brep-io-kernel 1.0.0

package/src/BREP/MeshRepairer.js

@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+import * as THREE from 'three';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------
+// MeshRepairer: weld / T-junction fix / remove overlaps / hole fill / fix triangle normals
+// ---------------------------------------------
+export class MeshRepairer {
+  constructor() { }
+
+  // ---------- Helpers ----------
+  static _ensureIndexed(geom) {
+    if (!geom.index) {
+      const count = geom.attributes.position.count;
+      const idx = new Uint32Array(count);
+      for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) idx[i] = i;
+      geom.setIndex(new THREE.BufferAttribute(idx, 1));
+    }
+    return geom;
+  }
+  static _getArrays(geom) {
+    const pos = geom.attributes.position.array;
+    const uv = geom.attributes.uv ? geom.attributes.uv.array : null;
+    const norm = geom.attributes.normal ? geom.attributes.normal.array : null;
+    const idx = geom.index.array;
+    return { pos, uv, norm, idx };
+  }
+  static _vec3Of(arr, i) { const o = 3 * i; return [arr[o], arr[o + 1], arr[o + 2]]; }
+  static _sub(a, b) { return [a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1], a[2] - b[2]]; }
+  static _dot(a, b) { return a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2]; }
+  static _len2(a) { return this._dot(a, a); }
+  static _cross(a, b) { return [a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2], a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0]]; }
+  static _norm(a) { const l = Math.sqrt(this._len2(a)) || 1; return [a[0] / l, a[1] / l, a[2] / l]; }
+  static _add(a, b) { return [a[0] + b[0], a[1] + b[1], a[2] + b[2]]; }
+  static _scale(a, s) { return [a[0] * s, a[1] * s, a[2] * s]; }
+  static _triangleArea2(a, b, c) {
+    const ab = this._sub(b, a), ac = this._sub(c, a);
+    const cr = this._cross(ab, ac);
+    return Math.sqrt(this._dot(cr, cr));
+  }
+  static _edgeKey(i, j) { return i < j ? `${i}/${j}` : `${j}/${i}`; }
+
+  static _newellNormal(points) {
+    let nx = 0, ny = 0, nz = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
+      const a = points[i], b = points[(i + 1) % points.length];
+      nx += (a[1] - b[1]) * (a[2] + b[2]);
+      ny += (a[2] - b[2]) * (a[0] + b[0]);
+      nz += (a[0] - b[0]) * (a[1] + b[1]);
+    }
+    return this._norm([nx, ny, nz]);
+  }
+  static _basisFromNormal(n) {
+    const ax = Math.abs(n[0]), ay = Math.abs(n[1]), az = Math.abs(n[2]);
+    const t = ax < 0.9 ? [1, 0, 0] : (ay < 0.9 ? [0, 1, 0] : [0, 0, 1]);
+    const u = this._norm(this._cross(t, n));
+    const v = this._norm(this._cross(n, u));
+    return { u, v, n };
+  }
+  static _projectToPlane(points, basis) {
+    const { u, v } = basis;
+    return points.map(p => [this._dot(p, u), this._dot(p, v)]);
+  }
+  static _polyArea2D(poly) {
+    let a = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < poly.length; i++) {
+      const [x1, y1] = poly[i], [x2, y2] = poly[(i + 1) % poly.length];
+      a += x1 * y2 - x2 * y1;
+    }
+    return a * 0.5;
+  }
+  static _pointInTri2D(p, a, b, c) {
+    const v0 = [c[0] - a[0], c[1] - a[1]];
+    const v1 = [b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]];
+    const v2 = [p[0] - a[0], p[1] - a[1]];
+    const den = v0[0] * v1[1] - v1[0] * v0[1];
