aigroup-workflow 2.2.1 → 2.2.3

package/skills/database/database-optimizer/references/monitoring-analysis.md

@@ -1,501 +1,501 @@
-# Monitoring and Analysis
-
-## PostgreSQL Monitoring
-
-### Essential Extensions
-
-```sql
--- Install performance monitoring extensions
-CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
-CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_buffercache;
-CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_trgm;  -- For similarity searches
-
--- Reset statistics
-SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset();
-SELECT pg_stat_reset();
-```
-
-### Query Performance Tracking
-
-```sql
--- Top queries by total time
-SELECT
-    substring(query, 1, 100) as short_query,
-    round(total_exec_time::numeric, 2) as total_time_ms,
-    calls,
-    round(mean_exec_time::numeric, 2) as mean_time_ms,
-    round(stddev_exec_time::numeric, 2) as stddev_ms,
-    round((100 * total_exec_time / sum(total_exec_time) OVER ())::numeric, 2) as pct_total
-FROM pg_stat_statements
-WHERE query NOT LIKE '%pg_stat_statements%'
-ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC
-LIMIT 20;
-
--- Queries with high variance
-SELECT
-    substring(query, 1, 100) as short_query,
-    calls,
-    round(mean_exec_time::numeric, 2) as mean_ms,
-    round(stddev_exec_time::numeric, 2) as stddev_ms,
-    round(max_exec_time::numeric, 2) as max_ms,
-    round((stddev_exec_time / NULLIF(mean_exec_time, 0))::numeric, 2) as coeff_var
-FROM pg_stat_statements
-WHERE calls > 100
-  AND stddev_exec_time > mean_exec_time * 0.5
-ORDER BY stddev_exec_time DESC
-LIMIT 20;
-
--- I/O intensive queries
-SELECT
-    substring(query, 1, 100) as short_query,
-    calls,
-    shared_blks_hit,
-    shared_blks_read,
-    shared_blks_written,
-    round((shared_blks_read::numeric / NULLIF(calls, 0)), 2) as reads_per_call,
-    round((shared_blks_hit / NULLIF(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0)::numeric * 100), 2) as cache_hit_pct
-FROM pg_stat_statements
-WHERE shared_blks_read > 0
-ORDER BY shared_blks_read DESC
-LIMIT 20;
-```
-
-### Connection and Lock Monitoring
-
-```sql
--- Current activity
-SELECT
-    pid,
-    usename,
-    application_name,
-    client_addr,
-    state,
-    state_change,
-    query_start,
-    now() - query_start as duration,
-    wait_event_type,
-    wait_event,
-    substring(query, 1, 100) as query
-FROM pg_stat_activity
-WHERE state != 'idle'
-ORDER BY query_start;
-
--- Blocking queries
-SELECT
-    blocked_locks.pid AS blocked_pid,
-    blocked_activity.usename AS blocked_user,
-    blocking_locks.pid AS blocking_pid,
-    blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
-    blocked_activity.query AS blocked_query,
-    blocking_activity.query AS blocking_query,
-    blocked_activity.application_name AS blocked_app
-FROM pg_catalog.pg_locks blocked_locks
-JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocked_activity ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
-JOIN pg_catalog.pg_locks blocking_locks
-    ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
-    AND blocking_locks.database IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.database
-    AND blocking_locks.relation IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.relation
-    AND blocking_locks.page IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.page
-    AND blocking_locks.tuple IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.tuple
-    AND blocking_locks.virtualxid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.virtualxid
-    AND blocking_locks.transactionid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.transactionid
-    AND blocking_locks.classid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.classid
-    AND blocking_locks.objid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objid
-    AND blocking_locks.objsubid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objsubid
