create-exam-cli 1.0.0 → 1.0.1

package/templates/backend/node_modules/mongoose/lib/schemaType.js

@@ -0,0 +1,1928 @@
+'use strict';
+
+/*!
+ * Module dependencies.
+ */
+
+const MongooseError = require('./error/index');
+const SchemaTypeOptions = require('./options/schemaTypeOptions');
+const $exists = require('./schema/operators/exists');
+const $type = require('./schema/operators/type');
+const clone = require('./helpers/clone');
+const handleImmutable = require('./helpers/schematype/handleImmutable');
+const isAsyncFunction = require('./helpers/isAsyncFunction');
+const isSimpleValidator = require('./helpers/isSimpleValidator');
+const schemaTypeSymbol = require('./helpers/symbols').schemaTypeSymbol;
+const utils = require('./utils');
+const validatorErrorSymbol = require('./helpers/symbols').validatorErrorSymbol;
+const documentIsModified = require('./helpers/symbols').documentIsModified;
+
+const populateModelSymbol = require('./helpers/symbols').populateModelSymbol;
+
+const CastError = MongooseError.CastError;
+const ValidatorError = MongooseError.ValidatorError;
+
+const setOptionsForDefaults = { _skipMarkModified: true };
+
+/**
+ * SchemaType constructor. Do **not** instantiate `SchemaType` directly.
+ * Mongoose converts your schema paths into SchemaTypes automatically.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ name: String });
+ *     schema.path('name') instanceof SchemaType; // true
+ *
+ * @param {string} path
+ * @param {SchemaTypeOptions} [options] See [SchemaTypeOptions docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schematypeoptions.html)
+ * @param {string} [instance]
+ * @param {Schema} [parentSchema]
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+function SchemaType(path, options, instance, parentSchema) {
+  this[schemaTypeSymbol] = true;
+  this.path = path;
+  this.instance = instance;
+  this.schemaName = this.constructor.schemaName;
+  this.validators = [];
+  this.getters = Object.hasOwn(this.constructor, 'getters') ?
+    this.constructor.getters.slice() :
+    [];
+  this.setters = Object.hasOwn(this.constructor, 'setters') ?
+    this.constructor.setters.slice() :
+    [];
+
+  this.splitPath();
+
+  options = options || {};
+  const defaultOptions = this.constructor.defaultOptions || {};
+  const defaultOptionsKeys = Object.keys(defaultOptions);
+
+  for (const option of defaultOptionsKeys) {
+    if (option === 'validate') {
+      this.validate(defaultOptions.validate);
+    } else if (Object.hasOwn(defaultOptions, option) && !Object.hasOwn(options, option)) {
+      options[option] = defaultOptions[option];
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (options.select == null) {
+    delete options.select;
+  }
+
+  const Options = this.OptionsConstructor || SchemaTypeOptions;
+  this.options = new Options(options);
+  this.parentSchema = parentSchema;
+  this._index = null;
+
+  if (utils.hasUserDefinedProperty(this.options, 'immutable')) {
+    this.$immutable = this.options.immutable;
+
+    handleImmutable(this);
+  }
+
+  const keys = Object.keys(this.options);
+  for (const prop of keys) {
+    if (prop === 'cast') {
+      if (Array.isArray(this.options[prop])) {
+        this.castFunction.apply(this, this.options[prop]);
+      } else {
+        this.castFunction(this.options[prop]);
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (utils.hasUserDefinedProperty(this.options, prop) && typeof this[prop] === 'function') {
+      // { unique: true, index: true }
+      if (prop === 'index' && this._index) {
+        if (options.index === false) {
+          const index = this._index;
+          if (typeof index === 'object' && index != null) {
+            if (index.unique) {
+              throw new MongooseError('Path "' + this.path + '" may not have `index` ' +
+                'set to false and `unique` set to true');
+            }
+            if (index.sparse) {
+              throw new MongooseError('Path "' + this.path + '" may not have `index` ' +
+                'set to false and `sparse` set to true');
+            }
+          }
+
+          this._index = false;
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const val = options[prop];
+      // Special case so we don't screw up array defaults, see gh-5780
+      if (prop === 'default') {
+        this.default(val);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      const opts = Array.isArray(val) ? val : [val];
+
+      this[prop].apply(this, opts);
+    }
+  }
+
+  Object.defineProperty(this, '$$context', {
+    enumerable: false,
+    configurable: false,
+    writable: true,
+    value: null
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * The class that Mongoose uses internally to instantiate this SchemaType's `options` property.
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @instance
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.OptionsConstructor = SchemaTypeOptions;
+
+/**
+ * The path to this SchemaType in a Schema.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ name: String });
+ *     schema.path('name').path; // 'name'
+ *
+ * @property path
+ * @api public
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.path;
+
+/**
+ * Returns a plain JavaScript object representing this SchemaType.
+ *
+ * Typically used by `JSON.stringify()` or when calling `.toJSON()` on a SchemaType instance.
+ * Omits certain internal properties such as `parentSchema` that can cause circular references.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ name: String });
+ *     const schematype = schema.path('name');
+ *     console.log(schematype.toJSON());
+ *
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @instance
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.toJSON = function toJSON() {
+  const res = { ...this };
+  delete res.parentSchema;
+  return res;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Helper for creating `{ type: 'object' }` vs `{ bsonType: 'object' }` vs nullable variants.
+ *
+ * @param {string} type
+ * @param {string} bsonType
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @param {boolean} [options.useBsonType=false]
+ * @param {boolean} [options._defaultRequired=false]
+ * @param {boolean} [options._overrideRequired]
+ * @returns {object}
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype._createJSONSchemaTypeDefinition = function _createJSONSchemaTypeDefinition(type, bsonType, options) {
+  const useBsonType = options?.useBsonType;
+  const isRequired = options?._overrideRequired ??
+    (this.options.required == null ?
+      (options?._defaultRequired === true || this.path === '_id') :
+      this.options.required && typeof this.options.required !== 'function');
+  const allowNull = this.options.allowNull !== false;
+
+  if (useBsonType) {
+    if (isRequired || !allowNull) {
+      return { bsonType };
+    }
+    return { bsonType: [bsonType, 'null'] };
+  }
+
+  if (isRequired || !allowNull) {
+    return { type };
+  }
+  return { type: [type, 'null'] };
+};
+
+/**
+ * The validators that Mongoose should run to validate properties at this SchemaType's path.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ name: { type: String, required: true } });
+ *     schema.path('name').validators.length; // 1, the `required` validator
+ *
+ * @property validators
+ * @api public
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.validators;
+
+/**
+ * True if this SchemaType has a required validator. False otherwise.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ name: { type: String, required: true } });
+ *     schema.path('name').isRequired; // true
+ *
+ *     schema.path('name').required(false);
+ *     schema.path('name').isRequired; // false
+ *
+ * @property isRequired
+ * @api public
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.isRequired;
+
+/**
+ * Split the current dotted path into segments
+ *
+ * @return {string[]|undefined}
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.splitPath = function() {
+  if (this._presplitPath != null) {
+    return this._presplitPath;
+  }
+  if (this.path == null) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  this._presplitPath = this.path.indexOf('.') === -1 ? [this.path] : this.path.split('.');
+  return this._presplitPath;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Get/set the function used to cast arbitrary values to this type.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // Disallow `null` for numbers, and don't try to cast any values to
+ *     // numbers, so even strings like '123' will cause a CastError.
