@syllst/ka 0.2.1 → 0.2.2
This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
- package/dist/index-B9OHu0Ax.js +52 -0
- package/dist/index-B9OHu0Ax.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/index-DCpqhby8.js +52 -0
- package/dist/index-DCpqhby8.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/index-DflZY235.js +52 -0
- package/dist/index-DflZY235.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/index-Dp1OEIeC.js +48 -0
- package/dist/index-Dp1OEIeC.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/index.js +37 -13
- package/dist/index.js.map +1 -1
- package/dist/lesson-01-CSwZqadZ.js +193 -0
- package/dist/lesson-01-CSwZqadZ.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-01-CjeVy1Pm.js +148 -0
- package/dist/lesson-01-CjeVy1Pm.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-01-Dln4m4gy.js +185 -0
- package/dist/lesson-01-Dln4m4gy.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-02-CKmyOzkz.js +189 -0
- package/dist/lesson-02-CKmyOzkz.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-02-CjWc8Ndm.js +159 -0
- package/dist/lesson-02-CjWc8Ndm.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-02-D6EZkoTX.js +186 -0
- package/dist/lesson-02-D6EZkoTX.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-03-D-UB6j-3.js +155 -0
- package/dist/lesson-03-D-UB6j-3.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-03-D4MQ-BF0.js +197 -0
- package/dist/lesson-03-D4MQ-BF0.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-03-i2GGdsRN.js +181 -0
- package/dist/lesson-03-i2GGdsRN.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-04-D2tqk_vu.js +166 -0
- package/dist/lesson-04-D2tqk_vu.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-04-DciNjG8E.js +186 -0
- package/dist/lesson-04-DciNjG8E.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-04-vbP_pH7H.js +201 -0
- package/dist/lesson-04-vbP_pH7H.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-05-DDD4BdBD.js +197 -0
- package/dist/lesson-05-DDD4BdBD.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-05-Du04UDw8.js +175 -0
- package/dist/lesson-05-Du04UDw8.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-05-VfiWFnKX.js +192 -0
- package/dist/lesson-05-VfiWFnKX.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-06-B247Ezo8.js +161 -0
- package/dist/lesson-06-B247Ezo8.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-06-CT_T2-CF.js +201 -0
- package/dist/lesson-06-CT_T2-CF.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-06-Cv5qUy34.js +208 -0
- package/dist/lesson-06-Cv5qUy34.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-07-9svk0QSq.js +215 -0
- package/dist/lesson-07-9svk0QSq.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-07-DGrnNH3e.js +223 -0
- package/dist/lesson-07-DGrnNH3e.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-07-XGTm5Tp2.js +182 -0
- package/dist/lesson-07-XGTm5Tp2.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-08-C5Oqga49.js +213 -0
- package/dist/lesson-08-C5Oqga49.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-08-CDZOUysk.js +228 -0
- package/dist/lesson-08-CDZOUysk.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/lesson-08-DiHa8O85.js +196 -0
- package/dist/lesson-08-DiHa8O85.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.d.ts +7 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.js +10 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/dialogue/index.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/essentials/index.js +7 -37
- package/dist/syllabi/essentials/index.js.map +1 -1
- package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.d.ts +7 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.js +10 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/grammar/index.js.map +1 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.d.ts +7 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.js +10 -0
- package/dist/syllabi/reading/index.js.map +1 -0
- package/package.json +16 -4
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +188 -0
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +184 -0
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +192 -0
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +196 -0
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +192 -0
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +196 -0
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +218 -0
- package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +223 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +143 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +154 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +150 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +161 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +170 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +156 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +177 -0
- package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +191 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-01.mdx +180 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-02.mdx +181 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-03.mdx +176 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-04.mdx +181 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-05.mdx +187 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-06.mdx +203 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-07.mdx +210 -0
- package/src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-08.mdx +208 -0
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const n = `---
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type: lesson
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id: georgian-dialogue-lesson-03
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title: "გაკვეთილი 3 — გზის კითხვა (Asking for Directions)"
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description: "Asking where places are, understanding left/right/near/far in Georgian"
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order: 3
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parentId: georgian-dialogue
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difficulty: intermediate
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cefrLevel: A2
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categories:
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- dialogue
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- navigation
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- directions
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metadata:
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estimatedTime: 35
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prerequisites:
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- georgian-dialogue-lesson-02
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learningObjectives:
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- id: obj-dia-03-ask-directions
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description: "Ask where a place is in Georgian"
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skill: situational-response
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- id: obj-dia-03-understand-directions
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description: "Understand directional responses involving left, right, and distance"
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skill: dialogue-comprehension
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- id: obj-dia-03-landmarks
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description: "Use landmark vocabulary to navigate Georgian cities"
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skill: word-production
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---
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# გაკვეთილი 3 (Lesson 3) — Asking for Directions
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## Introduction
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Georgian cities, especially Tbilisi, combine ancient neighborhoods with modern streets. Knowing how to ask for directions — and understand the answer — is an essential survival skill. Georgians are generally very willing to help and may even walk you part of the way if the destination is complex to explain.
