@syllst/ka 0.2.1 → 0.2.2

package/src/syllabi/dialogue/lessons/lesson-08.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-dialogue-lesson-08
+title: "გაკვეთილი 8 — სასწრაფო სიტუაციები (Emergency Situations)"
+description: "Help, doctor, police — essential Georgian phrases for emergency situations"
+order: 8
+parentId: georgian-dialogue
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - dialogue
+  - emergency
+  - safety
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-dialogue-lesson-07
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-dia-08-call-for-help
+      description: "Call for help and describe an emergency in Georgian"
+      skill: situational-response
+    - id: obj-dia-08-medical
+      description: "Communicate basic medical needs and symptoms"
+      skill: word-production
+    - id: obj-dia-08-emergency-vocab
+      description: "Recognize core emergency vocabulary for safety situations"
+      skill: word-recognition
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 8 (Lesson 8) — Emergency Situations
+
+## Introduction
+
+In any emergency, a few key words in the local language can make a critical difference. This lesson covers the most essential Georgian phrases for getting help, communicating with medical services, and interacting with police. Memorize these phrases — they may be the most important Georgian you ever use.
+
+## Core Emergency Words
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-dia-08-emergency" title="Emergency Vocabulary"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dakhmareba" word="დახმარება!" pronunciation="da-khma-re-ba" meaning="Help!"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="xandzari" word="ხანძარი!" pronunciation="khan-dza-ri" meaning="Fire!"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="qachaghi" word="ქურდი!" pronunciation="qur-di" meaning="Thief!"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="saswrafo" word="სასწრაფო!" pronunciation="sas-tsra-fo" meaning="Urgent! / Emergency! / Ambulance!"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="policia" word="პოლიცია" pronunciation="po-li-tsi-a" meaning="police"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="eqimi" word="ექიმი" pronunciation="eq-i-mi" meaning="doctor"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ambulancia" word="სასწრაფო დახმარება" pronunciation="sas-tsra-fo da-khma-re-ba" meaning="ambulance"}
+
+:::
+
+## Medical Phrases
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-dia-08-medical" title="Medical Emergency Phrases"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="cudi-vgrdznobi" word="ცუდად ვგრძნობ თავს" pronunciation="tsu-dad vgrdz-nob tavs" meaning="I feel unwell / I feel bad"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mtkvans" word="მტკივა" pronunciation="mt-ki-va" meaning="it hurts / I have pain"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="mtvaris-mtkviva" word="თავი მტკივა" pronunciation="ta-vi mt-ki-va" meaning="I have a headache"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="gastrocardiac" word="გული მტკივა" pronunciation="gu-li mt-ki-va" meaning="my heart hurts / I have chest pain"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="wavidne-eqimtan" word="ექიმთან წავიდე" pronunciation="eq-im-tan tsa-vi-de" meaning="I need to go to a doctor"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="alergia" word="ალერგია მაქვს" pronunciation="a-ler-gi-a maqvs" meaning="I have an allergy"}
+
+:::
+
+## Contacting Emergency Services
+
+Georgian emergency numbers:
+
+| Service | Number |
+|---------|--------|
+| Emergency (all) | 112 |
+| Police | 112 |
+| Ambulance | 112 |
+| Fire brigade | 112 |
+
+Georgia uses a single unified emergency number: **112**.
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-dia-08-police" title="Police and Reporting"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="dakarguli-var" word="დავიკარგე" pronunciation="da-vi-kar-ge" meaning="I am lost"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vorovani" word="მე დამიქურდეს" pronunciation="me da-mi-qur-des" meaning="I have been robbed"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="ubeduri-shem" word="უბედური შემთხვევა" pronunciation="u-be-du-ri shem-tkhve-va" meaning="accident"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="moxseneba" word="მოხსენება" pronunciation="mo-kh-se-ne-ba" meaning="report (police report)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="inglisuri" word="ინგლისური გესმის?" pronunciation="in-gli-su-ri ges-mis" meaning="Do you understand English?"}
+
+:::
+
+## Sample Conversation — Medical Emergency
+
+**სტუმარი** (Visitor): დახმარება! ცუდად ვგრძნობ თავს.
