@synsci/cli-darwin-x64-baseline 1.1.77 → 1.1.78

package/bin/skills/qutip/references/analysis.md

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+# QuTiP Analysis and Measurement
+
+## Expectation Values
+
+### Basic Expectation Values
+
+```python
+from qutip import *
+import numpy as np
+
+# Single operator
+psi = coherent(N, 2)
+n_avg = expect(num(N), psi)
+
+# Multiple operators
+ops = [num(N), destroy(N), create(N)]
+results = expect(ops, psi)  # Returns list
+```
+
+### Expectation Values for Density Matrices
+
+```python
+# Works with both pure states and density matrices
+rho = thermal_dm(N, 2)
+n_avg = expect(num(N), rho)
+```
+
+### Variance
+
+```python
+# Calculate variance of observable
+var_n = variance(num(N), psi)
+
+# Manual calculation
+var_n = expect(num(N)**2, psi) - expect(num(N), psi)**2
+```
+
+### Time-Dependent Expectation Values
+
+```python
+# During time evolution
+result = mesolve(H, psi0, tlist, c_ops, e_ops=[num(N)])
+n_t = result.expect[0]  # Array of ⟨n⟩ at each time
+```
+
+## Entropy Measures
+
+### Von Neumann Entropy
+
+```python
+from qutip import entropy_vn
+
+# Density matrix entropy
+rho = thermal_dm(N, 2)
+S = entropy_vn(rho)  # Returns S = -Tr(ρ log₂ ρ)
+```
+
+### Linear Entropy
+
+```python
+from qutip import entropy_linear
+
+# Linear entropy S_L = 1 - Tr(ρ²)
+S_L = entropy_linear(rho)
+```
+
+### Entanglement Entropy
+
+```python
+# For bipartite systems
+psi = bell_state('00')
+rho = psi.proj()
+
+# Trace out subsystem B to get reduced density matrix
+rho_A = ptrace(rho, 0)
+
+# Entanglement entropy
+S_ent = entropy_vn(rho_A)
+```
+
+### Mutual Information
+
+```python
+from qutip import entropy_mutual
+
+# For bipartite state ρ_AB
+I = entropy_mutual(rho, [0, 1])  # I(A:B) = S(A) + S(B) - S(AB)
+```
+
+### Conditional Entropy
+
+```python
+from qutip import entropy_conditional
+
+# S(A|B) = S(AB) - S(B)
+S_cond = entropy_conditional(rho, 0)  # Entropy of subsystem 0 given subsystem 1
+```
+
+## Fidelity and Distance Measures
+
+### State Fidelity
+
+```python
+from qutip import fidelity
+
+# Fidelity between two states
+psi1 = coherent(N, 2)
+psi2 = coherent(N, 2.1)
+
+F = fidelity(psi1, psi2)  # Returns value in [0, 1]
+```
+
+### Process Fidelity
+
+```python
+from qutip import process_fidelity
+
+# Fidelity between two processes (superoperators)
+U_ideal = (-1j * H * t).expm()
+U_actual = mesolve(H, basis(N, 0), [0, t], c_ops).states[-1]
+
+F_proc = process_fidelity(U_ideal, U_actual)
+```
+
+### Trace Distance
+
+```python
+from qutip import tracedist
+
+# Trace distance D = (1/2) Tr|ρ₁ - ρ₂|
+rho1 = coherent_dm(N, 2)
+rho2 = thermal_dm(N, 2)
+
+D = tracedist(rho1, rho2)  # Returns value in [0, 1]
+```
+
+### Hilbert-Schmidt Distance
+
+```python
+from qutip import hilbert_dist
+
+# Hilbert-Schmidt distance
+D_HS = hilbert_dist(rho1, rho2)
+```
+
+### Bures Distance
+
+```python
+from qutip import bures_dist
+
+# Bures distance
+D_B = bures_dist(rho1, rho2)
+```
+
+### Bures Angle
+
+```python
+from qutip import bures_angle
+
+# Bures angle
+angle = bures_angle(rho1, rho2)
+```
+
+## Entanglement Measures
+
+### Concurrence
+
+```python
+from qutip import concurrence
+
+# For two-qubit states
+psi = bell_state('00')
+rho = psi.proj()
+
+C = concurrence(rho)  # C = 1 for maximally entangled states
+```
+
+### Negativity
+
+```python
+from qutip import negativity
+
+# Negativity (partial transpose criterion)
+N_ent = negativity(rho, 0)  # Partial transpose w.r.t. subsystem 0
+
+# Logarithmic negativity
+from qutip import logarithmic_negativity
+E_N = logarithmic_negativity(rho, 0)
+```
+
+### Entangling Power
+
+```python
+from qutip import entangling_power
+
+# For unitary gates
+U = cnot()
+E_pow = entangling_power(U)
+```
+
+## Purity Measures
+
+### Purity
+
+```python
+# Purity P = Tr(ρ²)
+P = (rho * rho).tr()
+
+# For pure states: P = 1
+# For maximally mixed: P = 1/d
+```
+
+### Checking State Properties
+
+```python
+# Is state pure?