+    if (Math.abs(den) < 1e-20) return false;
+    const u = (v2[0] * v1[1] - v1[0] * v2[1]) / den;
+    const v = (v0[0] * v2[1] - v2[0] * v0[1]) / den;
+    return u >= -1e-10 && v >= -1e-10 && (u + v) <= 1 + 1e-10;
+  }
+  static _isConvex2D(prev, curr, next, sign) {
+    const ax = curr[0] - prev[0], ay = curr[1] - prev[1];
+    const bx = next[0] - curr[0], by = next[1] - curr[1];
+    const cross = ax * by - ay * bx;
+    return sign > 0 ? cross > 1e-20 : cross < -1e-20;
+  }
+  static _earClip2D(loop2D) {
+    const n = loop2D.length;
+    if (n < 3) return [];
+    const idx = Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i);
+    const area = this._polyArea2D(loop2D);
+    const sign = area >= 0 ? 1 : -1;
+    if (sign < 0) idx.reverse();
+    const tris = [];
+    let counter = 0, maxIters = n * n;
+    while (idx.length > 3 && counter++ < maxIters) {
+      let ear = false;
+      for (let i = 0; i < idx.length; i++) {
+        const i0 = idx[(i - 1 + idx.length) % idx.length], i1 = idx[i], i2 = idx[(i + 1) % idx.length];
+        const a = loop2D[i0], b = loop2D[i1], c = loop2D[i2];
+        if (!this._isConvex2D(a, b, c, 1)) continue;
+        let inside = false;
+        for (let k = 0; k < idx.length; k++) {
+          const ik = idx[k];
+          if (ik === i0 || ik === i1 || ik === i2) continue;
+          if (this._pointInTri2D(loop2D[ik], a, b, c)) { inside = true; break; }
+        }
+        if (!inside) { tris.push([i0, i1, i2]); idx.splice(i, 1); ear = true; break; }
+      }
+      if (!ear) break;
+    }
+    if (idx.length === 3) tris.push([idx[0], idx[1], idx[2]]);
+    return tris;
+  }
+  static _buildEdgeUse(idx) {
+    const map = new Map(); // key -> {count, faces:[{tri, i, j, k}]}
+    for (let t = 0; t < idx.length; t += 3) {
+      const a = idx[t], b = idx[t + 1], c = idx[t + 2];
+      const edges = [[a, b, c], [b, c, a], [c, a, b]];
+      for (const [i, j, k] of edges) {
+        const key = this._edgeKey(i, j);
+        let e = map.get(key);
+        if (!e) { e = { count: 0, faces: [] }; map.set(key, e); }
+        e.count++;
+        e.faces.push({ tri: t, i, j, k });
+      }
+    }
+    return map;
+  }
+  static _boundaryEdges(edgeUse) {
+    const boundary = [];
+    for (const [key, e] of edgeUse.entries()) {
+      if (e.count === 1) {
+        const [a, b] = key.split('/').map(s => parseInt(s, 10));
+        boundary.push([a, b]);
+      }
+    }
+    return boundary;
+  }
+  static _buildBoundaryLoops(boundaryEdges) {
+    const adj = new Map();
+    for (const [a, b] of boundaryEdges) {
+      if (!adj.has(a)) adj.set(a, new Set());
+      if (!adj.has(b)) adj.set(b, new Set());
+      adj.get(a).add(b); adj.get(b).add(a);
+    }
+    const visited = new Set();
+    const loops = [];
+    const edgeId = (u, v) => u < v ? `${u}-${v}` : `${v}-${u}`;
+    for (const [start, nbrs] of adj.entries()) {
+      for (const n of nbrs) {
+        const eid = edgeId(start, n);
+        if (visited.has(eid)) continue;
+        const loop = [start, n];
+        visited.add(eid);
+        let prev = start, curr = n;
+        while (true) {
+          const neighbors = Array.from(adj.get(curr) || []);
+          const next = neighbors.find(x => x !== prev && !visited.has(edgeId(curr, x)));
+          if (next == null) break;
+          visited.add(edgeId(curr, next));
