@r1z4x/tezgah 1.0.0

package/skills/ai-research/09-infrastructure/modal/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: modal-serverless-gpu
+description: Serverless GPU cloud platform for running ML workloads. Use when you need on-demand GPU access without infrastructure management, deploying ML models as APIs, or running batch jobs with automatic scaling.
+version: 1.0.0
+author: Orchestra Research
+license: MIT
+tags: [Infrastructure, Serverless, GPU, Cloud, Deployment, Modal]
+dependencies: [modal>=0.64.0]
+---
+
+# Modal Serverless GPU
+
+Comprehensive guide to running ML workloads on Modal's serverless GPU cloud platform.
+
+## When to use Modal
+
+**Use Modal when:**
+- Running GPU-intensive ML workloads without managing infrastructure
+- Deploying ML models as auto-scaling APIs
+- Running batch processing jobs (training, inference, data processing)
+- Need pay-per-second GPU pricing without idle costs
+- Prototyping ML applications quickly
+- Running scheduled jobs (cron-like workloads)
+
+**Key features:**
+- **Serverless GPUs**: T4, L4, A10G, L40S, A100, H100, H200, B200 on-demand
+- **Python-native**: Define infrastructure in Python code, no YAML
+- **Auto-scaling**: Scale to zero, scale to 100+ GPUs instantly
+- **Sub-second cold starts**: Rust-based infrastructure for fast container launches
+- **Container caching**: Image layers cached for rapid iteration
+- **Web endpoints**: Deploy functions as REST APIs with zero-downtime updates
+
+**Use alternatives instead:**
+- **RunPod**: For longer-running pods with persistent state
+- **Lambda Labs**: For reserved GPU instances
+- **SkyPilot**: For multi-cloud orchestration and cost optimization
+- **Kubernetes**: For complex multi-service architectures
+
+## Quick start
+
+### Installation
+
+```bash
+pip install modal
+modal setup  # Opens browser for authentication
+```
+
+### Hello World with GPU
+
+```python
+import modal
+
+app = modal.App("hello-gpu")
+
+@app.function(gpu="T4")
+def gpu_info():
+    import subprocess
+    return subprocess.run(["nvidia-smi"], capture_output=True, text=True).stdout
+
+@app.local_entrypoint()
+def main():
+    print(gpu_info.remote())
+```
+
+Run: `modal run hello_gpu.py`
+
+### Basic inference endpoint
+
+```python
+import modal
+
+app = modal.App("text-generation")
+image = modal.Image.debian_slim().pip_install("transformers", "torch", "accelerate")
+
+@app.cls(gpu="A10G", image=image)
+class TextGenerator:
+    @modal.enter()
+    def load_model(self):
+        from transformers import pipeline
+        self.pipe = pipeline("text-generation", model="gpt2", device=0)
+
+    @modal.method()
+    def generate(self, prompt: str) -> str:
+        return self.pipe(prompt, max_length=100)[0]["generated_text"]
+
+@app.local_entrypoint()
+def main():
+    print(TextGenerator().generate.remote("Hello, world"))
+```
+
+## Core concepts
+
+### Key components
+
+| Component | Purpose |
+|-----------|---------|
+| `App` | Container for functions and resources |
+| `Function` | Serverless function with compute specs |
+| `Cls` | Class-based functions with lifecycle hooks |
+| `Image` | Container image definition |
+| `Volume` | Persistent storage for models/data |
+| `Secret` | Secure credential storage |
+
+### Execution modes
+
+| Command | Description |
+|---------|-------------|
+| `modal run script.py` | Execute and exit |
+| `modal serve script.py` | Development with live reload |
+| `modal deploy script.py` | Persistent cloud deployment |
+
+## GPU configuration
+
+### Available GPUs
+
+| GPU | VRAM | Best For |
+|-----|------|----------|
+| `T4` | 16GB | Budget inference, small models |
+| `L4` | 24GB | Inference, Ada Lovelace arch |
+| `A10G` | 24GB | Training/inference, 3.3x faster than T4 |
+| `L40S` | 48GB | Recommended for inference (best cost/perf) |
+| `A100-40GB` | 40GB | Large model training |
+| `A100-80GB` | 80GB | Very large models |
+| `H100` | 80GB | Fastest, FP8 + Transformer Engine |
+| `H200` | 141GB | Auto-upgrade from H100, 4.8TB/s bandwidth |
+| `B200` | Latest | Blackwell architecture |
+
+### GPU specification patterns
+
+```python
+# Single GPU
+@app.function(gpu="A100")
+
+# Specific memory variant
+@app.function(gpu="A100-80GB")
+
+# Multiple GPUs (up to 8)
+@app.function(gpu="H100:4")
+
+# GPU with fallbacks
+@app.function(gpu=["H100", "A100", "L40S"])
+
+# Any available GPU
+@app.function(gpu="any")
+```
+
+## Container images
+
+```python
+# Basic image with pip
+image = modal.Image.debian_slim(python_version="3.11").pip_install(
