self_loop_connection(posA, posB, *args, **kwargs):
+                if not self.np.all(posA == posB):
+                    raise nx.NetworkXError(
+                        "`self_loop` connection style method"
+                        "is only to be used for self-loops"
+                    )
+                # this is called with _screen space_ values
+                # so convert back to data space
+                data_loc = self.ax.transData.inverted().transform(posA)
+                v_shift = 0.1 * self.selfloop_height
+                h_shift = v_shift * 0.5
+                # put the top of the loop first so arrow is not hidden by node
+                path = self.np.asarray(
+                    [
+                        # 1
+                        [0, v_shift],
+                        # 4 4 4
+                        [h_shift, v_shift],
+                        [h_shift, 0],
+                        [0, 0],
+                        # 4 4 4
+                        [-h_shift, 0],
+                        [-h_shift, v_shift],
+                        [0, v_shift],
+                    ]
+                )
+                # Rotate self loop 90 deg. if more than 1
+                # This will allow for maximum of 4 visible self loops
+                if edge_index % 4:
+                    x, y = path.T
+                    for _ in range(edge_index % 4):
+                        x, y = y, -x
+                    path = self.np.array([x, y]).T
+                return self.mpl.path.Path(
+                    self.ax.transData.transform(data_loc + path), [1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
+                )
+
+            return self_loop_connection
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        edge_pos,
+        edgelist,
+        nodelist,
+        edge_indices,
+        node_size,
+        selfloop_height,
+        connectionstyle="arc3",
+        node_shape="o",
+        arrowstyle="-",
+        arrowsize=10,
+        edge_color="k",
+        alpha=None,
+        linewidth=1.0,
+        style="solid",
+        min_source_margin=0,
+        min_target_margin=0,
+        ax=None,
+    ):
+        import matplotlib as mpl
+        import matplotlib.patches  # call as mpl.patches
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+        import numpy as np
+
+        if isinstance(connectionstyle, str):
+            connectionstyle = [connectionstyle]
+        elif np.iterable(connectionstyle):
+            connectionstyle = list(connectionstyle)
+        else:
+            msg = "ConnectionStyleFactory arg `connectionstyle` must be str or iterable"
+            raise nx.NetworkXError(msg)
+        self.ax = ax
+        self.mpl = mpl
+        self.np = np
+        self.edge_pos = edge_pos
+        self.edgelist = edgelist
+        self.nodelist = nodelist
+        self.node_shape = node_shape
+        self.min_source_margin = min_source_margin
+        self.min_target_margin = min_target_margin
+        self.edge_indices = edge_indices
+        self.node_size = node_size
+        self.connectionstyle_factory = self.ConnectionStyleFactory(
+            connectionstyle, selfloop_height, ax
+        )
+        self.arrowstyle = arrowstyle
+        self.arrowsize = arrowsize
+        self.arrow_colors = mpl.colors.colorConverter.to_rgba_array(edge_color, alpha)
+        self.linewidth = linewidth
+        self.style = style
+        if isinstance(arrowsize, list) and len(arrowsize) != len(edge_pos):
+            raise ValueError("arrowsize should have the same length as edgelist")
+
+    def __call__(self, i):
+        (x1, y1), (x2, y2) = self.edge_pos[i]
+        shrink_source = 0  # space from source to tail
+        shrink_target = 0  # space from  head to target
+        if (
+            self.np.iterable(self.min_source_margin)
+            and not isinstance(self.min_source_margin, str)
+            and not isinstance(self.min_source_margin, tuple)
+        ):
+            min_source_margin = self.min_source_margin[i]
+        else:
+            min_source_margin = self.min_source_margin
+
+        if (
+            self.np.iterable(self.min_target_margin)
+            and not isinstance(self.min_target_margin, str)
+            and not isinstance(self.min_target_margin, tuple)
+        ):
+            min_target_margin = self.min_target_margin[i]
+        else:
+            min_target_margin = self.min_target_margin
+
+        if self.np.iterable(self.node_size):  # many node sizes
+            source, target = self.edgelist[i][:2]
+            source_node_size = self.node_size[self.nodelist.index(source)]
+            target_node_size = self.node_size[self.nodelist.index(target)]
+            shrink_source = self.to_marker_edge(source_node_size, self.node_shape)
+            shrink_target = self.to_marker_edge(target_node_size, self.node_shape)
+        else:
+            shrink_source = self.to_marker_edge(self.node_size, self.node_shape)
+            shrink_target = shrink_source
+        shrink_source = max(shrink_source, min_source_margin)
+        shrink_target = max(shrink_target, min_target_margin)
+
+        # scale factor of arrow head
+        if isinstance(self.arrowsize, list):
+            mutation_scale = self.arrowsize[i]
+        else:
+            mutation_scale = self.arrowsize
+
+        if len(self.arrow_colors) > i:
+            arrow_color = self.arrow_colors[i]
+        elif len(self.arrow_colors) == 1:
+            arrow_color = self.arrow_colors[0]
+        else:  # Cycle through colors
+            arrow_color = self.arrow_colors[i % len(self.arrow_colors)]
+
+        if self.np.iterable(self.linewidth):
