aigroup-workflow 2.2.1 → 2.2.3

package/skills/database/database-optimizer/references/postgresql-tuning.md

@@ -1,413 +1,413 @@
-# PostgreSQL Tuning
-
-## Memory Configuration
-
-### Shared Buffers
-
-```sql
--- Recommended: 25% of system RAM (up to 40% for dedicated DB server)
--- For 16GB RAM server:
-ALTER SYSTEM SET shared_buffers = '4GB';
-
--- Check current setting
-SHOW shared_buffers;
-
--- Monitor buffer hit ratio (target: >99%)
-SELECT
-    sum(heap_blks_read) as heap_read,
-    sum(heap_blks_hit) as heap_hit,
-    round(sum(heap_blks_hit) / nullif(sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read), 0) * 100, 2) as cache_hit_ratio
-FROM pg_statio_user_tables;
-```
-
-### Work Memory
-
-```sql
--- Per-operation memory for sorting/hashing
--- Recommended: (Total RAM * 0.25) / max_connections
--- For 16GB RAM, 100 connections: ~40MB
-ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '40MB';
-
--- Monitor sorts
-SELECT
-    query,
-    calls,
-    total_exec_time,
-    mean_exec_time,
-    min_exec_time,
-    max_exec_time
-FROM pg_stat_statements
-WHERE query LIKE '%ORDER BY%' OR query LIKE '%GROUP BY%'
-ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC
-LIMIT 10;
-
--- Set per-session for large operations
-SET work_mem = '256MB';
-SELECT ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT 1000;
-RESET work_mem;
-```
-
-### Maintenance Work Memory
-
-```sql
--- For VACUUM, CREATE INDEX, ALTER TABLE
--- Recommended: 1-2GB for production systems
-ALTER SYSTEM SET maintenance_work_mem = '2GB';
-
--- Autovacuum workers use proportional amount
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_work_mem = '512MB';
-```
-
-### Effective Cache Size
-
-```sql
--- Planner hint for available OS cache
--- Recommended: 50-75% of total RAM
--- For 16GB RAM:
-ALTER SYSTEM SET effective_cache_size = '12GB';
-```
-
-## Query Planner Settings
-
-### Statistics Target
-
-```sql
--- Default is 100, increase for better estimates on complex queries
-ALTER SYSTEM SET default_statistics_target = 200;
-
--- Per-column statistics for specific columns
-ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN email SET STATISTICS 500;
-
--- Force statistics update
-ANALYZE users;
-
--- Check statistics quality
-SELECT
-    schemaname, tablename, attname,
-    n_distinct, correlation
-FROM pg_stats
-WHERE tablename = 'users';
-```
-
-### Parallel Query Configuration
-
-```sql
--- Enable parallel queries
-ALTER SYSTEM SET max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 4;
-ALTER SYSTEM SET max_parallel_workers = 8;
-ALTER SYSTEM SET parallel_setup_cost = 100;
-ALTER SYSTEM SET parallel_tuple_cost = 0.01;
-
--- Minimum rows to consider parallel execution
-ALTER SYSTEM SET min_parallel_table_scan_size = '8MB';
-ALTER SYSTEM SET min_parallel_index_scan_size = '512kB';
-
--- Check if query uses parallel execution
-EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)
-SELECT COUNT(*) FROM large_table WHERE condition = 'value';
--- Look for "Parallel Seq Scan" or "Gather" nodes
-```
-
-### Join and Scan Methods
-
-```sql
--- Enable all join methods (usually all enabled by default)
-ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_hashjoin = on;
-ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_mergejoin = on;
-ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_nestloop = on;
-
--- Cost parameters (adjust based on hardware)
-ALTER SYSTEM SET random_page_cost = 1.1;  -- For SSD (default 4.0 is for HDD)
-ALTER SYSTEM SET seq_page_cost = 1.0;
-
--- Disable methods for testing (don't do in production)
-SET enable_seqscan = off;  -- Force index usage for testing
-```
-
-## Write Performance Optimization
-
-### WAL Configuration
-
-```sql
--- WAL write strategy
-ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_buffers = '16MB';
-ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_writer_delay = '200ms';