+          loop.push(next);
+          prev = curr; curr = next;
+          if (next === start) break;
+        }
+        if (loop.length >= 3 && loop[0] === loop[loop.length - 1]) {
+          loop.pop(); loops.push(loop);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return loops;
+  }
+
+  // ---------- 1) Weld identical/nearby vertices ----------
+  weldVertices(geometry, epsilon = 1e-4) {
+    MeshRepairer._ensureIndexed(geometry);
+    const { pos, uv, norm, idx } = MeshRepairer._getArrays(geometry);
+
+    const quant = (v) => [Math.round(v[0] / epsilon), Math.round(v[1] / epsilon), Math.round(v[2] / epsilon)].join(',');
+    const map = new Map(); // key -> new index
+    const sums = [];
+    const remap = new Uint32Array(geometry.attributes.position.count);
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < remap.length; i++) {
+      const p = MeshRepairer._vec3Of(pos, i);
+      const key = quant(p);
+      let ni = map.get(key);
+      if (ni === undefined) {
+        ni = sums.length; map.set(key, ni);
+        sums.push({
+          pos: [p[0], p[1], p[2]],
+          uv: uv ? [uv[2 * i], uv[2 * i + 1]] : null,
+          norm: norm ? [norm[3 * i], norm[3 * i + 1], norm[3 * i + 2]] : null,
+          count: 1
+        });
+      } else {
+        const s = sums[ni];
+        s.pos[0] += p[0]; s.pos[1] += p[1]; s.pos[2] += p[2];
+        if (s.uv) { s.uv[0] += uv[2 * i]; s.uv[1] += uv[2 * i + 1]; }
+        if (s.norm) { s.norm[0] += norm[3 * i]; s.norm[1] += norm[3 * i + 1]; s.norm[2] += norm[3 * i + 2]; }
+        s.count++;
+      }
+      remap[i] = ni;
+    }
+
+    const newPos = new Float32Array(sums.length * 3);
+    const newUv = uv ? new Float32Array(sums.length * 2) : null;
+    const newNo = norm ? new Float32Array(sums.length * 3) : null;
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < sums.length; i++) {
+      const s = sums[i], inv = 1 / s.count;
+      newPos[3 * i] = s.pos[0] * inv; newPos[3 * i + 1] = s.pos[1] * inv; newPos[3 * i + 2] = s.pos[2] * inv;
+      if (newUv) { newUv[2 * i] = s.uv[0] * inv; newUv[2 * i + 1] = s.uv[1] * inv; }
+      if (newNo) {
+        const n = MeshRepairer._norm([s.norm[0], s.norm[1], s.norm[2]]);
+        newNo[3 * i] = n[0]; newNo[3 * i + 1] = n[1]; newNo[3 * i + 2] = n[2];
+      }
+    }
+
+    const outIdx = [];
+    for (let t = 0; t < idx.length; t += 3) {
+      const a = remap[idx[t]], b = remap[idx[t + 1]], c = remap[idx[t + 2]];
+      if (a === b || b === c || c === a) continue;
+      const A = MeshRepairer._vec3Of(newPos, a);
+      const B = MeshRepairer._vec3Of(newPos, b);
+      const C = MeshRepairer._vec3Of(newPos, c);
+      if (MeshRepairer._triangleArea2(A, B, C) < 1e-20) continue;
+      outIdx.push(a, b, c);
+    }
+
+    const out = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+    out.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(newPos, 3));
+    if (newUv) out.setAttribute('uv', new THREE.BufferAttribute(newUv, 2));
+    if (newNo) out.setAttribute('normal', new THREE.BufferAttribute(newNo, 3));
+    out.setIndex(outIdx);
+    out.computeVertexNormals();
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  // ---------- 2) Fix T-junctions ----------
+  fixTJunctions(geometry, lineEps = 5e-4, gridCell = 0.01) {
+    MeshRepairer._ensureIndexed(geometry);