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## Direction Vocabulary
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:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-dia-03-directions" title="Directions"}
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::vocab-item{id="mარjvniv" word="მარჯვნივ" pronunciation="mar-jvniv" meaning="to the right"}
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::vocab-item{id="marcxniv" word="მარცხნივ" pronunciation="mar-tskhni" meaning="to the left"}
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::vocab-item{id="pirdapir" word="პირდაპირ" pronunciation="pir-da-pir" meaning="straight ahead"}
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::vocab-item{id="ukan" word="უკან" pronunciation="u-kan" meaning="back / behind"}
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::vocab-item{id="axlos" word="ახლოს" pronunciation="akh-los" meaning="nearby / close"}
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::vocab-item{id="sheorsit" word="შორს" pronunciation="shors" meaning="far"}
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::vocab-item{id="kurkhivi" word="შემდეგ გზა" pronunciation="shem-deg gza" meaning="next street / next road"}
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:::
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## Asking Where a Place Is
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:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-dia-03-questions" title="Direction Questions"}
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::vocab-item{id="sad-aris" word="სად არის...?" pronunciation="sad a-ris" meaning="Where is...?"}
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::vocab-item{id="rogor-mivide" word="როგორ მივიდე...?" pronunciation="ro-gor mi-vi-de" meaning="How do I get to...?"}
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::vocab-item{id="iq-aris" word="იქ არის" pronunciation="iq a-ris" meaning="It is there"}
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::vocab-item{id="aq-aris" word="აქ არის" pronunciation="aq a-ris" meaning="It is here"}
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::vocab-item{id="gaadeket" word="გაადეთ" pronunciation="ga-a-det" meaning="Turn (direction imperative)"}
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:::
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## City Landmarks
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:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-dia-03-landmarks" title="City Landmarks"}
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::vocab-item{id="metro" word="მეტრო" pronunciation="met-ro" meaning="metro / subway"}
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::vocab-item{id="bazari-landmark" word="ბაზარი" pronunciation="ba-za-ri" meaning="market"}
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::vocab-item{id="banki" word="ბანკი" pronunciation="ban-ki" meaning="bank"}
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::vocab-item{id="hospitali" word="საავადმყოფო" pronunciation="sa-a-vad-myo-fo" meaning="hospital"}
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::vocab-item{id="datsqeba" word="სასტუმრო" pronunciation="sas-tum-ro" meaning="hotel"}
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::vocab-item{id="eklessia" word="ეკლესია" pronunciation="ek-le-si-a" meaning="church"}
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::vocab-item{id="parkhi" word="პარკი" pronunciation="par-ki" meaning="park"}
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:::
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## Sample Conversation
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**მოგზაური** (Traveler): ბოდიში, სად არის მეტრო?
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(bo-di-shi, sad a-ris met-ro?)
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*Excuse me, where is the metro?*
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**გამვლელი** (Passerby): მეტრო? ეს ახლოს არის. პირდაპირ წადით, შემდეგ მარჯვნივ.
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(met-ro? es akh-los a-ris. pir-da-pir tsa-dit, shem-deg mar-jvniv.)
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*The metro? It is nearby. Go straight, then turn right.*
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**მოგზაური**: გამარჯობა. მარჯვნივ? შემდეგ?
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(ga-mar-jo-ba. mar-jvniv? shem-deg?)
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*Okay. To the right? And then?*
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**გამვლელი**: დიახ. ხუთი წუთი სიარულით.
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(di-akh. khu-ti tsu-ti si-a-ru-lit.)
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*Yes. Five minutes on foot.*
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**მოგზაური**: დიდი მადლობა!
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(di-di mad-lo-ba!)
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*Thank you very much!*
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**გამვლელი**: სიამოვნებით. კარგი გზა!
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(si-a-mov-ne-bit. kar-gi gza!)
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*With pleasure. Have a good journey!*
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## Talking About Distance
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| Georgian | Pronunciation | Meaning |
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|----------|---------------|---------|
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| ხუთი წუთი სიარულით | khu-ti tsu-ti si-a-ru-lit | five minutes on foot |
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| ათი წუთი | a-ti tsu-ti | ten minutes |
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| ახლოს | akh-los | nearby |
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| შორს | shors | far |
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| ათასი მეტრი | a-ta-si met-ri | one kilometer (1000 meters) |
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## Cultural Note: Georgian Hospitality on the Street
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Asking a Georgian for directions often results in them personally walking you to the destination. This is not unusual — it reflects the deep hospitality culture. If someone offers to walk with you, it is gracious to accept or decline politely with **დიდი მადლობა, მაგრამ გზა ვიცი** (Thank you very much, but I know the way).
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## Practice Exercises
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:::exercise{id="ka-dia-03-where-is" type="fill-in-blank" title="Asking Where" skill="situational-response" objectiveId="obj-dia-03-ask-directions"}
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**Question:** Complete the question to ask where each place is
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1. Where is the hotel? ___ სასტუმრო?
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2. Where is the metro? ___ მეტრო?
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3. Where is the bank? ___ ბანკი?
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**Answer:**
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1. სად არის
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2. სად არის
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3. სად არის
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**Explanation:** სად არის is the standard formula for "where is..." in Georgian. It literally means "where is" and works with any noun that follows it.
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:::
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:::exercise{id="ka-dia-03-directions-matching" type="matching" title="Understand the Directions" skill="dialogue-comprehension" objectiveId="obj-dia-03-understand-directions"}
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**Question:** Match the Georgian direction word to its meaning
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- მარჯვნივ
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- მარცხნივ
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- პირდაპირ
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- შორს
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- ახლოს
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**Answer:**
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- მარჯვნივ → to the right
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- მარცხნივ → to the left
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- პირდაპირ → straight ahead
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- შორს → far
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- ახლოს → nearby / close
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**Explanation:** These five words form the core of Georgian directions. Memorizing them as a set — right, left, straight, far, near — gives you the ability to follow most directional responses.
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:::exercise{id="ka-dia-03-landmarks-vocab" type="multiple-choice" title="Identify the Landmark" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-dia-03-landmarks"}
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**Question:** You need to find a place to exchange money. Which Georgian landmark word do you ask for?
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**Options:**
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- ეკლესია
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- ბანკი
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- პარკი
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- საავადმყოფო
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**Answer:** 2
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**Explanation:** ბანკი (bank) is where you exchange money. ეკლესია is a church, პარკი is a park, and საავადმყოფო is a hospital. Knowing which landmark to ask for is as important as knowing how to ask.
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:::
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## What's Next
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In Lesson 4, you will learn how to check into a hotel — making a booking, requesting a room, and asking about hotel services.