+ *     mongoose.Number.cast(function(v) {
+ *       assert.ok(v === undefined || typeof v === 'number');
+ *       return v;
+ *     });
+ *
+ * @param {Function|false} caster Function that casts arbitrary values to this type, or throws an error if casting failed
+ * @return {Function}
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @function cast
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.cast = function cast(caster) {
+  if (arguments.length === 0) {
+    return this._cast;
+  }
+  if (caster === false) {
+    caster = v => v;
+  }
+  this._cast = caster;
+
+  return this._cast;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Get/set the function used to cast arbitrary values to this particular schematype instance.
+ * Overrides `SchemaType.cast()`.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // Disallow `null` for numbers, and don't try to cast any values to
+ *     // numbers, so even strings like '123' will cause a CastError.
+ *     const number = new mongoose.Number('mypath', {});
+ *     number.cast(function(v) {
+ *       assert.ok(v === undefined || typeof v === 'number');
+ *       return v;
+ *     });
+ *
+ * @param {Function|false} caster Function that casts arbitrary values to this type, or throws an error if casting failed
+ * @return {Function}
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.castFunction = function castFunction(caster, message) {
+  if (arguments.length === 0) {
+    return this._castFunction;
+  }
+
+  if (caster === false) {
+    caster = this.constructor._defaultCaster || (v => v);
+  }
+  if (typeof caster === 'string') {
+    this._castErrorMessage = caster;
+    return this._castFunction;
+  }
+  if (caster != null) {
+    this._castFunction = caster;
+  }
+  if (message != null) {
+    this._castErrorMessage = message;
+  }
+
+  return this._castFunction;
+};
+
+/**
+ * The function that Mongoose calls to cast arbitrary values to this SchemaType.
+ *
+ * @param {object} value value to cast
+ * @param {Document} doc document that triggers the casting
+ * @param {boolean} init
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.cast = function cast() {
+  throw new MongooseError('Base SchemaType class does not implement a `cast()` function');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Sets a default option for this schema type.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // Make all strings be trimmed by default
+ *     mongoose.SchemaTypes.String.set('trim', true);
+ *
+ * @param {string} option The name of the option you'd like to set (e.g. trim, lowercase, etc...)
+ * @param {any} value The value of the option you'd like to set.
+ * @return {void}
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @function set
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.set = function set(option, value) {
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(this, 'defaultOptions')) {
+    this.defaultOptions = Object.assign({}, this.defaultOptions);
+  }
+  this.defaultOptions[option] = value;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Attaches a getter for all instances of this schema type.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // Make all numbers round down
+ *     mongoose.Number.get(function(v) { return Math.floor(v); });
+ *
+ * @param {Function} getter
+ * @return {this}
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @function get
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.get = function(getter) {
+  this.getters = Object.hasOwn(this, 'getters') ? this.getters : [];
+  this.getters.push(getter);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Sets a default value for this SchemaType.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ n: { type: Number, default: 10 })
+ *     const M = db.model('M', schema)
+ *     const m = new M;
+ *     console.log(m.n) // 10
+ *
+ * Defaults can be either `functions` which return the value to use as the default or the literal value itself. Either way, the value will be cast based on its schema type before being set during document creation.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // values are cast:
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ num: { type: Number, default: 4.815162342 }})
+ *     const M = db.model('M', schema)
+ *     const m = new M;
+ *     console.log(m.num) // 4.815162342
+ *
+ *     // default unique objects for Mixed types:
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ mixed: Schema.Types.Mixed });
+ *     schema.path('mixed').default(function () {
+ *       return {};
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     // if we don't use a function to return object literals for Mixed defaults,
+ *     // each document will receive a reference to the same object literal creating
+ *     // a "shared" object instance:
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ mixed: Schema.Types.Mixed });
+ *     schema.path('mixed').default({});
+ *     const M = db.model('M', schema);
+ *     const m1 = new M;
+ *     m1.mixed.added = 1;
+ *     console.log(m1.mixed); // { added: 1 }
+ *     const m2 = new M;
+ *     console.log(m2.mixed); // { added: 1 }
+ *
+ * @param {Function|any} val The default value to set
+ * @return {any|undefined} Returns the set default value.
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.default = function(val) {
+  if (arguments.length === 1) {
+    if (val === void 0) {
+      this.defaultValue = void 0;
+      return void 0;
+    }
+
+    if (val?.instanceOfSchema) {
+      throw new MongooseError('Cannot set default value of path `' + this.path +
+        '` to a mongoose Schema instance.');
+    }
+
+    this.defaultValue = val;
+    return this.defaultValue;
+  } else if (arguments.length > 1) {
+    this.defaultValue = [...arguments];
+  }
+  return this.defaultValue;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Declares the index options for this schematype.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const s = new Schema({ name: { type: String, index: true })
+ *     const s = new Schema({ name: { type: String, index: -1 })
+ *     const s = new Schema({ loc: { type: [Number], index: 'hashed' })
+ *     const s = new Schema({ loc: { type: [Number], index: '2d', sparse: true })
+ *     const s = new Schema({ loc: { type: [Number], index: { type: '2dsphere', sparse: true }})
+ *     const s = new Schema({ date: { type: Date, index: { unique: true, expires: '1d' }})
+ *     s.path('my.path').index(true);
+ *     s.path('my.date').index({ expires: 60 });
+ *     s.path('my.path').index({ unique: true, sparse: true });
+ *
+ * @param {object|boolean|string|number} options
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.index = function(options) {
+  this._index = options;
+  utils.expires(this._index);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Declares an unique index.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const s = new Schema({ name: { type: String, unique: true } });
+ *     s.path('name').index({ unique: true });
+ *
+ * _NOTE: violating the constraint returns an `E11000` error from MongoDB when saving, not a Mongoose validation error._
+ *
+ * You can optionally specify an error message to replace MongoDB's default `E11000 duplicate key error` message.