+            if len(self.linewidth) > i:
+                linewidth = self.linewidth[i]
+            else:
+                linewidth = self.linewidth[i % len(self.linewidth)]
+        else:
+            linewidth = self.linewidth
+
+        if (
+            self.np.iterable(self.style)
+            and not isinstance(self.style, str)
+            and not isinstance(self.style, tuple)
+        ):
+            if len(self.style) > i:
+                linestyle = self.style[i]
+            else:  # Cycle through styles
+                linestyle = self.style[i % len(self.style)]
+        else:
+            linestyle = self.style
+
+        if x1 == x2 and y1 == y2:
+            connectionstyle = self.connectionstyle_factory.self_loop(
+                self.edge_indices[i]
+            )
+        else:
+            connectionstyle = self.connectionstyle_factory.curved(self.edge_indices[i])
+
+        if (
+            self.np.iterable(self.arrowstyle)
+            and not isinstance(self.arrowstyle, str)
+            and not isinstance(self.arrowstyle, tuple)
+        ):
+            arrowstyle = self.arrowstyle[i]
+        else:
+            arrowstyle = self.arrowstyle
+
+        return self.mpl.patches.FancyArrowPatch(
+            (x1, y1),
+            (x2, y2),
+            arrowstyle=arrowstyle,
+            shrinkA=shrink_source,
+            shrinkB=shrink_target,
+            mutation_scale=mutation_scale,
+            color=arrow_color,
+            linewidth=linewidth,
+            connectionstyle=connectionstyle,
+            linestyle=linestyle,
+            zorder=1,  # arrows go behind nodes
+        )
+
+    def to_marker_edge(self, marker_size, marker):
+        if marker in "s^>v<d":  # `large` markers need extra space
+            return self.np.sqrt(2 * marker_size) / 2
+        else:
+            return self.np.sqrt(marker_size) / 2
+
+
+def draw_networkx_edges(
+    G,
+    pos,
+    edgelist=None,
+    width=1.0,
+    edge_color="k",
+    style="solid",
+    alpha=None,
+    arrowstyle=None,
+    arrowsize=10,
+    edge_cmap=None,
+    edge_vmin=None,
+    edge_vmax=None,
+    ax=None,
+    arrows=None,
+    label=None,
+    node_size=300,
+    nodelist=None,
+    node_shape="o",
+    connectionstyle="arc3",
+    min_source_margin=0,
+    min_target_margin=0,
+    hide_ticks=True,
+):
+    r"""Draw the edges of the graph G.
+
+    This draws only the edges of the graph G.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    pos : dictionary
+        A dictionary with nodes as keys and positions as values.
+        Positions should be sequences of length 2.
+
+    edgelist : collection of edge tuples (default=G.edges())
+        Draw only specified edges
+
+    width : float or array of floats (default=1.0)
+        Line width of edges
+
+    edge_color : color or array of colors (default='k')
+        Edge color. Can be a single color or a sequence of colors with the same
+        length as edgelist. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of
+        floats from 0-1. If numeric values are specified they will be
+        mapped to colors using the edge_cmap and edge_vmin,edge_vmax parameters.
+
+    style : string or array of strings (default='solid')
+        Edge line style e.g.: '-', '--', '-.', ':'
+        or words like 'solid' or 'dashed'.
+        Can be a single style or a sequence of styles with the same
+        length as the edge list.
+        If less styles than edges are given the styles will cycle.
+        If more styles than edges are given the styles will be used sequentially
+        and not be exhausted.
+        Also, `(offset, onoffseq)` tuples can be used as style instead of a strings.
+        (See `matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch`: `linestyle`)
+
+    alpha : float or array of floats (default=None)
+        The edge transparency.  This can be a single alpha value,
+        in which case it will be applied to all specified edges. Otherwise,
+        if it is an array, the elements of alpha will be applied to the colors
+        in order (cycling through alpha multiple times if necessary).
+
+    edge_cmap : Matplotlib colormap, optional
+        Colormap for mapping intensities of edges
+
+    edge_vmin,edge_vmax : floats, optional
+        Minimum and maximum for edge colormap scaling
+
+    ax : Matplotlib Axes object, optional
+        Draw the graph in the specified Matplotlib axes.
+
+    arrows : bool or None, optional (default=None)
+        If `None`, directed graphs draw arrowheads with
+        `~matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch`, while undirected graphs draw edges
+        via `~matplotlib.collections.LineCollection` for speed.
+        If `True`, draw arrowheads with FancyArrowPatches (bendable and stylish).
+        If `False`, draw edges using LineCollection (linear and fast).
+
+        Note: Arrowheads will be the same color as edges.
+
+    arrowstyle : str or list of strs (default='-\|>' for directed graphs)
+        For directed graphs and `arrows==True` defaults to '-\|>',
+        For undirected graphs default to '-'.
+
+        See `matplotlib.patches.ArrowStyle` for more options.
+
+    arrowsize : int or list of ints(default=10)
+        For directed graphs, choose the size of the arrow head's length and
+        width. See `matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch` for attribute
+        `mutation_scale` for more info.
+
+    connectionstyle : string or iterable of strings (default="arc3")
+        Pass the connectionstyle parameter to create curved arc of rounding
+        radius rad. For example, connectionstyle='arc3,rad=0.2'.