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export {
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{"version":3,"file":"lesson-03-D4MQ-BF0.js","sources":["../src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-03.mdx?raw"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"---\\ntype: lesson\\nid: georgian-dialogue-lesson-03\\ntitle: \\\"გაკვეთილი 3 — გზის კითხვა (Asking for Directions)\\\"\\ndescription: \\\"Asking where places are, understanding left/right/near/far in Georgian\\\"\\norder: 3\\nparentId: georgian-dialogue\\ndifficulty: intermediate\\ncefrLevel: A2\\ncategories:\\n - dialogue\\n - navigation\\n - directions\\nmetadata:\\n estimatedTime: 35\\n prerequisites:\\n - georgian-dialogue-lesson-02\\n learningObjectives:\\n - id: obj-dia-03-ask-directions\\n description: \\\"Ask where a place is in Georgian\\\"\\n skill: situational-response\\n - id: obj-dia-03-understand-directions\\n description: \\\"Understand directional responses involving left, right, and distance\\\"\\n skill: dialogue-comprehension\\n - id: obj-dia-03-landmarks\\n description: \\\"Use landmark vocabulary to navigate Georgian cities\\\"\\n skill: word-production\\n---\\n\\n# გაკვეთილი 3 (Lesson 3) — Asking for Directions\\n\\n## Introduction\\n\\nGeorgian cities, especially Tbilisi, combine ancient neighborhoods with modern streets. Knowing how to ask for directions — and understand the answer — is an essential survival skill. Georgians are generally very willing to help and may even walk you part of the way if the destination is complex to explain.\\n\\n## Direction Vocabulary\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-dia-03-directions\\\" title=\\\"Directions\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"mარjvniv\\\" word=\\\"მარჯვნივ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"mar-jvniv\\\" meaning=\\\"to the right\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"marcxniv\\\" word=\\\"მარცხნივ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"mar-tskhni\\\" meaning=\\\"to the left\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"pirdapir\\\" word=\\\"პირდაპირ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"pir-da-pir\\\" meaning=\\\"straight ahead\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"ukan\\\" word=\\\"უკან\\\" pronunciation=\\\"u-kan\\\" meaning=\\\"back / behind\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"axlos\\\" word=\\\"ახლოს\\\" pronunciation=\\\"akh-los\\\" meaning=\\\"nearby / close\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sheorsit\\\" word=\\\"შორს\\\" pronunciation=\\\"shors\\\" meaning=\\\"far\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"kurkhivi\\\" word=\\\"შემდეგ გზა\\\" pronunciation=\\\"shem-deg gza\\\" meaning=\\\"next street / next road\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Asking Where a Place Is\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-dia-03-questions\\\" title=\\\"Direction Questions\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sad-aris\\\" word=\\\"სად არის...?\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sad a-ris\\\" meaning=\\\"Where is...?\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"rogor-mivide\\\" word=\\\"როგორ მივიდე...?\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ro-gor mi-vi-de\\\" meaning=\\\"How do I get to...?\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"iq-aris\\\" word=\\\"იქ არის\\\" pronunciation=\\\"iq a-ris\\\" meaning=\\\"It is there\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"aq-aris\\\" word=\\\"აქ არის\\\" pronunciation=\\\"aq a-ris\\\" meaning=\\\"It is here\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"gaadeket\\\" word=\\\"გაადეთ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ga-a-det\\\" meaning=\\\"Turn (direction imperative)\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## City Landmarks\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-dia-03-landmarks\\\" title=\\\"City Landmarks\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"metro\\\" word=\\\"მეტრო\\\" pronunciation=\\\"met-ro\\\" meaning=\\\"metro / subway\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"bazari-landmark\\\" word=\\\"ბაზარი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ba-za-ri\\\" meaning=\\\"market\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"banki\\\" word=\\\"ბანკი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ban-ki\\\" meaning=\\\"bank\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"hospitali\\\" word=\\\"საავადმყოფო\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sa-a-vad-myo-fo\\\" meaning=\\\"hospital\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"datsqeba\\\" word=\\\"სასტუმრო\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sas-tum-ro\\\" meaning=\\\"hotel\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"eklessia\\\" word=\\\"ეკლესია\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ek-le-si-a\\\" meaning=\\\"church\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"parkhi\\\" word=\\\"პარკი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"par-ki\\\" meaning=\\\"park\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Sample Conversation\\n\\n**მოგზაური** (Traveler): ბოდიში, სად არის მეტრო?\\n(bo-di-shi, sad a-ris met-ro?)\\n*Excuse me, where is the metro?*\\n\\n**გამვლელი** (Passerby): მეტრო? ეს ახლოს არის. პირდაპირ წადით, შემდეგ მარჯვნივ.\\n(met-ro? es akh-los a-ris. pir-da-pir tsa-dit, shem-deg mar-jvniv.)\\n*The metro? It is nearby. Go straight, then turn right.*\\n\\n**მოგზაური**: გამარჯობა. მარჯვნივ? შემდეგ?\\n(ga-mar-jo-ba. mar-jvniv? shem-deg?)\\n*Okay. To the right? And then?*\\n\\n**გამვლელი**: დიახ. ხუთი წუთი სიარულით.\\n(di-akh. khu-ti tsu-ti si-a-ru-lit.)\\n*Yes. Five minutes on foot.*\\n\\n**მოგზაური**: დიდი მადლობა!\\n(di-di mad-lo-ba!)\\n*Thank you very much!*\\n\\n**გამვლელი**: სიამოვნებით. კარგი გზა!\\n(si-a-mov-ne-bit. kar-gi gza!)\\n*With pleasure. Have a good journey!*\\n\\n## Talking About Distance\\n\\n| Georgian | Pronunciation | Meaning |\\n|----------|---------------|---------|\\n| ხუთი წუთი სიარულით | khu-ti tsu-ti si-a-ru-lit | five minutes on foot |\\n| ათი წუთი | a-ti tsu-ti | ten minutes |\\n| ახლოს | akh-los | nearby |\\n| შორს | shors | far |\\n| ათასი მეტრი | a-ta-si met-ri | one kilometer (1000 meters) |\\n\\n## Cultural Note: Georgian Hospitality on the Street\\n\\nAsking a Georgian for directions often results in them personally walking you to the destination. This is not unusual — it reflects the deep hospitality culture. If someone offers to walk with you, it is gracious to accept or decline politely with **დიდი მადლობა, მაგრამ გზა ვიცი** (Thank you very much, but I know the way).\\n\\n## Practice Exercises\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-dia-03-where-is\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Asking Where\\\" skill=\\\"situational-response\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-dia-03-ask-directions\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Complete the question to ask where each place is\\n\\n1. Where is the hotel? ___ სასტუმრო?\\n2. Where is the metro? ___ მეტრო?\\n3. Where is the bank? ___ ბანკი?\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n1. სად არის\\n2. სად არის\\n3. სად არის\\n\\n**Explanation:** სად არის is the standard formula for \\\"where is...\\\" in Georgian. It literally means \\\"where is\\\" and works with any noun that follows it.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-dia-03-directions-matching\\\" type=\\\"matching\\\" title=\\\"Understand the Directions\\\" skill=\\\"dialogue-comprehension\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-dia-03-understand-directions\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Match the Georgian direction word to its meaning\\n\\n- მარჯვნივ\\n- მარცხნივ\\n- პირდაპირ\\n- შორს\\n- ახლოს\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n- მარჯვნივ → to the right\\n- მარცხნივ → to the left\\n- პირდაპირ → straight ahead\\n- შორს → far\\n- ახლოს → nearby / close\\n\\n**Explanation:** These five words form the core of Georgian directions. Memorizing them as a set — right, left, straight, far, near — gives you the ability to follow most directional responses.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-dia-03-landmarks-vocab\\\" type=\\\"multiple-choice\\\" title=\\\"Identify the Landmark\\\" skill=\\\"word-production\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-dia-03-landmarks\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** You need to find a place to exchange money. Which Georgian landmark word do you ask for?\\n\\n**Options:**\\n- ეკლესია\\n- ბანკი\\n- პარკი\\n- საავადმყოფო\\n\\n**Answer:** 2\\n\\n**Explanation:** ბანკი (bank) is where you exchange money. ეკლესია is a church, პარკი is a park, and საავადმყოფო is a hospital. Knowing which landmark to ask for is as important as knowing how to ask.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## What's Next\\n\\nIn Lesson 4, you will learn how to check into a hotel — making a booking, requesting a room, and asking about hotel services.\\n\""],"names":["lesson03"],"mappings":"AAAA,MAAAA,IAAe;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;"}