-
--- Checkpoint configuration
-ALTER SYSTEM SET checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9;
-ALTER SYSTEM SET max_wal_size = '2GB';
-ALTER SYSTEM SET min_wal_size = '1GB';
-
--- Monitor checkpoints
-SELECT
-    checkpoints_timed,
-    checkpoints_req,
-    checkpoint_write_time,
-    checkpoint_sync_time,
-    buffers_checkpoint,
-    buffers_clean,
-    buffers_backend
-FROM pg_stat_bgwriter;
-
--- Too many requested checkpoints = increase max_wal_size
-```
-
-### Commit Delays
-
-```sql
--- Group commits (trade latency for throughput)
-ALTER SYSTEM SET commit_delay = 10000;  -- 10ms
-ALTER SYSTEM SET commit_siblings = 5;
-
--- Asynchronous commit (trade durability for speed)
--- Use cautiously - risk losing recent commits on crash
-ALTER SYSTEM SET synchronous_commit = 'off';
-
--- Or per-transaction
-BEGIN;
-SET LOCAL synchronous_commit = 'off';
-INSERT INTO logs (...) VALUES (...);
-COMMIT;
-```
-
-## VACUUM and Autovacuum
-
-### Autovacuum Configuration
-
-```sql
--- Enable autovacuum (should always be on)
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum = on;
-
--- Autovacuum worker settings
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_max_workers = 4;
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_naptime = '30s';
-
--- Thresholds for triggering autovacuum
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.1;  -- 10% dead tuples
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50;
-
--- Analyze thresholds
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.05;  -- 5% changed
-ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50;
-
--- Per-table autovacuum settings for high-churn tables
-ALTER TABLE busy_table SET (
-    autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.01,  -- More aggressive
-    autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 2,       -- Faster vacuum
-    autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = 1000
-);
-```
-
-### Manual Vacuum Operations
-
-```sql
--- Full vacuum (locks table, reclaims space)
-VACUUM FULL users;  -- Use sparingly, requires exclusive lock
-
--- Regular vacuum (non-locking)
-VACUUM (ANALYZE, VERBOSE) users;
-
--- Check table bloat
-SELECT
-    schemaname, tablename,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as total_size,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as table_size,
-    n_dead_tup,
-    n_live_tup,
-    round(n_dead_tup * 100.0 / NULLIF(n_live_tup + n_dead_tup, 0), 2) as dead_pct
-FROM pg_stat_user_tables
-WHERE n_live_tup > 0
-ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
-
--- Monitor autovacuum activity
-SELECT
-    schemaname, relname,
-    last_vacuum, last_autovacuum,
-    last_analyze, last_autoanalyze,
-    vacuum_count, autovacuum_count,
-    analyze_count, autoanalyze_count
-FROM pg_stat_user_tables
-ORDER BY last_autovacuum DESC NULLS LAST;
-```
-
-## Connection Pooling
-
-### Configuration
-
-```sql
--- Max connections (keep reasonable to manage memory)
-ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 200;
-
--- Reserved connections for superuser
-ALTER SYSTEM SET superuser_reserved_connections = 3;
-
--- Connection lifecycle
-ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '5min';
-ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';  -- Per-query timeout
-
--- Monitor connections
-SELECT
-    state,
-    count(*),
-    max(now() - state_change) as max_idle_time
-FROM pg_stat_activity
-WHERE state IS NOT NULL
-GROUP BY state;
-
--- Find long-running queries
-SELECT
-    pid,
-    now() - pg_stat_activity.query_start AS duration,
-    query,
-    state
-FROM pg_stat_activity
-WHERE (now() - pg_stat_activity.query_start) > interval '5 minutes'
-  AND state != 'idle';
-```
-
-## Lock Management
-
-### Lock Monitoring
-
-```sql
--- Check current locks
-SELECT
-    locktype,
-    relation::regclass,