+ * The following will throw a "Email must be unique" error if `save()`, `updateOne()`, `updateMany()`, `replaceOne()`,
+ * `findOneAndUpdate()`, or `findOneAndReplace()` throws a duplicate key error:
+ *
+ * ```javascript
+ * new Schema({
+ *   email: {
+ *     type: String,
+ *     unique: [true, 'Email must be unique']
+ *   }
+ * });
+ * ```
+ *
+ * Note that the above syntax does **not** work for `bulkWrite()` or `insertMany()`. `bulkWrite()` and `insertMany()`
+ * will still throw MongoDB's default `E11000 duplicate key error` message.
+ *
+ * @param {boolean} value
+ * @param {string} [message]
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.unique = function unique(value, message) {
+  if (this._index === false) {
+    if (!value) {
+      return;
+    }
+    throw new MongooseError('Path "' + this.path + '" may not have `index` set to ' +
+      'false and `unique` set to true');
+  }
+
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(this.options, 'index') && value === false) {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  if (this._index == null || this._index === true) {
+    this._index = {};
+  } else if (typeof this._index === 'string') {
+    this._index = { type: this._index };
+  }
+
+  this._index.unique = !!value;
+  if (typeof message === 'string') {
+    this._duplicateKeyErrorMessage = message;
+  }
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Declares a full text index.
+ *
+ * ### Example:
+ *
+ *      const s = new Schema({ name : { type: String, text : true } })
+ *      s.path('name').index({ text : true });
+ *
+ * @param {boolean} bool
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.text = function(bool) {
+  if (this._index === false) {
+    if (!bool) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    throw new MongooseError('Path "' + this.path + '" may not have `index` set to ' +
+      'false and `text` set to true');
+  }
+
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(this.options, 'index') && bool === false) {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  if (this._index === null || this._index === undefined ||
+    typeof this._index === 'boolean') {
+    this._index = {};
+  } else if (typeof this._index === 'string') {
+    this._index = { type: this._index };
+  }
+
+  this._index.text = bool;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Declares a sparse index.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const s = new Schema({ name: { type: String, sparse: true } });
+ *     s.path('name').index({ sparse: true });
+ *
+ * @param {boolean} bool
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.sparse = function(bool) {
+  if (this._index === false) {
+    if (!bool) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    throw new MongooseError('Path "' + this.path + '" may not have `index` set to ' +
+      'false and `sparse` set to true');
+  }
+
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(this.options, 'index') && bool === false) {
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  if (this._index == null || typeof this._index === 'boolean') {
+    this._index = {};
+  } else if (typeof this._index === 'string') {
+    this._index = { type: this._index };
+  }
+
+  this._index.sparse = bool;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Defines this path as immutable. Mongoose prevents you from changing
+ * immutable paths unless the parent document has [`isNew: true`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document.prototype.isNew()).
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({
+ *       name: { type: String, immutable: true },
+ *       age: Number
+ *     });
+ *     const Model = mongoose.model('Test', schema);
+ *
+ *     await Model.create({ name: 'test' });
+ *     const doc = await Model.findOne();
+ *
+ *     doc.isNew; // false
+ *     doc.name = 'new name';
+ *     doc.name; // 'test', because `name` is immutable
+ *
+ * Mongoose also prevents changing immutable properties using `updateOne()`
+ * and `updateMany()` based on [strict mode](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict).
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // Mongoose will strip out the `name` update, because `name` is immutable
+ *     Model.updateOne({}, { $set: { name: 'test2' }, $inc: { age: 1 } });
+ *
+ *     // If `strict` is set to 'throw', Mongoose will throw an error if you
+ *     // update `name`
+ *     const err = await Model.updateOne({}, { name: 'test2' }, { strict: 'throw' }).
+ *       then(() => null, err => err);
+ *     err.name; // StrictModeError
+ *
+ *     // If `strict` is `false`, Mongoose allows updating `name` even though
+ *     // the property is immutable.
+ *     Model.updateOne({}, { name: 'test2' }, { strict: false });
+ *
+ * @param {boolean} bool
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @see isNew https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document.prototype.isNew()
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.immutable = function(bool) {
+  this.$immutable = bool;
+  handleImmutable(this);
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Defines a custom function for transforming this path when converting a document to JSON.
+ *
+ * Mongoose calls this function with one parameter: the current `value` of the path. Mongoose
+ * then uses the return value in the JSON output.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({
+ *       date: { type: Date, transform: v => v.getFullYear() }
+ *     });
+ *     const Model = mongoose.model('Test', schema);
+ *
+ *     await Model.create({ date: new Date('2016-06-01') });
+ *     const doc = await Model.findOne();
+ *
+ *     doc.date instanceof Date; // true
+ *
+ *     doc.toJSON().date; // 2016 as a number
+ *     JSON.stringify(doc); // '{"_id":...,"date":2016}'
+ *
+ * @param {Function} fn
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.transform = function(fn) {
+  this.options.transform = fn;
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Adds a setter to this schematype.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     function capitalize (val) {
+ *       if (typeof val !== 'string') val = '';
+ *       return val.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + val.substring(1);
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     // defining within the schema
+ *     const s = new Schema({ name: { type: String, set: capitalize }});
+ *
+ *     // or with the SchemaType
+ *     const s = new Schema({ name: String })
+ *     s.path('name').set(capitalize);
+ *
+ * Setters allow you to transform the data before it gets to the raw mongodb
+ * document or query.
+ *
+ * Suppose you are implementing user registration for a website. Users provide
+ * an email and password, which gets saved to mongodb. The email is a string
+ * that you will want to normalize to lower case, in order to avoid one email
+ * having more than one account -- e.g., otherwise, avenue@q.com can be registered for 2 accounts via avenue@q.com and AvEnUe@Q.CoM.
+ *
+ * You can set up email lower case normalization easily via a Mongoose setter.
+ *
+ *     function toLower(v) {
+ *       return v.toLowerCase();
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     const UserSchema = new Schema({
+ *       email: { type: String, set: toLower }
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     const User = db.model('User', UserSchema);
+ *
+ *     const user = new User({email: 'AVENUE@Q.COM'});
+ *     console.log(user.email); // 'avenue@q.com'
+ *
+ *     // or
+ *     const user = new User();
+ *     user.email = 'Avenue@Q.com';
+ *     console.log(user.email); // 'avenue@q.com'
+ *     User.updateOne({ _id: _id }, { $set: { email: 'AVENUE@Q.COM' } }); // update to 'avenue@q.com'
+ *
+ *     // Setters also transform query filters
+ *     const user = await User.find({ email: 'AVENUE@Q.COM' }); // query for 'avenue@q.com'
+ *
+ * As you can see above, setters allow you to transform the data before it
+ * stored in MongoDB, or before executing a query.