+(da-khma-re-ba! tsu-dad vgrdz-nob tavs.)
+*Help! I feel unwell.*
+
+**გამვლელი** (Passerby): რა გჭირს? სად გტკივა?
+(ra gchirs? sad gt-ki-va?)
+*What's wrong? Where does it hurt?*
+
+**სტუმარი**: გული მტკივა. სასწრაფო გამოვიძახო?
+(gu-li mt-ki-va. sas-tsra-fo ga-mo-vi-dza-kho?)
+*My chest hurts. Should I call an ambulance?*
+
+**გამვლელი**: დიახ, გამოვიძახოთ სასწრაფო. (**calls 112**)
+(di-akh, ga-mo-vi-dza-khot sas-tsra-fo.)
+*Yes, let's call an ambulance.*
+
+**ოპერატორი** (Operator): 112, გისმენთ.
+(112, gis-ment.)
+*112, I'm listening.*
+
+**გამვლელი**: სასწრაფო დახმარება მჭირდება. ახალგაზრდა ქალი — გული სტკივა.
+(sas-tsra-fo da-khma-re-ba mchhir-de-ba. a-khal-gazr-da qa-li — gu-li st-ki-va.)
+*An ambulance is needed. A young woman — chest pain.*
+
+## Sample Conversation — Reporting a Theft
+
+**ტურისტი** (Tourist): ბოდიში, ინგლისური გესმის?
+(bo-di-shi, in-gli-su-ri ges-mis?)
+*Excuse me, do you understand English?*
+
+**პოლიციელი** (Officer): ცოტა. რა მოხდა?
+(tso-ta. ra mo-khda?)
+*A little. What happened?*
+
+**ტურისტი**: მე დამიქურდეს. ჩემი ჩანთა.
+(me da-mi-qur-des. che-mi chan-ta.)
+*I have been robbed. My bag.*
+
+**პოლიციელი**: სად? როდის?
+(sad? ro-dis?)
+*Where? When?*
+
+**ტურისტი**: ბაზარში. ახლახანს.
+(ba-zar-shi. akh-la-khans.)
+*At the market. Just now.*
+
+## Key Emergency Phrases at a Glance
+
+| Georgian | Pronunciation | Meaning |
+|----------|---------------|---------|
+| დახმარება! | da-khma-re-ba | Help! |
+| სასწრაფო! | sas-tsra-fo | Emergency! |
+| პოლიცია! | po-li-tsi-a | Police! |
+| ექიმი! | eq-i-mi | Doctor! |
+| 112 | as-ot-si-da-t-or-met-i | Emergency number |
+
+## Cultural Note: Emergency Services in Georgia
+
+Georgia's emergency services are reachable via the single number **112**. In Tbilisi and major cities, response times are generally reasonable. In remote mountain areas, response may take longer. Having your passport or a copy of it, your travel insurance details, and the address of your accommodation written down in Georgian can be invaluable in an emergency. The US Embassy, UK Embassy, and other embassies have 24-hour emergency lines for their citizens.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-dia-08-call-help" type="fill-in-blank" title="Calling for Help" skill="situational-response" objectiveId="obj-dia-08-call-for-help"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the correct Georgian word for each emergency
+
+1. Shouting for general help: ___!
+2. Calling for fire brigade: ___!
+3. Shouting that there is a thief: ___!