-    mode,
-    granted,
-    pid,
-    pg_blocking_pids(pid) as blocked_by
-FROM pg_locks
-WHERE NOT granted
-ORDER BY relation;
-
--- Find blocking queries
-SELECT
-    blocked_locks.pid AS blocked_pid,
-    blocked_activity.usename AS blocked_user,
-    blocking_locks.pid AS blocking_pid,
-    blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
-    blocked_activity.query AS blocked_statement,
-    blocking_activity.query AS blocking_statement
-FROM pg_catalog.pg_locks blocked_locks
-JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocked_activity ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
-JOIN pg_catalog.pg_locks blocking_locks ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
-    AND blocking_locks.relation = blocked_locks.relation
-    AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid
-JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
-WHERE NOT blocked_locks.granted;
-
--- Deadlock configuration
-ALTER SYSTEM SET deadlock_timeout = '1s';
-ALTER SYSTEM SET log_lock_waits = on;
-```
-
-## Partitioning
-
-### Range Partitioning
-
-```sql
--- Create partitioned table
-CREATE TABLE events (
-    id BIGSERIAL,
-    event_type VARCHAR(50),
-    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
-    data JSONB
-) PARTITION BY RANGE (created_at);
-
--- Create partitions
-CREATE TABLE events_2024_01 PARTITION OF events
-    FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-01-01') TO ('2024-02-01');
-
-CREATE TABLE events_2024_02 PARTITION OF events
-    FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-02-01') TO ('2024-03-01');
-
--- Create indexes on partitions
-CREATE INDEX idx_events_2024_01_type ON events_2024_01(event_type);
-CREATE INDEX idx_events_2024_02_type ON events_2024_02(event_type);
-
--- Query uses partition pruning
-EXPLAIN (ANALYZE)
-SELECT * FROM events
-WHERE created_at >= '2024-01-15' AND created_at < '2024-01-20';
--- Should show "Partitions pruned: X"
-```
-
-## Performance Monitoring
-
-### Key Metrics Queries
-
-```sql
--- pg_stat_statements (install extension first)
-CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
-
--- Top slow queries
-SELECT
-    round(total_exec_time::numeric, 2) as total_time,
-    calls,
-    round(mean_exec_time::numeric, 2) as mean_time,
-    round((100 * total_exec_time / sum(total_exec_time) OVER ())::numeric, 2) as pct,
-    query
-FROM pg_stat_statements
-ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC
-LIMIT 10;
-
--- Cache hit ratio by table
-SELECT
-    schemaname,
-    tablename,
-    heap_blks_hit,
-    heap_blks_read,
-    round(100.0 * heap_blks_hit / NULLIF(heap_blks_hit + heap_blks_read, 0), 2) as cache_hit_pct
-FROM pg_statio_user_tables
-WHERE heap_blks_hit + heap_blks_read > 0
-ORDER BY heap_blks_read DESC;
-
--- Index usage statistics
-SELECT
-    schemaname,
-    tablename,
-    indexname,
-    idx_scan,
-    idx_tup_read,
-    idx_tup_fetch,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexrelid)) as size
-FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
-ORDER BY idx_scan DESC;
-```
-
-## Configuration File Example
-
-```ini
-# postgresql.conf - Production optimized for 16GB RAM server
-
-# Memory
-shared_buffers = 4GB
-effective_cache_size = 12GB
-work_mem = 40MB
-maintenance_work_mem = 2GB
-
-# WAL
-wal_buffers = 16MB
-checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9
-max_wal_size = 2GB
-
-# Query Planner
-default_statistics_target = 200
-random_page_cost = 1.1  # SSD
-effective_io_concurrency = 200  # SSD
-
-# Parallel Queries
-max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 4
-max_parallel_workers = 8
-
-# Connections
-max_connections = 200
-
-# Logging
-log_min_duration_statement = 1000  # Log queries > 1s
-log_line_prefix = '%t [%p]: [%l-1] user=%u,db=%d,app=%a,client=%h '
-log_checkpoints = on
-log_lock_waits = on
-```