-    AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid
-JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
-WHERE NOT blocked_locks.granted;
-
--- Wait events summary
-SELECT
-    wait_event_type,
-    wait_event,
-    count(*) as waiting_connections
-FROM pg_stat_activity
-WHERE wait_event IS NOT NULL
-GROUP BY wait_event_type, wait_event
-ORDER BY waiting_connections DESC;
-```
-
-### Table and Index Statistics
-
-```sql
--- Table bloat and dead tuples
-SELECT
-    schemaname,
-    tablename,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as total_size,
-    n_live_tup,
-    n_dead_tup,
-    round(n_dead_tup * 100.0 / NULLIF(n_live_tup + n_dead_tup, 0), 2) as dead_pct,
-    last_vacuum,
-    last_autovacuum,
-    last_analyze,
-    last_autoanalyze
-FROM pg_stat_user_tables
-WHERE n_live_tup > 1000
-ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
-
--- Index usage and efficiency
-SELECT
-    schemaname,
-    tablename,
-    indexname,
-    idx_scan,
-    idx_tup_read,
-    idx_tup_fetch,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexrelid)) as size,
-    CASE
-        WHEN idx_scan = 0 THEN 'UNUSED'
-        WHEN idx_tup_read = 0 THEN 'NEVER_READ'
-        ELSE 'ACTIVE'
-    END as status
-FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
-ORDER BY pg_relation_size(indexrelid) DESC;
-
--- Sequential scans on large tables
-SELECT
-    schemaname,
-    tablename,
-    seq_scan,
-    seq_tup_read,
-    idx_scan,
-    n_live_tup,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as size
-FROM pg_stat_user_tables
-WHERE seq_scan > 0
-  AND n_live_tup > 10000
-  AND seq_tup_read / NULLIF(seq_scan, 0) > 10000
-ORDER BY seq_tup_read DESC;
-```
-
-### Database Statistics
-
-```sql
--- Database size and activity
-SELECT
-    datname,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(datname)) as size,
-    numbackends as connections,
-    xact_commit,
-    xact_rollback,
-    round(xact_rollback * 100.0 / NULLIF(xact_commit + xact_rollback, 0), 2) as rollback_pct,
-    blks_read,
-    blks_hit,
-    round(blks_hit * 100.0 / NULLIF(blks_hit + blks_read, 0), 2) as cache_hit_pct
-FROM pg_stat_database
-WHERE datname NOT IN ('template0', 'template1', 'postgres')
-ORDER BY pg_database_size(datname) DESC;
-
--- Checkpoint and bgwriter statistics
-SELECT
-    checkpoints_timed,
-    checkpoints_req,
-    checkpoint_write_time,
-    checkpoint_sync_time,
-    buffers_checkpoint,
-    buffers_clean,
-    buffers_backend,
-    buffers_alloc,
-    round(100.0 * checkpoints_req / NULLIF(checkpoints_timed + checkpoints_req, 0), 2) as req_checkpoint_pct
-FROM pg_stat_bgwriter;
-```
-
-## MySQL Monitoring
-
-### Performance Schema Queries
-
-```sql
--- Top statements by total latency
-SELECT
-    DIGEST_TEXT as query,
-    COUNT_STAR as exec_count,
-    ROUND(AVG_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as avg_sec,
-    ROUND(SUM_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as total_sec,
-    ROUND(MAX_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as max_sec,
-    ROUND((SUM_TIMER_WAIT / SUM(SUM_TIMER_WAIT) OVER ()) * 100, 2) as pct_total
-FROM performance_schema.events_statements_summary_by_digest
-WHERE SCHEMA_NAME NOT IN ('performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
-ORDER BY SUM_TIMER_WAIT DESC
-LIMIT 20;
-
--- Statements with full table scans
-SELECT
-    OBJECT_SCHEMA as db,
-    OBJECT_NAME as tbl,
-    COUNT_STAR as exec_count,
-    SUM_NO_INDEX_USED as full_scans,
-    SUM_NO_GOOD_INDEX_USED as bad_index
-FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
-WHERE INDEX_NAME IS NULL
-  AND OBJECT_SCHEMA NOT IN ('performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
-  AND COUNT_STAR > 0
-ORDER BY SUM_NO_INDEX_USED DESC;
-
--- Table I/O statistics
-SELECT
-    OBJECT_SCHEMA,
-    OBJECT_NAME,
-    COUNT_READ,
-    COUNT_WRITE,
-    COUNT_FETCH,
-    COUNT_INSERT,
-    COUNT_UPDATE,
-    COUNT_DELETE,