+    const pos = geometry.attributes.position.array;
+    const vertCount = pos.length / 3;
+    const idx = Array.from(geometry.index.array);
+
+    // Precompute triangle planes (unit normal + offset) for coplanarity checks
+    const triCount = Math.floor(idx.length / 3);
+    const triN = new Float32Array(triCount * 3);
+    const triD = new Float32Array(triCount);
+    for (let t = 0; t < triCount; t++) {
+      const ia = idx[3 * t], ib = idx[3 * t + 1], ic = idx[3 * t + 2];
+      const ax = pos[3 * ia], ay = pos[3 * ia + 1], az = pos[3 * ia + 2];
+      const bx = pos[3 * ib], by = pos[3 * ib + 1], bz = pos[3 * ib + 2];
+      const cx = pos[3 * ic], cy = pos[3 * ic + 1], cz = pos[3 * ic + 2];
+      const abx = bx - ax, aby = by - ay, abz = bz - az;
+      const acx = cx - ax, acy = cy - ay, acz = cz - az;
+      let nx = aby * acz - abz * acy;
+      let ny = abz * acx - abx * acz;
+      let nz = abx * acy - aby * acx;
+      const len = Math.hypot(nx, ny, nz);
+      if (len > 1e-20) {
+        nx /= len; ny /= len; nz /= len;
+        triN[3 * t] = nx; triN[3 * t + 1] = ny; triN[3 * t + 2] = nz;
+        triD[t] = -(nx * ax + ny * ay + nz * az);
+      } else {
+        triN[3 * t] = 0; triN[3 * t + 1] = 0; triN[3 * t + 2] = 0;
+        triD[t] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Build edge usage to know which planes are relevant for an edge
+    const edgeUse = MeshRepairer._buildEdgeUse(idx);
+
+    // Spatial grid of vertices (hash grid)
+    const cellKey = (x, y, z) => `${Math.floor(x / gridCell)}|${Math.floor(y / gridCell)}|${Math.floor(z / gridCell)}`;
+    const grid = new Map();
+    for (let i = 0; i < vertCount; i++) {
+      const x = pos[3 * i], y = pos[3 * i + 1], z = pos[3 * i + 2];
+      const k = cellKey(x, y, z);
+      let arr = grid.get(k); if (!arr) { arr = []; grid.set(k, arr); }
+      arr.push(i);
+    }
+
+    // Fast per-edge candidate collector using 3D DDA voxel traversal along the segment
+    function candidatesNearEdge(i, j) {
+      const ax = pos[3 * i], ay = pos[3 * i + 1], az = pos[3 * i + 2];
+      const bx = pos[3 * j], by = pos[3 * j + 1], bz = pos[3 * j + 2];
+
+      // If the edge is extremely short, just query its containing cell
+      const dx = bx - ax, dy = by - ay, dz = bz - az;
+      const len2 = dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz;
+      const set = new Set();
+      if (len2 < 1e-24) {
+        const key = cellKey(ax, ay, az);
+        const arr = grid.get(key);
+        if (arr) for (let k = 0; k < arr.length; k++) set.add(arr[k]);
+        return set;
+      }
+
+      // Amanatides & Woo 3D DDA for grid traversal
+      let ix = Math.floor(ax / gridCell), iy = Math.floor(ay / gridCell), iz = Math.floor(az / gridCell);
+      const ix1 = Math.floor(bx / gridCell), iy1 = Math.floor(by / gridCell), iz1 = Math.floor(bz / gridCell);
+
+      const stepX = dx > 0 ? 1 : (dx < 0 ? -1 : 0);
+      const stepY = dy > 0 ? 1 : (dy < 0 ? -1 : 0);
+      const stepZ = dz > 0 ? 1 : (dz < 0 ? -1 : 0);
+
+      const invDx = dx !== 0 ? 1 / Math.abs(dx) : 0;
+      const invDy = dy !== 0 ? 1 / Math.abs(dy) : 0;
+      const invDz = dz !== 0 ? 1 / Math.abs(dz) : 0;
+
+      // Compute param t at which we cross first voxel boundary on each axis
+      let tMaxX;