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. დახმარება
+2. ხანძარი
+3. ქურდი
+
+**Explanation:** These single words are the universal distress calls. დახმარება (help), ხანძარი (fire), ქურდი (thief) — all should be shouted loudly in their respective emergencies.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-dia-08-medical-phrases" type="matching" title="Medical Phrases" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-dia-08-medical"}
+
+**Question:** Match the Georgian medical phrase to its meaning
+
+- ცუდად ვგრძნობ თავს
+- თავი მტკივა
+- გული მტკივა
+- ალერგია მაქვს
+- ექიმი
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ცუდად ვგრძნობ თავს → I feel unwell
+- თავი მტკივა → I have a headache
+- გული მტკივა → I have chest pain
+- ალერგია მაქვს → I have an allergy
+- ექიმი → doctor
+
+**Explanation:** The pattern X მტკივა means "X hurts me." თავი = head, გული = heart/chest. ვგრძნობ = I feel, ცუდად = badly. მაქვს = I have.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-dia-08-emergency-vocab" type="multiple-choice" title="Emergency Number" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-dia-08-emergency-vocab"}
+
+**Question:** What is Georgia's unified emergency number for police, ambulance, and fire?
+
+**Options:**
+- 911
+- 999
+- 112
+- 110
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** Georgia uses 112 as its single emergency number, following the European standard. This number connects to police, ambulance, and fire brigade. It works from any phone, including mobile phones without a SIM card.
+
+:::
+
+## Congratulations
+
+You have completed the Georgian Dialogue syllabus. You can now hold practical conversations in eight essential situations: restaurants, markets, directions, hotels, transport, meeting people, phone calls, and emergencies. Continue building on these foundations with the Reading syllabus and Grammar syllabus for deeper Georgian proficiency.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-01.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-01
+title: "გაკვეთილი 1 — სიტყვების რიგი (SOV Word Order)"
+description: "Georgian uses Subject-Object-Verb word order — the sentence backbone"
+order: 1
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - word-order
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites: []
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-01-sov-recognize
+      description: "Recognize Georgian SOV sentence order"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+    - id: obj-01-sov-arrange
+      description: "Arrange words in correct SOV order"
+      skill: word-order
+    - id: obj-01-sov-apply
+      description: "Produce simple SOV sentences in Georgian"
+      skill: pattern-application
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 1 (Lesson 1) — SOV Word Order
+
+## Introduction
+
+One of the first things to understand about Georgian grammar is where the verb goes. In English, the verb sits in the middle of a sentence: **I read a book** (Subject-Verb-Object). In Georgian, the verb moves to the **end**: **მე წიგნს ვკითხულობ** (me tsigns vkitxulob) — literally, **I book read**.
+
+This pattern is called **SOV** (Subject-Object-Verb), and it is consistent throughout Georgian. Once you internalize this, sentences become much easier to build.
+
+## The Core Pattern
+
+| English (SVO) | Georgian (SOV) | Transliteration |
+|---------------|----------------|-----------------|
+| I drink water | მე წყალს ვსვამ | me tsqals vsvam |
+| She reads a book | ის წიგნს კითხულობს | is tsigns kitxulobs |
+| We eat bread | ჩვენ პურს ვჭამთ | chven purs vchamt |
+| He writes a letter | ის წერილს წერს | is tserils tsers |
+| They speak Georgian | ისინი ქართულს საუბრობენ | isini kartuls saubroben |
+
+Notice: the verb is always **last**.
+
+## Breaking Down a Sentence
+
+Take the sentence **მე წყალს ვსვამ** (I drink water):
+
+| Part | Georgian | Role |
+|------|----------|------|
+| მე | me | Subject — I |
+| წყალს | tsqals | Object — water (with case ending -ს) |
+| ვსვამ | vsvam | Verb — drink (with prefix ვ- marking first person) |
+
+The **-ს** ending on the object is the dative case marker — you will study cases fully in Lesson 3. For now, note that objects often take a suffix that distinguishes them from subjects.