-    ROUND(SUM_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as total_latency_sec
-FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_table
-WHERE OBJECT_SCHEMA NOT IN ('performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
-ORDER BY SUM_TIMER_WAIT DESC
-LIMIT 20;
-```
-
-### InnoDB Status Monitoring
-
-```sql
--- InnoDB buffer pool status
-SELECT
-    POOL_ID,
-    POOL_SIZE,
-    FREE_BUFFERS,
-    DATABASE_PAGES,
-    OLD_DATABASE_PAGES,
-    MODIFIED_DATABASE_PAGES,
-    PENDING_DECOMPRESS,
-    PENDING_READS,
-    PENDING_FLUSH_LRU,
-    PENDING_FLUSH_LIST
-FROM information_schema.INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS;
-
--- InnoDB lock waits
-SELECT
-    r.trx_id as waiting_trx,
-    r.trx_mysql_thread_id as waiting_thread,
-    r.trx_query as waiting_query,
-    b.trx_id as blocking_trx,
-    b.trx_mysql_thread_id as blocking_thread,
-    b.trx_query as blocking_query
-FROM information_schema.innodb_lock_waits w
-INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx b ON b.trx_id = w.blocking_trx_id
-INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx r ON r.trx_id = w.requesting_trx_id;
-
--- Long-running transactions
-SELECT
-    trx_id,
-    trx_state,
-    trx_started,
-    TIMESTAMPDIFF(SECOND, trx_started, NOW()) as duration_sec,
-    trx_requested_lock_id,
-    trx_mysql_thread_id,
-    trx_query
-FROM information_schema.innodb_trx
-WHERE TIMESTAMPDIFF(SECOND, trx_started, NOW()) > 60
-ORDER BY trx_started;
-```
-
-### Connection and Process Monitoring
-
-```sql
--- Current connections by state
-SELECT
-    command,
-    state,
-    COUNT(*) as connections,
-    MAX(time) as max_time_sec
-FROM information_schema.processlist
-GROUP BY command, state
-ORDER BY connections DESC;
-
--- Long-running queries
-SELECT
-    id,
-    user,
-    host,
-    db,
-    command,
-    time,
-    state,
-    LEFT(info, 100) as query
-FROM information_schema.processlist
-WHERE command != 'Sleep'
-  AND time > 10
-ORDER BY time DESC;
-
--- Connection usage
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Threads_%';
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Max_used_connections';
-SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_connections';
-```
-
-### System Status Variables
-
-```sql
--- Key buffer efficiency (MyISAM)
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Key_%';
-
--- InnoDB metrics
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_buffer_pool_%';
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_rows_%';
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_data_%';
-
--- Table locks
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Table_locks_%';
-
--- Temporary tables
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Created_tmp_%';
-
--- Thread cache
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Threads_%';
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Connections';
-
--- Query cache (MySQL 5.7)
-SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Qcache_%';
-```
-
-## Cross-Platform Monitoring
-
-### Resource Utilization
-
-```sql
--- PostgreSQL: Database size growth
-SELECT
-    current_database() as database,
-    pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(current_database())) as size,
-    (SELECT pg_size_pretty(sum(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)))
-     FROM pg_tables
-     WHERE schemaname = 'public') as public_schema_size;
-
--- MySQL: Database size
-SELECT
-    table_schema as database,
-    ROUND(SUM(data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) as size_mb
-FROM information_schema.tables
-WHERE table_schema NOT IN ('information_schema', 'performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
-GROUP BY table_schema
-ORDER BY size_mb DESC;
-```
-
-### Health Check Queries
-
-```sql
--- PostgreSQL: Overall health
-SELECT
-    'connections' as metric,
-    count(*) as current,
-    current_setting('max_connections')::int as max
-FROM pg_stat_activity
-UNION ALL
-SELECT