+      if (stepX > 0) tMaxX = ((ix + 1) * gridCell - ax) * invDx;
+      else if (stepX < 0) tMaxX = (ax - ix * gridCell) * invDx;
+      else tMaxX = Infinity;
+      let tMaxY;
+      if (stepY > 0) tMaxY = ((iy + 1) * gridCell - ay) * invDy;
+      else if (stepY < 0) tMaxY = (ay - iy * gridCell) * invDy;
+      else tMaxY = Infinity;
+      let tMaxZ;
+      if (stepZ > 0) tMaxZ = ((iz + 1) * gridCell - az) * invDz;
+      else if (stepZ < 0) tMaxZ = (az - iz * gridCell) * invDz;
+      else tMaxZ = Infinity;
+      const tDeltaX = stepX !== 0 ? gridCell * invDx : Infinity;
+      const tDeltaY = stepY !== 0 ? gridCell * invDy : Infinity;
+      const tDeltaZ = stepZ !== 0 ? gridCell * invDz : Infinity;
+
+      // Visit cells until reaching the end cell; include both endpoints' cells
+      const maxVisits = 1 + Math.abs(ix1 - ix) + Math.abs(iy1 - iy) + Math.abs(iz1 - iz) + 2; // small cushion
+      let visits = 0;
+      while (true) {
+        const key = `${ix}|${iy}|${iz}`;
+        const arr = grid.get(key);
+        if (arr) { for (let k = 0; k < arr.length; k++) set.add(arr[k]); }
+        if (ix === ix1 && iy === iy1 && iz === iz1) break;
+        if (++visits > maxVisits) break; // safety
+        // Step along the smallest tMax
+        if (tMaxX <= tMaxY && tMaxX <= tMaxZ) { ix += stepX; tMaxX += tDeltaX; }
+        else if (tMaxY <= tMaxX && tMaxY <= tMaxZ) { iy += stepY; tMaxY += tDeltaY; }
+        else { iz += stepZ; tMaxZ += tDeltaZ; }
+      }
+      return set; // return Set to avoid duplicate work
+    }
+
+    // Return t in (0,1) if p projects inside segment ab and is within lineEps; else null
+    function onSegmentParam(i, j, p) {
+      const ax = pos[3 * i], ay = pos[3 * i + 1], az = pos[3 * i + 2];
+      const bx = pos[3 * j], by = pos[3 * j + 1], bz = pos[3 * j + 2];
+      const px = pos[3 * p], py = pos[3 * p + 1], pz = pos[3 * p + 2];
+      const abx = bx - ax, aby = by - ay, abz = bz - az;
+      const apx = px - ax, apy = py - ay, apz = pz - az;
+      const ab2 = abx * abx + aby * aby + abz * abz;
+      if (ab2 < 1e-24) return null;
+      const t = (apx * abx + apy * aby + apz * abz) / ab2;
+      if (t <= 1e-6 || t >= 1 - 1e-6) return null;
+      const qx = ax + abx * t, qy = ay + aby * t, qz = az + abz * t;
+      const dx = px - qx, dy = py - qy, dz = pz - qz;
+      if (dx * dx + dy * dy + dz * dz <= lineEps * lineEps) return t;
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // Plane filter: p must be near at least one incident triangle plane
+    const planeEps = Math.max(lineEps * 2, 1e-7);
+    function nearIncidentPlane(i, j, p) {
+      const key = MeshRepairer._edgeKey(i, j);
+      const e = edgeUse.get(key);
+      if (!e) return true; // fallback if unexpected
+      const px = pos[3 * p], py = pos[3 * p + 1], pz = pos[3 * p + 2];
+      for (let f = 0; f < e.faces.length; f++) {
+        const triBase = e.faces[f].tri; // base index in idx array
+        const t = Math.floor(triBase / 3);
+        const nx = triN[3 * t], ny = triN[3 * t + 1], nz = triN[3 * t + 2];
+        const d = triD[t];
+        const dist = Math.abs(nx * px + ny * py + nz * pz + d);
+        if (dist <= planeEps) return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Collect splits per unique edge with coplanarity filter
+    const splits = new Map(); // edge key -> [{p,t}] (t is along min->max orientation)