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const n = `---
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type: lesson
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id: georgian-reading-lesson-03
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title: "გაკვეთილი 3 — მოკლე ფრაზები (Short Phrases)"
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description: "Reading complete simple phrases and sentences in Georgian"
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order: 3
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parentId: georgian-reading
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difficulty: intermediate
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cefrLevel: A2
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categories:
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- reading
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- phrases
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- sentences
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metadata:
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estimatedTime: 35
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prerequisites:
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- georgian-reading-lesson-02
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learningObjectives:
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- id: obj-read-03-read-phrases
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description: "Read and decode simple Georgian phrases accurately"
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skill: text-decoding
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- id: obj-read-03-phrase-comprehension
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description: "Understand the meaning of common Georgian phrases"
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skill: reading-comprehension
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- id: obj-read-03-phrase-pronunciation
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description: "Pronounce multi-word Georgian phrases with correct syllable boundaries"
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skill: word-pronunciation
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---
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# გაკვეთილი 3 (Lesson 3) — Short Phrases
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## Introduction
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Moving from individual words to phrases requires reading across word boundaries. In Georgian, words are separated by spaces, just as in English. The key skill at this stage is reading complete phrases smoothly — maintaining the meaning of the whole phrase rather than decoding each word in isolation.
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## Common Everyday Phrases
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:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-03-phrases" title="Everyday Phrases"}
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::vocab-item{id="dilamaghmertma" word="დილა მშვიდობისა" pronunciation="di-la mshvi-do-bi-sa" meaning="Good morning (peace of the morning)"}
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::vocab-item{id="rogorkhar" word="როგორ ხარ?" pronunciation="ro-gor khar" meaning="How are you?"}
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::vocab-item{id="kargadvar" word="კარგად ვარ" pronunciation="kar-gad var" meaning="I am fine / I am well"}
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::vocab-item{id="sad-khar" word="სად ხარ?" pronunciation="sad khar" meaning="Where are you?"}
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::vocab-item{id="aq-var" word="აქ ვარ" pronunciation="aq var" meaning="I am here"}
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::vocab-item{id="minda-chava" word="მინდა წავიდე" pronunciation="min-da tsa-vi-de" meaning="I want to go"}
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:::
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## Reading Phrases with the Verb "to be"
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The verb "to be" in Georgian is conjugated as follows:
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| Georgian | Pronunciation | Meaning |
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|----------|---------------|---------|
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| მე ვარ | me var | I am |
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| შენ ხარ | shen khar | you are |
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| ის არის | is a-ris | he/she/it is |
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| ჩვენ ვართ | chven vart | we are |
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| თქვენ ხართ | tkven khart | you (plural) are |
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| ისინი არიან | i-si-ni a-ri-an | they are |
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## Reading Practice: Simple Sentences
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Read each sentence aloud, then check the meaning:
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**მე ქართველი ვარ.**
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(me qart-ve-li var.)
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*I am Georgian.*
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**ის ინგლისელია.**
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(is in-gli-se-li-a.)
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*He/She is English.*
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**ჩვენ სტუმრები ვართ.**
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(chven stum-re-bi vart.)
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*We are guests.*
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**სად ხარ? — აქ ვარ.**
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(sad khar? — aq var.)
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*Where are you? — I am here.*
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**დღეს კარგი ამინდია.**
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(dghes kar-gi a-min-di-a.)
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*Today the weather is good.*
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:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-read-03-sentences" title="Sentence Vocabulary"}
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::vocab-item{id="qartvel" word="ქართველი" pronunciation="qart-ve-li" meaning="Georgian (person)"}
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::vocab-item{id="ingliseli" word="ინგლისელი" pronunciation="in-gli-se-li" meaning="English (person)"}
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::vocab-item{id="stumrebi" word="სტუმრები" pronunciation="stum-re-bi" meaning="guests (plural)"}
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::vocab-item{id="amindi" word="ამინდი" pronunciation="a-min-di" meaning="weather"}
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::vocab-item{id="dghes-phrase" word="დღეს" pronunciation="dghes" meaning="today"}
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:::
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## Reading Tip: Phrase Chunking
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When reading Georgian phrases, group words into meaningful chunks:
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**ჩვენ | სტუმრები | ვართ**
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We | guests | are
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Reading in chunks helps you process meaning rather than letter-by-letter decoding. With practice, you will start to see whole Georgian words as units.
