claude-skill-lord 1.5.0

package/skills/tier-1/web-frameworks/references/nextjs-server-components.md

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+# Next.js Server Components
+
+React Server Components (RSC) architecture, patterns, and best practices.
+
+## Core Concepts
+
+### Server Components (Default)
+
+All components in `app/` directory are Server Components by default:
+
+```tsx
+// app/posts/page.tsx - Server Component
+async function getPosts() {
+  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/posts')
+  return res.json()
+}
+
+export default async function PostsPage() {
+  const posts = await getPosts()
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      {posts.map(post => (
+        <article key={post.id}>{post.title}</article>
+      ))}
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Fetch data on server (direct database access)
+- Keep sensitive data/keys on server
+- Reduce client-side JavaScript bundle
+- Improve initial page load and SEO
+- Cache results on server
+- Stream content to client
+
+**Limitations:**
+- Cannot use React hooks (useState, useEffect, useContext)
+- Cannot use browser APIs (window, localStorage)
+- Cannot add event listeners (onClick, onChange)
+- Cannot use React class components
+
+### Client Components
+
+Mark with `'use client'` directive at top of file:
+
+```tsx
+// components/counter.tsx - Client Component
+'use client'
+
+import { useState } from 'react'
+
+export function Counter() {
+  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)
+
+  return (
+    <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
+      Count: {count}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+**Use Client Components for:**
+- Interactive UI (event handlers)
+- State management (useState, useReducer)
+- Effects (useEffect, useLayoutEffect)
+- Browser-only APIs (localStorage, geolocation)
+- Custom React hooks
+- Context consumers
+
+## Composition Patterns
+
+### Server Component as Wrapper
+
+Best practice: Keep Server Components as parent, pass Client Components as children:
+
+```tsx
+// app/page.tsx - Server Component
+import { ClientSidebar } from './sidebar'
+import { ClientButton } from './button'
+
+export default async function Page() {
+  const data = await fetchData() // Server-side data fetch
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <h1>Server-rendered heading</h1>
+      <ClientSidebar />
+      <ClientButton />
+      <p>More server-rendered content: {data.title}</p>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### Passing Server Components to Client Components
+
+Use children pattern to avoid making entire tree client-side:
+
+```tsx
+// app/page.tsx - Server Component
+import { ClientProvider } from './client-provider'
+import { ServerContent } from './server-content'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <ClientProvider>
+      <ServerContent /> {/* Stays as Server Component */}
+    </ClientProvider>
+  )
+}
+
+// client-provider.tsx - Client Component
+'use client'
+
+export function ClientProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  const [state, setState] = useState()
+
+  return <div>{children}</div>
+}
+
+// server-content.tsx - Server Component
+export async function ServerContent() {
+  const data = await fetchData()
+  return <p>{data.content}</p>
+}
+```
+
+### Sharing Data Between Server Components
+
+No need for props or context - just fetch data where needed:
+
+```tsx
+// lib/data.ts
+export async function getUser() {
+  const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/user', {
+    cache: 'force-cache' // Will dedupe automatically
+  })
+  return res.json()
+}
+
+// app/header.tsx
+import { getUser } from '@/lib/data'
+
+export async function Header() {
+  const user = await getUser() // Fetch 1
+  return <div>Welcome, {user.name}</div>
+}
+
+// app/profile.tsx
+import { getUser } from '@/lib/data'
+
+export async function Profile() {
+  const user = await getUser() // Fetch 2 (deduped automatically)
+  return <div>Email: {user.email}</div>
+}
+```
+
+Next.js automatically dedupes identical fetch requests during render.
+
+## Async Components
+
+Server Components can be async functions:
+
+```tsx
+// app/posts/[id]/page.tsx
+async function getPost(id: string) {
+  const res = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/posts/${id}`)
+  return res.json()
+}
+
+async function getComments(postId: string) {
+  const res = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/posts/${postId}/comments`)
+  return res.json()
+}
+
+export default async function Post({ params }: { params: { id: string } }) {
+  // Parallel data fetching
+  const [post, comments] = await Promise.all([
+    getPost(params.id),
+    getComments(params.id)
+  ])
+
+  return (
+    <article>
+      <h1>{post.title}</h1>
+      <p>{post.content}</p>
+      <CommentsList comments={comments} />
+    </article>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## Streaming with Suspense
+
+Stream components as they resolve:
+
+```tsx
+// app/page.tsx
+import { Suspense } from 'react'
+
+async function SlowComponent() {
+  await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 3000))
+  return <div>Loaded after 3 seconds</div>
+}
+
+async function FastComponent() {
+  await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 500))
+  return <div>Loaded after 0.5 seconds</div>
+}
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <h1>Instant heading</h1>
+
+      <Suspense fallback={<div>Loading fast...</div>}>
+        <FastComponent />
+      </Suspense>
+
+      <Suspense fallback={<div>Loading slow...</div>}>
+        <SlowComponent />
+      </Suspense>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+Benefits:
+- Fast components render immediately
+- Slow components don't block page
+- Progressive enhancement
+- Better perceived performance
+
+## Context in Server/Client Components
+
+### Problem: Context Requires Client Components
+
+```tsx
+// ❌ Won't work - Server Components can't use context