+ *
+ * _NOTE: we could have also just used the built-in [`lowercase: true` SchemaType option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schemastringoptions.html#SchemaStringOptions.prototype.lowercase) instead of defining our own function._
+ *
+ *     new Schema({ email: { type: String, lowercase: true }})
+ *
+ * Setters are also passed a second argument, the schematype on which the setter was defined. This allows for tailored behavior based on options passed in the schema.
+ *
+ *     function inspector (val, priorValue, schematype) {
+ *       if (schematype.options.required) {
+ *         return schematype.path + ' is required';
+ *       } else {
+ *         return val;
+ *       }
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     const VirusSchema = new Schema({
+ *       name: { type: String, required: true, set: inspector },
+ *       taxonomy: { type: String, set: inspector }
+ *     })
+ *
+ *     const Virus = db.model('Virus', VirusSchema);
+ *     const v = new Virus({ name: 'Parvoviridae', taxonomy: 'Parvovirinae' });
+ *
+ *     console.log(v.name);     // name is required
+ *     console.log(v.taxonomy); // Parvovirinae
+ *
+ * You can also use setters to modify other properties on the document. If
+ * you're setting a property `name` on a document, the setter will run with
+ * `this` as the document. Be careful, in mongoose 5 setters will also run
+ * when querying by `name` with `this` as the query.
+ *
+ *     const nameSchema = new Schema({ name: String, keywords: [String] });
+ *     nameSchema.path('name').set(function(v) {
+ *       // Need to check if `this` is a document, because in mongoose 5
+ *       // setters will also run on queries, in which case `this` will be a
+ *       // mongoose query object.
+ *       if (this instanceof Document && v != null) {
+ *         this.keywords = v.split(' ');
+ *       }
+ *       return v;
+ *     });
+ *
+ * @param {Function} fn
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.set = function(fn) {
+  if (typeof fn !== 'function') {
+    throw new TypeError('A setter must be a function.');
+  }
+  this.setters.push(fn);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Adds a getter to this schematype.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     function dob (val) {
+ *       if (!val) return val;
+ *       return (val.getMonth() + 1) + "/" + val.getDate() + "/" + val.getFullYear();
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     // defining within the schema
+ *     const s = new Schema({ born: { type: Date, get: dob })
+ *
+ *     // or by retrieving its SchemaType
+ *     const s = new Schema({ born: Date })
+ *     s.path('born').get(dob)
+ *
+ * Getters allow you to transform the representation of the data as it travels from the raw mongodb document to the value that you see.
+ *
+ * Suppose you are storing credit card numbers and you want to hide everything except the last 4 digits to the mongoose user. You can do so by defining a getter in the following way:
+ *
+ *     function obfuscate (cc) {
+ *       return '****-****-****-' + cc.slice(cc.length-4, cc.length);
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     const AccountSchema = new Schema({
+ *       creditCardNumber: { type: String, get: obfuscate }
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     const Account = db.model('Account', AccountSchema);
+ *
+ *     Account.findById(id, function (err, found) {
+ *       console.log(found.creditCardNumber); // '****-****-****-1234'
+ *     });
+ *
+ * Getters are also passed a second argument, the schematype on which the getter was defined. This allows for tailored behavior based on options passed in the schema.
+ *
+ *     function inspector (val, priorValue, schematype) {
+ *       if (schematype.options.required) {
+ *         return schematype.path + ' is required';
+ *       } else {
+ *         return schematype.path + ' is not';
+ *       }
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     const VirusSchema = new Schema({
+ *       name: { type: String, required: true, get: inspector },
+ *       taxonomy: { type: String, get: inspector }
+ *     })
+ *
+ *     const Virus = db.model('Virus', VirusSchema);
+ *
+ *     Virus.findById(id, function (err, virus) {
+ *       console.log(virus.name);     // name is required
+ *       console.log(virus.taxonomy); // taxonomy is not
+ *     })
+ *
+ * @param {Function} fn
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.get = function(fn) {
+  if (typeof fn !== 'function') {
+    throw new TypeError('A getter must be a function.');
+  }
+  this.getters.push(fn);
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Adds multiple validators for this document path.
+ * Calls `validate()` for every element in validators.
+ *
+ * @param {(RegExp|Function|object)[]} validators
+ * @returns {SchemaType}
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.validateAll = function(validators) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < validators.length; i++) {
+    this.validate(validators[i]);
+  }
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Adds validator(s) for this document path.
+ *
+ * Validators always receive the value to validate as their first argument and
+ * must return `Boolean`. Returning `false` or throwing an error means
+ * validation failed.
+ *
+ * The error message argument is optional. If not passed, the [default generic error message template](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/error.html#Error.messages) will be used.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // make sure every value is equal to "something"
+ *     function validator (val) {
+ *       return val === 'something';
+ *     }
+ *     new Schema({ name: { type: String, validate: validator }});
+ *
+ *     // with a custom error message
+ *
+ *     const custom = [validator, 'Uh oh, {PATH} does not equal "something".']
+ *     new Schema({ name: { type: String, validate: custom }});
+ *
+ *     // adding many validators at a time
+ *
+ *     const many = [
+ *         { validator: validator, message: 'uh oh' }
+ *       , { validator: anotherValidator, message: 'failed' }
+ *     ]
+ *     new Schema({ name: { type: String, validate: many }});
+ *
+ *     // or utilizing SchemaType methods directly:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ name: 'string' });
+ *     schema.path('name').validate(validator, 'validation of `{PATH}` failed with value `{VALUE}`');
+ *
+ * #### Error message templates:
+ *
+ * Below is a list of supported template keywords:
+ *
+ * - PATH: The schema path where the error is being triggered.
+ * - VALUE: The value assigned to the PATH that is triggering the error.
+ * - KIND: The validation property that triggered the error i.e. required.
+ * - REASON: The error object that caused this error if there was one.
+ *
+ * If Mongoose's built-in error message templating isn't enough, Mongoose
+ * supports setting the `message` property to a function.
+ *
+ *     schema.path('name').validate({
+ *       validator: function(v) { return v.length > 5; },
+ *       // `errors['name']` will be "name must have length 5, got 'foo'"
+ *       message: function(props) {
+ *         return `${props.path} must have length 5, got '${props.value}'`;
+ *       }
+ *     });
+ *
+ * To bypass Mongoose's error messages and just copy the error message that
+ * the validator throws, do this:
+ *
+ *     schema.path('name').validate({
+ *       validator: function() { throw new Error('Oops!'); },
+ *       // `errors['name'].message` will be "Oops!"
+ *       message: function(props) { return props.reason.message; }
+ *     });
+ *
+ * #### Asynchronous validation:
+ *
+ * Mongoose supports validators that return a promise. A validator that returns
+ * a promise is called an _async validator_. Async validators run in
+ * parallel, and `validate()` will wait until all async validators have settled.