+
+## Common Verbs for Practice
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-01-verbs" title="Common Georgian Verbs"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vkitxulob" word="ვკითხულობ" pronunciation="v-ki-txu-lob" meaning="I read"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsvam" word="ვსვამ" pronunciation="v-svam" meaning="I drink"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vchamt" word="ვჭამ" pronunciation="v-cham" meaning="I eat"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vtsert" word="ვწერ" pronunciation="v-tser" meaning="I write"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vsaubrob" word="ვსაუბრობ" pronunciation="v-sau-brob" meaning="I speak/talk"}
+
+:::
+
+## Word Order is Flexible — With a Catch
+
+Georgian allows some flexibility: the subject and object can be rearranged for emphasis, but the **verb almost always stays at the end**. This is a firm rule for learners to follow.
+
+**Normal order**: მე წყალს ვსვამ (I water drink)
+**Emphatic object**: წყალს მე ვსვამ (Water, I drink — emphasizing *I* specifically drink water)
+
+Both are grammatically correct, but the verb ვსვამ never moves from the final position.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-01-pattern-recognition" type="matching" title="Identify the Verb" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-01-sov-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** In each Georgian sentence, identify which word is the verb (always at the end)
+
+- ის წიგნს კითხულობს
+- ჩვენ პურს ვჭამთ
+- ისინი ქართულს საუბრობენ
+- ის წერილს წერს
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- ის წიგნს **კითხულობს** — reads (verb at end)
+- ჩვენ პურს **ვჭამთ** — eat (verb at end)
+- ისინი ქართულს **საუბრობენ** — speak (verb at end)
+- ის წერილს **წერს** — writes (verb at end)
+
+**Explanation:** In Georgian SOV structure, the verb is always the final word in a basic declarative sentence. The -ს suffix on the object and the verb-final position are reliable signals.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-01-word-order" type="fill-in-blank" title="Arrange the Sentence" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-01-sov-arrange"}
+
+**Question:** Reorder the words to form a correct Georgian sentence (SOV)
+
+1. Words: **ვსვამ / წყალს / მე** → I drink water
+2. Words: **კითხულობს / წიგნს / ის** → She reads a book
+3. Words: **ვწერ / წერილს / მე** → I write a letter
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე წყალს ვსვამ
+2. ის წიგნს კითხულობს
+3. მე წერილს ვწერ
+
+**Explanation:** Place the subject first, then the object, then the verb last. The verb-final rule is consistent in Georgian declarative sentences.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-01-pattern-application" type="multiple-choice" title="Choose the Correct Sentence" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-01-sov-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Which sentence follows correct Georgian word order?
+
+**Options:**
+- მე ვსვამ წყალს
+- ვსვამ მე წყალს
+- მე წყალს ვსვამ
+- წყალს ვსვამ ვსვამ
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** Georgian requires the verb at the end. Option 3 — მე წყალს ვსვამ — places the subject (მე) first, the object (წყალს) second, and the verb (ვსვამ) last. This is correct SOV order.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 2, you will learn personal pronouns and the verb "to be" — the foundation for describing who people are and what things are.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-02.mdx

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+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-02
+title: "გაკვეთილი 2 — პირადი ნაცვალსახელები და ზმნა 'ვარ'"
+description: "Personal pronouns and the verb to be in Georgian"
+order: 2
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - pronouns
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 30
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-01
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-02-pronouns-recognize
+      description: "Recognize all six Georgian personal pronouns"
+      skill: word-recognition
+    - id: obj-02-tobe-apply
+      description: "Form sentences using the verb to be"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-02-tobe-produce
+      description: "Produce simple predicate sentences with pronouns and to-be"
+      skill: word-production
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 2 (Lesson 2) — Personal Pronouns and To Be
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has six personal pronouns, one for each person and number. Unlike many European languages, Georgian does not distinguish grammatical gender — there is no he/she distinction in the third person singular. The pronoun **ის** (is) means both "he" and "she."
+
+The verb "to be" in Georgian is irregular and essential. It works differently from English in one important way: in the third person, it can be omitted entirely or appear as a suffix **-ა** (-a).