+        See `matplotlib.patches.ConnectionStyle` and
+        `matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch` for more info.
+        If Iterable, index indicates i'th edge key of MultiGraph
+
+    node_size : scalar or array (default=300)
+        Size of nodes. Though the nodes are not drawn with this function, the
+        node size is used in determining edge positioning.
+
+    nodelist : list, optional (default=G.nodes())
+       This provides the node order for the `node_size` array (if it is an array).
+
+    node_shape :  string (default='o')
+        The marker used for nodes, used in determining edge positioning.
+        Specification is as a `matplotlib.markers` marker, e.g. one of 'so^>v<dph8'.
+
+    label : None or string
+        Label for legend
+
+    min_source_margin : int or list of ints (default=0)
+        The minimum margin (gap) at the beginning of the edge at the source.
+
+    min_target_margin : int or list of ints (default=0)
+        The minimum margin (gap) at the end of the edge at the target.
+
+    hide_ticks : bool, optional
+        Hide ticks of axes. When `True` (the default), ticks and ticklabels
+        are removed from the axes. To set ticks and tick labels to the pyplot default,
+        use ``hide_ticks=False``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+     matplotlib.collections.LineCollection or a list of matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch
+        If ``arrows=True``, a list of FancyArrowPatches is returned.
+        If ``arrows=False``, a LineCollection is returned.
+        If ``arrows=None`` (the default), then a LineCollection is returned if
+        `G` is undirected, otherwise returns a list of FancyArrowPatches.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    For directed graphs, arrows are drawn at the head end.  Arrows can be
+    turned off with keyword arrows=False or by passing an arrowstyle without
+    an arrow on the end.
+
+    Be sure to include `node_size` as a keyword argument; arrows are
+    drawn considering the size of nodes.
+
+    Self-loops are always drawn with `~matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch`
+    regardless of the value of `arrows` or whether `G` is directed.
+    When ``arrows=False`` or ``arrows=None`` and `G` is undirected, the
+    FancyArrowPatches corresponding to the self-loops are not explicitly
+    returned. They should instead be accessed via the ``Axes.patches``
+    attribute (see examples).
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.dodecahedral_graph()
+    >>> edges = nx.draw_networkx_edges(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G))
+
+    >>> G = nx.DiGraph()
+    >>> G.add_edges_from([(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)])
+    >>> arcs = nx.draw_networkx_edges(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G))
+    >>> alphas = [0.3, 0.4, 0.5]
+    >>> for i, arc in enumerate(arcs):  # change alpha values of arcs
+    ...     arc.set_alpha(alphas[i])
+
+    The FancyArrowPatches corresponding to self-loops are not always
+    returned, but can always be accessed via the ``patches`` attribute of the
+    `matplotlib.Axes` object.
+
+    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots()
+    >>> G = nx.Graph([(0, 1), (0, 0)])  # Self-loop at node 0
+    >>> edge_collection = nx.draw_networkx_edges(G, pos=nx.circular_layout(G), ax=ax)
+    >>> self_loop_fap = ax.patches[0]
+
+    Also see the NetworkX drawing examples at
+    https://networkx.org/documentation/latest/auto_examples/index.html
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    draw
+    draw_networkx
+    draw_networkx_nodes
+    draw_networkx_labels
+    draw_networkx_edge_labels
+
+    """
+    import warnings
+
+    import matplotlib as mpl
+    import matplotlib.collections  # call as mpl.collections
+    import matplotlib.colors  # call as mpl.colors
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    import numpy as np
+
+    # The default behavior is to use LineCollection to draw edges for
+    # undirected graphs (for performance reasons) and use FancyArrowPatches
+    # for directed graphs.
+    # The `arrows` keyword can be used to override the default behavior
+    if arrows is None:
+        use_linecollection = not (G.is_directed() or G.is_multigraph())
+    else:
+        if not isinstance(arrows, bool):
+            raise TypeError("Argument `arrows` must be of type bool or None")
+        use_linecollection = not arrows
+
+    if isinstance(connectionstyle, str):
+        connectionstyle = [connectionstyle]
+    elif np.iterable(connectionstyle):
+        connectionstyle = list(connectionstyle)
+    else:
+        msg = "draw_networkx_edges arg `connectionstyle` must be str or iterable"
+        raise nx.NetworkXError(msg)
+
+    # Some kwargs only apply to FancyArrowPatches. Warn users when they use
+    # non-default values for these kwargs when LineCollection is being used
+    # instead of silently ignoring the specified option
+    if use_linecollection:
+        msg = (
+            "\n\nThe {0} keyword argument is not applicable when drawing edges\n"
+            "with LineCollection.\n\n"
+            "To make this warning go away, either specify `arrows=True` to\n"
+            "force FancyArrowPatches or use the default values.\n"
+            "Note that using FancyArrowPatches may be slow for large graphs.\n"
+        )
+        if arrowstyle is not None:
+            warnings.warn(msg.format("arrowstyle"), category=UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        if arrowsize != 10:
+            warnings.warn(msg.format("arrowsize"), category=UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        if min_source_margin != 0:
+            warnings.warn(
+                msg.format("min_source_margin"), category=UserWarning, stacklevel=2
+            )
+        if min_target_margin != 0:
+            warnings.warn(
+                msg.format("min_target_margin"), category=UserWarning, stacklevel=2
+            )
+        if any(cs != "arc3" for cs in connectionstyle):
+            warnings.warn(
+                msg.format("connectionstyle"), category=UserWarning, stacklevel=2
+            )
+
+    # NOTE: Arrowstyle modification must occur after the warnings section
+    if arrowstyle is None:
+        arrowstyle = "-|>" if G.is_directed() else "-"
+
+    if ax is None:
+        ax = plt.gca()
+
+    if edgelist is None:
+        edgelist = list(G.edges)  # (u, v, k) for multigraph (u, v) otherwise
+
+    if len(edgelist):
+        if G.is_multigraph():
+            key_count = collections.defaultdict(lambda: itertools.count(0))
+            edge_indices = [next(key_count[tuple(e[:2])]) for e in edgelist]
+        else:
+            edge_indices = [0] * len(edgelist)
+    else:  # no edges!
