@synsci/cli-darwin-x64-baseline 1.1.77 → 1.1.78

package/bin/skills/zarr-python/references/api_reference.md

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+# Zarr Python Quick Reference
+
+This reference provides a concise overview of commonly used Zarr functions, parameters, and patterns for quick lookup during development.
+
+## Array Creation Functions
+
+### `zarr.zeros()` / `zarr.ones()` / `zarr.empty()`
+```python
+zarr.zeros(shape, chunks=None, dtype='f8', store=None, compressor='default',
+           fill_value=0, order='C', filters=None)
+```
+Create arrays filled with zeros, ones, or empty (uninitialized) values.
+
+**Key parameters:**
+- `shape`: Tuple defining array dimensions (e.g., `(1000, 1000)`)
+- `chunks`: Tuple defining chunk dimensions (e.g., `(100, 100)`), or `None` for no chunking
+- `dtype`: NumPy data type (e.g., `'f4'`, `'i8'`, `'bool'`)
+- `store`: Storage location (string path, Store object, or `None` for memory)
+- `compressor`: Compression codec or `None` for no compression
+
+### `zarr.create_array()` / `zarr.create()`
+```python
+zarr.create_array(store, shape, chunks, dtype='f8', compressor='default',
+                  fill_value=0, order='C', filters=None, overwrite=False)
+```
+Create a new array with explicit control over all parameters.
+
+### `zarr.array()`
+```python
+zarr.array(data, chunks=None, dtype=None, compressor='default', store=None)
+```
+Create array from existing data (NumPy array, list, etc.).
+
+**Example:**
+```python
+import numpy as np
+data = np.random.random((1000, 1000))
+z = zarr.array(data, chunks=(100, 100), store='data.zarr')
+```
+
+### `zarr.open_array()` / `zarr.open()`
+```python
+zarr.open_array(store, mode='a', shape=None, chunks=None, dtype=None,
+                compressor='default', fill_value=0)
+```
+Open existing array or create new one.
+
+**Mode options:**
+- `'r'`: Read-only
+- `'r+'`: Read-write, file must exist
+- `'a'`: Read-write, create if doesn't exist (default)
+- `'w'`: Create new, overwrite if exists
+- `'w-'`: Create new, fail if exists
+
+## Storage Classes
+
+### LocalStore (Default)
+```python
+from zarr.storage import LocalStore
+
+store = LocalStore('path/to/data.zarr')
+z = zarr.open_array(store=store, mode='w', shape=(1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100))
+```
+
+### MemoryStore
+```python
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+store = MemoryStore()  # Data only in memory
+z = zarr.open_array(store=store, mode='w', shape=(1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100))
+```
+
+### ZipStore
+```python
+from zarr.storage import ZipStore
+
+# Write
+store = ZipStore('data.zip', mode='w')
+z = zarr.open_array(store=store, mode='w', shape=(1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100))
+z[:] = data
+store.close()  # MUST close
+
+# Read
+store = ZipStore('data.zip', mode='r')
+z = zarr.open_array(store=store)
+data = z[:]
+store.close()
+```
+
+### Cloud Storage (S3/GCS)
+```python
+# S3
+import s3fs
+s3 = s3fs.S3FileSystem(anon=False)
+store = s3fs.S3Map(root='bucket/path/data.zarr', s3=s3)
+
+# GCS
+import gcsfs
+gcs = gcsfs.GCSFileSystem(project='my-project')
+store = gcsfs.GCSMap(root='bucket/path/data.zarr', gcs=gcs)
+```