+
+## Personal Pronouns
+
+| Pronoun | Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|---------|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| 1st sg | მე | me | I |
+| 2nd sg | შენ | shen | you (singular) |
+| 3rd sg | ის | is | he / she / it |
+| 1st pl | ჩვენ | chven | we |
+| 2nd pl | თქვენ | tkven | you (plural / formal) |
+| 3rd pl | ისინი | isini | they |
+
+Note: **თქვენ** (tkven) is also used as a polite singular "you," similar to French *vous* or German *Sie*. Addressing an elder or a stranger with თქვენ shows respect.
+
+## The Verb "To Be" — Present Tense
+
+:::vocabulary-set{id="ka-gram-02-tobe" title="To Be — Present Tense Forms"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="var" word="ვარ" pronunciation="var" meaning="I am (მე ვარ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="xar" word="ხარ" pronunciation="khar" meaning="You are (შენ ხარ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="aris" word="არის" pronunciation="a-ris" meaning="He/she/it is (ის არის)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="vart" word="ვართ" pronunciation="vart" meaning="We are (ჩვენ ვართ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="xart" word="ხართ" pronunciation="khart" meaning="You are plural/formal (თქვენ ხართ)"}
+
+::vocab-item{id="arian" word="არიან" pronunciation="a-ri-an" meaning="They are (ისინი არიან)"}
+
+:::
+
+## A Georgian Shortcut: Dropping the Verb
+
+In the third person, Georgians frequently drop **არის** entirely or replace it with the short suffix **-ა** attached directly to the predicate:
+
+| Full form | Short form | Meaning |
+|-----------|------------|---------|
+| ის სტუდენტია არის | ის სტუდენტია | He/she is a student |
+| ის კარგი ადამიანი არის | ის კარგი ადამიანია | He/she is a good person |
+
+The **-ა** ending on the noun or adjective carries the meaning of "is." This is very common in spoken and written Georgian.
+
+## Simple Predicate Sentences
+
+| Georgian | Transliteration | Meaning |
+|----------|-----------------|---------|
+| მე სტუდენტი ვარ | me studenti var | I am a student |
+| შენ ქართველი ხარ | shen kartveli khar | You are Georgian |
+| ის მასწავლებელია | is matsavlebelia | He/she is a teacher |
+| ჩვენ მეგობრები ვართ | chven megobrebi vart | We are friends |
+| თქვენ ექიმები ხართ | tkven ekimebi khart | You are doctors |
+| ისინი სტუდენტები არიან | isini studentebi arian | They are students |
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-pronouns-recognize" type="matching" title="Match Pronouns" skill="word-recognition" objectiveId="obj-02-pronouns-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Match each Georgian pronoun to its English meaning
+
+- მე
+- შენ
+- ის
+- ჩვენ
+- თქვენ
+- ისინი
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- მე → I
+- შენ → you (singular)
+- ის → he / she / it
+- ჩვენ → we
+- თქვენ → you (plural or formal)
+- ისინი → they
+
+**Explanation:** Georgian has no gender distinction in the third person singular — ის covers both he and she. თქვენ serves as both plural you and polite formal you.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-tobe-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Complete with To Be" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-02-tobe-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the correct form of "to be"
+
+1. მე სტუდენტი ___ (I am a student)
+2. შენ ქართველი ___ (you are Georgian)
+3. ჩვენ მეგობრები ___ (we are friends)
+4. ისინი ექიმები ___ (they are doctors)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. მე სტუდენტი **ვარ**
+2. შენ ქართველი **ხარ**
+3. ჩვენ მეგობრები **ვართ**
+4. ისინი ექიმები **არიან**
+
+**Explanation:** The verb "to be" in Georgian changes with each person and number. Note the pattern: ვ- prefix for first person (ვარ, ვართ), and the distinct plural forms with -ან for third person plural.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-02-tobe-produce" type="multiple-choice" title="Say Who You Are" skill="word-production" objectiveId="obj-02-tobe-produce"}
+
+**Question:** You are introducing yourself as a student. Which sentence is correct?