+import { createContext } from 'react'
+
+const ThemeContext = createContext()
+
+export default function Layout({ children }) {
+  return (
+    <ThemeContext.Provider value="dark">
+      {children}
+    </ThemeContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### Solution: Create Client Component Wrapper
+
+```tsx
+// app/providers.tsx - Client Component
+'use client'
+
+import { createContext, useContext } from 'react'
+
+const ThemeContext = createContext('light')
+
+export function ThemeProvider({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <ThemeContext.Provider value="dark">
+      {children}
+    </ThemeContext.Provider>
+  )
+}
+
+export function useTheme() {
+  return useContext(ThemeContext)
+}
+
+// app/layout.tsx - Server Component
+import { ThemeProvider } from './providers'
+
+export default function RootLayout({ children }) {
+  return (
+    <html>
+      <body>
+        <ThemeProvider>
+          {children}
+        </ThemeProvider>
+      </body>
+    </html>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## Third-Party Component Integration
+
+Many third-party components need client-side features:
+
+```tsx
+// components/carousel.tsx
+'use client'
+
+import 'slick-carousel/slick/slick.css'
+import Slider from 'react-slick'
+
+export function Carousel({ children }) {
+  return <Slider>{children}</Slider>
+}
+
+// app/page.tsx - Server Component
+import { Carousel } from '@/components/carousel'
+
+export default function Page() {
+  return (
+    <Carousel>
+      <div>Slide 1</div>
+      <div>Slide 2</div>
+    </Carousel>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## Server Actions
+
+Call server-side functions from Client Components:
+
+```tsx
+// app/actions.ts
+'use server'
+
+import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache'
+import { db } from '@/lib/db'
+
+export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
+  const title = formData.get('title') as string
+  const content = formData.get('content') as string
+
+  await db.post.create({
+    data: { title, content }
+  })
+
+  revalidatePath('/posts')
+}
+
+// app/new-post/page.tsx
+import { createPost } from '@/app/actions'
+
+export default function NewPost() {
+  return (
+    <form action={createPost}>
+      <input name="title" required />
+      <textarea name="content" required />
+      <button type="submit">Create Post</button>
+    </form>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+With Client Component:
+```tsx
+// components/post-form.tsx
+'use client'
+
+import { createPost } from '@/app/actions'
+import { useFormStatus } from 'react-dom'
+
+function SubmitButton() {
+  const { pending } = useFormStatus()
+  return (
+    <button type="submit" disabled={pending}>
+      {pending ? 'Creating...' : 'Create Post'}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+
+export function PostForm() {
+  return (
+    <form action={createPost}>
+      <input name="title" required />
+      <textarea name="content" required />
+      <SubmitButton />
+    </form>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## When to Use Each Component Type
+
+### Use Server Components When:
+- Fetching data from database or API
+- Accessing backend resources directly
+- Keeping sensitive information on server (tokens, keys)
+- Reducing client-side JavaScript
+- Rendering static content
+- No interactivity needed
+
+### Use Client Components When:
+- Adding interactivity (onClick, onChange)
+- Managing state (useState, useReducer)
+- Using lifecycle effects (useEffect)
+- Using browser-only APIs (localStorage, navigator)
+- Using custom React hooks
+- Using React Context
+- Using third-party libraries requiring client features
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Default to Server Components** - Only use 'use client' when needed
+2. **Move Client Components to leaves** - Keep them as deep as possible in tree
+3. **Pass Server Components as children** - Avoid turning entire trees client-side
+4. **Share data via fetch** - Let Next.js dedupe requests automatically
+5. **Use Suspense for streaming** - Improve perceived performance
+6. **Separate client logic** - Extract client-only code to separate files
+7. **Minimize client bundle** - Less JavaScript = faster page loads
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Protected Content
+
+```tsx
+// app/dashboard/page.tsx - Server Component
+import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'
+import { getUser } from '@/lib/auth'
+
+export default async function Dashboard() {
+  const user = await getUser()
+
+  if (!user) {
+    redirect('/login')
+  }
+
+  return <div>Welcome, {user.name}</div>
+}
+```
+
+### Optimistic Updates
+
+```tsx
+// components/like-button.tsx
+'use client'
+
+import { useOptimistic } from 'react'
+import { likePost } from '@/app/actions'
+
+export function LikeButton({ postId, initialLikes }) {
+  const [optimisticLikes, addOptimisticLike] = useOptimistic(
+    initialLikes,
+    (state, amount) => state + amount
+  )
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      onClick={async () => {
+        addOptimisticLike(1)
+        await likePost(postId)
+      }}
+    >
+      Likes: {optimisticLikes}
+    </button>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+### Loading States with Streaming
+
+```tsx
+// app/dashboard/page.tsx
+import { Suspense } from 'react'
+
+async function RevenueChart() {
+  const data = await fetchRevenue() // Slow query
+  return <Chart data={data} />
+}
+
+async function RecentSales() {
+  const sales = await fetchSales() // Fast query
+  return <SalesTable sales={sales} />
+}
+
+export default function Dashboard() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <h1>Dashboard</h1>
+
+      <Suspense fallback={<ChartSkeleton />}>
+        <RevenueChart />
+      </Suspense>
+
+      <Suspense fallback={<TableSkeleton />}>
+        <RecentSales />
+      </Suspense>
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```