+# PostgreSQL Tuning
+
+## Memory Configuration
+
+### Shared Buffers
+
+```sql
+-- Recommended: 25% of system RAM (up to 40% for dedicated DB server)
+-- For 16GB RAM server:
+ALTER SYSTEM SET shared_buffers = '4GB';
+
+-- Check current setting
+SHOW shared_buffers;
+
+-- Monitor buffer hit ratio (target: >99%)
+SELECT
+    sum(heap_blks_read) as heap_read,
+    sum(heap_blks_hit) as heap_hit,
+    round(sum(heap_blks_hit) / nullif(sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read), 0) * 100, 2) as cache_hit_ratio
+FROM pg_statio_user_tables;
+```
+
+### Work Memory
+
+```sql
+-- Per-operation memory for sorting/hashing
+-- Recommended: (Total RAM * 0.25) / max_connections
+-- For 16GB RAM, 100 connections: ~40MB
+ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '40MB';
+
+-- Monitor sorts
+SELECT
+    query,
+    calls,
+    total_exec_time,
+    mean_exec_time,
+    min_exec_time,
+    max_exec_time
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+WHERE query LIKE '%ORDER BY%' OR query LIKE '%GROUP BY%'
+ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC
+LIMIT 10;
+
+-- Set per-session for large operations
+SET work_mem = '256MB';
+SELECT ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT 1000;
+RESET work_mem;
+```
+
+### Maintenance Work Memory
+
+```sql
+-- For VACUUM, CREATE INDEX, ALTER TABLE
+-- Recommended: 1-2GB for production systems
+ALTER SYSTEM SET maintenance_work_mem = '2GB';
+
+-- Autovacuum workers use proportional amount
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_work_mem = '512MB';
+```
+
+### Effective Cache Size
+
+```sql
+-- Planner hint for available OS cache
+-- Recommended: 50-75% of total RAM
+-- For 16GB RAM:
+ALTER SYSTEM SET effective_cache_size = '12GB';
+```
+
+## Query Planner Settings
+
+### Statistics Target
+
+```sql
+-- Default is 100, increase for better estimates on complex queries
+ALTER SYSTEM SET default_statistics_target = 200;
+
+-- Per-column statistics for specific columns
+ALTER TABLE users ALTER COLUMN email SET STATISTICS 500;
+
+-- Force statistics update
+ANALYZE users;
+
+-- Check statistics quality
+SELECT
+    schemaname, tablename, attname,
+    n_distinct, correlation
+FROM pg_stats
+WHERE tablename = 'users';
+```
+
+### Parallel Query Configuration
+
+```sql
+-- Enable parallel queries
+ALTER SYSTEM SET max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 4;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET max_parallel_workers = 8;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET parallel_setup_cost = 100;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET parallel_tuple_cost = 0.01;
+
+-- Minimum rows to consider parallel execution
+ALTER SYSTEM SET min_parallel_table_scan_size = '8MB';
+ALTER SYSTEM SET min_parallel_index_scan_size = '512kB';
+
+-- Check if query uses parallel execution
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM large_table WHERE condition = 'value';
+-- Look for "Parallel Seq Scan" or "Gather" nodes
+```
+
+### Join and Scan Methods
+
+```sql
+-- Enable all join methods (usually all enabled by default)
+ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_hashjoin = on;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_mergejoin = on;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET enable_nestloop = on;
+
+-- Cost parameters (adjust based on hardware)
+ALTER SYSTEM SET random_page_cost = 1.1;  -- For SSD (default 4.0 is for HDD)
+ALTER SYSTEM SET seq_page_cost = 1.0;
+
+-- Disable methods for testing (don't do in production)
+SET enable_seqscan = off;  -- Force index usage for testing
+```
+
+## Write Performance Optimization
+
+### WAL Configuration
+
+```sql
+-- WAL write strategy
+ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_buffers = '16MB';
+ALTER SYSTEM SET wal_writer_delay = '200ms';
+
+-- Checkpoint configuration