+
+**Options:**
+- მე სტუდენტი ხარ
+- მე სტუდენტი ვარ
+- ის სტუდენტი ვარ
+- ჩვენ სტუდენტი ვართ
+
+**Answer:** 2
+
+**Explanation:** For first person singular "I am," use **ვარ**. The subject pronoun is **მე** (I). Using ხარ would mean "you are" and ის refers to a third person. ჩვენ ვართ means "we are" — the noun would also need to be plural.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 3, you will explore the Georgian case system — specifically the nominative and ergative cases, which control how subjects are marked depending on the verb type.

package/src/syllabi/grammar/lessons/lesson-03.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+---
+type: lesson
+id: georgian-grammar-lesson-03
+title: "გაკვეთილი 3 — სახელობითი და მოთხრობითი ბრუნვა"
+description: "The Nominative and Ergative Cases: how subjects are marked in Georgian"
+order: 3
+parentId: georgian-grammar
+difficulty: intermediate
+cefrLevel: A2
+categories:
+  - grammar
+  - cases
+metadata:
+  estimatedTime: 35
+  prerequisites:
+    - georgian-grammar-lesson-02
+  learningObjectives:
+    - id: obj-03-cases-recognize
+      description: "Recognize nominative and ergative case endings on nouns"
+      skill: pattern-recognition
+    - id: obj-03-cases-apply
+      description: "Use the correct case ending based on verb type"
+      skill: pattern-application
+    - id: obj-03-cases-order
+      description: "Identify subject and object from case endings in a sentence"
+      skill: word-order
+---
+
+# გაკვეთილი 3 (Lesson 3) — The Nominative and Ergative Cases
+
+## Introduction
+
+Georgian has a case system — nouns change their endings depending on their role in a sentence. This is one of Georgian's most distinctive grammatical features. Two cases are essential for every learner: the **nominative** (სახელობითი) and the **ergative** (მოთხრობითი).
+
+The crucial difference: which case the subject takes **depends on the verb**, not just on whether the noun is the subject or object.
+
+## The Nominative Case (სახელობითი)
+
+The nominative ends in **-ი** (-i) and is the citation form of a noun — the form you find in a dictionary.
+
+| Word | Nominative form | Meaning |
+|------|-----------------|---------|
+| კაცი | kats-i | man |
+| ქალი | kal-i | woman |
+| სტუდენტი | student-i | student |
+| მასწავლებელი | matsavlebel-i | teacher |
+
+The nominative is used as the subject of **intransitive verbs** — verbs with no object (e.g., to go, to run, to sleep, to be):
+
+- კაცი მიდის (katsi midis) — The man goes
+- ქალი დგას (kali dgas) — The woman stands
+- სტუდენტი სწავლობს (studenti stsvavlobs) — The student studies
+
+## The Ergative Case (მოთხრობითი)
+
+The ergative ends in **-მა** (-ma) and is used as the subject of **transitive verbs in the past tense** — verbs that take a direct object (e.g., to read, to write, to eat, to see):
+
+| Nominative | Ergative | Meaning |
+|------------|----------|---------|
+| კაცი | კაც-მა | man (ergative) |
+| ქალი | ქალ-მა | woman (ergative) |
+| სტუდენტი | სტუდენტ-მა | student (ergative) |
+
+Ergative examples (past tense with transitive verb):
+
+- კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა (katsma tsigni tsaikitxa) — The man read the book
+- ქალმა წერილი დაწერა (kalma tserili datsera) — The woman wrote the letter
+- სტუდენტმა გამოცდა ჩააბარა (studentma gamotsdа chaabara) — The student passed the exam
+
+## The Split-Ergativity Pattern
+
+This system is called **split ergativity**: Georgian uses different case systems depending on tense and verb type.