+ *
+ *     schema.path('name').validate({
+ *       validator: function (value) {
+ *         return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+ *           resolve(false); // validation failed
+ *         });
+ *       }
+ *     });
+ *
+ * You might use asynchronous validators to retrieve other documents from the database to validate against or to meet other I/O bound validation needs.
+ *
+ * Validation occurs `pre('save')` or whenever you manually execute [document#validate](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document.prototype.validate()).
+ *
+ * If validation fails during `pre('save')` and no callback was passed to receive the error, an `error` event will be emitted on your Models associated db [connection](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/connection.html#Connection()), passing the validation error object along.
+ *
+ *     const conn = mongoose.createConnection(..);
+ *     conn.on('error', handleError);
+ *
+ *     const Product = conn.model('Product', yourSchema);
+ *     const dvd = new Product(..);
+ *     dvd.save(); // emits error on the `conn` above
+ *
+ * If you want to handle these errors at the Model level, add an `error`
+ * listener to your Model as shown below.
+ *
+ *     // registering an error listener on the Model lets us handle errors more locally
+ *     Product.on('error', handleError);
+ *
+ * @param {RegExp|Function|object} obj validator function, or hash describing options
+ * @param {Function} [obj.validator] validator function. If the validator function returns `undefined` or a truthy value, validation succeeds. If it returns [falsy](https://masteringjs.io/tutorials/fundamentals/falsy) (except `undefined`) or throws an error, validation fails.
+ * @param {string|Function} [obj.message] optional error message. If function, should return the error message as a string
+ * @param {boolean} [obj.propsParameter=false] If true, Mongoose will pass the validator properties object (with the `validator` function, `message`, etc.) as the 2nd arg to the validator function. This is disabled by default because many validators [rely on positional args](https://github.com/chriso/validator.js#validators), so turning this on may cause unpredictable behavior in external validators.
+ * @param {string|Function} [errorMsg] optional error message. If function, should return the error message as a string
+ * @param {string} [type] optional validator type
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.validate = function(obj, message, type) {
+  if (typeof obj === 'function' || obj && utils.getFunctionName(obj.constructor) === 'RegExp') {
+    let properties;
+    if (typeof message === 'function') {
+      properties = { validator: obj, message: message };
+      properties.type = type || 'user defined';
+    } else if (message instanceof Object && !type) {
+      properties = isSimpleValidator(message) ? Object.assign({}, message) : clone(message);
+      if (!properties.message) {
+        properties.message = properties.msg;
+      }
+      properties.validator = obj;
+      properties.type = properties.type || 'user defined';
+    } else {
+      if (message == null) {
+        message = MongooseError.messages.general.default;
+      }
+      if (!type) {
+        type = 'user defined';
+      }
+      properties = { message: message, type: type, validator: obj };
+    }
+
+    this.validators.push(properties);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  let i;
+  let length;
+  let arg;
+
+  for (i = 0, length = arguments.length; i < length; i++) {
+    arg = arguments[i];
+    if (!utils.isPOJO(arg)) {
+      const msg = 'Invalid validator. Received (' + typeof arg + ') '
+        + arg
+        + '. See https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schematype.html#SchemaType.prototype.validate()';
+
+      throw new MongooseError(msg);
+    }
+    this.validate(arg.validator, arg);
+  }
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Adds a required validator to this SchemaType. The validator gets added
+ * to the front of this SchemaType's validators array using `unshift()`.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const s = new Schema({ born: { type: Date, required: true })
+ *
+ *     // or with custom error message
+ *
+ *     const s = new Schema({ born: { type: Date, required: '{PATH} is required!' })
+ *
+ *     // or with a function
+ *
+ *     const s = new Schema({
+ *       userId: ObjectId,
+ *       username: {
+ *         type: String,
+ *         required: function() { return this.userId != null; }
+ *       }
+ *     })
+ *
+ *     // or with a function and a custom message
+ *     const s = new Schema({
+ *       userId: ObjectId,
+ *       username: {
+ *         type: String,
+ *         required: [
+ *           function() { return this.userId != null; },
+ *           'username is required if id is specified'
+ *         ]
+ *       }
+ *     })
+ *
+ *     // or through the path API
+ *
+ *     s.path('name').required(true);
+ *
+ *     // with custom error messaging
+ *
+ *     s.path('name').required(true, 'grrr :( ');
+ *
+ *     // or make a path conditionally required based on a function
+ *     const isOver18 = function() { return this.age >= 18; };
+ *     s.path('voterRegistrationId').required(isOver18);
+ *
+ * The required validator uses the SchemaType's `checkRequired` function to
+ * determine whether a given value satisfies the required validator. By default,
+ * a value satisfies the required validator if `val != null` (that is, if
+ * the value is not null nor undefined). However, most built-in mongoose schema
+ * types override the default `checkRequired` function:
+ *
+ * @param {boolean|Function|object} required enable/disable the validator, or function that returns required boolean, or options object
+ * @param {boolean|Function} [options.isRequired] enable/disable the validator, or function that returns required boolean
+ * @param {Function} [options.ErrorConstructor] custom error constructor. The constructor receives 1 parameter, an object containing the validator properties.
+ * @param {string} [message] optional custom error message
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @see Customized Error Messages https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/error.html#Error.messages
+ * @see SchemaArray#checkRequired https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schemaarray.html#SchemaArray.prototype.checkRequired()
+ * @see SchemaBoolean#checkRequired https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schemaboolean.html#SchemaBoolean.prototype.checkRequired()
+ * @see SchemaBuffer#checkRequired https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schemabuffer.html#SchemaBuffer.prototype.checkRequired()
+ * @see SchemaNumber#checkRequired https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schemanumber.html#SchemaNumber.prototype.checkRequired()
+ * @see SchemaObjectId#checkRequired https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schemaobjectid.html#ObjectId.prototype.checkRequired()
+ * @see SchemaString#checkRequired https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/schemastring.html#SchemaString.prototype.checkRequired()
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.required = function(required, message) {
+  let customOptions = {};
+
+  if (arguments.length > 0 && required == null) {
+    this.validators = this.validators.filter(function(v) {
+      return v.validator !== this.requiredValidator;
+    }, this);
+
+    this.isRequired = false;
+    delete this.originalRequiredValue;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof required === 'object') {
+    customOptions = required;
+    message = customOptions.message || message;
+    required = required.isRequired;
+  }
+
+  if (required === false) {
+    this.validators = this.validators.filter(function(v) {
+      return v.validator !== this.requiredValidator;
+    }, this);
+
+    this.isRequired = false;
+    delete this.originalRequiredValue;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  const _this = this;
+  this.isRequired = true;
+  this.originalRequiredValue = required;
+
+  if (typeof this.originalRequiredValue !== 'function' &&
+      (utils.hasUserDefinedProperty(this.options, 'allowNull') || this.allowNullValidator != null)) {
+    throw new MongooseError('Path "' + this.path + '" may not have `allowNull` specified when `required` is true');
+  }
+
+  this.requiredValidator = function(v) {
+    const cachedRequired = this?.$__?.cachedRequired;
+
+    // no validation when this path wasn't selected in the query.