+    "torch==2.1.0", "transformers==4.36.0", "accelerate"
+)
+
+# From CUDA base
+image = modal.Image.from_registry(
+    "nvidia/cuda:12.1.0-cudnn8-devel-ubuntu22.04",
+    add_python="3.11"
+).pip_install("torch", "transformers")
+
+# With system packages
+image = modal.Image.debian_slim().apt_install("git", "ffmpeg").pip_install("whisper")
+```
+
+## Persistent storage
+
+```python
+volume = modal.Volume.from_name("model-cache", create_if_missing=True)
+
+@app.function(gpu="A10G", volumes={"/models": volume})
+def load_model():
+    import os
+    model_path = "/models/llama-7b"
+    if not os.path.exists(model_path):
+        model = download_model()
+        model.save_pretrained(model_path)
+        volume.commit()  # Persist changes
+    return load_from_path(model_path)
+```
+
+## Web endpoints
+
+### FastAPI endpoint decorator
+
+```python
+@app.function()
+@modal.fastapi_endpoint(method="POST")
+def predict(text: str) -> dict:
+    return {"result": model.predict(text)}
+```
+
+### Full ASGI app
+
+```python
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+web_app = FastAPI()
+
+@web_app.post("/predict")
+async def predict(text: str):
+    return {"result": await model.predict.remote.aio(text)}
+
+@app.function()
+@modal.asgi_app()
+def fastapi_app():
+    return web_app
+```
+
+### Web endpoint types
+
+| Decorator | Use Case |
+|-----------|----------|
+| `@modal.fastapi_endpoint()` | Simple function → API |
+| `@modal.asgi_app()` | Full FastAPI/Starlette apps |
+| `@modal.wsgi_app()` | Django/Flask apps |
+| `@modal.web_server(port)` | Arbitrary HTTP servers |
+
+## Dynamic batching
+
+```python
+@app.function()
+@modal.batched(max_batch_size=32, wait_ms=100)
+async def batch_predict(inputs: list[str]) -> list[dict]:
+    # Inputs automatically batched
+    return model.batch_predict(inputs)
+```
+
+## Secrets management
+
+```bash
+# Create secret
+modal secret create huggingface HF_TOKEN=hf_xxx
+```
+
+```python
+@app.function(secrets=[modal.Secret.from_name("huggingface")])
+def download_model():
+    import os
+    token = os.environ["HF_TOKEN"]
+```
+
+## Scheduling
+
+```python
+@app.function(schedule=modal.Cron("0 0 * * *"))  # Daily midnight
+def daily_job():
+    pass
+
+@app.function(schedule=modal.Period(hours=1))
+def hourly_job():
+    pass
+```
+
+## Performance optimization
+
+### Cold start mitigation
+
+```python
+@app.function(
+    container_idle_timeout=300,  # Keep warm 5 min
+    allow_concurrent_inputs=10,  # Handle concurrent requests
+)
+def inference():
+    pass
+```
+
+### Model loading best practices
+
+```python
+@app.cls(gpu="A100")
+class Model:
+    @modal.enter()  # Run once at container start
+    def load(self):
+        self.model = load_model()  # Load during warm-up
+
+    @modal.method()
+    def predict(self, x):
+        return self.model(x)
+```
+
+## Parallel processing
+
+```python
+@app.function()
+def process_item(item):
+    return expensive_computation(item)
+
+@app.function()
+def run_parallel():
+    items = list(range(1000))
+    # Fan out to parallel containers
+    results = list(process_item.map(items))
+    return results
+```
+
+## Common configuration
+
+```python
+@app.function(
+    gpu="A100",
+    memory=32768,              # 32GB RAM
+    cpu=4,                     # 4 CPU cores
+    timeout=3600,              # 1 hour max
+    container_idle_timeout=120,# Keep warm 2 min
+    retries=3,                 # Retry on failure
+    concurrency_limit=10,      # Max concurrent containers
+)
+def my_function():
+    pass
+```
+
+## Debugging
+
+```python
+# Test locally
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    result = my_function.local()
+
+# View logs
+# modal app logs my-app
+```
+
+## Common issues
+
+| Issue | Solution |
+|-------|----------|
+| Cold start latency | Increase `container_idle_timeout`, use `@modal.enter()` |
+| GPU OOM | Use larger GPU (`A100-80GB`), enable gradient checkpointing |
+| Image build fails | Pin dependency versions, check CUDA compatibility |
+| Timeout errors | Increase `timeout`, add checkpointing |
+
+## References
+
+- **[Advanced Usage](references/advanced-usage.md)** - Multi-GPU, distributed training, cost optimization
+- **[Troubleshooting](references/troubleshooting.md)** - Common issues and solutions
+
+## Resources
+
+- **Documentation**: https://modal.com/docs
+- **Examples**: https://github.com/modal-labs/modal-examples
+- **Pricing**: https://modal.com/pricing
+- **Discord**: https://discord.gg/modal