+
+## Compression Codecs
+
+### Blosc Codec (Default)
+```python
+from zarr.codecs.blosc import BloscCodec
+
+codec = BloscCodec(
+    cname='zstd',      # Compressor: 'blosclz', 'lz4', 'lz4hc', 'snappy', 'zlib', 'zstd'
+    clevel=5,          # Compression level: 0-9
+    shuffle='shuffle'  # Shuffle filter: 'noshuffle', 'shuffle', 'bitshuffle'
+)
+
+z = zarr.create_array(store='data.zarr', shape=(1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100),
+                      dtype='f4', codecs=[codec])
+```
+
+**Blosc compressor characteristics:**
+- `'lz4'`: Fastest compression, lower ratio
+- `'zstd'`: Balanced (default), good ratio and speed
+- `'zlib'`: Good compatibility, moderate performance
+- `'lz4hc'`: Better ratio than lz4, slower
+- `'snappy'`: Fast, moderate ratio
+- `'blosclz'`: Blosc's default
+
+### Other Codecs
+```python
+from zarr.codecs import GzipCodec, ZstdCodec, BytesCodec
+
+# Gzip compression (maximum ratio, slower)
+GzipCodec(level=6)  # Level 0-9
+
+# Zstandard compression
+ZstdCodec(level=3)  # Level 1-22
+
+# No compression
+BytesCodec()
+```
+
+## Array Indexing and Selection
+
+### Basic Indexing (NumPy-style)
+```python
+z = zarr.zeros((1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100))
+
+# Read
+row = z[0, :]           # Single row
+col = z[:, 0]           # Single column
+block = z[10:20, 50:60] # Slice
+element = z[5, 10]      # Single element
+
+# Write
+z[0, :] = 42
+z[10:20, 50:60] = np.random.random((10, 10))
+```
+
+### Advanced Indexing
+```python
+# Coordinate indexing (point selection)
+z.vindex[[0, 5, 10], [2, 8, 15]]  # Specific coordinates
+
+# Orthogonal indexing (outer product)
+z.oindex[0:10, [5, 10, 15]]  # Rows 0-9, columns 5, 10, 15
+
+# Block/chunk indexing
+z.blocks[0, 0]  # First chunk
+z.blocks[0:2, 0:2]  # First four chunks
+```
+
+## Groups and Hierarchies
+
+### Creating Groups
+```python
+# Create root group
+root = zarr.group(store='data.zarr')
+
+# Create nested groups
+grp1 = root.create_group('group1')
+grp2 = grp1.create_group('subgroup')
+
+# Create arrays in groups
+arr = grp1.create_array(name='data', shape=(1000, 1000),
+                        chunks=(100, 100), dtype='f4')
+
+# Access by path
+arr2 = root['group1/data']
+```
+
+### Group Methods
+```python
+root = zarr.group('data.zarr')
+
+# h5py-compatible methods
+dataset = root.create_dataset('data', shape=(1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100))
+subgrp = root.require_group('subgroup')  # Create if doesn't exist
+
+# Visualize structure
+print(root.tree())
+
+# List contents
+print(list(root.keys()))
+print(list(root.groups()))
+print(list(root.arrays()))
+```
+
+## Array Attributes and Metadata
+
+### Working with Attributes
+```python
+z = zarr.zeros((1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100))
+
+# Set attributes
+z.attrs['units'] = 'meters'
+z.attrs['description'] = 'Temperature data'
+z.attrs['created'] = '2024-01-15'
+z.attrs['version'] = 1.2
+z.attrs['tags'] = ['climate', 'temperature']
+
+# Read attributes
+print(z.attrs['units'])
+print(dict(z.attrs))  # All attributes as dict
+
+# Update/delete
+z.attrs['version'] = 2.0
+del z.attrs['tags']
+```
+
+**Note:** Attributes must be JSON-serializable.