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## Cultural Note: Georgian Politeness in Writing
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Written Georgian in signs, menus, and formal contexts often uses the plural/formal forms even when addressing one person. This mirrors spoken politeness conventions. You will see **გამარჯობათ** (formal hello) and **გმადლობთ** (thank you, formal) more often in written contexts than the informal equivalents.
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## Practice Exercises
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:::exercise{id="ka-read-03-phrase-decode" type="fill-in-blank" title="Read and Translate" skill="text-decoding" objectiveId="obj-read-03-read-phrases"}
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**Question:** Write the English meaning for each Georgian phrase
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1. მე ვარ: I ___
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2. დილა მშვიდობისა: Good ___
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3. კარგად ვარ: I am ___
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4. სად ხარ?: ___ are you?
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**Answer:**
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1. am
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2. morning
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3. fine / well
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4. where
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**Explanation:** These high-frequency phrases follow predictable patterns. მე ვარ (I am) is the most fundamental phrase in Georgian. კარგად (well/good) + ვარ (am) = I am well/fine.
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:::
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:::exercise{id="ka-read-03-comprehension" type="multiple-choice" title="Understand the Sentence" skill="reading-comprehension" objectiveId="obj-read-03-phrase-comprehension"}
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**Question:** What does the sentence დღეს კარგი ამინდია mean?
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**Options:**
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- Today I am feeling good
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- The hotel is open today
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- Today the weather is good
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- I want to go today
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**Answer:** 3
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**Explanation:** დღეს = today, კარგი = good, ამინდი = weather, -ია = is (copula suffix). Together: "Today the weather is good." This is a very common phrase in casual Georgian conversation.
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:::exercise{id="ka-read-03-pronunciation-practice" type="fill-in-blank" title="Syllable Boundaries" skill="word-pronunciation" objectiveId="obj-read-03-phrase-pronunciation"}
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**Question:** Break the following phrases into syllables with hyphens
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1. ქართველი = ___
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2. ინგლისელი = ___
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3. სტუმრები = ___
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**Answer:**
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1. ქართ-ვე-ლი
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2. ინ-გლი-სე-ლი
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3. სტუმ-რე-ბი
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**Explanation:** Georgian syllables typically follow the pattern consonant(s)-vowel(-consonant). ქართ has the vowel ა in the middle: ქ-ა-რ-თ. ინ-გლი-სე-ლი has four syllables. სტუმ-რე-ბი has three syllables with the complex consonant cluster სტ at the start.
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:::
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## What's Next
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In Lesson 4, you will practice reading a Georgian restaurant menu — food vocabulary in its natural written context.
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export {
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//# sourceMappingURL=lesson-03-i2GGdsRN.js.map
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{"version":3,"file":"lesson-03-i2GGdsRN.js","sources":["../src/syllabi/reading/lessons/lesson-03.mdx?raw"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"---\\ntype: lesson\\nid: georgian-reading-lesson-03\\ntitle: \\\"გაკვეთილი 3 — მოკლე ფრაზები (Short Phrases)\\\"\\ndescription: \\\"Reading complete simple phrases and sentences in Georgian\\\"\\norder: 3\\nparentId: georgian-reading\\ndifficulty: intermediate\\ncefrLevel: A2\\ncategories:\\n - reading\\n - phrases\\n - sentences\\nmetadata:\\n estimatedTime: 35\\n prerequisites:\\n - georgian-reading-lesson-02\\n learningObjectives:\\n - id: obj-read-03-read-phrases\\n description: \\\"Read and decode simple Georgian phrases accurately\\\"\\n skill: text-decoding\\n - id: obj-read-03-phrase-comprehension\\n description: \\\"Understand the meaning of common Georgian phrases\\\"\\n skill: reading-comprehension\\n - id: obj-read-03-phrase-pronunciation\\n description: \\\"Pronounce multi-word Georgian phrases with correct syllable boundaries\\\"\\n skill: word-pronunciation\\n---\\n\\n# გაკვეთილი 3 (Lesson 3) — Short Phrases\\n\\n## Introduction\\n\\nMoving from individual words to phrases requires reading across word boundaries. In Georgian, words are separated by spaces, just as in English. The key skill at this stage is reading complete phrases smoothly — maintaining the meaning of the whole phrase rather than decoding each word in isolation.\\n\\n## Common Everyday Phrases\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-read-03-phrases\\\" title=\\\"Everyday Phrases\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"dilamaghmertma\\\" word=\\\"დილა მშვიდობისა\\\" pronunciation=\\\"di-la mshvi-do-bi-sa\\\" meaning=\\\"Good morning (peace of the morning)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"rogorkhar\\\" word=\\\"როგორ ხარ?\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ro-gor khar\\\" meaning=\\\"How are you?\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"kargadvar\\\" word=\\\"კარგად ვარ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"kar-gad var\\\" meaning=\\\"I am fine / I am well\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sad-khar\\\" word=\\\"სად ხარ?\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sad khar\\\" meaning=\\\"Where are you?\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"aq-var\\\" word=\\\"აქ ვარ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"aq var\\\" meaning=\\\"I am here\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"minda-chava\\\" word=\\\"მინდა წავიდე\\\" pronunciation=\\\"min-da tsa-vi-de\\\" meaning=\\\"I want to go\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Reading Phrases with the Verb \\\"to be\\\"\\n\\nThe verb \\\"to be\\\" in Georgian is conjugated as follows:\\n\\n| Georgian | Pronunciation | Meaning |\\n|----------|---------------|---------|\\n| მე ვარ | me var | I am |\\n| შენ ხარ | shen khar | you are |\\n| ის არის | is a-ris | he/she/it is |\\n| ჩვენ ვართ | chven vart | we are |\\n| თქვენ ხართ | tkven khart | you (plural) are |\\n| ისინი არიან | i-si-ni a-ri-an | they are |\\n\\n## Reading Practice: Simple Sentences\\n\\nRead each sentence aloud, then check the meaning:\\n\\n**მე ქართველი ვარ.