+    function addSplit(i, j, p, t) {
+      const key = MeshRepairer._edgeKey(i, j);
+      const tt = i < j ? t : 1 - t;
+      let arr = splits.get(key); if (!arr) { arr = []; splits.set(key, arr); }
+      // avoid duplicates
+      for (let k = 0; k < arr.length; k++) { if (arr[k].p === p) return; }
+      arr.push({ p, t: tt });
+    }
+
+    // Iterate each unique unordered edge exactly once
+    for (const [ekey, e] of edgeUse.entries()) {
+      const parts = ekey.split('/');
+      const i = parseInt(parts[0], 10);
+      const j = parseInt(parts[1], 10);
+      const candSet = candidatesNearEdge(i, j);
+      for (const p of candSet) {
+        if (p === i || p === j) continue;
+        if (!nearIncidentPlane(i, j, p)) continue;
+        const tp = onSegmentParam(i, j, p);
+        if (tp !== null) addSplit(i, j, p, tp);
+      }
+    }
+    for (const arr of splits.values()) arr.sort((a, b) => a.t - b.t);
+
+    // Helper to get splits in i->j order (return vertex indices only)
+    function orientedSplits(i, j) {
+      const arr = splits.get(MeshRepairer._edgeKey(i, j)) || [];
+      if (!arr.length) return [];
+      if (i < j) return arr.map(s => s.p);
+      const r = new Array(arr.length);
+      for (let k = 0; k < arr.length; k++) r[k] = arr[arr.length - 1 - k].p;
+      return r;
+    }
+
+    let totalSplitsApplied = 0;
+    const newIdx = [];
+    for (let t = 0; t < idx.length; t += 3) {
+      const a = idx[t], b = idx[t + 1], c = idx[t + 2];
+      const sAB = orientedSplits(a, b);
+      const sBC = orientedSplits(b, c);
+      const sCA = orientedSplits(c, a);
+      const polyLen = 3 + sAB.length + sBC.length + sCA.length;
+      if (polyLen === 3) {
+        newIdx.push(a, b, c);
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Fan triangulation from the first vertex of the original tri
+      const poly = new Array(polyLen);
+      let w = 0;
+      poly[w++] = a; for (let k = 0; k < sAB.length; k++) poly[w++] = sAB[k];
+      poly[w++] = b; for (let k = 0; k < sBC.length; k++) poly[w++] = sBC[k];
+      poly[w++] = c; for (let k = 0; k < sCA.length; k++) poly[w++] = sCA[k];
+      for (let i = 1; i < poly.length - 1; i++) newIdx.push(poly[0], poly[i], poly[i + 1]);
+      totalSplitsApplied += poly.length - 3;
+    }
+
+    const out = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+    out.setAttribute('position', geometry.attributes.position);
+    if (geometry.attributes.uv) out.setAttribute('uv', geometry.attributes.uv);
+    if (geometry.attributes.normal) out.setAttribute('normal', geometry.attributes.normal);
+    out.setIndex(newIdx);
+    out.computeVertexNormals();
+    out.userData.__tjunctionSplits = totalSplitsApplied;
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  // ---------- 3) Remove overlapping triangles ----------
+  removeOverlappingTriangles(geometry, posEps = 1e-6) {
+    MeshRepairer._ensureIndexed(geometry);
+    const pos = geometry.attributes.position.array;
+    const idx = Array.from(geometry.index.array);
+    const keyOf = (a, b, c) => {
+      const pts = [a, b, c].map(i => [pos[3 * i], pos[3 * i + 1], pos[3 * i + 2]]);
+      pts.sort((p, q) => p[0] - q[0] || p[1] - q[1] || p[2] - q[2]);
+      return pts.map(p => {