+        return []
+
+    if nodelist is None:
+        nodelist = list(G.nodes())
+
+    # FancyArrowPatch handles color=None different from LineCollection
+    if edge_color is None:
+        edge_color = "k"
+
+    # set edge positions
+    edge_pos = np.asarray([(pos[e[0]], pos[e[1]]) for e in edgelist])
+
+    # Check if edge_color is an array of floats and map to edge_cmap.
+    # This is the only case handled differently from matplotlib
+    if (
+        np.iterable(edge_color)
+        and (len(edge_color) == len(edge_pos))
+        and np.all([isinstance(c, Number) for c in edge_color])
+    ):
+        if edge_cmap is not None:
+            assert isinstance(edge_cmap, mpl.colors.Colormap)
+        else:
+            edge_cmap = plt.get_cmap()
+        if edge_vmin is None:
+            edge_vmin = min(edge_color)
+        if edge_vmax is None:
+            edge_vmax = max(edge_color)
+        color_normal = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=edge_vmin, vmax=edge_vmax)
+        edge_color = [edge_cmap(color_normal(e)) for e in edge_color]
+
+    # compute initial view
+    minx = np.amin(np.ravel(edge_pos[:, :, 0]))
+    maxx = np.amax(np.ravel(edge_pos[:, :, 0]))
+    miny = np.amin(np.ravel(edge_pos[:, :, 1]))
+    maxy = np.amax(np.ravel(edge_pos[:, :, 1]))
+    w = maxx - minx
+    h = maxy - miny
+
+    # Self-loops are scaled by view extent, except in cases the extent
+    # is 0, e.g. for a single node. In this case, fall back to scaling
+    # by the maximum node size
+    selfloop_height = h if h != 0 else 0.005 * np.array(node_size).max()
+    fancy_arrow_factory = FancyArrowFactory(
+        edge_pos,
+        edgelist,
+        nodelist,
+        edge_indices,
+        node_size,
+        selfloop_height,
+        connectionstyle,
+        node_shape,
+        arrowstyle,
+        arrowsize,
+        edge_color,
+        alpha,
+        width,
+        style,
+        min_source_margin,
+        min_target_margin,
+        ax=ax,
+    )
+
+    # Draw the edges
+    if use_linecollection:
+        edge_collection = mpl.collections.LineCollection(
+            edge_pos,
+            colors=edge_color,
+            linewidths=width,
+            antialiaseds=(1,),
+            linestyle=style,
+            alpha=alpha,
+        )
+        edge_collection.set_cmap(edge_cmap)
+        edge_collection.set_clim(edge_vmin, edge_vmax)
+        edge_collection.set_zorder(1)  # edges go behind nodes
+        edge_collection.set_label(label)
+        ax.add_collection(edge_collection)
+        edge_viz_obj = edge_collection
+
+        # Make sure selfloop edges are also drawn
+        # ---------------------------------------
+        selfloops_to_draw = [loop for loop in nx.selfloop_edges(G) if loop in edgelist]
+        if selfloops_to_draw:
+            edgelist_tuple = list(map(tuple, edgelist))
+            arrow_collection = []
+            for loop in selfloops_to_draw:
+                i = edgelist_tuple.index(loop)
+                arrow = fancy_arrow_factory(i)
+                arrow_collection.append(arrow)
+                ax.add_patch(arrow)
+    else:
+        edge_viz_obj = []
+        for i in range(len(edgelist)):
+            arrow = fancy_arrow_factory(i)
+            ax.add_patch(arrow)
+            edge_viz_obj.append(arrow)
+
+    # update view after drawing
+    padx, pady = 0.05 * w, 0.05 * h
+    corners = (minx - padx, miny - pady), (maxx + padx, maxy + pady)
+    ax.update_datalim(corners)
+    ax.autoscale_view()
+
+    if hide_ticks:
+        ax.tick_params(
+            axis="both",
+            which="both",
+            bottom=False,
+            left=False,
+            labelbottom=False,
+            labelleft=False,
+        )
+
+    return edge_viz_obj
+
+
+def draw_networkx_labels(
+    G,
+    pos,
+    labels=None,
+    font_size=12,
+    font_color="k",
+    font_family="sans-serif",
+    font_weight="normal",
+    alpha=None,
+    bbox=None,
+    horizontalalignment="center",
+    verticalalignment="center",
+    ax=None,
+    clip_on=True,
+    hide_ticks=True,
+):
+    """Draw node labels on the graph G.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    pos : dictionary
+        A dictionary with nodes as keys and positions as values.