**\\n(me qart-ve-li var.)\\n*I am Georgian.*\\n\\n**ის ინგლისელია.**\\n(is in-gli-se-li-a.)\\n*He/She is English.*\\n\\n**ჩვენ სტუმრები ვართ.**\\n(chven stum-re-bi vart.)\\n*We are guests.*\\n\\n**სად ხარ? — აქ ვარ.**\\n(sad khar? — aq var.)\\n*Where are you? — I am here.*\\n\\n**დღეს კარგი ამინდია.**\\n(dghes kar-gi a-min-di-a.)\\n*Today the weather is good.*\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-read-03-sentences\\\" title=\\\"Sentence Vocabulary\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"qartvel\\\" word=\\\"ქართველი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"qart-ve-li\\\" meaning=\\\"Georgian (person)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"ingliseli\\\" word=\\\"ინგლისელი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"in-gli-se-li\\\" meaning=\\\"English (person)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"stumrebi\\\" word=\\\"სტუმრები\\\" pronunciation=\\\"stum-re-bi\\\" meaning=\\\"guests (plural)\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"amindi\\\" word=\\\"ამინდი\\\" pronunciation=\\\"a-min-di\\\" meaning=\\\"weather\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"dghes-phrase\\\" word=\\\"დღეს\\\" pronunciation=\\\"dghes\\\" meaning=\\\"today\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Reading Tip: Phrase Chunking\\n\\nWhen reading Georgian phrases, group words into meaningful chunks:\\n\\n**ჩვენ | სტუმრები | ვართ**\\nWe | guests | are\\n\\nReading in chunks helps you process meaning rather than letter-by-letter decoding. With practice, you will start to see whole Georgian words as units.\\n\\n## Cultural Note: Georgian Politeness in Writing\\n\\nWritten Georgian in signs, menus, and formal contexts often uses the plural/formal forms even when addressing one person. This mirrors spoken politeness conventions. You will see **გამარჯობათ** (formal hello) and **გმადლობთ** (thank you, formal) more often in written contexts than the informal equivalents.\\n\\n## Practice Exercises\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-read-03-phrase-decode\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Read and Translate\\\" skill=\\\"text-decoding\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-read-03-read-phrases\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Write the English meaning for each Georgian phrase\\n\\n1. მე ვარ: I ___\\n2. დილა მშვიდობისა: Good ___\\n3. კარგად ვარ: I am ___\\n4. სად ხარ?: ___ are you?\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n1. am\\n2. morning\\n3. fine / well\\n4. where\\n\\n**Explanation:** These high-frequency phrases follow predictable patterns. მე ვარ (I am) is the most fundamental phrase in Georgian. კარგად (well/good) + ვარ (am) = I am well/fine.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-read-03-comprehension\\\" type=\\\"multiple-choice\\\" title=\\\"Understand the Sentence\\\" skill=\\\"reading-comprehension\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-read-03-phrase-comprehension\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** What does the sentence დღეს კარგი ამინდია mean?\\n\\n**Options:**\\n- Today I am feeling good\\n- The hotel is open today\\n- Today the weather is good\\n- I want to go today\\n\\n**Answer:** 3\\n\\n**Explanation:** დღეს = today, კარგი = good, ამინდი = weather, -ია = is (copula suffix). Together: \\\"Today the weather is good.\\\" This is a very common phrase in casual Georgian conversation.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-read-03-pronunciation-practice\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Syllable Boundaries\\\" skill=\\\"word-pronunciation\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-read-03-phrase-pronunciation\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Break the following phrases into syllables with hyphens\\n\\n1. ქართველი = ___\\n2. ინგლისელი = ___\\n3. სტუმრები = ___\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n1. ქართ-ვე-ლი\\n2. ინ-გლი-სე-ლი\\n3. სტუმ-რე-ბი\\n\\n**Explanation:** Georgian syllables typically follow the pattern consonant(s)-vowel(-consonant). ქართ has the vowel ა in the middle: ქ-ა-რ-თ. ინ-გლი-სე-ლი has four syllables. სტუმ-რე-ბი has three syllables with the complex consonant cluster სტ at the start.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## What's Next\\n\\nIn Lesson 4, you will practice reading a Georgian restaurant menu — food vocabulary in its natural written context.\\n\""],"names":["lesson03"],"mappings":"AAAA,MAAAA,IAAe;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;"}
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const n = `---
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type: lesson
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id: georgian-grammar-lesson-04
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title: "გაკვეთილი 4 — თანდებულები (Postpositions)"
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description: "Georgian postpositions: they follow the noun, not precede it"
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order: 4
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parentId: georgian-grammar
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difficulty: intermediate
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cefrLevel: A2
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categories:
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- grammar
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- postpositions
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metadata:
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estimatedTime: 30
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prerequisites:
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- georgian-grammar-lesson-03
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learningObjectives:
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- id: obj-04-postpos-apply
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description: "Attach postpositions correctly to nouns"
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skill: pattern-application
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- id: obj-04-postpos-produce
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description: "Produce location and direction phrases with postpositions"
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skill: word-production
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- id: obj-04-postpos-recognize
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description: "Recognize the meaning of common postpositions in context"
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skill: pattern-recognition
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---
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# გაკვეთილი 4 (Lesson 4) — Postpositions
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## Introduction
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In English, we use **prepositions** — small words that come *before* a noun: in the house, on the table, from the city. In Georgian, the equivalent particles come *after* the noun, so they are called **postpositions** (თანდებულები, tandebulebі).
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The key Georgian postpositions are actually suffixes: they attach directly to the end of the noun. Understanding them is essential for expressing location, direction, and relationships between people and places.