+    if (cachedRequired != null && !this.$__isSelected(_this.path) && !this[documentIsModified](_this.path)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // `$cachedRequired` gets set in `_evaluateRequiredFunctions()` so we
+    // don't call required functions multiple times in one validate call
+    // See gh-6801
+    if (cachedRequired != null && _this.path in cachedRequired) {
+      const res = cachedRequired[_this.path] ?
+        _this.checkRequired(v, this) :
+        true;
+      delete cachedRequired[_this.path];
+      return res;
+    } else if (typeof required === 'function') {
+      return required.apply(this) ? _this.checkRequired(v, this) : true;
+    }
+
+    return _this.checkRequired(v, this);
+  };
+  if (typeof required === 'string') {
+    message = required;
+    required = undefined;
+  }
+
+  const msg = message || MongooseError.messages.general.required;
+  this.validators.unshift(Object.assign({}, customOptions, {
+    validator: this.requiredValidator,
+    message: msg,
+    type: 'required'
+  }));
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Adds a validator that disallows `null` for this path without making the path
+ * required. `undefined` values still pass validation.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({
+ *       name: { type: String, allowNull: false }
+ *     });
+ *
+ *     new Model({ name: undefined }).validateSync(); // OK
+ *     new Model({ name: null }).validateSync(); // ValidationError
+ *
+ * @param {boolean} allowNull
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.allowNull = function(allowNull) {
+  if (arguments.length > 0 && this.isRequired && typeof this.originalRequiredValue !== 'function') {
+    throw new MongooseError('Path "' + this.path + '" may not have `allowNull` specified when `required` is true');
+  }
+
+  this.validators = this.validators.filter(function(v) {
+    return v.validator !== this.allowNullValidator;
+  }, this);
+
+  if (allowNull !== false) {
+    delete this.options.allowNull;
+    delete this.allowNullValidator;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  this.options.allowNull = false;
+  this.allowNullValidator = function(v) {
+    return v !== null;
+  };
+
+  this.validators.push({
+    validator: this.allowNullValidator,
+    message: MongooseError.messages.general.allowNull,
+    type: 'allowNull'
+  });
+
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Set the model that this path refers to. This is the option that [populate](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/populate.html)
+ * looks at to determine the foreign collection it should query.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const userSchema = new Schema({ name: String });
+ *     const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);
+ *
+ *     const postSchema = new Schema({ user: mongoose.ObjectId });
+ *     postSchema.path('user').ref('User'); // Can set ref to a model name
+ *     postSchema.path('user').ref(User); // Or a model class
+ *     postSchema.path('user').ref(() => 'User'); // Or a function that returns the model name
+ *     postSchema.path('user').ref(() => User); // Or a function that returns the model class
+ *
+ *     // Or you can just declare the `ref` inline in your schema
+ *     const postSchema2 = new Schema({
+ *       user: { type: mongoose.ObjectId, ref: User }
+ *     });
+ *
+ * @param {string|Model|Function} ref either a model name, a [Model](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/models.html), or a function that returns a model name or model.
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.ref = function(ref) {
+  this.options.ref = ref;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Gets the default value
+ *
+ * @param {object} parentDoc
+ * @param {boolean} init
+ * @param {object} options
+ * @param {object} [options.context]
+ * @param {boolean} [options.skipCast]
+ * @return {any} The Stored default value.
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.getDefault = function getDefault(parentDoc, init, options) {
+  let ret;
+  if (this.defaultValue == null) {
+    return this.defaultValue;
+  }
+  if (typeof this.defaultValue === 'function') {
+    // In setDefaultsOnInsert, we pass the Query as `context` option. This is used to
+    // avoid passing the query as the parent doc to `applySetters()` below, because
+    // applySetters assumes parentDoc is a document or null. Queries run setters
+    // separately anyway.
+    const context = options?.context ?? parentDoc;
+    if (
+      this.defaultValue === Date.now ||
+      this.defaultValue === Array ||
+      this.defaultValue.name.toLowerCase() === 'objectid'
+    ) {
+      ret = this.defaultValue.call(context);
+    } else {
+      ret = this.defaultValue.call(context, context);
+    }
+  } else {
+    ret = this.defaultValue;
+  }
+
+  if (ret != null) {
+    if (typeof ret === 'object' && !this.options?.shared) {
+      ret = clone(ret);
+    }
+
+    if (options?.skipCast) {
+      return this._applySetters(ret, parentDoc);
+    }
+
+    const casted = this.applySetters(ret, parentDoc, init, undefined, setOptionsForDefaults);
+    if (casted && !Array.isArray(casted) && casted.$isSingleNested) {
+      casted.$__parent = parentDoc;
+    }
+    return casted;
+  }
+  return ret;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Applies setters without casting
+ *
+ * @param {any} value
+ * @param {any} scope
+ * @param {boolean} init
+ * @param {any} priorVal
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @instance
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype._applySetters = function(value, scope, init, priorVal, options) {
+  let v = value;
+  if (init) {
+    return v;
+  }
+  const setters = this.setters;
+
+  for (let i = setters.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    v = setters[i].call(scope, v, priorVal, this, options);
+  }
+
+  return v;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * ignore
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype._castNullish = function _castNullish(v) {
+  return v;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Applies setters
+ *
+ * @param {any} value
+ * @param {object} scope
+ * @param {boolean} init
+ * @return {any}
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.applySetters = function(value, scope, init, priorVal, options) {
+  let v = this._applySetters(value, scope, init, priorVal, options);
+  if (v == null) {
+    return this._castNullish(v);
+  }
+  // do not cast until all setters are applied #665
+  v = this.cast(v, scope, init, priorVal, options);
+
+  return v;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Applies getters to a value
+ *
+ * @param {object} value
+ * @param {object} scope
+ * @return {any}
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.applyGetters = function(value, scope) {
+  let v = value;
+  const getters = this.getters;
+  const len = getters.length;
+
+  if (len === 0) {
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    v = getters[i].call(scope, v, this);
+  }
+
+  return v;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Sets default `select()` behavior for this path.
+ *
+ * Set to `true` if this path should always be included in the results, `false` if it should be excluded by default. This setting can be overridden at the query level.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     T = db.model('T', new Schema({ x: { type: String, select: true }}));
+ *     T.find(..); // field x will always be selected ..