-    'cache_hit_ratio',
-    round((sum(heap_blks_hit) / NULLIF(sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read), 0) * 100)::numeric, 2),
-    95
-FROM pg_statio_user_tables
-UNION ALL
-SELECT
-    'database_size_gb',
-    round((pg_database_size(current_database()) / 1024.0 / 1024.0 / 1024.0)::numeric, 2),
-    NULL;
-
--- MySQL: Overall health
-SELECT 'connections' as metric,
-       (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.processlist) as current,
-       @@max_connections as max
-UNION ALL
-SELECT 'buffer_pool_hit_ratio',
-       ROUND((1 - (
-           (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
-           (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
-       )) * 100, 2),
-       95
-UNION ALL
-SELECT 'slow_queries',
-       (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Slow_queries'),
-       NULL;
-```
-
-## Alert Thresholds
-
-### PostgreSQL Alerts
-
-```sql
--- Connection pool nearing capacity
-SELECT
-    count(*) as current_connections,
-    current_setting('max_connections')::int as max_connections,
-    CASE
-        WHEN count(*) > current_setting('max_connections')::int * 0.9 THEN 'CRITICAL'
-        WHEN count(*) > current_setting('max_connections')::int * 0.8 THEN 'WARNING'
-        ELSE 'OK'
-    END as status
-FROM pg_stat_activity;
-
--- Cache hit ratio degradation
-WITH cache_stats AS (
-    SELECT
-        round((sum(heap_blks_hit) / NULLIF(sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read), 0) * 100)::numeric, 2) as hit_ratio
-    FROM pg_statio_user_tables
-)
-SELECT
-    hit_ratio,
-    CASE
-        WHEN hit_ratio < 90 THEN 'CRITICAL'
-        WHEN hit_ratio < 95 THEN 'WARNING'
-        ELSE 'OK'
-    END as status
-FROM cache_stats;
-
--- Replication lag (on standby)
-SELECT
-    CASE
-        WHEN pg_last_wal_receive_lsn() = pg_last_wal_replay_lsn() THEN 0
-        ELSE EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()))
-    END as lag_seconds,
-    CASE
-        WHEN EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp())) > 60 THEN 'CRITICAL'
-        WHEN EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp())) > 10 THEN 'WARNING'
-        ELSE 'OK'
-    END as status;
-```
-
-### MySQL Alerts
-
-```sql
--- InnoDB buffer pool efficiency
-SELECT
-    ROUND((1 - (
-        (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
-        (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
-    )) * 100, 2) as buffer_pool_hit_ratio,
-    CASE
-        WHEN (1 - (
-            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
-            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
-        )) * 100 < 90 THEN 'CRITICAL'
-        WHEN (1 - (
-            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
-            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
-        )) * 100 < 95 THEN 'WARNING'
-        ELSE 'OK'
-    END as status;
-
--- Replication lag (on replica)
-SELECT
-    Seconds_Behind_Master as lag_seconds,
-    CASE
-        WHEN Slave_IO_Running = 'No' OR Slave_SQL_Running = 'No' THEN 'CRITICAL - Replication stopped'
-        WHEN Seconds_Behind_Master > 300 THEN 'CRITICAL'
-        WHEN Seconds_Behind_Master > 60 THEN 'WARNING'
-        ELSE 'OK'
-    END as status
-FROM (SHOW SLAVE STATUS) s;
-```
-
-## Monitoring Best Practices
-
-1. **Establish baselines** - Record normal performance metrics
-2. **Track trends** - Monitor daily/weekly patterns
-3. **Set thresholds** - Define warning and critical levels
-4. **Automate alerts** - Use monitoring tools (Prometheus, Grafana, Datadog)
-5. **Regular reviews** - Weekly performance analysis meetings
-6. **Document changes** - Track configuration and schema modifications
-7. **Capacity planning** - Monitor growth and forecast needs
-8. **Test queries** - Validate optimizations in staging first
+# Monitoring and Analysis
+
+## PostgreSQL Monitoring
+
+### Essential Extensions
+
+```sql