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## Core Postpositions
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| Postposition | Pronunciation | Meaning | Example | Translation |
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|-------------|---------------|---------|---------|-------------|
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| -ში | -shi | in, inside | სახლში | in the house |
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| -ზე | -ze | on, at (surface) | მაგიდაზე | on the table |
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| -თან | -tan | at, near, with | მეგობართან | with a friend |
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| -დან | -dan | from, out of | ქალაქიდან | from the city |
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| -მდე | -mde | until, up to, as far as | სადგურამდე | to the station |
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| -სკენ | -sken | toward | სახლისკენ | toward home |
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## How They Attach
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Postpositions attach after the noun stem. If the nominative noun ends in **-ი**, this vowel often drops before the postposition:
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| Nominative | Stem | + -ში | Meaning |
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|------------|------|-------|---------|
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| სახლი (house) | სახლ- | სახლში | in the house |
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| ქალაქი (city) | ქალაქ- | ქალაქში | in the city |
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| ოთახი (room) | ოთახ- | ოთახში | in the room |
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:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-04-postpos" title="Postposition Examples"}
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::vocab-item{id="sakhlshi" word="სახლში" pronunciation="sakhl-shi" meaning="in the house"}
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::vocab-item{id="magidaze" word="მაგიდაზე" pronunciation="ma-gi-da-ze" meaning="on the table"}
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::vocab-item{id="megobartan" word="მეგობართან" pronunciation="me-go-bar-tan" meaning="with/at a friend"}
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::vocab-item{id="kalakidan" word="ქალაქიდან" pronunciation="ka-la-ki-dan" meaning="from the city"}
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::vocab-item{id="sadguramdе" word="სადგურამდე" pronunciation="sad-gu-ram-de" meaning="to/until the station"}
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::vocab-item{id="sakhlisken" word="სახლისკენ" pronunciation="sakh-lis-ken" meaning="toward home"}
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## Using Postpositions in Sentences
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| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
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|----------|-----------------|---------|
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| მე სახლში ვარ | me sakhlshi var | I am in the house |
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| წიგნი მაგიდაზეა | tsigni magidazea | The book is on the table |
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| ის მეგობართან მიდის | is megobartan midis | She goes to her friend |
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| ჩვენ ქალაქიდან ვართ | chven kalakidan vart | We are from the city |
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| ავტობუსი სადგურამდე მიდის | avtobusis sadguramdе midis | The bus goes to the station |
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## Postpositions with the Dative
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Some postpositions require the noun to be in the **dative case** (-ს ending). This is common with -თან, -დან, and -მდე when combined with pronouns:
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| Pronoun | Dative | + თან | Meaning |
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|---------|--------|-------|---------|
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| ის (he/she) | მის | მისთან | at his/her place |
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| ჩვენ (we) | ჩვენ | ჩვენთან | at our place |
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For now, remember: postpositions always follow the noun. The exact case interplay will become clearer with practice.
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## Practice Exercises
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:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Attach the Postposition" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-apply"}
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**Question:** Attach the correct postposition to complete the phrase
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1. სახლ___ (in the house) → use -ში
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2. მაგიდა___ (on the table) → use -ზე
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3. ქალაქ___დან (from the city) → use -ი- linking vowel then -დან
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4. სადგურ___მდე (to the station) → use -ამდე
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**Answer:**
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1. **სახლში** (sakhlshi)
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2. **მაგიდაზე** (magidaze)
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3. **ქალაქიდან** (kalakidan — the -ი is retained before -დან)
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4. **სადგურამდე** (sadguramdе — -ა- linking vowel added)
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**Explanation:** The -ი nominative ending usually drops before -ში and -ზე, but is kept or modified before -დან. Some nouns add a linking vowel -ა- before -მდე.
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:::
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:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-produce" type="fill-in-blank" title="Express Location" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-produce"}
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**Question:** Translate each phrase into Georgian using the correct postposition
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1. in the room (ოთახი)
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2. on the chair (სკამი)
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3. from Tbilisi (თბილისი)
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4. toward the station (სადგური)
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**Answer:**
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1. **ოთახში** (-ში = in)
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2. **სკამზე** (-ზე = on)
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**Explanation:** Match the postposition to the spatial relationship: -ში for inside, -ზე for on a surface, -დან for origin/from, -სკენ for direction toward.
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:::exercise{id="ka-gram-04-postpos-recognize" type="matching" title="Match Postpositions to Meanings" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-04-postpos-recognize"}
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**Question:** Match each postposition to its English meaning
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- -ში
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**Answer:**
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- -ში → in / inside
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- -ზე → on / at (a surface)
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- -თან → at / near / with
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**Explanation:** These five postpositions cover the core spatial and relational meanings. -ში and -ზე are the most common location markers. -დან indicates origin. -მდე marks extent or destination. -თან expresses proximity or accompaniment.
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## What's Next
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In Lesson 5, you will learn how the present tense works in Georgian — including the subject agreement prefixes that attach to verbs.