+ *     // .. unless overridden;
+ *     T.find().select('-x').exec(callback);
+ *
+ * @param {boolean} val
+ * @return {SchemaType} this
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.select = function select(val) {
+  this.selected = !!val;
+  return this;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Performs a validation of `value` using the validators declared for this SchemaType.
+ *
+ * @param {any} value
+ * @param {object} scope
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @param {string} [options.path]
+ * @return {any} If no validators, returns the output from calling `fn`, otherwise no return
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.doValidate = async function doValidate(value, scope, options) {
+  let err = false;
+  const path = this.path;
+
+  // Avoid non-object `validators`
+  const validators = this.validators.
+    filter(v => typeof v === 'object' && v !== null);
+
+  if (!validators.length) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const promises = [];
+  for (let i = 0, len = validators.length; i < len; ++i) {
+    const v = validators[i];
+    const validator = v.validator;
+    let ok;
+
+    const validatorProperties = isSimpleValidator(v) ? Object.assign({}, v) : clone(v);
+    validatorProperties.path = options?.path || path;
+    validatorProperties.fullPath = this.$fullPath;
+    validatorProperties.value = value;
+    if (typeof value === 'string') {
+      validatorProperties.length = value.length;
+      if (validatorProperties.value.length > 30) {
+        validatorProperties.value = validatorProperties.value.slice(0, 30) + '...';
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (value === undefined && validator !== this.requiredValidator) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (validator instanceof RegExp) {
+      ok = validator.test(value);
+      if (ok === false) {
+        const ErrorConstructor = validatorProperties.ErrorConstructor || ValidatorError;
+        err = new ErrorConstructor(validatorProperties, scope);
+        err[validatorErrorSymbol] = true;
+        throw err;
+      }
+      continue;
+    } else if (typeof validator !== 'function') {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (validatorProperties.propsParameter) {
+        ok = validator.call(scope, value, validatorProperties);
+      } else {
+        ok = validator.call(scope, value);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      ok = false;
+      validatorProperties.reason = error;
+      if (error.message) {
+        validatorProperties.message = error.message;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (typeof ok?.then === 'function') {
+      promises.push(
+        ok.then(
+          function(ok) {
+            if (ok === false) {
+              const ErrorConstructor = validatorProperties.ErrorConstructor || ValidatorError;
+              err = new ErrorConstructor(validatorProperties, scope);
+              err[validatorErrorSymbol] = true;
+              throw err;
+            }
+          },
+          function(error) {
+            validatorProperties.reason = error;
+            validatorProperties.message = error.message;
+            ok = false;
+            const ErrorConstructor = validatorProperties.ErrorConstructor || ValidatorError;
+            err = new ErrorConstructor(validatorProperties, scope);
+            err[validatorErrorSymbol] = true;
+            throw err;
+          })
+      );
+    } else if (ok !== undefined && !ok) {
+      const ErrorConstructor = validatorProperties.ErrorConstructor || ValidatorError;
+      err = new ErrorConstructor(validatorProperties, scope);
+      err[validatorErrorSymbol] = true;
+      throw err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  await Promise.all(promises);
+};
+
+
+function _validate(ok, validatorProperties) {
+  if (ok !== undefined && !ok) {
+    const ErrorConstructor = validatorProperties.ErrorConstructor || ValidatorError;
+    const err = new ErrorConstructor(validatorProperties);
+    err[validatorErrorSymbol] = true;
+    return err;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs a validation of `value` using the validators declared for this SchemaType.
+ *
+ * #### Note:
+ *
+ * This method ignores the asynchronous validators.
+ *
+ * @param {any} value
+ * @param {object} scope
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @param {string} [options.path]
+ * @return {MongooseError|null}
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.doValidateSync = function(value, scope, options) {
+  const path = this.path;
+  const count = this.validators.length;
+
+  if (!count) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  let validators = this.validators;
+  if (value === void 0) {
+    if (this.validators.length !== 0 && this.validators[0].type === 'required') {
+      validators = [this.validators[0]];
+    } else {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  let err = null;
+  let i = 0;
+  const len = validators.length;
+  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    const v = validators[i];
+
+    if (v === null || typeof v !== 'object') {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const validator = v.validator;
+    const validatorProperties = isSimpleValidator(v) ? Object.assign({}, v) : clone(v);
+    validatorProperties.path = options?.path || path;
+    validatorProperties.fullPath = this.$fullPath;
+    validatorProperties.value = value;
+    if (typeof value === 'string') {
+      validatorProperties.length = value.length;
+      if (validatorProperties.value.length > 30) {
+        validatorProperties.value = validatorProperties.value.slice(0, 30) + '...';
+      }
+    }
+    let ok = false;
+
+    // Skip any explicit async validators. Validators that return a promise
+    // will still run, but won't trigger any errors.
+    if (isAsyncFunction(validator)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (validator instanceof RegExp) {
+      err = _validate(validator.test(value), validatorProperties);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof validator !== 'function') {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (validatorProperties.propsParameter) {
+        ok = validator.call(scope, value, validatorProperties);
+      } else {
+        ok = validator.call(scope, value);
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      ok = false;
+      validatorProperties.reason = error;
+    }
+
+    // Skip any validators that return a promise, we can't handle those
+    // synchronously
+    if (typeof ok?.then === 'function') {
+      continue;
+    }
+    err = _validate(ok, validatorProperties);
+    if (err) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return err;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Determines if value is a valid Reference.
+ *
+ * @param {SchemaType} self
+ * @param {object} value
+ * @param {Document} doc
+ * @param {boolean} init
+ * @return {boolean}
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType._isRef = function(self, value, doc, init) {
+  // fast path
+  let ref = init && (self.options?.ref || self.options?.refPath);
+
+  if (!ref && doc?.$__ != null) {
+    // checks for
+    // - this populated with adhoc model and no ref was set in schema OR
+    // - setting / pushing values after population
+    const path = doc.$__fullPath(self.path, true);
+
+    const owner = doc.ownerDocument();
+    ref = (path != null && owner.$populated(path)) || doc.$populated(self.path);
+  }
+
+  if (ref) {
+    if (value == null) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (!Buffer.isBuffer(value) && // buffers are objects too
+      value._bsontype !== 'Binary' // raw binary value from the db
+      && utils.isObject(value) // might have deselected _id in population query
+    ) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return init;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * ignore
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype._castRef = function _castRef(value, doc, init, options) {
+  if (value == null) {
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  if (value.$__ != null) {
+    value.$__.wasPopulated = value.$__.wasPopulated || { value: value._doc._id };
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  // setting a populated path
+  if (Buffer.isBuffer(value) || !utils.isObject(value)) {
+    if (init) {
+      return value;
+    }
+    throw new CastError(this.instance, value, this.path, null, this);
+  }
+
+  // Handle the case where user directly sets a populated
+  // path to a plain object; cast to the Model used in
+  // the population query.