+-- Install performance monitoring extensions
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_buffercache;
+CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_trgm;  -- For similarity searches
+
+-- Reset statistics
+SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset();
+SELECT pg_stat_reset();
+```
+
+### Query Performance Tracking
+
+```sql
+-- Top queries by total time
+SELECT
+    substring(query, 1, 100) as short_query,
+    round(total_exec_time::numeric, 2) as total_time_ms,
+    calls,
+    round(mean_exec_time::numeric, 2) as mean_time_ms,
+    round(stddev_exec_time::numeric, 2) as stddev_ms,
+    round((100 * total_exec_time / sum(total_exec_time) OVER ())::numeric, 2) as pct_total
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+WHERE query NOT LIKE '%pg_stat_statements%'
+ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+
+-- Queries with high variance
+SELECT
+    substring(query, 1, 100) as short_query,
+    calls,
+    round(mean_exec_time::numeric, 2) as mean_ms,
+    round(stddev_exec_time::numeric, 2) as stddev_ms,
+    round(max_exec_time::numeric, 2) as max_ms,
+    round((stddev_exec_time / NULLIF(mean_exec_time, 0))::numeric, 2) as coeff_var
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+WHERE calls > 100
+  AND stddev_exec_time > mean_exec_time * 0.5
+ORDER BY stddev_exec_time DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+
+-- I/O intensive queries
+SELECT
+    substring(query, 1, 100) as short_query,
+    calls,
+    shared_blks_hit,
+    shared_blks_read,
+    shared_blks_written,
+    round((shared_blks_read::numeric / NULLIF(calls, 0)), 2) as reads_per_call,
+    round((shared_blks_hit / NULLIF(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0)::numeric * 100), 2) as cache_hit_pct
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+WHERE shared_blks_read > 0
+ORDER BY shared_blks_read DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+```
+
+### Connection and Lock Monitoring
+
+```sql
+-- Current activity
+SELECT
+    pid,
+    usename,
+    application_name,
+    client_addr,
+    state,
+    state_change,
+    query_start,
+    now() - query_start as duration,
+    wait_event_type,
+    wait_event,
+    substring(query, 1, 100) as query
+FROM pg_stat_activity
+WHERE state != 'idle'
+ORDER BY query_start;
+
+-- Blocking queries
+SELECT
+    blocked_locks.pid AS blocked_pid,
+    blocked_activity.usename AS blocked_user,
+    blocking_locks.pid AS blocking_pid,
+    blocking_activity.usename AS blocking_user,
+    blocked_activity.query AS blocked_query,
+    blocking_activity.query AS blocking_query,
+    blocked_activity.application_name AS blocked_app
+FROM pg_catalog.pg_locks blocked_locks
+JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocked_activity ON blocked_activity.pid = blocked_locks.pid
+JOIN pg_catalog.pg_locks blocking_locks
+    ON blocking_locks.locktype = blocked_locks.locktype
+    AND blocking_locks.database IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.database
+    AND blocking_locks.relation IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.relation
+    AND blocking_locks.page IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.page
+    AND blocking_locks.tuple IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.tuple
+    AND blocking_locks.virtualxid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.virtualxid
+    AND blocking_locks.transactionid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.transactionid
+    AND blocking_locks.classid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.classid
+    AND blocking_locks.objid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objid
+    AND blocking_locks.objsubid IS NOT DISTINCT FROM blocked_locks.objsubid
+    AND blocking_locks.pid != blocked_locks.pid
+JOIN pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity blocking_activity ON blocking_activity.pid = blocking_locks.pid
+WHERE NOT blocked_locks.granted;
+