+is_pure = abs((rho * rho).tr() - 1.0) < 1e-10
+
+# Is operator Hermitian?
+H.isherm
+
+# Is operator unitary?
+U.check_isunitary()
+```
+
+## Measurement
+
+### Projective Measurement
+
+```python
+from qutip import measurement
+
+# Measure in computational basis
+psi = (basis(2, 0) + basis(2, 1)).unit()
+
+# Perform measurement
+result, state_after = measurement.measure(psi, None)  # Random outcome
+
+# Specific measurement operator
+M = basis(2, 0).proj()
+prob = measurement.measure_povm(psi, [M, qeye(2) - M])
+```
+
+### Measurement Statistics
+
+```python
+from qutip import measurement_statistics
+
+# Get all possible outcomes and probabilities
+outcomes, probabilities = measurement_statistics(psi, [M0, M1])
+```
+
+### Observable Measurement
+
+```python
+from qutip import measure_observable
+
+# Measure observable and get result + collapsed state
+result, state_collapsed = measure_observable(psi, sigmaz())
+```
+
+### POVM Measurements
+
+```python
+from qutip import measure_povm
+
+# Positive Operator-Valued Measure
+E_0 = Qobj([[0.8, 0], [0, 0.2]])
+E_1 = Qobj([[0.2, 0], [0, 0.8]])
+
+result, state_after = measure_povm(psi, [E_0, E_1])
+```
+
+## Coherence Measures
+
+### l1-norm Coherence
+
+```python
+from qutip import coherence_l1norm
+
+# l1-norm of off-diagonal elements
+C_l1 = coherence_l1norm(rho)
+```
+
+## Correlation Functions
+
+### Two-Time Correlation
+
+```python
+from qutip import correlation_2op_1t, correlation_2op_2t
+
+# Single-time correlation ⟨A(t+τ)B(t)⟩
+A = destroy(N)
+B = create(N)
+taulist = np.linspace(0, 10, 200)
+
+corr = correlation_2op_1t(H, rho0, taulist, c_ops, A, B)
+
+# Two-time correlation ⟨A(t)B(τ)⟩
+tlist = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
+corr_2t = correlation_2op_2t(H, rho0, tlist, taulist, c_ops, A, B)
+```
+
+### Three-Operator Correlation
+
+```python
+from qutip import correlation_3op_1t
+
+# ⟨A(t)B(t+τ)C(t)⟩
+C_op = num(N)
+corr_3 = correlation_3op_1t(H, rho0, taulist, c_ops, A, B, C_op)
+```
+
+### Four-Operator Correlation
+
+```python
+from qutip import correlation_4op_1t
+
+# ⟨A(0)B(τ)C(τ)D(0)⟩
+D_op = create(N)
+corr_4 = correlation_4op_1t(H, rho0, taulist, c_ops, A, B, C_op, D_op)
+```
+
+## Spectrum Analysis
+
+### FFT Spectrum
+
+```python
+from qutip import spectrum_correlation_fft
+
+# Power spectrum from correlation function
+w, S = spectrum_correlation_fft(taulist, corr)
+```
+
+### Direct Spectrum Calculation
+
+```python
+from qutip import spectrum
+
+# Emission/absorption spectrum
+wlist = np.linspace(0, 2, 200)
+spec = spectrum(H, wlist, c_ops, A, B)
+```
+
+### Pseudo-Modes
+
+```python
+from qutip import spectrum_pi
+
+# Spectrum with pseudo-mode decomposition
+spec_pi = spectrum_pi(H, rho0, wlist, c_ops, A, B)
+```
+
+## Steady State Analysis
+
+### Finding Steady State
+
+```python
+from qutip import steadystate
+
+# Find steady state ∂ρ/∂t = 0
+rho_ss = steadystate(H, c_ops)
+
+# Different methods
+rho_ss = steadystate(H, c_ops, method='direct')  # Default
+rho_ss = steadystate(H, c_ops, method='eigen')   # Eigenvalue