+
+| Situation | Subject case | Example |
+|-----------|-------------|---------|
+| Present / intransitive | Nominative (-ი) | კაცი მიდის |
+| Past / transitive | Ergative (-მა) | კაცმა წიგნი წაიკითხა |
+
+Think of it this way: in the past tense, a transitive action "acts upon" the subject from the outside — the subject is the agent of something done, so Georgian marks it differently.
+
+## What Happens to the Object?
+
+When the ergative subject is used (past transitive), the **object** takes the nominative form (-ი) instead of the dative:
+
+- კაცმა **წიგნი** წაიკითხა — The man read **the book** (book = nominative, subject of reading)
+- (compare present: კაცი **წიგნს** კითხულობს — the man reads **the book**, book = dative -ს)
+
+This case realignment is a hallmark of Georgian grammar.
+
+## Practice Exercises
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-03-cases-recognize" type="matching" title="Identify the Case" skill="pattern-recognition" objectiveId="obj-03-cases-recognize"}
+
+**Question:** Identify whether the bold noun is nominative (-ი) or ergative (-მა)
+
+- **კაცი** მიდის
+- **ქალმა** წერილი დაწერა
+- **სტუდენტი** სწავლობს
+- **სტუდენტმა** გამოცდა ჩააბარა
+
+**Answer:**
+
+- **კაცი** — nominative (-ი ending), subject of intransitive verb
+- **ქალმა** — ergative (-მა ending), subject of past transitive verb
+- **სტუდენტი** — nominative (-ი ending), subject of intransitive/present verb
+- **სტუდენტმა** — ergative (-მა ending), subject of past transitive verb
+
+**Explanation:** The -ი ending marks the nominative. The -მა ending marks the ergative. Ergative is used when the verb is transitive and in the past tense.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-03-cases-apply" type="fill-in-blank" title="Choose the Right Case" skill="pattern-application" objectiveId="obj-03-cases-apply"}
+
+**Question:** Fill in the correct form of the subject noun (nominative or ergative)
+
+1. ___ (კაცი) მიდის — The man goes (intransitive)
+2. ___ (ქალი) წერილი დაწერა — The woman wrote the letter (past transitive)
+3. ___ (სტუდენტი) სწავლობს — The student studies (present)
+4. ___ (ბავშვი) პური შეჭამა — The child ate bread (past transitive)
+
+**Answer:**
+
+1. **კაცი** მიდის (nominative — intransitive)
+2. **ქალმა** წერილი დაწერა (ergative — past transitive)
+3. **სტუდენტი** სწავლობს (nominative — present)
+4. **ბავშვმა** პური შეჭამა (ergative — past transitive)
+
+**Explanation:** Use nominative (-ი) for intransitive verbs or present tense subjects. Use ergative (-მა) for subjects of past tense transitive verbs. Drop the -ი from the nominative and add -მა to form the ergative.
+
+:::
+
+:::exercise{id="ka-gram-03-cases-order" type="multiple-choice" title="Who Did the Action?" skill="word-order" objectiveId="obj-03-cases-order"}
+
+**Question:** In the sentence **ქალმა კაცი დაინახა** (the woman saw the man), who is the subject (the one doing the seeing)?
+
+**Options:**
+- კაცი (the man), because -ი is the subject marker
+- ქალი (the woman), but her form changed
+- ქალმა (the woman), because -მა marks the ergative subject
+- It is impossible to tell without context
+
+**Answer:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** In past transitive sentences, the **ergative (-მა)** marks the subject. ქალმა is the woman as ergative subject — she did the seeing. კაცი (nominative -ი) is the object in this construction. The case ending tells you who did what, even if word order changes.
+
+:::
+
+## What's Next
+
+In Lesson 4, you will learn Georgian postpositions — the equivalents of English prepositions, but they attach after the noun rather than before it.