+-- Wait events summary
+SELECT
+    wait_event_type,
+    wait_event,
+    count(*) as waiting_connections
+FROM pg_stat_activity
+WHERE wait_event IS NOT NULL
+GROUP BY wait_event_type, wait_event
+ORDER BY waiting_connections DESC;
+```
+
+### Table and Index Statistics
+
+```sql
+-- Table bloat and dead tuples
+SELECT
+    schemaname,
+    tablename,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as total_size,
+    n_live_tup,
+    n_dead_tup,
+    round(n_dead_tup * 100.0 / NULLIF(n_live_tup + n_dead_tup, 0), 2) as dead_pct,
+    last_vacuum,
+    last_autovacuum,
+    last_analyze,
+    last_autoanalyze
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+WHERE n_live_tup > 1000
+ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
+
+-- Index usage and efficiency
+SELECT
+    schemaname,
+    tablename,
+    indexname,
+    idx_scan,
+    idx_tup_read,
+    idx_tup_fetch,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexrelid)) as size,
+    CASE
+        WHEN idx_scan = 0 THEN 'UNUSED'
+        WHEN idx_tup_read = 0 THEN 'NEVER_READ'
+        ELSE 'ACTIVE'
+    END as status
+FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
+ORDER BY pg_relation_size(indexrelid) DESC;
+
+-- Sequential scans on large tables
+SELECT
+    schemaname,
+    tablename,
+    seq_scan,
+    seq_tup_read,
+    idx_scan,
+    n_live_tup,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)) as size
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+WHERE seq_scan > 0
+  AND n_live_tup > 10000
+  AND seq_tup_read / NULLIF(seq_scan, 0) > 10000
+ORDER BY seq_tup_read DESC;
+```
+
+### Database Statistics
+
+```sql
+-- Database size and activity
+SELECT
+    datname,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(datname)) as size,
+    numbackends as connections,
+    xact_commit,
+    xact_rollback,
+    round(xact_rollback * 100.0 / NULLIF(xact_commit + xact_rollback, 0), 2) as rollback_pct,
+    blks_read,
+    blks_hit,
+    round(blks_hit * 100.0 / NULLIF(blks_hit + blks_read, 0), 2) as cache_hit_pct
+FROM pg_stat_database
+WHERE datname NOT IN ('template0', 'template1', 'postgres')
+ORDER BY pg_database_size(datname) DESC;
+
+-- Checkpoint and bgwriter statistics
+SELECT
+    checkpoints_timed,
+    checkpoints_req,
+    checkpoint_write_time,
+    checkpoint_sync_time,
+    buffers_checkpoint,
+    buffers_clean,
+    buffers_backend,
+    buffers_alloc,
+    round(100.0 * checkpoints_req / NULLIF(checkpoints_timed + checkpoints_req, 0), 2) as req_checkpoint_pct
+FROM pg_stat_bgwriter;
+```
+
+## MySQL Monitoring
+
+### Performance Schema Queries
+
+```sql
+-- Top statements by total latency
+SELECT
+    DIGEST_TEXT as query,
+    COUNT_STAR as exec_count,
+    ROUND(AVG_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as avg_sec,
+    ROUND(SUM_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as total_sec,
+    ROUND(MAX_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as max_sec,
+    ROUND((SUM_TIMER_WAIT / SUM(SUM_TIMER_WAIT) OVER ()) * 100, 2) as pct_total
+FROM performance_schema.events_statements_summary_by_digest
+WHERE SCHEMA_NAME NOT IN ('performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
+ORDER BY SUM_TIMER_WAIT DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+
+-- Statements with full table scans
+SELECT
+    OBJECT_SCHEMA as db,
+    OBJECT_NAME as tbl,
+    COUNT_STAR as exec_count,
+    SUM_NO_INDEX_USED as full_scans,
+    SUM_NO_GOOD_INDEX_USED as bad_index
+FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
+WHERE INDEX_NAME IS NULL
+  AND OBJECT_SCHEMA NOT IN ('performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
+  AND COUNT_STAR > 0
+ORDER BY SUM_NO_INDEX_USED DESC;
+
+-- Table I/O statistics
+SELECT
+    OBJECT_SCHEMA,
+    OBJECT_NAME,
+    COUNT_READ,
+    COUNT_WRITE,
+    COUNT_FETCH,
+    COUNT_INSERT,
+    COUNT_UPDATE,
+    COUNT_DELETE,
+    ROUND(SUM_TIMER_WAIT / 1000000000000, 3) as total_latency_sec