+        return `${Math.round(p[0] / posEps)}|${Math.round(p[1] / posEps)}|${Math.round(p[2] / posEps)}`;
+      }).join("|");
+    };
+    const seen = new Set();
+    const newIdx = [];
+    let removed = 0;
+    for (let t = 0; t < idx.length; t += 3) {
+      const key = keyOf(idx[t], idx[t + 1], idx[t + 2]);
+      if (seen.has(key)) { removed++; continue; }
+      seen.add(key);
+      newIdx.push(idx[t], idx[t + 1], idx[t + 2]);
+    }
+    const out = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+    out.setAttribute('position', geometry.attributes.position);
+    if (geometry.attributes.uv) out.setAttribute('uv', geometry.attributes.uv);
+    if (geometry.attributes.normal) out.setAttribute('normal', geometry.attributes.normal);
+    out.setIndex(newIdx);
+    out.computeVertexNormals();
+    out.userData.__overlapsRemoved = removed;
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  // ---------- 4) Fill holes ----------
+  fillHoles(geometry) {
+    MeshRepairer._ensureIndexed(geometry);
+    const { pos } = MeshRepairer._getArrays(geometry);
+    const idx = Array.from(geometry.index.array);
+
+    const edgeUse = MeshRepairer._buildEdgeUse(idx);
+    const boundary = MeshRepairer._boundaryEdges(edgeUse);
+    const loops = MeshRepairer._buildBoundaryLoops(boundary);
+
+    const addedTris = [];
+    for (const loop of loops) {
+      if (loop.length < 3) continue;
+      const pts3 = loop.map(i => MeshRepairer._vec3Of(pos, i));
+      const n = MeshRepairer._newellNormal(pts3);
+      const basis = MeshRepairer._basisFromNormal(n);
+      const loop2D = MeshRepairer._projectToPlane(pts3, basis);
+      const area = MeshRepairer._polyArea2D(loop2D);
+      const order = area >= 0 ? loop.slice() : loop.slice().reverse();
+      const loop2Dccw = area >= 0 ? loop2D : loop2D.slice().reverse();
+      const trisLocal = MeshRepairer._earClip2D(loop2Dccw);
+      for (const [i0, i1, i2] of trisLocal) {
+        addedTris.push(order[i0], order[i1], order[i2]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const out = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+    out.setAttribute('position', geometry.attributes.position);
+    if (geometry.attributes.uv) out.setAttribute('uv', geometry.attributes.uv);
+    if (geometry.attributes.normal) out.setAttribute('normal', geometry.attributes.normal);
+    out.setIndex(idx.concat(addedTris));
+    out.computeVertexNormals();
+    out.userData.__boundaryEdges = boundary.length;
+    out.userData.__holesFilled = addedTris.length / 3;
+    this.fixTriangleNormals(out);
+    this.fixTriangleNormals(out);
+    this.fixTriangleNormals(out);
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  // (removed) 4.5) Split self-intersections and discard interior triangles
+
+  // ---------- 5) Fix triangle normals (consistent winding + outward orientation) ----------
+  fixTriangleNormals(geometry) {
+    MeshRepairer._ensureIndexed(geometry);
+    const idx = Array.from(geometry.index.array);
+    const pos = geometry.attributes.position.array;
+
+    // For each unordered edge, track the two triangles and their local edge directions
+    const triCount = idx.length / 3;
+    const triVerts = Array.from({ length: triCount }, (_, t) => [idx[3 * t], idx[3 * t + 1], idx[3 * t + 2]]);
+    const edgeToTris = new Map(); // key -> [{t, dir:+1/-1 w.r.t (i->j) in that tri}, ...]