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//# sourceMappingURL=lesson-04-D2tqk_vu.js.map
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{"version":3,"file":"lesson-04-D2tqk_vu.js","sources":["../src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-04.mdx?raw"],"sourcesContent":["export default \"---\\ntype: lesson\\nid: georgian-grammar-lesson-04\\ntitle: \\\"გაკვეთილი 4 — თანდებულები (Postpositions)\\\"\\ndescription: \\\"Georgian postpositions: they follow the noun, not precede it\\\"\\norder: 4\\nparentId: georgian-grammar\\ndifficulty: intermediate\\ncefrLevel: A2\\ncategories:\\n - grammar\\n - postpositions\\nmetadata:\\n estimatedTime: 30\\n prerequisites:\\n - georgian-grammar-lesson-03\\n learningObjectives:\\n - id: obj-04-postpos-apply\\n description: \\\"Attach postpositions correctly to nouns\\\"\\n skill: pattern-application\\n - id: obj-04-postpos-produce\\n description: \\\"Produce location and direction phrases with postpositions\\\"\\n skill: word-production\\n - id: obj-04-postpos-recognize\\n description: \\\"Recognize the meaning of common postpositions in context\\\"\\n skill: pattern-recognition\\n---\\n\\n# გაკვეთილი 4 (Lesson 4) — Postpositions\\n\\n## Introduction\\n\\nIn English, we use **prepositions** — small words that come *before* a noun: in the house, on the table, from the city. In Georgian, the equivalent particles come *after* the noun, so they are called **postpositions** (თანდებულები, tandebulebі).\\n\\nThe key Georgian postpositions are actually suffixes: they attach directly to the end of the noun. Understanding them is essential for expressing location, direction, and relationships between people and places.\\n\\n## Core Postpositions\\n\\n| Postposition | Pronunciation | Meaning | Example | Translation |\\n|-------------|---------------|---------|---------|-------------|\\n| -ში | -shi | in, inside | სახლში | in the house |\\n| -ზე | -ze | on, at (surface) | მაგიდაზე | on the table |\\n| -თან | -tan | at, near, with | მეგობართან | with a friend |\\n| -დან | -dan | from, out of | ქალაქიდან | from the city |\\n| -მდე | -mde | until, up to, as far as | სადგურამდე | to the station |\\n| -სკენ | -sken | toward | სახლისკენ | toward home |\\n\\n## How They Attach\\n\\nPostpositions attach after the noun stem. If the nominative noun ends in **-ი**, this vowel often drops before the postposition:\\n\\n| Nominative | Stem | + -ში | Meaning |\\n|------------|------|-------|---------|\\n| სახლი (house) | სახლ- | სახლში | in the house |\\n| ქალაქი (city) | ქალაქ- | ქალაქში | in the city |\\n| ოთახი (room) | ოთახ- | ოთახში | in the room |\\n\\n:::vocabulary-set{id=\\\"ka-gram-04-postpos\\\" title=\\\"Postposition Examples\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sakhlshi\\\" word=\\\"სახლში\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sakhl-shi\\\" meaning=\\\"in the house\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"magidaze\\\" word=\\\"მაგიდაზე\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ma-gi-da-ze\\\" meaning=\\\"on the table\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"megobartan\\\" word=\\\"მეგობართან\\\" pronunciation=\\\"me-go-bar-tan\\\" meaning=\\\"with/at a friend\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"kalakidan\\\" word=\\\"ქალაქიდან\\\" pronunciation=\\\"ka-la-ki-dan\\\" meaning=\\\"from the city\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sadguramdе\\\" word=\\\"სადგურამდე\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sad-gu-ram-de\\\" meaning=\\\"to/until the station\\\"}\\n\\n::vocab-item{id=\\\"sakhlisken\\\" word=\\\"სახლისკენ\\\" pronunciation=\\\"sakh-lis-ken\\\" meaning=\\\"toward home\\\"}\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Using Postpositions in Sentences\\n\\n| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |\\n|----------|-----------------|---------|\\n| მე სახლში ვარ | me sakhlshi var | I am in the house |\\n| წიგნი მაგიდაზეა | tsigni magidazea | The book is on the table |\\n| ის მეგობართან მიდის | is megobartan midis | She goes to her friend |\\n| ჩვენ ქალაქიდან ვართ | chven kalakidan vart | We are from the city |\\n| ავტობუსი სადგურამდე მიდის | avtobusis sadguramdе midis | The bus goes to the station |\\n\\n## Postpositions with the Dative\\n\\nSome postpositions require the noun to be in the **dative case** (-ს ending). This is common with -თან, -დან, and -მდე when combined with pronouns:\\n\\n| Pronoun | Dative | + თან | Meaning |\\n|---------|--------|-------|---------|\\n| ის (he/she) | მის | მისთან | at his/her place |\\n| ჩვენ (we) | ჩვენ | ჩვენთან | at our place |\\n\\nFor now, remember: postpositions always follow the noun. The exact case interplay will become clearer with practice.\\n\\n## Practice Exercises\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-gram-04-postpos-apply\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Attach the Postposition\\\" skill=\\\"pattern-application\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-04-postpos-apply\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Attach the correct postposition to complete the phrase\\n\\n1. სახლ___ (in the house) → use -ში\\n2. მაგიდა___ (on the table) → use -ზე\\n3. ქალაქ___დან (from the city) → use -ი- linking vowel then -დან\\n4. სადგურ___მდე (to the station) → use -ამდე\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n1. **სახლში** (sakhlshi)\\n2. **მაგიდაზე** (magidaze)\\n3. **ქალაქიდან** (kalakidan — the -ი is retained before -დან)\\n4. **სადგურამდე** (sadguramdе — -ა- linking vowel added)\\n\\n**Explanation:** The -ი nominative ending usually drops before -ში and -ზე, but is kept or modified before -დან. Some nouns add a linking vowel -ა- before -მდე.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-gram-04-postpos-produce\\\" type=\\\"fill-in-blank\\\" title=\\\"Express Location\\\" skill=\\\"word-production\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-04-postpos-produce\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Translate each phrase into Georgian using the correct postposition\\n\\n1. in the room (ოთახი)\\n2. on the chair (სკამი)\\n3. from Tbilisi (თბილისი)\\n4. toward the station (სადგური)\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n1. **ოთახში** (-ში = in)\\n2. **სკამზე** (-ზე = on)\\n3. **თბილისიდან** (-დან = from)\\n4. **სადგურისკენ** (-სკენ = toward)\\n\\n**Explanation:** Match the postposition to the spatial relationship: -ში for inside, -ზე for on a surface, -დან for origin/from, -სკენ for direction toward.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::exercise{id=\\\"ka-gram-04-postpos-recognize\\\" type=\\\"matching\\\" title=\\\"Match Postpositions to Meanings\\\" skill=\\\"pattern-recognition\\\" objectiveId=\\\"obj-04-postpos-recognize\\\"}\\n\\n**Question:** Match each postposition to its English meaning\\n\\n- -ში\\n- -ზე\\n- -თან\\n- -დან\\n- -მდე\\n\\n**Answer:**\\n\\n- -ში → in / inside\\n- -ზე → on / at (a surface)\\n- -თან → at / near / with\\n- -დან → from / out of\\n- -მდე → until / as far as / to\\n\\n**Explanation:** These five postpositions cover the core spatial and relational meanings. -ში and -ზე are the most common location markers. -დან indicates origin. -მდე marks extent or destination. -თან expresses proximity or accompaniment.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## What's Next\\n\\nIn Lesson 5, you will learn how the present tense works in Georgian — including the subject agreement prefixes that attach to verbs.\\n\""],"names":["lesson04"],"mappings":"AAAA,MAAAA,IAAe;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;AAAA;"}
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