+FROM performance_schema.table_io_waits_summary_by_table
+WHERE OBJECT_SCHEMA NOT IN ('performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
+ORDER BY SUM_TIMER_WAIT DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+```
+
+### InnoDB Status Monitoring
+
+```sql
+-- InnoDB buffer pool status
+SELECT
+    POOL_ID,
+    POOL_SIZE,
+    FREE_BUFFERS,
+    DATABASE_PAGES,
+    OLD_DATABASE_PAGES,
+    MODIFIED_DATABASE_PAGES,
+    PENDING_DECOMPRESS,
+    PENDING_READS,
+    PENDING_FLUSH_LRU,
+    PENDING_FLUSH_LIST
+FROM information_schema.INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS;
+
+-- InnoDB lock waits
+SELECT
+    r.trx_id as waiting_trx,
+    r.trx_mysql_thread_id as waiting_thread,
+    r.trx_query as waiting_query,
+    b.trx_id as blocking_trx,
+    b.trx_mysql_thread_id as blocking_thread,
+    b.trx_query as blocking_query
+FROM information_schema.innodb_lock_waits w
+INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx b ON b.trx_id = w.blocking_trx_id
+INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx r ON r.trx_id = w.requesting_trx_id;
+
+-- Long-running transactions
+SELECT
+    trx_id,
+    trx_state,
+    trx_started,
+    TIMESTAMPDIFF(SECOND, trx_started, NOW()) as duration_sec,
+    trx_requested_lock_id,
+    trx_mysql_thread_id,
+    trx_query
+FROM information_schema.innodb_trx
+WHERE TIMESTAMPDIFF(SECOND, trx_started, NOW()) > 60
+ORDER BY trx_started;
+```
+
+### Connection and Process Monitoring
+
+```sql
+-- Current connections by state
+SELECT
+    command,
+    state,
+    COUNT(*) as connections,
+    MAX(time) as max_time_sec
+FROM information_schema.processlist
+GROUP BY command, state
+ORDER BY connections DESC;
+
+-- Long-running queries
+SELECT
+    id,
+    user,
+    host,
+    db,
+    command,
+    time,
+    state,
+    LEFT(info, 100) as query
+FROM information_schema.processlist
+WHERE command != 'Sleep'
+  AND time > 10
+ORDER BY time DESC;
+
+-- Connection usage
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Threads_%';
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Max_used_connections';
+SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'max_connections';
+```
+
+### System Status Variables
+
+```sql
+-- Key buffer efficiency (MyISAM)
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Key_%';
+
+-- InnoDB metrics
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_buffer_pool_%';
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_rows_%';
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Innodb_data_%';
+
+-- Table locks
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Table_locks_%';
+
+-- Temporary tables
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Created_tmp_%';
+
+-- Thread cache
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Threads_%';
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Connections';
+
+-- Query cache (MySQL 5.7)
+SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Qcache_%';
+```
+
+## Cross-Platform Monitoring
+
+### Resource Utilization
+
+```sql
+-- PostgreSQL: Database size growth
+SELECT
+    current_database() as database,
+    pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(current_database())) as size,
+    (SELECT pg_size_pretty(sum(pg_total_relation_size(schemaname||'.'||tablename)))
+     FROM pg_tables
+     WHERE schemaname = 'public') as public_schema_size;
+
+-- MySQL: Database size
+SELECT
+    table_schema as database,
+    ROUND(SUM(data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) as size_mb
+FROM information_schema.tables
+WHERE table_schema NOT IN ('information_schema', 'performance_schema', 'mysql', 'sys')
+GROUP BY table_schema
+ORDER BY size_mb DESC;
+```
+
+### Health Check Queries
+
+```sql
+-- PostgreSQL: Overall health
+SELECT
+    'connections' as metric,
+    count(*) as current,
+    current_setting('max_connections')::int as max
+FROM pg_stat_activity
+UNION ALL
+SELECT
+    'cache_hit_ratio',