+        Positions should be sequences of length 2.
+
+    labels : dictionary (default={n: n for n in G})
+        Node labels in a dictionary of text labels keyed by node.
+        Node-keys in labels should appear as keys in `pos`.
+        If needed use: `{n:lab for n,lab in labels.items() if n in pos}`
+
+    font_size : int or dictionary of nodes to ints (default=12)
+        Font size for text labels.
+
+    font_color : color or dictionary of nodes to colors (default='k' black)
+        Font color string. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of
+        floats from 0-1.
+
+    font_weight : string or dictionary of nodes to strings (default='normal')
+        Font weight.
+
+    font_family : string or dictionary of nodes to strings (default='sans-serif')
+        Font family.
+
+    alpha : float or None or dictionary of nodes to floats (default=None)
+        The text transparency.
+
+    bbox : Matplotlib bbox, (default is Matplotlib's ax.text default)
+        Specify text box properties (e.g. shape, color etc.) for node labels.
+
+    horizontalalignment : string or array of strings (default='center')
+        Horizontal alignment {'center', 'right', 'left'}. If an array is
+        specified it must be the same length as `nodelist`.
+
+    verticalalignment : string (default='center')
+        Vertical alignment {'center', 'top', 'bottom', 'baseline', 'center_baseline'}.
+        If an array is specified it must be the same length as `nodelist`.
+
+    ax : Matplotlib Axes object, optional
+        Draw the graph in the specified Matplotlib axes.
+
+    clip_on : bool (default=True)
+        Turn on clipping of node labels at axis boundaries
+
+    hide_ticks : bool, optional
+        Hide ticks of axes. When `True` (the default), ticks and ticklabels
+        are removed from the axes. To set ticks and tick labels to the pyplot default,
+        use ``hide_ticks=False``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        `dict` of labels keyed on the nodes
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.dodecahedral_graph()
+    >>> labels = nx.draw_networkx_labels(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G))
+
+    Also see the NetworkX drawing examples at
+    https://networkx.org/documentation/latest/auto_examples/index.html
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    draw
+    draw_networkx
+    draw_networkx_nodes
+    draw_networkx_edges
+    draw_networkx_edge_labels
+    """
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+    if ax is None:
+        ax = plt.gca()
+
+    if labels is None:
+        labels = {n: n for n in G.nodes()}
+
+    individual_params = set()
+
+    def check_individual_params(p_value, p_name):
+        if isinstance(p_value, dict):
+            if len(p_value) != len(labels):
+                raise ValueError(f"{p_name} must have the same length as labels.")
+            individual_params.add(p_name)
+
+    def get_param_value(node, p_value, p_name):
+        if p_name in individual_params:
+            return p_value[node]
+        return p_value
+
+    check_individual_params(font_size, "font_size")
+    check_individual_params(font_color, "font_color")
+    check_individual_params(font_weight, "font_weight")
+    check_individual_params(font_family, "font_family")
+    check_individual_params(alpha, "alpha")
+
+    text_items = {}  # there is no text collection so we'll fake one
+    for n, label in labels.items():
+        (x, y) = pos[n]
+        if not isinstance(label, str):
+            label = str(label)  # this makes "1" and 1 labeled the same
+        t = ax.text(
+            x,
+            y,
+            label,
+            size=get_param_value(n, font_size, "font_size"),
+            color=get_param_value(n, font_color, "font_color"),
+            family=get_param_value(n, font_family, "font_family"),
+            weight=get_param_value(n, font_weight, "font_weight"),
+            alpha=get_param_value(n, alpha, "alpha"),
+            horizontalalignment=horizontalalignment,
+            verticalalignment=verticalalignment,
+            transform=ax.transData,
+            bbox=bbox,
+            clip_on=clip_on,
+        )
+        text_items[n] = t
+
+    if hide_ticks:
+        ax.tick_params(
+            axis="both",
+            which="both",
+            bottom=False,
+            left=False,
+            labelbottom=False,
+            labelleft=False,
+        )
+
+    return text_items
+
+
+def draw_networkx_edge_labels(
+    G,
+    pos,
+    edge_labels=None,
+    label_pos=0.5,
+    font_size=10,
+    font_color="k",
+    font_family="sans-serif",
+    font_weight="normal",
+    alpha=None,
+    bbox=None,
+    horizontalalignment="center",
+    verticalalignment="center",
+    ax=None,
+    rotate=True,
+    clip_on=True,
+    node_size=300,
+    nodelist=None,
+    connectionstyle="arc3",
+    hide_ticks=True,
+):
+    """Draw edge labels.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    pos : dictionary
+        A dictionary with nodes as keys and positions as values.
+        Positions should be sequences of length 2.