+
+## Array Properties and Methods
+
+### Properties
+```python
+z = zarr.zeros((1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100), dtype='f4')
+
+z.shape          # (1000, 1000)
+z.chunks         # (100, 100)
+z.dtype          # dtype('float32')
+z.size           # 1000000
+z.nbytes         # 4000000 (uncompressed size in bytes)
+z.nbytes_stored  # Actual compressed size on disk
+z.nchunks        # 100 (number of chunks)
+z.cdata_shape    # Shape in terms of chunks: (10, 10)
+```
+
+### Methods
+```python
+# Information
+print(z.info)  # Detailed information about array
+print(z.info_items())  # Info as list of tuples
+
+# Resizing
+z.resize(1500, 1500)  # Change dimensions
+
+# Appending
+z.append(new_data, axis=0)  # Add data along axis
+
+# Copying
+z2 = z.copy(store='new_location.zarr')
+```
+
+## Chunking Guidelines
+
+### Chunk Size Calculation
+```python
+# For float32 (4 bytes per element):
+# 1 MB = 262,144 elements
+# 10 MB = 2,621,440 elements
+
+# Examples for 1 MB chunks:
+(512, 512)      # For 2D: 512 × 512 × 4 = 1,048,576 bytes
+(128, 128, 128) # For 3D: 128 × 128 × 128 × 4 = 8,388,608 bytes ≈ 8 MB
+(64, 256, 256)  # For 3D: 64 × 256 × 256 × 4 = 16,777,216 bytes ≈ 16 MB
+```
+
+### Chunking Strategies by Access Pattern
+
+**Time series (sequential access along first dimension):**
+```python
+chunks=(1, 720, 1440)  # One time step per chunk
+```
+
+**Row-wise access:**
+```python
+chunks=(10, 10000)  # Small rows, span columns
+```
+
+**Column-wise access:**
+```python
+chunks=(10000, 10)  # Span rows, small columns
+```
+
+**Random access:**
+```python
+chunks=(500, 500)  # Balanced square chunks
+```
+
+**3D volumetric data:**
+```python
+chunks=(64, 64, 64)  # Cubic chunks for isotropic access
+```
+
+## Integration APIs
+
+### NumPy Integration
+```python
+import numpy as np
+
+z = zarr.zeros((1000, 1000), chunks=(100, 100))
+
+# Use NumPy functions
+result = np.sum(z, axis=0)
+mean = np.mean(z)
+std = np.std(z)
+
+# Convert to NumPy
+arr = z[:]  # Loads entire array into memory
+```
+
+### Dask Integration
+```python
+import dask.array as da
+
+# Load Zarr as Dask array
+dask_array = da.from_zarr('data.zarr')
+
+# Compute operations in parallel
+result = dask_array.mean(axis=0).compute()
+
+# Write Dask array to Zarr
+large_array = da.random.random((100000, 100000), chunks=(1000, 1000))
+da.to_zarr(large_array, 'output.zarr')
+```
+
+### Xarray Integration
+```python
+import xarray as xr
+
+# Open Zarr as Xarray Dataset
+ds = xr.open_zarr('data.zarr')
+
+# Write Xarray to Zarr
+ds.to_zarr('output.zarr')
+
+# Create with coordinates
+ds = xr.Dataset(
+    {'temperature': (['time', 'lat', 'lon'], data)},
+    coords={
+        'time': pd.date_range('2024-01-01', periods=365),
+        'lat': np.arange(-90, 91, 1),
+        'lon': np.arange(-180, 180, 1)
+    }
+)
+ds.to_zarr('climate.zarr')
+```
+
+## Parallel Computing
+
+### Synchronizers
+```python
+from zarr import ThreadSynchronizer, ProcessSynchronizer
+
+# Multi-threaded writes
+sync = ThreadSynchronizer()
+z = zarr.open_array('data.zarr', mode='r+', synchronizer=sync)
+
+# Multi-process writes
+sync = ProcessSynchronizer('sync.sync')
+z = zarr.open_array('data.zarr', mode='r+', synchronizer=sync)
+```
+
+**Note:** Synchronization only needed for:
+- Concurrent writes that may span chunk boundaries
+- Not needed for reads (always safe)
+- Not needed if each process writes to separate chunks
+
+## Metadata Consolidation
+
+```python