+  const path = doc.$__fullPath(this.path, true);
+  const owner = doc.ownerDocument();
+  const pop = owner.$populated(path, true);
+
+  let ret = value;
+  if (!doc.$__.populated ||
+    !doc.$__.populated[path] ||
+    !doc.$__.populated[path].options ||
+    !doc.$__.populated[path].options.options ||
+    !doc.$__.populated[path].options.options.lean) {
+    const PopulatedModel = pop ? pop.options[populateModelSymbol] : doc.constructor.db.model(this.options.ref);
+    ret = PopulatedModel.hydrate(value, null, options);
+    ret.$__.wasPopulated = { value: ret._doc._id, options: { [populateModelSymbol]: PopulatedModel } };
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * ignore
+ */
+
+function handleSingle(val, context) {
+  return this.castForQuery(null, val, context);
+}
+
+/*!
+ * ignore
+ */
+
+function handleArray(val, context) {
+  const _this = this;
+  if (!Array.isArray(val)) {
+    return [this.castForQuery(null, val, context)];
+  }
+  return val.map(function(m) {
+    return _this.castForQuery(null, m, context);
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Just like handleArray, except also allows `[]` because surprisingly
+ * `$in: [1, []]` works fine
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+function handle$in(val, context) {
+  const _this = this;
+  if (!Array.isArray(val)) {
+    return [this.castForQuery(null, val, context)];
+  }
+  return val.map(function(m) {
+    if (Array.isArray(m) && m.length === 0) {
+      return m;
+    }
+    return _this.castForQuery(null, m, context);
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Contains the handlers for different query operators for this schema type.
+ * For example, `$conditionalHandlers.$exists` is the function Mongoose calls to cast `$exists` filter operators.
+ *
+ * @property $conditionalHandlers
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @instance
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.$conditionalHandlers = {
+  $all: handleArray,
+  $eq: handleSingle,
+  $in: handle$in,
+  $ne: handleSingle,
+  $nin: handle$in,
+  $exists: $exists,
+  $type: $type
+};
+
+/**
+ * Cast the given value with the given optional query operator.
+ *
+ * @param {string} [$conditional] query operator, like `$eq` or `$in`
+ * @param {any} val
+ * @param {Query} context
+ * @return {any}
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.castForQuery = function($conditional, val, context) {
+  let handler;
+  if ($conditional != null) {
+    handler = this.$conditionalHandlers[$conditional];
+    if (!handler) {
+      throw new MongooseError('Can\'t use ' + $conditional);
+    }
+    return handler.call(this, val, context);
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return this.applySetters(val, context);
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (err instanceof CastError && err.path === this.path && this.$fullPath != null) {
+      err.path = this.$fullPath;
+    }
+    throw err;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Set & Get the `checkRequired` function
+ * Override the function the required validator uses to check whether a value
+ * passes the `required` check. Override this on the individual SchemaType.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     // Use this to allow empty strings to pass the `required` validator
+ *     mongoose.Schema.Types.String.checkRequired(v => typeof v === 'string');
+ *
+ * @param {Function} [fn] If set, will overwrite the current set function
+ * @return {Function} The input `fn` or the already set function
+ * @static
+ * @memberOf SchemaType
+ * @function checkRequired
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.checkRequired = function(fn) {
+  if (arguments.length !== 0) {
+    this._checkRequired = fn;
+  }
+
+  return this._checkRequired;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Default check for if this path satisfies the `required` validator.
+ *
+ * @param {any} val
+ * @return {boolean} `true` when the value is not `null`, `false` otherwise
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.checkRequired = function(val) {
+  return val != null;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clone the current SchemaType
+ *
+ * @return {SchemaType} The cloned SchemaType instance
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.clone = function() {
+  const options = Object.assign({}, this.options);
+  const schematype = new this.constructor(this.path, options, this.instance, this.parentSchema);
+  schematype.validators = this.validators.slice();
+  if (this.requiredValidator !== undefined) schematype.requiredValidator = this.requiredValidator;
+  if (this.allowNullValidator !== undefined) schematype.allowNullValidator = this.allowNullValidator;
+  if (this.defaultValue !== undefined) schematype.defaultValue = this.defaultValue;
+  if (this.$immutable !== undefined && this.options.immutable === undefined) {
+    schematype.$immutable = this.$immutable;
+
+    handleImmutable(schematype);
+  }
+  if (this._index !== undefined) schematype._index = this._index;
+  if (this.selected !== undefined) schematype.selected = this.selected;
+  if (this.isRequired !== undefined) schematype.isRequired = this.isRequired;
+  if (this.originalRequiredValue !== undefined) schematype.originalRequiredValue = this.originalRequiredValue;
+  schematype.getters = this.getters.slice();
+  schematype.setters = this.setters.slice();
+  return schematype;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the embedded schema type, if any. For arrays, document arrays, and maps, `getEmbeddedSchemaType()`
+ * returns the schema type of the array's elements (or map's elements). For other types, `getEmbeddedSchemaType()`
+ * returns `undefined`.
+ *
+ * #### Example:
+ *
+ *     const schema = new Schema({ name: String, tags: [String] });
+ *     schema.path('name').getEmbeddedSchemaType(); // undefined
+ *     schema.path('tags').getEmbeddedSchemaType(); // SchemaString { path: 'tags', ... }
+ *
+ * @returns {SchemaType} embedded schematype
+ * @api public
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.getEmbeddedSchemaType = function getEmbeddedSchemaType() {
+  return this.embeddedSchemaType;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * If _duplicateKeyErrorMessage is a string, replace unique index errors "E11000 duplicate key error" with this string.
+ *
+ * @api private
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype._duplicateKeyErrorMessage = null;
+
+/**
+ * Returns this schema type's representation in a JSON schema.
+ *
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @param {boolean} [options.useBsonType=false] If true, return a representation with `bsonType` for use with MongoDB's `$jsonSchema`.
+ * @returns {object} JSON schema properties
+ */
+
+SchemaType.prototype.toJSONSchema = function toJSONSchema(_options) { // eslint-disable-line no-unused-vars
+  throw new MongooseError(`Converting unsupported SchemaType to JSON Schema: ${this.instance} at path "${this.path}"`);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the BSON type that the schema corresponds to, for automatic encryption.
+ * @api private
+ */
+SchemaType.prototype.autoEncryptionType = function autoEncryptionType() {
+  return null;
+};
+
+/*!
+ * Module exports.
+ */
+
+module.exports = exports = SchemaType;
+
+exports.CastError = CastError;
+
+exports.ValidatorError = ValidatorError;