+
+    function addEdge(t, i, j) {
+      const key = MeshRepairer._edgeKey(i, j);
+      const dir = (i < j) ? +1 : -1; // store whether tri uses (min->max) or (max->min)
+      if (!edgeToTris.has(key)) edgeToTris.set(key, []);
+      edgeToTris.get(key).push({ t, dir });
+    }
+
+    for (let t = 0; t < triCount; t++) {
+      const [a, b, c] = triVerts[t];
+      addEdge(t, a, b);
+      addEdge(t, b, c);
+      addEdge(t, c, a);
+    }
+
+    // BFS to make windings consistent
+    const visited = new Uint8Array(triCount);
+    const flip = new Uint8Array(triCount); // 0 keep, 1 flip
+
+    for (let seed = 0; seed < triCount; seed++) {
+      if (visited[seed]) continue;
+      visited[seed] = 1;
+      flip[seed] = 0;
+      const q = [seed];
+
+      while (q.length) {
+        const t = q.shift();
+        const [a, b, c] = triVerts[t];
+        const edges = [[a, b], [b, c], [c, a]];
+
+        for (const [i, j] of edges) {
+          const key = MeshRepairer._edgeKey(i, j);
+          const group = edgeToTris.get(key) || [];
+          // Determine our local direction for this unordered edge:
+          const ourDir = (i < j) ? +1 : -1;
+
+          for (const { t: u, dir: neighborDir } of group) {
+            if (u === t || visited[u]) continue;
+
+            // If both triangles reference the shared edge with the SAME direction,
+            // neighbor must be flipped relative to us; else keep parity.
+            const sameDirection = (neighborDir === ourDir);
+            flip[u] = flip[t] ^ (sameDirection ? 1 : 0);
+            visited[u] = 1;
+            q.push(u);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Apply flips for consistency
+    for (let t = 0; t < triCount; t++) {
+      if (flip[t]) {
+        const base = 3 * t;
+        const tmp = idx[base + 1];
+        idx[base + 1] = idx[base + 2];
+        idx[base + 2] = tmp;
+        // Update triVerts for volume calc
+        const [a, b, c] = triVerts[t];
+        triVerts[t] = [a, c, b];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Outward orientation using signed volume (if roughly closed)
+    let vol6 = 0.0;
+    for (let t = 0; t < triCount; t++) {
+      const [a, b, c] = triVerts[t];
+      const A = MeshRepairer._vec3Of(pos, a);
+      const B = MeshRepairer._vec3Of(pos, b);
+      const C = MeshRepairer._vec3Of(pos, c);
+      const AxB = MeshRepairer._cross(A, B);
+      vol6 += MeshRepairer._dot(AxB, C);
+    }
+    if (Math.abs(vol6) > 1e-18 && vol6 < 0) {
+      for (let t = 0; t < idx.length; t += 3) {
+        const tmp = idx[t + 1];
+        idx[t + 1] = idx[t + 2];
+        idx[t + 2] = tmp;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const out = new THREE.BufferGeometry();
+    out.setAttribute('position', geometry.attributes.position);
+    if (geometry.attributes.uv) out.setAttribute('uv', geometry.attributes.uv);
+    if (geometry.attributes.normal) out.setAttribute('normal', geometry.attributes.normal);
+    out.setIndex(idx);
+    out.computeVertexNormals();
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  // ---------- Convenience pipeline ----------
+  repairAll(geometry, { weldEps = 5e-4, lineEps = 5e-4, gridCell = 0.01 } = {}) {
+    let g = this.weldVertices(geometry, weldEps);
+    g = this.fixTJunctions(g, lineEps, gridCell);
+    g = this.removeOverlappingTriangles(g);
+    g = this.fillHoles(g);
+    g = this.fixTriangleNormals(g);
+    g = this.fillHoles(g);
+    g = this.fixTriangleNormals(g);
+    g.computeVertexNormals();
+    return g;
+  }
+}