+# Consolidate metadata (after creating all arrays/groups)
+zarr.consolidate_metadata('data.zarr')
+
+# Open with consolidated metadata (faster, especially on cloud)
+root = zarr.open_consolidated('data.zarr')
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Reduces I/O from N operations to 1
+- Critical for cloud storage (reduces latency)
+- Speeds up hierarchy traversal
+
+**Cautions:**
+- Can become stale if data updates
+- Re-consolidate after modifications
+- Not for frequently-updated datasets
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Time Series with Growing Data
+```python
+# Start with empty first dimension
+z = zarr.open('timeseries.zarr', mode='a',
+              shape=(0, 720, 1440),
+              chunks=(1, 720, 1440),
+              dtype='f4')
+
+# Append new time steps
+for new_timestep in data_stream:
+    z.append(new_timestep, axis=0)
+```
+
+### Processing Large Arrays in Chunks
+```python
+z = zarr.open('large_data.zarr', mode='r')
+
+# Process without loading entire array
+for i in range(0, z.shape[0], 1000):
+    chunk = z[i:i+1000, :]
+    result = process(chunk)
+    save(result)
+```
+
+### Format Conversion Pipeline
+```python
+# HDF5 → Zarr
+import h5py
+with h5py.File('data.h5', 'r') as h5:
+    z = zarr.array(h5['dataset'][:], chunks=(1000, 1000), store='data.zarr')
+
+# Zarr → NumPy file
+z = zarr.open('data.zarr', mode='r')
+np.save('data.npy', z[:])
+
+# Zarr → NetCDF (via Xarray)
+ds = xr.open_zarr('data.zarr')
+ds.to_netcdf('data.nc')
+```
+
+## Performance Optimization Quick Checklist
+
+1. **Chunk size**: 1-10 MB per chunk
+2. **Chunk shape**: Align with access pattern
+3. **Compression**:
+   - Fast: `BloscCodec(cname='lz4', clevel=1)`
+   - Balanced: `BloscCodec(cname='zstd', clevel=5)`
+   - Maximum: `GzipCodec(level=9)`
+4. **Cloud storage**:
+   - Larger chunks (5-100 MB)
+   - Consolidate metadata
+   - Consider sharding
+5. **Parallel I/O**: Use Dask for large operations
+6. **Memory**: Process in chunks, don't load entire arrays
+
+## Debugging and Profiling
+
+```python
+z = zarr.open('data.zarr', mode='r')
+
+# Detailed information
+print(z.info)
+
+# Size statistics
+print(f"Uncompressed: {z.nbytes / 1e6:.2f} MB")
+print(f"Compressed: {z.nbytes_stored / 1e6:.2f} MB")
+print(f"Ratio: {z.nbytes / z.nbytes_stored:.1f}x")
+
+# Chunk information
+print(f"Chunks: {z.chunks}")
+print(f"Number of chunks: {z.nchunks}")
+print(f"Chunk grid: {z.cdata_shape}")
+```
+
+## Common Data Types
+
+```python
+# Integers
+'i1', 'i2', 'i4', 'i8'  # Signed: 8, 16, 32, 64-bit
+'u1', 'u2', 'u4', 'u8'  # Unsigned: 8, 16, 32, 64-bit
+
+# Floats
+'f2', 'f4', 'f8'  # 16, 32, 64-bit (half, single, double precision)
+
+# Others
+'bool'     # Boolean
+'c8', 'c16'  # Complex: 64, 128-bit
+'S10'      # Fixed-length string (10 bytes)
+'U10'      # Unicode string (10 characters)
+```
+
+## Version Compatibility
+
+Zarr-Python version 3.x supports both:
+- **Zarr v2 format**: Legacy format, widely compatible
+- **Zarr v3 format**: New format with sharding, improved metadata
+
+Check format version:
+```python
+# Zarr automatically detects format version
+z = zarr.open('data.zarr', mode='r')
+# Format info available in metadata
+```
+
+## Error Handling
+
+```python
+try:
+    z = zarr.open_array('data.zarr', mode='r')
+except zarr.errors.PathNotFoundError:
+    print("Array does not exist")
+except zarr.errors.ReadOnlyError:
+    print("Cannot write to read-only array")
+except Exception as e:
+    print(f"Unexpected error: {e}")
+```