+    round((sum(heap_blks_hit) / NULLIF(sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read), 0) * 100)::numeric, 2),
+    95
+FROM pg_statio_user_tables
+UNION ALL
+SELECT
+    'database_size_gb',
+    round((pg_database_size(current_database()) / 1024.0 / 1024.0 / 1024.0)::numeric, 2),
+    NULL;
+
+-- MySQL: Overall health
+SELECT 'connections' as metric,
+       (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM information_schema.processlist) as current,
+       @@max_connections as max
+UNION ALL
+SELECT 'buffer_pool_hit_ratio',
+       ROUND((1 - (
+           (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
+           (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
+       )) * 100, 2),
+       95
+UNION ALL
+SELECT 'slow_queries',
+       (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Slow_queries'),
+       NULL;
+```
+
+## Alert Thresholds
+
+### PostgreSQL Alerts
+
+```sql
+-- Connection pool nearing capacity
+SELECT
+    count(*) as current_connections,
+    current_setting('max_connections')::int as max_connections,
+    CASE
+        WHEN count(*) > current_setting('max_connections')::int * 0.9 THEN 'CRITICAL'
+        WHEN count(*) > current_setting('max_connections')::int * 0.8 THEN 'WARNING'
+        ELSE 'OK'
+    END as status
+FROM pg_stat_activity;
+
+-- Cache hit ratio degradation
+WITH cache_stats AS (
+    SELECT
+        round((sum(heap_blks_hit) / NULLIF(sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read), 0) * 100)::numeric, 2) as hit_ratio
+    FROM pg_statio_user_tables
+)
+SELECT
+    hit_ratio,
+    CASE
+        WHEN hit_ratio < 90 THEN 'CRITICAL'
+        WHEN hit_ratio < 95 THEN 'WARNING'
+        ELSE 'OK'
+    END as status
+FROM cache_stats;
+
+-- Replication lag (on standby)
+SELECT
+    CASE
+        WHEN pg_last_wal_receive_lsn() = pg_last_wal_replay_lsn() THEN 0
+        ELSE EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp()))
+    END as lag_seconds,
+    CASE
+        WHEN EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp())) > 60 THEN 'CRITICAL'
+        WHEN EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (now() - pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp())) > 10 THEN 'WARNING'
+        ELSE 'OK'
+    END as status;
+```
+
+### MySQL Alerts
+
+```sql
+-- InnoDB buffer pool efficiency
+SELECT
+    ROUND((1 - (
+        (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
+        (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
+    )) * 100, 2) as buffer_pool_hit_ratio,
+    CASE
+        WHEN (1 - (
+            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
+            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
+        )) * 100 < 90 THEN 'CRITICAL'
+        WHEN (1 - (
+            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_reads') /
+            (SELECT VARIABLE_VALUE FROM performance_schema.global_status WHERE VARIABLE_NAME = 'Innodb_buffer_pool_read_requests')
+        )) * 100 < 95 THEN 'WARNING'
+        ELSE 'OK'
+    END as status;
+
+-- Replication lag (on replica)
+SELECT
+    Seconds_Behind_Master as lag_seconds,
+    CASE
+        WHEN Slave_IO_Running = 'No' OR Slave_SQL_Running = 'No' THEN 'CRITICAL - Replication stopped'
+        WHEN Seconds_Behind_Master > 300 THEN 'CRITICAL'
+        WHEN Seconds_Behind_Master > 60 THEN 'WARNING'
+        ELSE 'OK'
+    END as status
+FROM (SHOW SLAVE STATUS) s;
+```
+
+## Monitoring Best Practices
+
+1. **Establish baselines** - Record normal performance metrics
+2. **Track trends** - Monitor daily/weekly patterns
+3. **Set thresholds** - Define warning and critical levels
+4. **Automate alerts** - Use monitoring tools (Prometheus, Grafana, Datadog)
+5. **Regular reviews** - Weekly performance analysis meetings
+6. **Document changes** - Track configuration and schema modifications
+7. **Capacity planning** - Monitor growth and forecast needs
+8. **Test queries** - Validate optimizations in staging first