+rho_ss = steadystate(H, c_ops, method='svd')     # SVD
+rho_ss = steadystate(H, c_ops, method='power')   # Power method
+```
+
+### Steady State Properties
+
+```python
+# Verify it's steady
+L = liouvillian(H, c_ops)
+assert (L * operator_to_vector(rho_ss)).norm() < 1e-10
+
+# Compute steady-state expectation values
+n_ss = expect(num(N), rho_ss)
+```
+
+## Quantum Fisher Information
+
+```python
+from qutip import qfisher
+
+# Quantum Fisher information
+F_Q = qfisher(rho, num(N))  # w.r.t. generator num(N)
+```
+
+## Matrix Analysis
+
+### Eigenanalysis
+
+```python
+# Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
+evals, ekets = H.eigenstates()
+
+# Just eigenvalues
+evals = H.eigenenergies()
+
+# Ground state
+E0, psi0 = H.groundstate()
+```
+
+### Matrix Functions
+
+```python
+# Matrix exponential
+U = (H * t).expm()
+
+# Matrix logarithm
+log_rho = rho.logm()
+
+# Matrix square root
+sqrt_rho = rho.sqrtm()
+
+# Matrix power
+rho_squared = rho ** 2
+```
+
+### Singular Value Decomposition
+
+```python
+# SVD of operator
+U, S, Vh = H.svd()
+```
+
+### Permutations
+
+```python
+from qutip import permute
+
+# Permute subsystems
+rho_permuted = permute(rho, [1, 0])  # Swap subsystems
+```
+
+## Partial Operations
+
+### Partial Trace
+
+```python
+# Reduce to subsystem
+rho_A = ptrace(rho_AB, 0)  # Keep subsystem 0
+rho_B = ptrace(rho_AB, 1)  # Keep subsystem 1
+
+# Keep multiple subsystems
+rho_AC = ptrace(rho_ABC, [0, 2])  # Keep 0 and 2, trace out 1
+```
+
+### Partial Transpose
+
+```python
+from qutip import partial_transpose
+
+# Partial transpose (for entanglement detection)
+rho_pt = partial_transpose(rho, [0, 1])  # Transpose subsystem 0
+
+# Check if entangled (PPT criterion)
+evals = rho_pt.eigenenergies()
+is_entangled = any(evals < -1e-10)
+```
+
+## Quantum State Tomography
+
+### State Reconstruction
+
+```python
+from qutip_qip.tomography import state_tomography
+
+# Prepare measurement results
+# measurements = ... (experimental data)
+
+# Reconstruct density matrix
+rho_reconstructed = state_tomography(measurements, basis='Pauli')
+```
+
+### Process Tomography
+
+```python
+from qutip_qip.tomography import qpt
+
+# Characterize quantum process
+chi = qpt(U_gate, method='lstsq')  # Chi matrix representation
+```
+
+## Random Quantum Objects
+
+Useful for testing and Monte Carlo simulations.
+
+```python
+# Random state vector
+psi_rand = rand_ket(N)
+
+# Random density matrix
+rho_rand = rand_dm(N)
+
+# Random Hermitian operator
+H_rand = rand_herm(N)
+
+# Random unitary
+U_rand = rand_unitary(N)
+
+# With specific properties
+rho_rank2 = rand_dm(N, rank=2)  # Rank-2 density matrix
+H_sparse = rand_herm(N, density=0.1)  # 10% non-zero elements
+```
+
+## Useful Checks
+
+```python
+# Check if operator is Hermitian
+H.isherm
+
+# Check if state is normalized
+abs(psi.norm() - 1.0) < 1e-10
+
+# Check if density matrix is physical
+rho.tr() ≈ 1 and all(rho.eigenenergies() >= 0)
+
+# Check if operators commute
+commutator(A, B).norm() < 1e-10
+```