+
+    edge_labels : dictionary (default=None)
+        Edge labels in a dictionary of labels keyed by edge two-tuple.
+        Only labels for the keys in the dictionary are drawn.
+
+    label_pos : float (default=0.5)
+        Position of edge label along edge (0=head, 0.5=center, 1=tail)
+
+    font_size : int (default=10)
+        Font size for text labels
+
+    font_color : color (default='k' black)
+        Font color string. Color can be string or rgb (or rgba) tuple of
+        floats from 0-1.
+
+    font_weight : string (default='normal')
+        Font weight
+
+    font_family : string (default='sans-serif')
+        Font family
+
+    alpha : float or None (default=None)
+        The text transparency
+
+    bbox : Matplotlib bbox, optional
+        Specify text box properties (e.g. shape, color etc.) for edge labels.
+        Default is {boxstyle='round', ec=(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), fc=(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)}.
+
+    horizontalalignment : string (default='center')
+        Horizontal alignment {'center', 'right', 'left'}
+
+    verticalalignment : string (default='center')
+        Vertical alignment {'center', 'top', 'bottom', 'baseline', 'center_baseline'}
+
+    ax : Matplotlib Axes object, optional
+        Draw the graph in the specified Matplotlib axes.
+
+    rotate : bool (default=True)
+        Rotate edge labels to lie parallel to edges
+
+    clip_on : bool (default=True)
+        Turn on clipping of edge labels at axis boundaries
+
+    node_size : scalar or array (default=300)
+        Size of nodes.  If an array it must be the same length as nodelist.
+
+    nodelist : list, optional (default=G.nodes())
+       This provides the node order for the `node_size` array (if it is an array).
+
+    connectionstyle : string or iterable of strings (default="arc3")
+        Pass the connectionstyle parameter to create curved arc of rounding
+        radius rad. For example, connectionstyle='arc3,rad=0.2'.
+        See `matplotlib.patches.ConnectionStyle` and
+        `matplotlib.patches.FancyArrowPatch` for more info.
+        If Iterable, index indicates i'th edge key of MultiGraph
+
+    hide_ticks : bool, optional
+        Hide ticks of axes. When `True` (the default), ticks and ticklabels
+        are removed from the axes. To set ticks and tick labels to the pyplot default,
+        use ``hide_ticks=False``.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        `dict` of labels keyed by edge
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.dodecahedral_graph()
+    >>> edge_labels = nx.draw_networkx_edge_labels(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G))
+
+    Also see the NetworkX drawing examples at
+    https://networkx.org/documentation/latest/auto_examples/index.html
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    draw
+    draw_networkx
+    draw_networkx_nodes
+    draw_networkx_edges
+    draw_networkx_labels
+    """
+    import matplotlib as mpl
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+    import numpy as np
+
+    class CurvedArrowText(CurvedArrowTextBase, mpl.text.Text):
+        pass
+
+    # use default box of white with white border
+    if bbox is None:
+        bbox = {"boxstyle": "round", "ec": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0), "fc": (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)}
+
+    if isinstance(connectionstyle, str):
+        connectionstyle = [connectionstyle]
+    elif np.iterable(connectionstyle):
+        connectionstyle = list(connectionstyle)
+    else:
+        raise nx.NetworkXError(
+            "draw_networkx_edges arg `connectionstyle` must be"
+            "string or iterable of strings"
+        )
+
+    if ax is None:
+        ax = plt.gca()
+
+    if edge_labels is None:
+        kwds = {"keys": True} if G.is_multigraph() else {}
+        edge_labels = {tuple(edge): d for *edge, d in G.edges(data=True, **kwds)}
+    # NOTHING TO PLOT
+    if not edge_labels:
+        return {}
+    edgelist, labels = zip(*edge_labels.items())
+
+    if nodelist is None:
+        nodelist = list(G.nodes())
+
+    # set edge positions
+    edge_pos = np.asarray([(pos[e[0]], pos[e[1]]) for e in edgelist])
+
+    if G.is_multigraph():
+        key_count = collections.defaultdict(lambda: itertools.count(0))
+        edge_indices = [next(key_count[tuple(e[:2])]) for e in edgelist]
+    else:
+        edge_indices = [0] * len(edgelist)
+
+    # Used to determine self loop mid-point
+    # Note, that this will not be accurate,
+    #   if not drawing edge_labels for all edges drawn
+    h = 0
+    if edge_labels:
+        miny = np.amin(np.ravel(edge_pos[:, :, 1]))
+        maxy = np.amax(np.ravel(edge_pos[:, :, 1]))
+        h = maxy - miny
+    selfloop_height = h if h != 0 else 0.005 * np.array(node_size).max()
+    fancy_arrow_factory = FancyArrowFactory(
+        edge_pos,
+        edgelist,
+        nodelist,
+        edge_indices,
+        node_size,
+        selfloop_height,
+        connectionstyle,
+        ax=ax,
+    )
+
+    individual_params = {}
+
+    def check_individual_params(p_value, p_name):
+        # TODO should this be list or array (as in a numpy array)?
+        if isinstance(p_value, list):
+            if len(p_value) != len(edgelist):
+                raise ValueError(f"{p_name} must have the same length as edgelist.")