+ALTER SYSTEM SET checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET max_wal_size = '2GB';
+ALTER SYSTEM SET min_wal_size = '1GB';
+
+-- Monitor checkpoints
+SELECT
+    checkpoints_timed,
+    checkpoints_req,
+    checkpoint_write_time,
+    checkpoint_sync_time,
+    buffers_checkpoint,
+    buffers_clean,
+    buffers_backend
+FROM pg_stat_bgwriter;
+
+-- Too many requested checkpoints = increase max_wal_size
+```
+
+### Commit Delays
+
+```sql
+-- Group commits (trade latency for throughput)
+ALTER SYSTEM SET commit_delay = 10000;  -- 10ms
+ALTER SYSTEM SET commit_siblings = 5;
+
+-- Asynchronous commit (trade durability for speed)
+-- Use cautiously - risk losing recent commits on crash
+ALTER SYSTEM SET synchronous_commit = 'off';
+
+-- Or per-transaction
+BEGIN;
+SET LOCAL synchronous_commit = 'off';
+INSERT INTO logs (...) VALUES (...);
+COMMIT;
+```
+
+## VACUUM and Autovacuum
+
+### Autovacuum Configuration
+
+```sql
+-- Enable autovacuum (should always be on)
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum = on;
+
+-- Autovacuum worker settings
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_max_workers = 4;
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_naptime = '30s';
+
+-- Thresholds for triggering autovacuum
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.1;  -- 10% dead tuples
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50;
+
+-- Analyze thresholds
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.05;  -- 5% changed
+ALTER SYSTEM SET autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50;
+
+-- Per-table autovacuum settings for high-churn tables
+ALTER TABLE busy_table SET (
+    autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.01,  -- More aggressive
+    autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 2,       -- Faster vacuum
+    autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = 1000
+);
+```
+
+### Manual Vacuum Operations
+
+```sql
+-- Full vacuum (locks table, reclaims space)
+VACUUM FULL users;  -- Use sparingly, requires exclusive lock
+
+-- Regular vacuum (non-locking)
+VACUUM (ANALYZE, VERBOSE) users;
+
+-- Check table bloat
+SELECT
+    schemaname, tablename,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as total_size,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as table_size,
+    n_dead_tup,
+    n_live_tup,
+    round(n_dead_tup * 100.0 / NULLIF(n_live_tup + n_dead_tup, 0), 2) as dead_pct
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+WHERE n_live_tup > 0
+ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
+
+-- Monitor autovacuum activity
+SELECT
+    schemaname, relname,
+    last_vacuum, last_autovacuum,
+    last_analyze, last_autoanalyze,
+    vacuum_count, autovacuum_count,
+    analyze_count, autoanalyze_count
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+ORDER BY last_autovacuum DESC NULLS LAST;
+```
+
+## Connection Pooling
+
+### Configuration
+
+```sql
+-- Max connections (keep reasonable to manage memory)
+ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 200;
+
+-- Reserved connections for superuser
+ALTER SYSTEM SET superuser_reserved_connections = 3;
+
+-- Connection lifecycle
+ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '5min';
+ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';  -- Per-query timeout
+
+-- Monitor connections
+SELECT
+    state,
+    count(*),
+    max(now() - state_change) as max_idle_time
+FROM pg_stat_activity
+WHERE state IS NOT NULL
+GROUP BY state;
+
+-- Find long-running queries
+SELECT
+    pid,
+    now() - pg_stat_activity.query_start AS duration,
+    query,
+    state
+FROM pg_stat_activity
+WHERE (now() - pg_stat_activity.query_start) > interval '5 minutes'
+  AND state != 'idle';
+```
+
+## Lock Management
+
+### Lock Monitoring
+
+```sql
+-- Check current locks
+SELECT
+    locktype,
+    relation::regclass,