+            individual_params[p_name] = p_value.iter()
+
+    # Don't need to pass in an edge because these are lists, not dicts
+    def get_param_value(p_value, p_name):
+        if p_name in individual_params:
+            return next(individual_params[p_name])
+        return p_value
+
+    check_individual_params(font_size, "font_size")
+    check_individual_params(font_color, "font_color")
+    check_individual_params(font_weight, "font_weight")
+    check_individual_params(alpha, "alpha")
+    check_individual_params(horizontalalignment, "horizontalalignment")
+    check_individual_params(verticalalignment, "verticalalignment")
+    check_individual_params(rotate, "rotate")
+    check_individual_params(label_pos, "label_pos")
+
+    text_items = {}
+    for i, (edge, label) in enumerate(zip(edgelist, labels)):
+        if not isinstance(label, str):
+            label = str(label)  # this makes "1" and 1 labeled the same
+
+        n1, n2 = edge[:2]
+        arrow = fancy_arrow_factory(i)
+        if n1 == n2:
+            connectionstyle_obj = arrow.get_connectionstyle()
+            posA = ax.transData.transform(pos[n1])
+            path_disp = connectionstyle_obj(posA, posA)
+            path_data = ax.transData.inverted().transform_path(path_disp)
+            x, y = path_data.vertices[0]
+            text_items[edge] = ax.text(
+                x,
+                y,
+                label,
+                size=get_param_value(font_size, "font_size"),
+                color=get_param_value(font_color, "font_color"),
+                family=get_param_value(font_family, "font_family"),
+                weight=get_param_value(font_weight, "font_weight"),
+                alpha=get_param_value(alpha, "alpha"),
+                horizontalalignment=get_param_value(
+                    horizontalalignment, "horizontalalignment"
+                ),
+                verticalalignment=get_param_value(
+                    verticalalignment, "verticalalignment"
+                ),
+                rotation=0,
+                transform=ax.transData,
+                bbox=bbox,
+                zorder=1,
+                clip_on=clip_on,
+            )
+        else:
+            text_items[edge] = CurvedArrowText(
+                arrow,
+                label,
+                size=get_param_value(font_size, "font_size"),
+                color=get_param_value(font_color, "font_color"),
+                family=get_param_value(font_family, "font_family"),
+                weight=get_param_value(font_weight, "font_weight"),
+                alpha=get_param_value(alpha, "alpha"),
+                horizontalalignment=get_param_value(
+                    horizontalalignment, "horizontalalignment"
+                ),
+                verticalalignment=get_param_value(
+                    verticalalignment, "verticalalignment"
+                ),
+                transform=ax.transData,
+                bbox=bbox,
+                zorder=1,
+                clip_on=clip_on,
+                label_pos=get_param_value(label_pos, "label_pos"),
+                labels_horizontal=not get_param_value(rotate, "rotate"),
+                ax=ax,
+            )
+
+    if hide_ticks:
+        ax.tick_params(
+            axis="both",
+            which="both",
+            bottom=False,
+            left=False,
+            labelbottom=False,
+            labelleft=False,
+        )
+
+    return text_items
+
+
+def draw_bipartite(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw the graph `G` with a bipartite layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.bipartite_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    NetworkXError :
+        If `G` is not bipartite.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called. For
+    repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.bipartite_layout` directly and reuse the result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(3, 3)
+        >>> pos = nx.bipartite_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.complete_bipartite_graph(2, 5)
+    >>> nx.draw_bipartite(G)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.bipartite_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.bipartite_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_circular(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw the graph `G` with a circular layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.circular_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called. For
+    repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.circular_layout` directly and reuse the result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.complete_graph(5)
+        >>> pos = nx.circular_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
+    >>> nx.draw_circular(G)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.circular_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.circular_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_kamada_kawai(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw the graph `G` with a Kamada-Kawai force-directed layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.kamada_kawai_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called.
+    For repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.kamada_kawai_layout` directly and reuse the
+    result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.complete_graph(5)
+        >>> pos = nx.kamada_kawai_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
+    >>> nx.draw_kamada_kawai(G)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.kamada_kawai_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.kamada_kawai_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_random(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw the graph `G` with a random layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.random_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called.
+    For repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.random_layout` directly and reuse the result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.complete_graph(5)
+        >>> pos = nx.random_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.lollipop_graph(4, 3)
+    >>> nx.draw_random(G)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.random_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.random_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_spectral(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw the graph `G` with a spectral 2D layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.spectral_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    For more information about how node positions are determined, see
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.spectral_layout`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called.
+    For repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.spectral_layout` directly and reuse the result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.complete_graph(5)
+        >>> pos = nx.spectral_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
+    >>> nx.draw_spectral(G)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.spectral_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.spectral_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_spring(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw the graph `G` with a spring layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.spring_layout` is also the default layout for
+    `draw`, so this function is equivalent to `draw`.
+
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called.
+    For repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.spring_layout` directly and reuse the result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.complete_graph(5)
+        >>> pos = nx.spring_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.path_graph(20)
+    >>> nx.draw_spring(G)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    draw
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.spring_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.spring_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_shell(G, nlist=None, **kwargs):
+    """Draw networkx graph `G` with shell layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.shell_layout(G, nlist=nlist), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A networkx graph
+
+    nlist : list of list of nodes, optional
+        A list containing lists of nodes representing the shells.
+        Default is `None`, meaning all nodes are in a single shell.
+        See `~networkx.drawing.layout.shell_layout` for details.
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called.
+    For repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.shell_layout` directly and reuse the result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.complete_graph(5)
+        >>> pos = nx.shell_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.path_graph(4)
+    >>> shells = [[0], [1, 2, 3]]
+    >>> nx.draw_shell(G, nlist=shells)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.shell_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.shell_layout(G, nlist=nlist), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_planar(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw a planar networkx graph `G` with planar layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+        nx.draw(G, pos=nx.planar_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+        A planar networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+        See `draw_networkx` for a description of optional keywords.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    NetworkXException
+        When `G` is not planar
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The layout is computed each time this function is called.
+    For repeated drawing it is much more efficient to call
+    `~networkx.drawing.layout.planar_layout` directly and reuse the result::
+
+        >>> G = nx.path_graph(5)
+        >>> pos = nx.planar_layout(G)
+        >>> nx.draw(G, pos=pos)  # Draw the original graph
+        >>> # Draw a subgraph, reusing the same node positions
+        >>> nx.draw(G.subgraph([0, 1, 2]), pos=pos, node_color="red")
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> G = nx.path_graph(4)
+    >>> nx.draw_planar(G)
+
+    See Also
+    --------
+    :func:`~networkx.drawing.layout.planar_layout`
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.planar_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def draw_forceatlas2(G, **kwargs):
+    """Draw a networkx graph with forceatlas2 layout.
+
+    This is a convenience function equivalent to::
+
+       nx.draw(G, pos=nx.forceatlas2_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : graph
+       A networkx graph
+
+    kwargs : optional keywords
+       See networkx.draw_networkx() for a description of optional keywords,
+       with the exception of the pos parameter which is not used by this
+       function.
+    """
+    draw(G, pos=nx.forceatlas2_layout(G), **kwargs)
+
+
+def apply_alpha(colors, alpha, elem_list, cmap=None, vmin=None, vmax=None):
+    """Apply an alpha (or list of alphas) to the colors provided.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+
+    colors : color string or array of floats (default='r')
+        Color of element. Can be a single color format string,
+        or a sequence of colors with the same length as nodelist.
+        If numeric values are specified they will be mapped to
+        colors using the cmap and vmin,vmax parameters.  See
+        matplotlib.scatter for more details.
+
+    alpha : float or array of floats
+        Alpha values for elements. This can be a single alpha value, in
+        which case it will be applied to all the elements of color. Otherwise,
+        if it is an array, the elements of alpha will be applied to the colors
+        in order (cycling through alpha multiple times if necessary).
+
+    elem_list : array of networkx objects
+        The list of elements which are being colored. These could be nodes,
+        edges or labels.
+
+    cmap : matplotlib colormap
+        Color map for use if colors is a list of floats corresponding to points
+        on a color mapping.
+
+    vmin, vmax : float
+        Minimum and maximum values for normalizing colors if a colormap is used
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+
+    rgba_colors : numpy ndarray
+        Array containing RGBA format values for each of the node colours.
+
+    """
+    from itertools import cycle, islice
+
+    import matplotlib as mpl
+    import matplotlib.cm  # call as mpl.cm
+    import matplotlib.colors  # call as mpl.colors
+    import numpy as np
+
+    # If we have been provided with a list of numbers as long as elem_list,
+    # apply the color mapping.
+    if len(colors) == len(elem_list) and isinstance(colors[0], Number):
+        mapper = mpl.cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap)
+        mapper.set_clim(vmin, vmax)
+        rgba_colors = mapper.to_rgba(colors)
+    # Otherwise, convert colors to matplotlib's RGB using the colorConverter
+    # object.  These are converted to numpy ndarrays to be consistent with the
+    # to_rgba method of ScalarMappable.
+    else:
+        try:
+            rgba_colors = np.array([mpl.colors.colorConverter.to_rgba(colors)])
+        except ValueError:
+            rgba_colors = np.array(
+                [mpl.colors.colorConverter.to_rgba(color) for color in colors]
+            )
+    # Set the final column of the rgba_colors to have the relevant alpha values
+    try:
+        # If alpha is longer than the number of colors, resize to the number of
+        # elements.  Also, if rgba_colors.size (the number of elements of
+        # rgba_colors) is the same as the number of elements, resize the array,
+        # to avoid it being interpreted as a colormap by scatter()
+        if len(alpha) > len(rgba_colors) or rgba_colors.size == len(elem_list):
+            rgba_colors = np.resize(rgba_colors, (len(elem_list), 4))
+            rgba_colors[1:, 0] = rgba_colors[0, 0]
+            rgba_colors[1:, 1] = rgba_colors[0, 1]
+            rgba_colors[1:, 2] = rgba_colors[0, 2]
+        rgba_colors[:, 3] = list(islice(cycle(alpha), len(rgba_colors)))
+    except TypeError:
+        rgba_colors[:, -1] = alpha
+    return rgba_colors