+    mode,
+    granted,
+    pid,
+    pg_blocking_pids(pid) as blocked_by
+FROM pg_locks
+WHERE NOT granted
+ORDER BY relation;
+
+-- Find blocking queries
+SELECT
+    blocked_locks.pid AS blocked_pid,
+    blocked_activity.usename AS blocked_user,
+    blocking_locks.pid AS blocking_pid,
+    blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
+    blocked_activity.query AS blocked_statement,
+    blocking_activity.query AS blocking_statement
+FROM pg_catalog.pg_locks blocked_locks
+JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocked_activity ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
+JOIN pg_catalog.pg_locks blocking_locks ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
+    AND blocking_locks.relation = blocked_locks.relation
+    AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid
+JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
+WHERE NOT blocked_locks.granted;
+
+-- Deadlock configuration
+ALTER SYSTEM SET deadlock_timeout = '1s';
+ALTER SYSTEM SET log_lock_waits = on;
+```
+
+## Partitioning
+
+### Range Partitioning
+
+```sql
+-- Create partitioned table
+CREATE TABLE events (
+    id BIGSERIAL,
+    event_type VARCHAR(50),
+    created_at TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
+    data JSONB
+) PARTITION BY RANGE (created_at);
+
+-- Create partitions
+CREATE TABLE events_2024_01 PARTITION OF events
+    FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-01-01') TO ('2024-02-01');
+
+CREATE TABLE events_2024_02 PARTITION OF events
+    FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-02-01') TO ('2024-03-01');
+
+-- Create indexes on partitions
+CREATE INDEX idx_events_2024_01_type ON events_2024_01(event_type);
+CREATE INDEX idx_events_2024_02_type ON events_2024_02(event_type);
+
+-- Query uses partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE)
+SELECT * FROM events
+WHERE created_at >= '2024-01-15' AND created_at < '2024-01-20';
+-- Should show "Partitions pruned: X"
+```
+
+## Performance Monitoring
+
+### Key Metrics Queries
+
+```sql
+-- pg_stat_statements (install extension first)
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
+
+-- Top slow queries
+SELECT
+    round(total_exec_time::numeric, 2) as total_time,
+    calls,
+    round(mean_exec_time::numeric, 2) as mean_time,
+    round((100 * total_exec_time / sum(total_exec_time) OVER ())::numeric, 2) as pct,
+    query
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC
+LIMIT 10;
+
+-- Cache hit ratio by table
+SELECT
+    schemaname,
+    tablename,
+    heap_blks_hit,
+    heap_blks_read,
+    round(100.0 * heap_blks_hit / NULLIF(heap_blks_hit + heap_blks_read, 0), 2) as cache_hit_pct
+FROM pg_statio_user_tables
+WHERE heap_blks_hit + heap_blks_read > 0
+ORDER BY heap_blks_read DESC;
+
+-- Index usage statistics
+SELECT
+    schemaname,
+    tablename,
+    indexname,
+    idx_scan,
+    idx_tup_read,
+    idx_tup_fetch,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexrelid)) as size
+FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
+ORDER BY idx_scan DESC;
+```
+
+## Configuration File Example
+
+```ini
+# postgresql.conf - Production optimized for 16GB RAM server
+
+# Memory
+shared_buffers = 4GB
+effective_cache_size = 12GB
+work_mem = 40MB
+maintenance_work_mem = 2GB
+
+# WAL
+wal_buffers = 16MB
+checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9
+max_wal_size = 2GB
+
+# Query Planner
+default_statistics_target = 200
+random_page_cost = 1.1  # SSD
+effective_io_concurrency = 200  # SSD
+
+# Parallel Queries
+max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 4
+max_parallel_workers = 8
+
+# Connections
+max_connections = 200
+
+# Logging
+log_min_duration_statement = 1000  # Log queries > 1s
+log_line_prefix = '%t [%p]: [%l-1] user=%u,db=%d,app=%a,client=%h '
+log_checkpoints = on
+log_lock_waits = on
+```